housing statistics. Coursework: Statistics of housing conditions and consumer services of the population Tasks of statistics data sources
One of the most important areas of housing policy at the stage of construction of new dwellings is to ensure that the structure of the new housing stock corresponds to the demographic composition and needs of the population in need of improved housing conditions, i.e. the construction of the required number of apartments of a certain type and the level of comfort of living conditions, the correspondence of consumer properties of dwellings to the demand of the population, etc. Therefore, along with information on the volume, movement and condition of the country's housing stock as a whole and for individual administrative and territorial units, statistical data on housing conditions are widely used population.
The most integrated indicator of housing conditions is the average provision of a resident of the country with a total (living) area, which is defined as the quotient of dividing the total (residential) area of the available housing stock by the average annual resident population. The relative indicator of provision with a total (residential) area per inhabitant of the country is traditionally included in the minimum set of social indicators to characterize the standard of living of the population.
At present, the actual provision of residents Russian Federation much less than in most developed countries. Thus, in most industrialized countries, the minimum level of housing provision is 40-50 square meters. m of total area per inhabitant, and the average for the Russian Federation is 18.9 sq. m (1998).
The minimum international standards provide for each member of the household to have a separate room, along with a common room for the joint stay of his members (or two rooms for a large household). The size of the total area per resident must be at least 30 square meters. m.
The special standards used in the Russian Federation to develop programs to provide the population with housing are also significantly lower than the mentioned international standards. So, federal standard the social norm of housing area per family member of three or more people is 18 sq. m of total area, for a family of two - 42 sq. m, for a lonely person - 33 sq. m of total housing area.
When analyzing the housing conditions of the population, it is important to establish not only the average level of provision, but also differences in the distribution of the housing stock between individual groups of the population, as well as the number of people living in housing conditions that do not meet the social standards established in the analyzed period.
For this purpose, information is collected annually on number of families registered in territorial executive authorities, in housing cooperatives or at the place of work to obtain living space or improve housing conditions; on the number of families and persons living in them; on those who received housing or improved their living conditions and were deregistered for this reason in the reporting year (form No. 4-housing fund “Report on the distribution of living space and the number of families who received space in the houses of the state housing stock and the fund of housing construction cooperatives”, form No. 3-housing fund "Report on the provision of housing for persons transferred to the reserve or resignation, and military personnel of the border troops").
In the annual statistical reporting, information on the distribution of living space (form No. 4-housing fund) is differentiated by categories of families that, in accordance with the law, have a priority right to improve housing conditions or receive housing free of charge (disabled people and participants in the Great Patriotic War, servicemen - veterans of Afghanistan and military personnel retired or retired; families with many children and young families; families of persons who took part in the work to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, refugees, internally displaced persons).
At all territorial levels, data are also summarized on the number of families registered and living in communal apartments, dormitories, dilapidated and dilapidated housing stock, as well as those registered for 10 years or more. There is also in the reporting data on the total number of families that have purchased living space, including those on the waiting list.
An important characteristic of the housing conditions of the population is inequality in the distribution of housing between certain groups of the population. The grouping of the population according to the size of the total and living space occupied per one member of the household (family) is carried out, as a rule, according to the data of the general census (micro-census) of the population, sample surveys of household budgets, the program of which includes questions about the housing conditions of the population. At the same time, along with the average size of the total (residential) area per member of a household (family), the number and sex and age composition of the members of the household (family), form of ownership and type of dwelling (separate apartment, individual house, communal apartment) can be used as grouping characteristics. apartment, dormitory), the number of rooms occupied, the type of work activity of the head of the household, the level of home improvement, sources of current income, etc.
In addition to studying the housing conditions of the population, a census of the housing stock can be included in the population census program: classification of buildings and dwellings by their type, year or period of construction, building material, type of ownership and population density, type and number of households living in dwellings. Such questions were included in the 1989 census program.
To update information on the distribution of the housing stock in the intercensal period, as a rule, data from current housing statistics and sample surveys of households are used. Data on the number and sex and age composition of household members, the form of ownership and the amount of living space they occupy, the number of rooms, the improvement of dwellings, the availability of residential premises intended for seasonal residence, garages, land plots, etc. allow, in combination with other important characteristics (such as, for example, the level of average per capita income and consumer spending, their structure, type of occupation of household members, etc.), to create a large number of combination tables and significantly expand the analysis of the housing conditions of the population.
Gradual rejection of subsidies from the budget for the maintenance of housing and reimbursement of costs at the expense of the population leads to an increase in the cost of housing and utilities and the inability of certain groups of the population to make appropriate payments due to insufficient income. In order to regulate these processes, the Government of the Russian Federation approved as an instrument of interbudgetary relations when calculating transfers federal standard for the level of payments of citizens, which is determined as a percentage of the cost of housing and communal services provided on average for all types of these services.
In order to regulate the population's expenses for housing and communal services, a federal standard has also been approved for the maximum allowable share of citizens' own expenses for housing and utilities in total family income. This standard is calculated on the basis of the social norm of housing area and standards for the consumption of utilities. The specific parameters of these standards are established by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. For example, in Moscow, the maximum allowable share of own expenses of citizens with an average per capita income not higher than the established subsistence minimum for housing and normal consumption of public services should not exceed half the minimum wage established by the Federal Law.
In addition, the federal standard for the marginal cost of housing and communal services for 1 sq. m of total housing area per month. This standard is set differently for the economic regions of the Russian Federation.
The tasks of information support for the study of the housing problem also include the preparation of data on the actual costs of the population to pay for housing and communal services, the level and dynamics of prices and tariffs for certain types of housing and communal services.
At present, the monitoring of prices and tariffs of representative services and household expenditures on housing and communal services is carried out on the basis of a survey of household budgets.
Survey data show that as a result of rising prices and tariffs for these services, the share of expenses for their payment in the consumer spending of the population is constantly increasing. In 1997, the cost of housing and communal services in the Russian Federation amounted to about 6% of total consumer spending compared to 0.9% in 1992. At the same time, the share of housing costs increased almost 7 times, central heating - 9 times , electricity - 3.5 times.
Characteristics of housing conditions include indicators: housing stock, its movement, overhaul and reconstruction, improvement of the housing stock, provision of housing for the population. Consider the composition of the listed groups of indicators.
1. Housing stock:
1) the total area of the housing stock, sq. m;
2) living area, sq. m;
3) the share of living space in the total,%;
4) the total number of apartments - total (units), including individual, communal;
5) distribution of apartments by number of rooms, %;
6) distribution of apartments by average size, %;
7) distribution of the housing stock by ownership (municipal fund, departmental, public, private),%;
8) distribution of the housing stock by time of construction, %;
9) distribution of the housing stock according to the degree of wear, %.
The housing fund is the totality of all residential premises, regardless of the form of ownership, including residential buildings, special houses (dormitories, shelters, houses of a mobile fund, specialized homes for lonely elderly, orphanages, boarding schools for the disabled, veterans, boarding schools at schools, specialized boarding schools), apartments, service living quarters, other living quarters in other buildings suitable for habitation.
Living area is the area of living rooms in residential houses and premises. The total (useful) area is defined as the sum of the areas of residential and utility rooms located inside the apartments: kitchens, front, intra-apartment corridors, bathrooms, bathrooms or showers, dressing rooms, pantries, built-in wardrobes, as well as attics, mezzanines, covered loggias, verandas, heated and habitable. In dormitories, utility rooms, in addition to those listed, include rooms for cultural and community purposes and medical care.
When assessing the comfortability of the housing stock, the ratio of residential and total areas is important: a high proportion of living space indicates a low comfort of a dwelling, a low one may indicate both poor planning, insufficient living space, and high comfort of the housing stock.
The housing stock is accounted for by types of residential premises. Statistics identifies the following types of residential premises: an individual house, a separate apartment, a common (communal) apartment, a hostel for workers, employees, students, a nursing home for the elderly and the disabled, Orphanage etc., other institutional institutions, other living quarters, absence of a home.
A significant part of the population of the Russian Federation lives in hostels. The proportion of those living in dormitories is especially high in major cities. For example, in St. Petersburg, about 8% of the total population lives in dormitories; they occupy 5.5% of the residential and 6.3% of the total area of the city's housing stock.
The housing stock is accounted for by type of property:
* private housing stock - a fund owned by citizens, and a fund owned by legal entities (created as private owners), including housing construction cooperatives (HBCs);
* state housing stock - departmental federal and departmental republican (as part of Russia), regional, regional, housing stock of the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg;
* municipal housing fund - a fund owned by a district, city, as well as a departmental fund that is under the full economic jurisdiction of municipal enterprises or operational management municipal institutions;
* public housing fund - a fund owned by public associations;
* housing stock in collective ownership - a fund owned jointly or shared by various entities, private, state, municipal property, property of public associations.
The housing stock can also be grouped by types of settlement: housing stock with apartment-by-apartment settlement, housing stock in corridor-type houses, bed-type dormitories, housing stock in barracks, basements and semi-basements. Obviously, such a grouping rather reflects a gloomy picture of the distribution of the housing stock in the recent past and may not be entirely relevant for the present. From these positions, it is more interesting to allocate the area of apartments with improved planning in the housing stock, etc.
2. Movement of the housing stock:
1) loss of housing stock, total, sq. m:
including reasons for leaving:
* according to dilapidation and accident rate;
* from natural disasters;
* in connection with the re-equipment of residential premises for non-residential;
* in connection with the reconstruction and land acquisition for new construction;
2) housing construction
* commissioning of housing (total area, living area, sq. m);
* the number of apartments built - total, units, including the number of rooms: one, two, three, etc.;
* average size of apartments built, sq. m;
* commissioning of housing by sources of financing, sq. m;
* structure of new housing construction by number of storeys, %:
* Commissioning of residential buildings by type of ownership;
* Commissioning of residential buildings in urban and rural areas;
* Commissioning of boarding schools for the elderly, the disabled and disabled children.
Housing construction is the main source of replenishment of the housing stock. It is carried out by state and non-state enterprises and organizations, housing cooperatives, individual developers with the help of budgetary funds, mortgages, personal funds of citizens and other sources of financing. From year to year, the proportion of housing construction is increasing at the expense of the population and with the help of loans.
The share of capital investments in housing construction in Russia is increasing: if in 2002 21.7% of all capital investments were invested in housing construction, then in 2003 - 23.1%, in 2004 - 23.7, in 2005 - 25.9%.
3. Capital repairs and reconstruction of the housing stock:
1) overhaul, sq. m of total area;
2) reconstruction of the housing stock, sq. m;
3) sources of financing for capital repairs,
reconstruction of the housing stock.
This system of indicators is especially relevant for cities with a large proportion of pre-revolutionary housing stock. Thus, in St. Petersburg, thousands of square meters of housing stock are in need of major repairs and reconstruction. At the beginning of 2001, the dilapidated and dilapidated housing stock of the city amounted to 384.4 thousand square meters. m, including municipal - 50%, departmental - 41%, private - 9%. 13.5 thousand people lived on this square. The overhaul of the housing stock is shown as a whole (total repaired, sq. m) and separately by ownership: state housing stock, municipal housing stock, etc.
4. Improvement of the housing stock:
1) living area equipped with plumbing, sewerage, central heating, hot water, gas, floor electric stoves, bathrooms, showers, % of the total area of the housing stock;
2) % of residential buildings with a garbage chute;
3) % of apartments with telephones.
In Russia, indicators of the improvement of the housing stock differ significantly for urban and rural areas: at the end of 2001, 86% of the urban housing stock was provided with water supply, 84% with sewerage, 79% with bathtubs, 74% with hot water supply, 21% with floor electric stoves, 87% - central heating. All values of these indicators are 2-5 times lower for the rural housing stock. Only in terms of housing equipment with gas supply, rural areas are not inferior to urban areas: in the countryside, 75% of the housing stock is provided with gas, in the city - 69%.
5. Provision of the population with housing:
1) average living area per inhabitant, sq. m/person;
2) total area on average per inhabitant, sq. m/person;
3) the number of the population living:
* in a separate apartment;
* in a communal apartment;
* in a separate house or part of it:
* in dorm;
4) the same as a percentage of all residents;
5) the average area of a separate apartment, sq. m / apartment;
6) average number of inhabitants per room, person/room;
7) the number of households registered for municipal housing (absolute and as a percentage of the total number of households);
8) the number of families of refugees and internally displaced persons in need of housing.
According to the indicator "average living space per inhabitant", a value is set in our country that plays the role of a hygienic standard. In accordance with the Housing Code of the RSFSR (Article 38), the norm of living space is set at 12 sq. m. per person. Citizens with living space per person 5-7 sq. m, are considered in need of improvement of living conditions. For this reason, it is not enough to know average availability of living space in a country or region, it is necessary to have the distribution of residents according to the values of this indicator.
For international comparisons of living conditions, the indicator "average total area per inhabitant" is more commonly used.
The law "On the Fundamentals of the Federal Housing Policy", adopted in 1992, provides for a housing and communal reform, the purpose of which is the gradual transformation of the housing and communal services into a break-even sector of the economy. During the reform, the social norms of housing were revised. Instead of 9 and 12 sq. m of living space per person (sanitary norm and norm of use), today the concept of "social norm of housing" is used, established not by residential, but by the total (useful) area of \u200b\u200bthe dwelling. This norm is 33 square meters. m for singles, 21 sq. m/person -- for a family of 2 people and 18 km/person. for families of 3 or more people. From 1992 to 2000, the average total area per inhabitant increased by 2.3 square meters. m/person and amounted to 19.1 square meters at the end of 2000. m/person
With a security of 20-25 sq. m of living space per person at the disposal of each adult family member is a separate living area, it becomes possible to have rooms for communication, sharing meals, etc.
Table data. 2 even more clearly than a comparison of two average values indicate an improvement in the living conditions of the population. This is also evidenced by data on the average size of apartments built: if in 2001 this figure was 66.2 sq. m. m of total area, then in 2003 - 79.1 square meters. m. and the share of living space in the total decreased from 59.1% in 2001 to 58.9% - in 2003.
table 2
Distribution of households by size of housing occupied (based on household budget survey data, year-end, %)
Official statistics provide information on the size of housing occupied by households of different composition: from 1 person, from 2 people, from 3 people, 4 people, 5 or more people. Comparison of these data for 2001-2003. shows that both residential and total area increased in households consisting of 1 person, to a lesser extent this affected households of 2 and 3 people; the conditions of households of 4 or more people have hardly improved. Data on the size of housing occupied by families with children show that conditions have improved primarily in households with one child and worsened somewhat in families with 4 or more children. Table 2.1 provides a broader picture of housing provision, which makes it possible to see the prospects for the development of housing provision in our country in comparison with other countries.
Housing conditions are characterized not only by the number of square meters per person, but also by the isolation of the dwelling. This quality of housing conditions is determined by indicators 3 and 6 from the list given earlier on the provision of housing for the population.
Table 2.1
Provision of housing (average per capita, end of 2000)
Distribution of residents by types of dwellings. For our conditions, the most common type of comfortable dwelling is a separate apartment in apartment building. Based on the sample survey of household budgets, the data presented in Table. 2.2
In Finland, 44.3% of households have apartments in apartment buildings, and 55.7% live in separate houses; in Norway, 41.6% and 58.3%, respectively; while in Sweden a large proportion of the population lives in apartment buildings - 53.6%, in separate houses - 46.3%. In statistics foreign countries one of the indicators of housing comfort appears, which is not determined by our statistics - this is the percentage of apartments without kitchens: in Finland such apartments amounted to 1%, in Norway - 4, in Sweden - 13% (at the beginning of 2001).
In Russia, the average number of inhabitants per room at the end of 2001 was 1.2 people, including 1.3 people. - in urban areas, 1.1 people, - in rural areas.
The structure of the housing stock in developed countries, where individual housing is common, leads to the fact that in international comparisons conducted, for example, by the UN, the indicator "number of inhabitants per one residential unit" is used, i.e. for a separate apartment or a separate house Filed for 2001-- 2003
Table 2.2
Distribution of households in the Russian Federation by types of housing occupied (at the end of the year, %)
The smallest number of inhabitants per dwelling unit was in Canada - (1.7 people), and the largest - in South Yemen (8.7 people). The comfort of a dwelling is achieved with apartment distribution, when the number of rooms is (n + 1), where n is the number of household members.
For management, development of a development strategy for a region or a federation as a whole, it is important to have data on individual territories - subjects of the federation, and since there are 89 of them, it is advisable, using the methods of variation analysis, to establish a region with a minimum and maximum housing supply, measure the magnitude of the differences between them, calculate the average deviation from the average housing provision in the country, establish differences in housing conditions in the city and in the countryside, in large and small cities.
In addition to indicators of housing provision and distribution by type of housing, state statistics to characterize housing conditions use indicators of the distribution of residents by the time houses were built.
The need for housing is one of the primary human needs. dwelling- these are buildings, panel houses, floating houses, other buildings (premises) used for housing, as well as historical monuments, identified mainly as residential buildings with residential and non-residential premises, residential premises, regardless of the form of ownership, included in the housing stock and used for permanent or temporary residence, as well as other premises or buildings that are not included in the housing stock, but used for temporary residence. The housing stock is a generalization of all residential premises that are located on the territory of the Russian Federation (Article 1 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation).
The main function of the dwelling- to provide a person with a favorable living environment, that is, comfortable housing is necessary both for recreation, and for work, and for creating a full-fledged family. The human habitat, which determines the quality of life of a member of society, forms a dwelling, introduced into the organization of communal and consumer services for the population.
In a market economy, housing is a durable commodity. This product provokes a large additional demand (for carpets, furniture, household appliances, dishes, etc.) and activates the formation of many sectors of the economy. Since housing is an expensive commodity, it is one of the main factors in stimulating the population's savings and the formation of investment resources.
Statistics must provide complete and objective information about the housing stock and living conditions of the population, which is necessary, in particular, for the implementation of housing policy, i.e., the development by the state of a set of measures aimed at meeting the needs for housing. The latter can be achieved by solving the following problems with statistics:
1) providing information on the provision of the population with housing, communal and consumer services; assessment of the comfort of the dwelling and its condition (degree of deterioration);
2) identification of materials on the differentiation of housing conditions of different social and demographic groups of the population, on the difference in housing conditions in different regions of the country, in cities (small, medium and large) and in rural areas; creating a basis for international housing comparisons;
3) analysis of the state and movement of the housing stock, its overhaul;
4) providing information on the development of the housing market, on the behavior of sellers and buyers on it, necessary, on the one hand, for the development of financial institutions serving the real estate market, on the other hand, for the development of social guarantees and benefits in the housing sector;
5) reflection of the relationship between the incomes of the population, housing conditions and the structure of consumption;
6) determining the development of social infrastructure and assessing the effectiveness of its functioning
The importance of solving these problems is complicated by the acuteness of the housing problem in our country, since the availability of housing directly affects the state of demographic indicators countries.
According to the listed tasks, the statistical indicators of the housing conditions of the population and the level of its service can be divided into several groups:
1) availability, condition and movement of the housing stock;
2) housing conditions of the population;
3) maintenance and financing of housing stock;
4) development of social infrastructure and its functioning;
5) assessment by the population of housing conditions and the quality of public services;
Characteristics of housing conditionsThe characteristic of housing conditions consists of the following indicators: housing stock and its changes, improvement of housing stock, major repairs, modernization and reconstruction, provision of housing for the population. Let's analyze the elements of the groups of indicators that are listed above.
Housing stock:
1) the total area of the housing stock, m 2;
2) living area, m 2;
3) the share of living space in the total,%;
4) the total number of apartments - total (units), including individual, communal;
5) distribution of apartments by number of rooms, %;
6) distribution of apartments by average size, %;
7) distribution of the housing stock by ownership (municipal fund, departmental, public, private),%;
8) distribution of the housing stock by time of construction, %;
9) distribution of the housing stock according to the degree of wear, %.
According to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, living space is the area of living rooms in residential buildings and premises, i.e. isolated premises that are real estate and are suitable for permanent residence of citizens, meet the established sanitary and technical rules and regulations, and other requirements of the law. The total (useful) area of a dwelling is defined as the sum of the area of all parts of such a premise and ancillary premises located inside the apartments: kitchens, front corridors, interior corridors, bathrooms or showers, bathrooms, dressing rooms, pantries, built-in wardrobes, as well as attics, mezzanines, covered loggias, verandas, heated and suitable for living. Ancillary premises in hostels, in addition to those considered, are premises for medical care and cultural and community purposes.
When evaluating the comfortability of the housing stock, the ratio of residential and total areas is also important: a high proportion of living space indicates a low comfort of a dwelling, a low one can indicate both poor planning, insufficient living space, and high comfort of the housing stock.
The housing stock is accounted for by types of residential premises:
1) residential building, part of a residential building;
2) an apartment, part of an apartment;
3) room.
House- this is an individually defined building, which consists of rooms, as well as auxiliary premises, designed to meet people's domestic and other needs related to their living in this building (clause 2, article 16 of the LC RF).
Flat is a structurally separate room in an apartment building that provides the possibility of direct access to the common areas in this building and consists of one or more rooms, as well as auxiliary rooms, designed to meet people's domestic and other needs associated with their living in such a separate room (clause 3, article 16 of the LCD of the Russian Federation).
A room is a part of a residential building or apartment, which is intended to be used as a place of direct residence by people in a residential building or apartment (clause 4, article 16 of the LC RF).
The housing stock is accounted for by type of property (Article 19 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation):
1) private housing stock – a fund owned by citizens and legal entities (established as private owners), including housing construction cooperatives (HBCs);
2) state housing fund - a fund that is owned by the Russian Federation and owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
3) municipal housing stock – a fund that is owned by a district, city, as well as a departmental fund that is under the full economic jurisdiction of municipal enterprises or the operational management of municipal institutions;
4) public housing stock – a fund owned by public associations;
5) housing stock in collective property– a fund that is in joint or shared ownership of various entities, private, state, municipal property, property of public associations.
The housing stock can also be classified according to the types of settlement: housing stock in corridor-type houses, housing stock with apartment-by-apartment resettlement, housing stock in barracks, housing stock in bed-type dormitories, housing stock in basements and semi-basements.
According to the purposes of use, the housing stock is divided into (clause 3, article 19 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation):
1) housing fund for social use - a set of residential premises of state and municipal housing funds provided to citizens under social rental agreements;
2) specialized housing stock - a set of residential premises intended for the residence of certain categories of citizens in the residential premises provided by the state and municipal housing stocks;
3) individual housing stock - a set of residential premises of a private housing stock used by citizens - owners of such premises for their residence, residence of members of their family and (or) residence of other citizens on the terms free use, as well as legal entities- the owners of such premises for the residence of citizens on the specified conditions of use;
4) housing fund for commercial use - a set of residential premises used by the owners of these premises for the residence of citizens on the terms of paid use, provided to citizens under other agreements, provided by the owners of these premises to persons for possession and (or) use.
The housing stock is necessarily subject to state accounting in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation (clause 4, article 19 of the RF LC).
State accounting of the housing stock, along with other forms of its accounting, should provide for technical accounting of the housing stock, including its technical inventory and technical certification (clause 5, article 19 of the LC RF).
Housing stock movement:
1) loss of housing stock, total m 2, including for reasons of retirement:
a) by dilapidation and accident rate;
b) from natural disasters;
c) in connection with the conversion of residential premises into non-residential ones;
d) in connection with the reconstruction and land acquisition for new construction;
2) housing construction:
a) commissioning of housing (total area, living area, m 2);
b) the number of apartments built - total, units, including the number of rooms: one, two, three, etc.;
c) the average size of the built apartments, m 2;
d) commissioning of housing by sources of financing, m 2 ;
e) structure of new housing construction by number of storeys, %;
f) commissioning of residential buildings by type of ownership;
g) commissioning of residential buildings in urban and rural areas;
h) commissioning of nursing homes for the elderly, the disabled and children with disabilities
The housing stock is distributed according to the degree of wear, i.e., the total area of residential premises with wear of more than 70% - stone and more than 65% - wooden, etc. is allocated; the total area of emergency buildings. This indicator is very similar to the indicator "disposal due to dilapidation and accident rate".
Housing construction is a key source of replenishment of the housing stock. It is implemented by state and non-state enterprises and organizations, individual developers with the help of budget funds, mortgages, personal funds of citizens and other sources of financing. From year to year, the proportion of housing construction is increasing at the expense of the population and with the help of loans.
Capital repairs and reconstruction of the housing stock:
1) overhaul, m 2 of the total area;
2) reconstruction of the housing stock, m 2 ;
3) sources of financing for capital repairs.
Improvement of the housing stock:
1) living area, which is equipped with: water supply, sewerage, central heating, hot water supply, gas, floor electric stoves, bathrooms, showers, % of the total area of the housing stock;
2) % of residential buildings with a garbage chute;
3) % of apartments with telephones.
Provision of housing for the population:
1) average living space per resident, m 2 / person;
2) the total area on average per inhabitant, m 2 / person;
3) the number of the population living:
a) in a separate apartment;
b) in a communal apartment;
c) in a separate house or part of it:
d) in a hostel;
4) the same, in % of all residents;
5) the average area of a separate apartment, m 2 / apartment;
6) average number of inhabitants per room, person/room;
7) the number of households registered for municipal housing (absolute and as a percentage of the total number of households);
8) the number of families of refugees and internally displaced persons who need housing.
In our country, according to the indicator "average living space per inhabitant", a value is introduced that determines the value of the hygienic standard. When performing international comparisons of housing conditions, the indicator “average total area per inhabitant” is mainly used (see Table 9).
When it turns out that there is a security of 20-25 m 2 of living space per person, then each adult family member has a separate living area at his disposal, it becomes possible to have a room for communication, sharing food, etc.
Consider the calculation of the provision and affordability of housing.
I. The level of provision of the population with housing
Methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the federal target program "Housing" for 2002-2010
When determining the value of the target indicator, information on the availability of housing for the population is used. The data source is the state statistics body (according to the data of the form No. 1-housing fund, which was approved by the Decree of the Federal State Statistics Service of July 13, 2004 No. 26).
Algorithm for calculating the values of the target indicator for the subject of the Russian Federation and on average for the Russian FederationThe results of the target indicator are annually calculated by the state statistics agency for the Russian Federation and for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Methodological Provisions on Statistics. Information on the provision of housing for the population is published in statistical collections (for example, in the collections "Russian Statistical Yearbook" and "Regions of Russia").
Suppose, if at the date of finding the value of the target indicator there is no information printed in statistical collections on the provision of housing for the population, then the target indicator for the subject of the Russian Federation or on average for the Russian Federation is determined by the formula:
where coolant– the level of provision of the population with housing in the subject of the Russian Federation (in the Russian Federation);
AREA - the total area of the housing stock in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (in the Russian Federation) at the end of the year;
US. - the total population in the subject of the Russian Federation (in the Russian Federation) at the end of the year.
By the end of 2007, the level of provision of the population with housing on average in the Russian Federation should be 20.9 m 2 per person, by the end of 2010 - 21.7 m 2 per person.
II. Housing affordability ratioMethodology for assessing the effectiveness of the federal target program "Housing" for 2002-2010.
1) medium market price 1 m 2 of housing (in rubles on average per year). It is found as the arithmetic mean of average prices in the primary and secondary housing markets, established by the state statistics agency. The data source is the state statistics agency;
2) average per capita cash income (in rubles per month per person on average per year). The data source is the state statistics agency.
Algorithm for calculating the value of the target indicator for the subject of the Russian FederationThe value of the target indicator is defined as the ratio of the average market value of a typical apartment with a total area of 54 m 2 to the average annual total cash income of a family of 3 in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
Algorithm for calculating the value of the target indicator on average for the Russian FederationThe value of the target indicator is defined as the ratio of the average market value in the Russian Federation of a standard apartment with a total area of 54 m 2 to the average per capita annual total cash income of a family of 3 people.
Target indicator valuesBy the end of 2007, the housing affordability ratio on average in the Russian Federation should be equal to 3.2, by the end of 2010 - 3
III. Proportion of families that are able to purchase housing that meets housing standards using their own and borrowed funds(Methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of the federal target program "Housing" for 2002-2010)
When determining the value of the target indicator, the following data are used:
1) the average market value of 1 m 2 of housing (in rubles on average per year). It is defined as the arithmetic mean of average prices in the primary and secondary housing markets. The source of information is the state statistics body;
2) the share of borrowed funds in the cost of purchased housing (in %). It is calculated on the basis of average lending conditions for banks and other organizations in the market of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation that provide mortgage loans for the purchase of housing. The source of information is the administration of the subject of the Russian Federation. In situations where the open joint-stock company "Agency for Housing Mortgage Lending" refinances a significant share of mortgage loans and loans issued in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a part of the borrowed funds under the Agency's program can be used as the middle part of the borrowed funds;
3) interest rate on a loan for the purchase of housing (in % per year). It is calculated on the basis of the average rates in the market of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation for mortgage housing loans and loans in rubles. The source of information is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (form 0409302, which was approved by the instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated June 27, 2004 No. 1481-U). In situations where the Agency refinances a significant share of mortgage loans and loans issued in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the Agency's program interest rates may be used as average interest rates;
4) the term of the loan for the purchase of housing (in years). It is calculated on the basis of the average terms of lending for housing mortgage loans and loans in rubles in the market of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The source of information is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (form 0409302, approved by the directive of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated June 27, 2004 No. 1481-U). In situations where the Agency refinances a significant share of mortgage loans and loans issued in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the terms of lending under the Agency's program can be used as average lending terms;
5) part of the payment on a mortgage loan in the income of the borrower with co-borrowers (in %). It is calculated on the basis of average conditions in the market of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in terms of payment in income. The source of information is the administration of the subject of the Russian Federation. In situations where the Agency refinances a significant share of mortgage loans and loans issued in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a part of the payment in income under the Agency's program can be used as the average part of the payment in income;
6) division of households according to the level of average monthly income. The source of information is the state statistics agency. In a situation of absence, it is allowed to use other sources of information on the distribution of the population by the level of average per capita monthly income with an appropriate reference to the source of information;
7) the number of families in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The source of information is the state statistics agency
Algorithm for determining the value of the target indicator for the subject of the Russian FederationThe minimum total family income required to purchase housing that meets the standards of housing provision (54 m 2 for a family of 3), using own and borrowed funds, is calculated by the formula:
where TI– the minimum total family income (in rubles per month);
LTV- the share of borrowed funds in the cost of purchased housing (in%);
R - the average market value of 1 m 2 of housing (in rubles on average per year);
i– interest rate on the loan (in % per year);
t- loan term (in years);
PI– share of payment on a mortgage housing loan in family income (in %)
Share of households with total income above the minimum ( TI) is based on information on the distribution of households by the level of average monthly income. In the absence of information on the distribution of households by the level of average monthly income, it is allowed to use information on the distribution of the population by the level of average per capita monthly income with a corresponding footnote. In this case, the minimum total family income ( TI) is divided by the average family size (3 people) and the resulting minimum income of 1 person is compared with data on the distribution of the population by the level of average per capita monthly income to determine the proportion of the population with incomes above the minimum.
Algorithm for determining the value of the target indicator on average in the Russian FederationThe value of the target indicator on average for the Russian Federation is determined by the formula:
where DS total - the share of families that have the opportunity to purchase housing that meets the standards for providing living quarters, using their own and borrowed funds, on average in the Russian Federation;
DS i - the proportion of families in one subject of the Russian Federation that have the opportunity to purchase housing that meets the standards for providing living quarters, using their own and borrowed funds;
KC i - the number of families in one subject of the Russian Federation.
Target indicator valueBy the end of 2007, on average in the Russian Federation, the share of families that have the opportunity to purchase housing that meets the standards of housing, using their own and borrowed funds, was 17%, by the end of 2010 should be 30%
Housing Maintenance and Finance IndicatorsIn order to carry out housing and communal reforms and ensure a decent standard of living for the population, indicators of maintenance and financing of the housing stock are of particular importance. The indicators of this group include:
1) the share of expenditures on the maintenance of the housing stock and utilities in the total amount of expenditures of the budget of the administrative unit, %:
2) the number of families that receive subsidies to pay for housing and communal services;
3) the same, as a percentage of the total number of families living in the given territory;
4) the share of expenses for the maintenance of the housing stock in the total amount of expenses of the population, %;
5) the share of personal expenses of the population for the maintenance of housing in the total cost of providing housing services,%;
In general, two possible directions of housing policy can be considered: liberal and paternalistic (from lat. paternus- paternal, paternal). At liberal direction of housing policy housing is provided mainly as a durable commodity and the focus is on the housing market, its condition, factors affecting its development, social assistance is relegated to the background. At paternalistic direction Housing is considered not as a commodity, but as the most important social benefit; it is provided at the expense of the state budget and the funds of enterprises and is distributed free of charge among the population. In this case, the rent covers only a small part of the state's expenses for the maintenance of the housing stock. This direction of housing policy found its way into life in the socialist countries, where the rent compensated for only about 1/3 of the cost of maintaining housing, subsidies for housing came from the state budget.
In developed countries, the liberal direction of housing policy is not expressed in its pure form: usually, in the conditions of market relations, measures are introduced to limit the rent (rent); there is a system of allowances and benefits for paying for housing, preferential loans and subsidies for the purchase of housing, real estate tax incentives; cheap, low-rent public housing is being built, the maintenance of which is dated by local authorities or the state, and concessional loans are allocated for the purchase. Programs aimed at the construction and commissioning of inexpensive housing and benefits for its purchase are quite popular in European countries, such as France or Sweden.
The metamorphosis of the housing and communal services into a break-even sector of the economy is possible only due to the absolute coverage of the costs of the housing and communal services sector by appropriate payments from the population. Within the framework of the housing and communal reform, the program of housing subsidies (compensations) for paying for housing and utilities is of considerable importance.
The maximum allowable expenditure of a family to pay for housing acts as a new social standard for our country. Its adoption means the implementation of a policy of social protection in the housing and communal area of low-income citizens. The introduced system of subsidies is declarative, i.e., for its registration, the applicant is obliged to document all types of income received. The right to receive subsidies must be periodically confirmed during recertification (usually once every six months). In accordance with the ongoing housing and communal reform, the rates of payment for housing and tariffs for utilities are increasing. In the absence of a clear target for the growth of real monetary incomes of the population, the growth in housing and communal services creates difficulties for the middle-income strata of the population, who cannot count on subsidies for paying for housing and communal services.
With the development of market relations, differences in the housing conditions of the population will probably increase, to a greater extent under the influence of rising rents and the impact of the latter on the provision of housing. This process can be quantified by measuring the relationship between the level of housing payment and housing supply, as well as by methods of multivariate household classification. based on the following features:
1) the level of housing provision;
2) the amount of per capita monetary income;
3) socio-professional group of economically active members of the household;
4) number of dependents, or family load factor, etc.
Housing policy must include the organization of assistance for the maintenance and repair of housing to families in need of it.
Statistics play a central role in detecting the differentiation of the living conditions of the population, finding the categories of residents who need support from the budget. But at the same time, housing maintenance fees for all residents should be increased in stages to a level where costs are fully covered, in parallel with a corresponding increase in direct targeted social transfers to designated groups. In the future, it is likely that the maintenance of the housing stock will be completely withdrawn from the control of the regional authorities, the cessation of direct subsidies for organizations involved in the repair and maintenance of housing, an increase in direct payments to less well-to-do categories and pensioners due to an increase in the cost of maintaining and repairing housing, the creation of a special regional fund reconstruction and maintenance of housing.
Tariffs for utility services must be based on pricing laws under conditions of normal monopolies, which in the Russian Federation are gas, water, energy, etc. It is likely that tariffs will also be affected by some structural adjustment by separating individual elements from natural monopolies in order to develop competition, slowing down the growth of tariffs, the corporatization of some utilities with the approval of a clear control over their work. The most significant function of municipal services is the disposal and processing of household waste, cleaning of territories and stairwells, and organization of burials. Thus, in the budgets of German cities, financing of these types of activities is on average 12%. Information on the results of the activities of public utilities is contained in the reports they submit.
It is necessary that there be an organization to provide information on regions and municipalities in order to solve the problems of servicing and financing the housing stock.
Statistics must reflect the development of competition in the field of servicing the housing stock, the creation of true contractual relations in the housing and communal services.
Social infrastructure development statisticsThe ever-increasing influence of social infrastructure on various parties public life, the increase in importance in the reproductive process makes it a means of intensifying social production. Consequently, the issues of increasing the efficiency of functioning not only of individual sectors of the social sphere, but of its entirety as a whole are gaining more and more relevance. The level of formation of social infrastructure is measured by the number of educational, cultural, consumer services, trade institutions per thousand inhabitants or per unit area (for example, per 1 m 2). The elements of social infrastructure include: transport network(intracity and between settlements), communication facilities, urban greening (which is of no small importance for improving environmental situation), rural infrastructure, etc.
The development of transport is determined by the number of its types in a given territory, the length of the routes of each type. Such indicators as the number of stops of vehicles of any type of transport, the compatibility of these elements are also significant, but they are not registered. government statistics. A significant component of social infrastructure is the provision of conditions for the use of cycling, which is mainly characterized by the existence and length of cycle paths in cities and outside urban areas. In large cities, the impact of such a factor as urban transport is significant; its share is significant in the expenditure part of the city budget.
An increase in the cost of public transport services should be compared with an increase in prices for other types of paid services to the population, for consumer goods, with an increase in wages and monetary income of the population. For regional management measures, it is necessary to compare the following indicators: the amount of revenue for services rendered; the number of passengers carried; the number of persons who have feed-in tariffs; the possibility of free transport. Which is one of the real measures to provide targeted social assistance to those in need, mainly pensioners.
Official statistics are rather laconic about the work of passenger urban transport, there is only information on the types of transport, on the passenger-kilometers performed, on the number of passengers transported. Departmental statistics contain more detailed data on the number of routes for each type of transport, on the traffic schedule along the route, and the length of each. Significant information for social statistics is information on disruptions in the system of transport services for the population, on the division of vehicles according to their service life, accidents in transport, comparable characteristics of the filling capacity of transport during rush hour and outside this time. The development of the network has gained great social importance highways hard coated. Statistics must reflect not only their length, but also their quality.
The process of privatization in our country has mastered mainly the sphere of consumer services and Catering. Social statistics has a task, which is to give a relative description of the supply of the population with paid services of enterprises of various organizational and legal forms, including retail stores of various forms of ownership. Retail trade statistics significantly supplements the data of population budget statistics in terms of the share of the ratio of food and non-food products in the total volume of trade.
If to determine the level of infrastructure formation, indicators of saturation with its components of some territory, mainly cities, are enough, then to find the level of consumption of services provided by institutions and organizations of social infrastructure, such indicators are significant as:
1) the average number of visitors per unit of time (for a year, quarter, month) served by a dry-cleaning establishment, a hairdresser, a bathhouse, a cafe, a restaurant;
2) the total amount of revenue, thousand rubles;
3) average revenue per employee of a given type of institution, rubles;
4) revenue by types of services, thousand rubles.
These indicators are not enough to characterize the availability of services, their quality, and satisfaction of needs. Such information can only be obtained through special surveys. The implementation of federal and regional social programs in the proportion of assistance to the homeless (refugees, forced migrants, the homeless) leads to the emergence of such elements of social infrastructure as doss houses. New organizational forms of cultural activity appear, for example, people's houses. All this needs to be reflected in the statistics. Statistics need to have information about post offices and their work, about the number of residential premises that have not only telephones, but also fax communications, communication via Email. In addition, information is needed on the number of street pay phones, including long-distance and international ones (per 1,000 inhabitants). The indicators of social statistics should include information on the prevalence of insurance companies, notary offices, branches of Sberbank, branches of commercial banks per 1000 inhabitants, ATMs, i.e. all those units on which the comfort of people's lives depends.
The provision of the people with things of cultural and everyday use for long-term use is increasing, which forms the basis for the formation of a service sector (studio, photo and film workshops, car service, workshops for repairing household appliances, etc.).
In cities, another element of social infrastructure is parks, squares, the presence of which is measured by the total area of green spaces (m 2) and the area of green spaces per thousand inhabitants (m 2 / person).
Also, statistical indicators should reflect the development of the infrastructure of the village. These indicators include:
1) commissioning of water supply networks in rural areas (km);
2) sewer networks (km);
3) gas networks (thousand km);
4) ATS (thousand public numbers);
5) power lines with a voltage of 0.4 kW, 6-20 kW (thousand km);
6) paved roads (thousand km), including local, departmental and private roads.
The main importance is attached to the assessment of the interconnectedness of the formation of social infrastructure. To solve this problem, it is worth assigning a rank to each territorial unit (oblast, city, district) according to the value of each of the indicators of social infrastructure and determine the relationship between the ranking of objects by k characteristics. The rank assigned to each district reflects its place in the formation of this infrastructure component.
The lack of some infrastructure elements can be compensated by the development of others. These examples prove rather the trend of complex development. To quantify this process, you can calculate the Spearman rank correlation coefficients between each pair of ranks, then determine the average of them. The number of such coefficients is equal to the number of combinations from k by 2 - C 2 k |, and the operation becomes rather tedious. It is easier to find the Kendall concordance coefficient, which is the average of the pairwise correlation coefficients between ranks. The concordance coefficient is determined by the formula:
where S- the sum of squared deviations of the sum of ranks for each object from the average sum of ranks:
where rj- rank j-th district;
k- the number of rows of ranks (in our example, this is the number of indicators by which the districts were ranked);
P - the number of ranked objects.
National Research University
High School of Economics
Department of Statistics, Data Analysis and Demography of the Faculty of Economics
Profile of special disciplines "Statistics and data analysis"
Department of Statistical Methods
BACHELOR WORK
"Statistical analysis of housing conditions of households in the Russian Federation"
Fulfilled
Student of group No. 41C
scientific adviser
docent,
Moscow 2013
Introduction. 3
Chapter 1. Methodological bases of statistical study of housing conditions of households. 5
1.1. Description of the basic concepts of the housing sector.. 5
1.2 Substantiation of relevance and review of literature on the problem of housing conditions 10
Chapter 2. General characteristics of the state of the housing stock of the Russian Federation .. 18
2.4. International comparisons of housing conditions in Russia and countries of the world 37
Chapter 3. Statistical analysis of housing conditions of households in the Russian Federation 40
3.1. Classification of regions of the Russian Federation according to the quality of housing conditions. 40
3.2. Identification of factors of satisfaction of households in the Russian Federation with their living conditions. 47
3.3. Modeling the dynamics of prices in the housing market. 52
Conclusion. 58
List of used literature.. 60
Application. 63
Introduction
For a long time, one of the most important problems in the Russian Federation has been housing. This problem has several main aspects. These include:
· the constant growth of already high housing prices;
high mortgage lending rates;
low provision of the population with living space;
poor quality of living conditions;
· high tariffs for utility bills .
In the life of every person, the availability and quality of housing plays a crucial role. Its primary function is to ensure the safety of human life, protect it from the influence of the outside world. Apart from physical health housing also helps to ensure the psychological comfort of a person, which is very important. Also, housing affects the formation of social relations of the individual, motivating one or another of his behavior in society.
The purpose of this work is to conduct a statistical analysis of the housing conditions of the population of the Russian Federation and obtain evidence-based conclusions regarding the state of the housing stock of the Russian Federation.
During the research, the following tasks must be performed:
review the main concepts used in statistics on household living conditions;
Analyze the general situation in the housing sector of the Russian Federation in last years, as well as to conduct international comparisons;
· conduct a statistical analysis of the housing conditions of households in the Russian Federation, including an analysis of interregional differences in the living conditions of households and the division of regions into groups according to the quality of housing conditions, analysis and modeling of time series, as well as an analysis of factors that affect households' assessment of their living conditions.
The object of the study is the housing stock of the Russian Federation, the subject is the housing conditions of households.
The following sources of statistical data were used in the work:
· publications of the Federal State Statistics Service;
· data from the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population of the Higher School of Economics (RLMS);
• household budget survey data;
· data obtained as a result of studies of individual Russian authors.
The work consists of three chapters. The first chapter discusses the basic concepts and indicators that are used in the study of the housing conditions of households, and also reviews the literature on the subject of this work. The second chapter is devoted to a general description of the housing conditions of households in the Russian Federation, as well as international comparisons. In the third chapter, a direct statistical analysis of the state of the housing stock is made on the basis of the available data. At the end of the work, an appendix is placed, which presents those not included in the main part of the table, and a list of literature sources.
Chapter 1. Methodological bases of statistical study of housing conditions of households
1.1. Description of the basic concepts of the housing sector
Before proceeding to direct statistical analysis, it is necessary to outline the range of concepts and indicators that characterize the object of study. This paragraph is devoted to the consideration of the basic concepts of the housing sector.
One of the main concepts of the housing sector is the housing stock. In accordance with Article 19 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Housing Code of the Russian Federation), the housing stock of the Russian Federation is defined as “the totality of all residential premises located on the territory of the Russian Federation”. According to the legislation, there are several classifications of housing stock. Classification by form of ownership implies the division of the housing stock into:
· private housing stock - a set of residential premises owned by citizens and owned by legal entities;
· state housing stock - a set of residential premises owned by the right of ownership of the Russian Federation (housing stock of the Russian Federation), and residential premises owned by the right of ownership of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (housing fund of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation);
· municipal housing stock - a set of residential premises owned by municipalities.
Another criterion for classifying the housing stock is the purpose of use. In accordance with this criterion, the housing stock is divided into:
Housing fund for social use - a set of state and municipal housing funds provided to citizens under social rental contracts;
specialized housing stock - a set of residential premises of state and municipal housing funds intended for residence of certain categories of citizens; individual housing stock - a set of residential premises of a private housing stock that are used by the owners of such premises for their residence, residence of their family members and (or) residence of others citizens on the terms of gratuitous use, as well as legal entities - owners of such premises for the residence of citizens on the specified terms of use;
housing fund for commercial use - a set of residential premises that are used by owners for the residence of citizens on the terms of paid use, provided to citizens under other agreements, provided by the owners of such premises to persons for possession and (or) use.
As mentioned above, the subject of research in this paper is the housing conditions of households. This concept is defined as a set of indicators characterizing the degree of housing improvement. These indicators include:
· type of ownership;
· assessment by households of their living conditions;
• intention of households to improve their living conditions;
· and others.
To be more precise, it should be noted that these indicators refer to microdata, i.e. they characterize each household separately. To assess the state of the housing stock as a whole, aggregated indicators are used, such as:
The total amount of the housing stock and its distribution by form of ownership;
The area of residential premises on average per inhabitant, m2;
number and average size of apartments;
· dilapidated and dilapidated housing stock, mln m2;
· the number of families in need of residential premises and the number of families who received residential premises and improved their living conditions during the year;
The share of the total living space equipped with heating, plumbing, gas, sewerage, baths, hot water supply, floor electric stoves;
· consumer tariffs on the different kinds housing and communal services;
· and others.
In the course of listing indicators of the quality of living conditions of households, such concepts as living quarters, area of living quarters and total area of living quarters were mentioned. These indicators are one of the most important characteristics of the quality of housing conditions, so it is necessary to consider them in a little more detail.
In accordance with Article 15 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, residential premises are recognized as “isolated premises that are real estate and are suitable for permanent residence of citizens (meet the established sanitary and technical rules and regulations, other requirements of the law)”.
There are several types of dwellings. According to part 1 of article 16 of the LC RF, these include:
residential building, part of a residential building;
an apartment, a part of an apartment;
· room.
In accordance with Part.2 Article. 16 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation "an individually defined building is recognized as a residential building, which consists of rooms, as well as premises for auxiliary use, designed to meet citizens' domestic or other needs associated with their living in such a building."
Apartment according to Art. 16 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation is defined as "a structurally separate room in an apartment building, providing direct access to common areas in such a house and consisting of one or more rooms, as well as auxiliary premises, designed to meet citizens' domestic or other needs related to living in such a secluded space.
The concept of a room is defined as "a part of a residential building or apartment intended for use as a place of direct residence of citizens in a residential building or apartment."
Next, we turn to the concept of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe living space. Part 5 of Article 15 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation states that “the total area of a dwelling consists of the sum of all parts of such a premises, including the area of auxiliary premises intended to meet citizens' domestic or other needs related to their living in a dwelling, with the exception of balconies, loggias, verandas and terraces. At the same time, the concept of the total area of a dwelling differs from the concept of the area of a dwelling: the latter implies the inclusion of balconies, loggias, verandas and terraces.
Separately, the concept of living space is also considered: it includes only the area of living rooms, the area of \u200b\u200bthe kitchen, bathrooms and other auxiliary premises is not included.
When it comes to citizens who need to improve their living conditions, the concepts of the norm for providing living space and the accounting norm for living space are used. The Housing Code of the Russian Federation states that “the norm for the provision of housing is minimum size area of a dwelling, on the basis of which the size of the total area of a dwelling provided under a social tenancy agreement is determined", and the accounting norm for the area of a dwelling is defined as "the minimum size of the area of a dwelling, on the basis of which the level of provision of citizens with a total area of a dwelling is determined in order to their registration as those in need of residential premises.
The norm for the provision of living space and the accounting norm for living space are determined by local governments depending on the current level of provision of regions with housing and some other factors. At the same time, the size of the accounting norm for the area of \u200b\u200bthe living quarters cannot exceed the norm for providing the area of \u200b\u200bthe living quarters.
1.2 Substantiation of relevance and review of literature on the problem of housing conditions
The relevance of this study is due to the fact that housing conditions are one of the essential indicators to assess the quality of life of the population, which implies the need for a large-scale analysis of current data for the competent construction of state policy in the social sphere in the future. This paragraph will be devoted to substantiating the importance of housing conditions as an important indicator of the standard of living of the population.
For any person, it is obvious that the need for housing is one of the main needs of the individual. Hierarchy human needs according to A. Maslow, housing, along with the needs for food, clothing, etc., belongs to the category of primary, lowest needs - physiological. Satisfying needs at this level is necessary for human survival, and also provides opportunities to meet higher needs, such as social, spiritual needs, etc. The role of housing in meeting needs at this level cannot be overestimated. It ensures the safety of the individual, protecting him from the harmful effects of the outside world, creates conditions for the satisfaction of others. physiological needs- in food, rest, sleep, etc. This is the biological function of the home - a place where human life is provided.
Target programs" href="/text/category/tcelevie_programmi/" rel="bookmark"> of the target program "Housing". In 2011, in accordance with this program, 40 constituent entities of the Russian Federation received a total subsidy in the amount of 3.5 billion rubles. These funds should be used to develop regional programs to stimulate housing construction... The program is designed for years and is part of the national project "Affordable and comfortable housing for the citizens of Russia". The result of this program should be an increase in the provision of Russians with housing (up to 24.2 sq. m. per capita, with a target of 90 million sqm by 2015), increased housing affordability (the program assumes that the average cost of a standard apartment with a total area of 54 sqm will be equal to the average total income of a family of 3 over 4 years ) Also important target indicators of the program are the number of families of citizens belonging to the categories established by federal law, who have improved their living conditions due to of the federal budget (86.9 thousand families over the years) and the number of young families who improved their living conditions with the help of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets (172 thousand families in 2011-2015). One of the objectives of this study is to evaluate the current effectiveness of this program.The relevance of the study is also confirmed by the obvious presence of the influence of the housing conditions of the population on the situation with the birth rate in the country, as well as on the mobility of the population. For example, attention is paid to the relationship between the living conditions of young families and their reproductive behavior (Barbasov, 2008). It's no secret that young families are one of the population groups for which the housing issue is most acute. High housing prices and the underdevelopment of the mortgage lending system in the Russian Federation are a significant obstacle to the purchase of comfortable housing by such families. Referring to earlier sociological studies, the author concludes that the vast majority of young families in Russia are not satisfied with their living conditions, which encourages families to reduce the planned number of children. At the same time, it is interesting that the impact of the housing conditions factor on young families that already have a child is much higher than on childless families. Also, the dependence of the reproductive intentions of families on housing conditions increases with the age of the respondents.
These results indicate that the demographic crisis taking place in modern Russia, is closely related to the issue of providing young families with quality housing, so it is necessary to constantly work on solving this problem in order to stop the natural decline in the population of the Russian Federation.
Another demographic factor that affects the quality of housing conditions of the population is the migration mobility of the population. This issue was also not deprived of the attention of Russian scientists. Research has found that while dissatisfaction with housing is not the main reason that pushes people to migrate, this factor is almost always, albeit sometimes implicitly, taken into account when making a decision to move, and the degree of its influence increases with each stage. preparation for migration (Florinskaya, 2008).
The study also notes that the bulk of people who move manage to improve their living conditions, although migrants are still in a somewhat worse situation than the indigenous population. Also interesting is the conclusion that the migration activity of the population is largely influenced by the type of property occupied by the family. People who rent housing, live with relatives or with parents, and also occupy corporate housing, are much more inclined to move than the owners of residential premises.
The work of foreign authors was also devoted to the influence of housing conditions on the quality of life of the population. So, in 2009, a group of American scientists published a study aimed at establishing the relationship between the quality of housing conditions and the health of the population (Dixon S. L., Evens A., Jacobs D. E., Smith J., Wilson J., 2009). The analysis used data from long-term surveys of health and quality of housing conditions in the United States for the years.
As a result of this study, the following relationships were identified:
chance of lead poisoning childhood depends on the age of housing, the quality of ventilation and water filtration;
· the probability of contracting respiratory and allergic diseases depends on the quality of ventilation and windows in the dwelling;
The probability of occurrence overweight depends on the quality of ventilation;
disease incidence of cardio-vascular system related to proximity to open space, commercial and industrial facilities, noise levels and air quality;
Insufficient heating of residential premises leads to increased mortality in the winter season;
· The quality of housing, as well as some other factors, such as overcrowding, unhealthy conditions inside, affect the mental health of its inhabitants.
It is important to note that all these trends take place regardless of race and ethnicity.
The results of the study indicate the evidence of the presence of a stable relationship between the characteristics under consideration. From this we can conclude that it is expedient to conduct unified long-term surveys affecting housing conditions and the level of health of the population, and to develop indicators that combine both of these indicators.
Since in many countries and regions there is a problem of poor quality of living conditions of the population, the following question is logical: what factors actually influence how people evaluate their living conditions and whether they are satisfied with their quality. Many publications are devoted to identifying factors that influence the assessment of the quality of a dwelling by its inhabitants.
One of the most interesting works devoted to this problem was a study by Spanish scientists (Ateca-Amestoy V., E. Vera-Toscano, 2007). The study is based on the premise that satisfaction with housing conditions is one of the main factors of life satisfaction in general. The work used data from a survey of housing conditions in Andalusia. The sample included 6,000,000 questionnaires for 6,000 households in the region. The sample was compiled by a stratified method, while the stratification was carried out according to such characteristics as age, gender, and level of well-being. The dependent variable (satisfaction with housing conditions) ranged from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 7 (very satisfied). The independent variables were divided into four main groups:
individual characteristics of the respondent and the household (age, gender, education, type of household, income level);
variables characterizing housing conditions (form of ownership, estimated cost of housing, quality of housing conditions, population, territorial position);
The respondent's perception of the surroundings of his housing (the presence of any negative factors, the quality of public services);
variables that characterize the effect of social interactions (form of ownership, cost of housing for members of the reference group, regularity of communication with neighbors).
The study yielded quite interesting results. Among the variables of the first group, the level of education and the level of income are significant at the level of 0.05. As education and income levels rise, housing satisfaction rises. Also, single respondents are usually more satisfied with their living conditions than married couples.
Of the other variables, satisfaction with housing conditions is significantly affected by the estimated cost of housing (with its growth, the likelihood that the respondent will be satisfied with their housing conditions increases), the quality of housing conditions, and the presence of problems with crime in the vicinity. At the same time, air pollution, noise level, cleanliness of streets, accessibility of infrastructure facilities (banks, medical institutions) are not significant.
Of the variables characterizing social interactions, only one turned out to be significant: tenants who rent a dwelling, surrounded by individuals who own their houses, are more disappointed with their housing conditions. But, at the same time, the opposite cannot be said for homeowners whose neighbors rent housing. The difference between the cost of the houses of the respondents and their neighbors also does not have a significant effect on the dependent variable.
In general, on the basis of this study, it can be argued that the satisfaction of people with their living conditions is influenced by a complex of both the characteristics of the living conditions themselves, and the individual characteristics of the respondents and the characteristics of the neighborhoods in which they live; also, one should not forget about some influence of social interactions.
The issue of subjective assessment by households of their housing conditions is also relevant for the Russian Federation: the majority of households are not satisfied with the quality of housing, which affects the reproductive behavior and migration mobility of the population. In the future, this work will conduct a study aimed at identifying factors of satisfaction with housing conditions in the Russian Federation.
So, the main conclusion that can be drawn from this chapter is that the housing conditions of the population have a significant impact on the level of health of the population, as well as on demographic situation in the country, affecting the birth rate and migration mobility. From this it follows that the quality of housing conditions of the population is an important indicator of the standard of living in the country.
Chapter 2. General characteristics of the state of the housing stock of the Russian Federation
2.1. Characteristics of housing provision and the state of housing conditions of households in the Russian Federation
The purpose of this paragraph is to describe the general situation in the housing stock of the Russian Federation. For this, a set of indicators described in the first chapter of this work will be used. One of the tasks in this paragraph is to assess how successfully the Federal Target Program “Housing” has begun to be implemented. To do this, consider the aggregated indicators characterizing the housing stock of the Russian Federation. Let's start with the most general indicators, such as the total size of the housing stock and its distribution by type of ownership, the commissioning of residential buildings, as well as the total area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises per 1 person.
Urban settlement" href="/text/category/gorodskoe_poselenie/" rel="bookmark"> in urban settlements amounted to 1.55%, in rural settlements - 1.23%. The shares of urban and rural settlements remained approximately constant and at the end of 2011 amounted to 72.2% and 27.8%, respectively.
If we talk about the distribution of the housing stock by types of ownership, then the main problem is a certain lack of current data: the latest statistics are available at the end of 2008. has been declining since the early 1990s, while the size of the private housing stock has been growing. The initial impetus was given in 1991 with the start of forced privatization: the share of private property increased due to the transition of the state and municipal housing stock to this category. In recent years, the state and municipal housing stock has rarely been privatized; the share of private property has been growing due to the construction of new housing.
Figure 3 Distribution of the housing stock by types of ownership
Table 1
Commissioning of the total area of residential buildings, mln. m
The value of the indicator mln. m |
We see that after the launch of the Housing program in 2011, the total area of residential buildings put into operation has been constantly growing: in 2011 it increased by 3.834 million square meters. m, and in 2012 - by 2.955 million sq. m. m. The average growth rate of the values of the indicator for the years. amounted to 5.65%. If the amount of residential space put into operation continues to increase at the same pace, then in 2015 the value of the indicator will be approximately 76.9 million square meters. m., which is significantly lower than the planned figure. sq. m. To reach the target level, the amount of living space put into operation per year should grow by 11.34% on average annually. At the same time, the best indicators of housing commissioning are observed in the Moscow Region and Krasnodar Territory: in 2012, 6.9 and 4.3 mln. m of living space, respectively.
Next, we turn to such an indicator as the total area of residential premises per 1 person.
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It is also interesting to note here that the average size of living space per person in rural areas is slightly higher than in urban areas. So, in 2011, the value of the indicator was 24.5 square meters. m per person in rural areas versus 22.4 sq. m in the city. If we talk about the most prosperous regions in this regard, it should be noted that the largest is the size of living space per 1 inhabitant in the Moscow and Magadan regions, as well as in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug: here the average living space per 1 inhabitant is close to 30 sq. m. The opposite situation has developed in the Republic of Tyva, Ingushetia and Chechen Republic- the volume of living space is less than 14 square meters. m per person.
Another fairly important indicator characterizing the housing stock, which should be paid attention to, is the share of dilapidated and dilapidated housing stock in the total area of residential premises (Table 2).
table 2
Area of dilapidated and dilapidated housing
All dilapidated and dilapidated housing stock, mln. m2 | ||||||||||||||
Specific gravity dilapidated and dilapidated housing stock in the total area of the total housing stock, percent | ||||||||||||||
Overhauled residential buildings for the year, thousand m2 of total area | ||||||||||||||
Here it is necessary to indicate that housing is recognized as dilapidated, which ceases to satisfy the basic operational requirements, and emergency - if, in addition, it poses a danger to residents. The share of such housing in Russia may be declining, but very slowly; this share is still 2 times more hits gg. The commissioning of new residential areas in the coming years should lead to a decrease in the share of such housing. But first of all, the proportion of dilapidated and dilapidated housing stock should be reduced due to the demolition of housing that belongs to these categories. This process is very slow. So, in 2011, only 0.5 million square meters were demolished. m of dilapidated and dilapidated housing, which is only 0.15% of the total housing stock. The value of capitally renovated residential premises in recent years has been falling by almost 50% per year. If we consider this question in the context of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, a similar situation is observed in almost all regions. Of particular note is the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where the share of dilapidated and dilapidated housing in 2011 decreased by 3.91%.
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housing statistics
Introduction
statistics housing utilities
The need for housing is one of the primary human needs. The main function of the dwelling is to provide a person with a favorable living environment. As society developed, the functions of the dwelling expanded. Today, housing is a place for housekeeping, communication, recreation, family upbringing of children, and often a place for study, work and leisure activities of household members, a place for them to consume material and cultural goods, as well as protect a person from social and information overload.
Housing and communal services are part of the life support of the country's population. Heated housing is a fundamental condition of life. Prior to 1993, the right to comfortable housing was classified as civil rights and was written into the Constitution.
A dwelling, included in the system of communal and consumer services for the population, constitutes the human habitat, which determines the quality of life. In a market economy, housing acts as a durable commodity. It induces a wide additional demand (for furniture, carpets, dishes, household appliances, etc.) and stimulates the development of many sectors of the economy. Being an expensive commodity, housing is one of critical factors stimulation of savings of the population, formation of investment resources.
Statistics should provide comprehensive and objective information on the housing stock and living conditions of the population, which is necessary, in particular, for the implementation of housing policy, i.e., the development by the state of a set of measures aimed at meeting the needs for housing.
Statistics of housing conditions, communal and consumer services of the population is a relatively young field of knowledge: before 1917 it did not exist; in the Soviet period, it was represented mainly by data on the housing stock, which were completely divorced from the characteristics of the population. There is an obvious need for a transition to international standards, based on the fact that, along with income indicators, the level and structure of consumption, and other factors of material security, housing conditions determine the standard of living of the population.
housing statistics
A dwelling included in the system of public services for the population forms the habitat of a person and is an important component of the quality of his life. Statistics of housing conditions and public services studies the availability, composition and condition of the housing stock, its improvement, the production activities of enterprises and services that provide the population with water, heat, gas, sewage services, hotels and other types of improvement of settlements. Data sources are forms of state statistical observation, departmental statistical reporting, censuses and micro-censuses, and special surveys of the population.
Housing conditions are characterized by the following indicators: housing stock, movement of the housing stock, overhaul and reconstruction of the housing stock, improvement of the housing stock, provision of housing for the population. Housing stock - the totality of all residential premises, regardless of the form of ownership, including residential buildings and specialized houses (dormitories, orphanages, boarding schools, etc.), apartments, office premises, other residential premises suitable for living. The total area of residential buildings is the sum of the living area and the area of utility rooms of apartments. Living space- the area of living rooms in residential buildings and premises.
The equipment of the housing stock includes water supply, sewerage, central heating, baths (showers), network and liquefied gas, if there is an installed floor gas stove, hot water supply. Provision of the population with housing - the amount of total and living space per inhabitant.
Public service statistics examines the activities of public utilities and services for the provision of public services for water supply, sewerage, heating and hotels. The source of data is the forms of state statistical observation. The system of public services for the population is characterized by the following main statistical indicators.
The length of the street water supply network, which is understood as a network of pipelines laid along streets, driveways and embankments. The production capacity of the water supply system is determined by the maximum amount of water that can be supplied to the network per day. Provision of the population with centralized water supply - the average daily supply of water per inhabitant.
The length of the street sewer network, which refers to pipelines laid along streets, driveways and embankments. Bandwidth treatment facilities characterized by the amount of waste fluid that they can skip per day. The share of wastewater passage through treatment is determined by the ratio of the amount of treated wastewater to the passage of all wastewater.
The length of heat networks is determined by the length of the channel route with two pipelines laid in it. The thermal power of heating boiler installations is determined by the sum of the rated capacities of all boilers installed in them.
The total area of hotels is the area of all their rooms and utility rooms. One-time capacity of hotels - the number of fixed beds in all rooms.
One of the most important indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population is still the provision of housing. In Russia, the housing problem is very acute. In the queue for receiving housing and improving housing conditions at the beginning of 2001. accounted for 11% of the total number of families. The main source of housing for the population is new housing construction.
In recent years, there has been further decentralization of housing finance. In the context of limited budget financial resources The main sources of financing for housing construction are the funds of the population, the own funds of enterprises and organizations.
The financial situation of most enterprises and organizations is difficult; funds for housing construction are limited, so the population is increasingly looking for ways to improve their living conditions. Commissioning of individual residential buildings is carried out in all cities and regions of the country. But the constraint on the development of individual housing construction continues to be the lack Money at the population.
The transformation of the housing and communal services into a break-even sector of the economy is possible only through the full coverage of the costs of the housing and communal services sector by the relevant payments of the population. During the transition period, it is important to provide social support to low-income strata of the population. Therefore, within the framework of the housing and communal reform, the program of housing subsidies (compensations) for paying for housing and utilities is of great importance.
During the Soviet period, the average family spent about 3% of their income on housing and utilities. Reimbursement of the costs of housing and communal services occurred through budgetary subsidies to this industry by the state.
Housing and communal reform is designed to change the system of payment for housing and utilities. The legislative basis for the reform is the Law "On the Fundamentals of the Federal Housing Policy" (1992). Since 1994, the total area of the apartment has been subject to payment, and not only the living area, as it was in the Soviet period, which gave hidden advantages to those living in apartments with large halls, kitchens, corridors, the area of which was not subject to payment. Since 1997, rent and depreciation allowances for major repairs have been introduced into the housing payment rate.
Statistics play a leading role in identifying the differentiation of the living conditions of the population, determining the categories of residents who need support from the budget. At the same time, housing maintenance fees for all residents should be gradually increased to a level where expenses will be fully covered in parallel with a corresponding increase in direct targeted social payments to certain groups.
Tariffs for utilities should be based on the laws of pricing in natural monopolies, which in Russia are gas, water, energy, etc. Tariffs may also be affected by some structural adjustment by separating individual elements from natural monopolies in order to develop competition, curbing the growth of tariffs, corporatization of some utilities with the establishment of a clear control over their work. More and more important function public utilities are cleaning territories and stairwells, disposal and processing of household waste, organization of burials. Information on the performance of utilities is contained in the reports they submit.
Conclusion
The statistics should reflect the development of competition in the field of servicing the housing stock, the formation of real contractual relations in the housing and communal services.
The task of social statistics is to give a comparative description of the provision of the population with paid services of institutions of different organizational and legal forms, including retail stores different forms property. Retail trade statistics significantly complements the statistics of population budgets in terms of the ratio of food and non-food products in the total volume of trade.
The complexity of social processes causes a variety of ways to measure them, to identify social factors influencing them. Great importance Here are the results of public opinion polls. Subjective assessments of housing conditions and the quality of the living environment make it possible to develop recommendations for housing designers, urban planners, and serve as the basis for determining the directions of social policy for the near future. The special value of such information lies in the fact that assessments of housing conditions and consumer services are "tied" to the personal and family characteristics of the respondents - demographic, social, economic. As a result, it becomes possible to get a holistic view of the "desired" and "ideal" living conditions for different categories of the population, to determine the amplitude of claims, to find common and specific in the assessments of different types of respondents.
The respondent is given the opportunity to assess the functional qualities of the house and apartment in relation to the needs of all family members, especially children - schoolchildren and preschoolers. The needs for children's institutions, the mode of their work, the form of activities with children, as well as the preferred leisure activities of adult family members, their desire (unwillingness) to communicate with friends and relatives in the home and outside are clarified. In addition, questionnaires or questionnaires contain questions regarding communication with neighbors in the apartment (if it is a communal apartment), on the floor, in the house, yard, from nearby houses, as well as assessments of neighborly relations (conflict, indifferent, very good). Ideas about the “ideal neighbor”, which are especially important for the elderly, are clarified.
So, in addition to the objective parameters of the quality of dwellings, it is necessary to take into account subjective assessments of the living conditions of families. A subjective assessment of housing conditions depends on who occupies the dwelling: on the number of family members and, consequently, on the size of the area per person, the demographic composition of the family (kinship relations, sex and age of family members), and occupations of family members.
Literature
Ivanov Yu.N. Economic statistics 2000
Social statistics: Textbook / ed. I. I. Eliseeva - 3rd ed. revised and additional - M; 2003
Panteleeva TS, Chervyakova GA - Economic bases of social work. - Textbook - M; 2001
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