Calorie content of children's nutrition. Obesity in a child: about the essence of the problem and the choice of diet for children. Norms of physiological need for energy and nutrients for children
The child's body grows, its functions improve, cognitive and physical activity baby, the need for energy increases. All these reasons affect the diet of the child, which is already significantly different from the nutrition of children in the first year of life.
What happens to the body of a child from a year to a year and a half?
At this age, the chewing apparatus continues to develop in children, a sufficient number of teeth appear - by the age of 1.5, babies should already have 12 teeth. The activity of the digestive juice and enzymes also increases, but their functions still do not reach full maturity. The volume of the stomach increases - from 200 to 300 ml. Emptying of the stomach occurs on average after 4 hours, which allows you to eat 4-5 times a day.
The daily volume of food (excluding the liquid drunk) for babies from a year to a year and a half is 1200-1250 ml. This volume (including calorie content) is distributed among feedings approximately in the following ratio: breakfast - 25%, lunch - 35%, afternoon snack - 15%, dinner - 25%. The volume of a single meal can be 250 ml, taking into account 5 meals a day, and 300 ml with 4 meals a day.
How to feed a child from a year?
For children of 1-1.5 years of age, dishes of a mushy consistency are preferable. If a child has erupted chewing teeth (milk molars) by this age, he can be offered whole pieces of food no larger than 2-3 cm in size. The child develops taste perception, attitudes to food begin to form, first addictions and habits. The baby begins to develop a conditioned food reflex at the time of eating, which ensures sufficient, rhythmic secretion of digestive juices and good absorption of food. That is why it is important to follow a diet, expand the diet by introducing new foods and dishes.
The cognitive and motor activity of the child increases, and with it the energy consumption of the body increases. The physiological need for energy in the age group from 1 to 1.5 years is on average 102 kcal per 1 kg of body weight. With an average body weight of 11 kg, it is 1100 kcal per day.
The main requirements for the diet of a child after a year - variety and balance in basic nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins). Combinations of dishes from vegetables, cottage cheese, cheese, milk, meat of animals and birds, eggs, cereals and flour products are necessary.
The basis of the baby's diet from 1 to 1.5 years- these are products with a high content of animal protein: milk, dairy and sour-milk products, meat, poultry, eggs. Dishes from these products, as well as from vegetables, fruits and cereals, the child should receive daily.
Dairy products for children from a year
In the nutrition of a baby over the age of 1 year, a large role belongs to milk, milk and dairy products. They include easily digestible proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals. Fermented milk products contain lactic acid bacteria that regulate the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, positively affect the intestinal microflora, improve digestion, and increase the child's immunity. Milk, kefir, yogurt should be included in the daily diet of a healthy child, and cream, cottage cheese, sour cream and cheese can be used after one or two days.
For children with normal body weight, products with a reduced percentage of fat content are not acceptable, the diet uses milk 3.2% fat, kefir 2.5-3.2%, yogurt 3.2%, sour cream up to 10%, curds, like dairy , and creamy - 10% fat. The total amount of milk and dairy products should be 550-600 ml per day, taking into account the preparation of various dishes. Of these, 200 ml of kefir intended for baby food, the child can receive daily. For babies with intolerance to cow's milk proteins, it is best to postpone introduction to whole milk until a later date (up to 2-2.5 years), and instead continue to use mixtures for the second half of life (they are made from whole milk powder without the addition of whey).
One-year-old babies can only receive specialized children's milk (not creamy) yogurt with a moderate content of fats and carbohydrates in a volume of up to 100 ml per day. Cottage cheese, as a source of protein and calcium, is necessary for children within 50 g per day. Sour cream or cream 5-10 g can be used for seasoning first courses, hard cheeses up to 5 g in crushed form are used in the nutrition of a baby of the second year of life after 1-2 days.
Can kids eat eggs?
Definitely yes, if there are no medical contraindications, such as food intolerance, dyskinesia (abnormal contractions) of the biliary tract). Eggs are given to the baby hard-boiled or added to various dishes, in the daily volume of 1/2 chicken egg or 1 quail. Up to a year and a half, it is recommended to use only hard-boiled yolk, mixing it with vegetable puree.
What kind of meat can a child?
With age, the amount in the diet gradually increases. meat. Canned meat, meat soufflé, meatballs, minced meat from lean beef, veal, pork, horse meat, rabbit, chicken, turkey in the amount of 100 g can be given to a child daily, preferably in the morning, given their long assimilation period. The expansion of the diet occurs due to the introduction of offal - the liver, tongue and children's sausages (the packages indicate that they are intended for children early age). Sausages - not included in the list of "permitted" products.
Fish day: what kind of fish to choose for the children's menu?
With good tolerance and the absence of allergic reactions in the diet child low-fat sea and river varieties are introduced fishes (pollock, hake, cod, haddock) in the form of canned fish, fish and vegetables for baby food, fish soufflé 30-40 g per reception, 1-2 times a week.
You can't spoil porridge with butter
Vegetable oil in a daily rate of 6 g, it is desirable to use it raw, adding it to vegetable purees and salads. Animal fats child receives with sour cream and butter (daily rate up to 17 g). By the way, in the diet of children older than a year, it is still recommended to widely use gluten-free foods. porridge (buckwheat, rice, corn), gradually introducing oatmeal. Porridge is recommended to be given once a day in a volume of 150 ml. Up to 1.5 years, you should not offer your child pasta rich in carbohydrates.
The set of products for children 1-1.5 years old should include bread various varieties of rye flour (10 g/day) and wheat flour (40 g/day) Cookies and biscuits can be given 1-2 pieces per meal.
We make a fruit and vegetable menu for children
Vegetables important as a source of carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral salts, dietary fiber, and should be widely used in the nutrition of children from 1 to 1.5 years in the form of vegetable purees. The daily volume of vegetable dishes from cabbage, zucchini, carrots, pumpkin with the addition of onions and herbs is 200 g. And potato dishes - no more than 150 g, because. it is rich in starch, which slows down the metabolism. Young children, as well as children with functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, should not be offered garlic, radish, radish and turnip.
In the absence of medical contraindications (for example, food allergy) children should receive 100-200 g per day of fresh fruits and 10-20 g berries . They also benefit from various fruit, berry (preferably without sugar) and vegetable juices, rosehip broth (up to 100-150 ml) per day after meals. It is not recommended to use jelly in the diet of young children, as they unnecessarily enrich food with carbohydrates, and their nutritional value is low.
Compote will not replace water
Do not forget that child should get enough fluid. There are no norms for the volume of additional fluid, you need to water the baby on demand (during feeding, in between feedings). It is best to offer the child boiled water, baby drinking water, weak teas or children's teas. Sweet drinks - compotes, fruit drinks, juices do not compensate for the lack of fluid, and the sugar that is part of them reduces appetite, increases the load on the pancreas child. Make sure that fluid is available to your baby between feedings.
Cooking for kids should be right
And a few words about food processing: for child up to 1.5 years. Porridges, soups are prepared in a mashed form, vegetables and fruits in the form of mashed potatoes, meat and fish in the form of soft minced meat (passed 1 time through a meat grinder) or in the form of a soufflé, steam cutlets, meatballs. All dishes are prepared by boiling, stewing, steaming, without adding spices (pepper, garlic, etc.). Feed your baby with a spoon and drink from a cup.
The daily volume of food is 1200-1250 ml. The calorie content of the daily diet is 1200 kcal.
Breakfast: Porridge or vegetable dish (150 g); meat or fish dish, or scrambled eggs (50 g); Milk (100 ml)
Dinner : Soup (50 g); meat or fish dish (50 g); garnish (70 g); fruit juice (100 ml)
afternoon tea : Kefir or milk (150 ml); cookies (15 g); fruit (100 g)
Dinner: Vegetable dish or porridge, or cottage cheese casserole (150 g); milk or kefir (150 ml)
Sample menu for 1 day:
Breakfast : Milk porridge with fruits; Bread
Dinner: Vegetable puree soup; vegetable puree from cauliflower with meat; biscuits; Fruit juice.
afternoon tea : Yogurt or biokefir; baby cookies.
Dinner: Cottage cheese or milk; fruit or vegetable puree.
For the night
: Kefir.
Whole milk is milk, during the processing of which none of its components (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts, etc.) has been qualitatively and/or quantitatively changed.
Gluten-free cereals - cereals that do not contain gluten - a vegetable protein of some cereals: rye, barley, oats, wheat (from which semolina is made), which can cause damage to small intestine cells in young children - celiac disease and allergic reactions, since babies have a deficiency peptidase enzyme that breaks down gluten.
Information about the principles of baby food half a century ago, of course, will be of interest to parents and doctors as a material for comparison. The chapter, written by the most famous Russian pediatrician, contains not only the main standards and approaches adopted at that time, but also the menu for the week, and even the layout of the dishes (how much and what product should be taken to get the required meal).
With a properly composed diet, the child receives a fairly varied diet by the end of the first year of life; he not only swallows semi-liquid and thick food well, but also knows how to chew quite well. By this time, the activity of the enzymes of the digestive juices of the gastrointestinal tract of the child increases significantly, his taste perceptions become more differentiated; children already often have their own habits, their favorite and least favorite dishes. All these points must be considered when compiling a diet for children over the age of one year.
The food received by a child of this age, first of all, should cover all his caloric needs and be qualitatively complete, that is, contain the complete proteins, fats and carbohydrates necessary for the child, a sufficient amount of mineral salts and vitamins. The food of children older than one year should provide a sufficient amount of dietary waste necessary to maintain normal intestinal motor activity. Great attention should be paid to the variety and taste of food. When feeding a child, food should be at the right temperature, and the sight of it should excite the appetite.
The need for basic food ingredients. Children aged 1 to 4 years should receive proteins in the amount of 3-3.5 g per 1 kg of body weight, or about 30-50 g per day. At the expense of proteins, from 10 to 15% of the total caloric daily requirement should be covered, and 60% of the administered proteins should be of animal origin.
A child should receive fats 3.5-4 g per 1 kg of weight, or 40-50 g per day, and 75% of the fats received by children of this age must be of animal origin. Up to 1.5 years, about 40% of all calories should be covered by fat, after 1.5 years - somewhat less, that is, about 30-35%.
Carbohydrates children aged 1 to 4 years should receive from 10 to 15 g per 1 kg of weight, i.e. about 160-200 g per day. About 45-50% of the daily caloric intake should be covered by carbohydrates.
In a qualitatively correct diet of children over one year old, the ratio between proteins, fats and carbohydrates is approximately the following: 1: 1.2: 3.5.
calorie ratio. The number of calories a child needs ranges from 80 to 100-110, an average of about 90 per 1 kg of weight. The calorie value of the daily diet of children of this age is about 1,500 net calories or about 1,800 gross calories.
A properly composed diet contains a sufficient amount of mineral salts for a child. With a monotonous diet, salt starvation, which is extremely harmful to children, can easily occur. The growing body of a child needs slightly larger amounts of sodium and chlorine compared to other salts, and therefore table salt must be added to food in the amount necessary to ensure its palatability, approximately at least 0.05 g per 1 kg of the child's weight.
In the daily diet of a child, there should be some predominance of alkaline radicals over acidic ones.
The relatively high need of young children for liquid should be completely covered by the water included in the food, and additional drinking of boiled water. The last children should be well provided for, especially on hot days.
A properly formulated diet, including whole foods, properly cooked, covers the need for children in vitamins. Children should receive daily 25-30 mg of vitamin C, 1 mg of vitamin A, 1-2 mg of vitamin B 1 , 2 mg of vitamin B 2 and 250-500 IU of vitamin D.
With incomplete provision of products rich enough in vitamins (reconstituted milk, canned meat, vegetable oils, etc. contain very few vitamins), at the end of the winter-spring season, when vegetables and fruits lose vitamins during storage, as well as in insufficiently favorable climatic conditions conditions (little ultraviolet rays) or if children have signs of hypovitaminosis, it is necessary to additionally administer vitamin preparations.
Quantity milk in the daily diet of healthy children without manifestations of exudative diathesis at the age of 1 to 1.5 years should be at least 600-700 ml, at the age of 1.5 to 4 years - 500-600 ml, but should not exceed 600- 650 ml. It is desirable to give milk partially in the form of curdled milk or kefir.
Eggs- a valuable food product; their use in the nutrition of children is desirable, but their abuse is certainly harmful. For children under 1.5 years old, it is better to give only yolks, and no more than one per day; children over the age of 1.5 years can be given eggs one a day or every other day.
Children with symptoms of exudative and neuro-arthritic diathesis should not be given egg white; in most cases, yolks can be allowed to them, although they can sometimes cause skin phenomena or intensify them.
Meat and fish should be widely used in children's nutrition. At the age of 1 year to 1.5 years, children should receive meat 3-4 times a week in an amount of about 30-40 g per meal. Children with at least 4-6 teeth and who have learned to chew relatively well can be given cutlets, in the absence of a sufficient number of teeth and poor chewing, it is better to give meat in the form of minced meat or meatballs. For children aged 1.5 to 2.5 years, the amount of meat can be increased to 45-50 g per reception and given 4-5 days a week. More than 50-60 g of meat per day should not be given to even older toddlers; it is advisable to keep 1-2 vegetarian days in their diet.
You can eat various types of meat for a child - chickens, beef, veal, game, etc. Fatty pork, lamb and fat-rich fish varieties should not be given to children under 2-2.5 years old.
In addition to meat, children should get enough vegetables.
Soups in the diet of children are certainly desirable: they are rich in salts and extractives, the beneficial effect of which is undeniable; with soups it is easier to give vegetables, which children often refuse in another form. However, soups should not be abused.
Bread- an extremely valuable food product, but its use by children in unlimited quantities is completely unacceptable; this also applies to various varieties of cookies, crackers, buns, etc. Children from 1 to 1.5 years old should be given only white bread; it is advisable to give them sometimes a crust of black bread. After 1.5 years, children receive black and white bread. With a sufficient amount of all other products, 50-75 g of black and 100-150 g of white bread are quite enough for them. Part of the mealy carbohydrates should be given in the form of pancakes, buns, pies, etc.
Vegetables, fruits, berries etc. should be widely used in baby food: they are rich in salts and vitamins, provide a significant amount of food waste and do not contribute to the development of fermentation and putrefactive processes in the intestines. It is necessary to pay attention to the correct culinary processing of vegetables, which would ensure good taste qualities of the prepared food and, at the same time, sufficient preservation of vitamins and salts in it.
Fruits, berries, carrots, cucumbers, radishes, etc. should be partly given raw.
Over the age of 1.5 years, children should sometimes receive small amounts of mild cheese, herring, caviar. However, the abuse of these products is unacceptable.
Very spicy appetizers and sauces, a large number of spices and sweets alcoholic drinks, strong natural coffee and strong tea should not be given to children.
Good sweets, fruit and other marmalades, etc., of course, can and should be given to children. Chocolate and cocoa are somewhat exciting nervous system and therefore should not be abused. Natural honey is a valuable and easily digestible product, but some children find it idiosyncratic.
Number of meals. Children aged 1 to 1.5 years should be fed 4-5 times a day, older than 1.5 years - 4 times. The child should receive hot food at least 2-3 times a day.
The distribution of the daily ration during the day should approximately correspond to the following ratios.
First breakfast - around 20
Second breakfast - around 10-15
Lunch - about 35-40
Afternoon snack - about 10-15
Dinner - about 20
Breakfast - about 15-20
Lunch - about 40-50
Afternoon snack - about 10-15
Dinner - about 20-30
Meal times may vary depending on the characteristics of the childcare facility. They must be closely linked with the entire mode of life of children and strictly observed, since otherwise the daily routine of the children's team is easily violated, which inevitably leads to the disruption of all work.
Eating is an important emotional moment in a child's life, and it must be properly used for raising children, instilling in them cultural skills. Children older than a year should be taught to wash their hands before and after meals, use a napkin, be neat and disciplined at the table, rinse their mouth after eating, etc.
In organizing the nutrition of children in nurseries, orphanages and other institutions for young children, the leading role belongs to the pediatrician. The doctor cannot stand aside from this matter and should not entrust it to the housekeepers and kitchen workers.
It is possible to establish a certain diet only with strict regulation of the entire life of the children's team.
It is desirable that all the food of children at the age of the first year of life, especially in the hot summer time, be prepared in a manger; accordingly, it is necessary to draw up a menu: all food that needs to be cooked should be given in a manger, and mothers should be given ready-made food to give to the child at home - mixtures in bottles, whole milk, curdled milk, crackers, etc.
In the round-the-clock nursery, the regime is set the same as in the orphanage.
Sample menu for round-the-clock nurseries and orphanages for children from 1.5 to 3 years old
(In brackets throughout, the number of the dish is indicated in the "Dish Layouts" section below)
First day
Breakfast
Semolina porridge (8).
Coffee with milk (4).
Roll with butter (6).
Dinner
Chopped beetroot soup (16).
Meatballs with rice (19).
Cocoa (5).
afternoon tea
Tea with milk (3).
Homemade bun (7).
Dinner
Mashed potatoes (24).
Milk (1).
For a day: about 1590 calories, 44 g of proteins, 39 g of fats, 255 g of carbohydrates.
Second day
Breakfast
Rice porridge (10).
Coffee with milk (4).
Roll with butter (6).
Dinner
Chowder Soup (17).
Meat pudding with mashed potatoes (22).
Fruit puree (37).
afternoon tea
Milk (1).
Homemade bun (7).
Dinner
Pink semolina porridge (9).
Milk with a bun (1).
For a day: about 1580 calories, 45 g of proteins, 40 g of fats, 245 g of carbohydrates.
Third day
Breakfast
Coffee with milk (4).
Roll with butter (6).
Egg with a bun.
Dinner
Soup with rice (15).
Potato cutlets with white sauce (26).
Whipped cottage cheese (38).
afternoon tea
Cocoa (5).
Homemade bun (7).
Dinner
Fritters (30).
Milk jelly (33).
For a day: about 1600 calories, 43 g of proteins, 42 g of fats, 255 g of carbohydrates.
Fourth day
Breakfast
Buckwheat porridge (11).
Coffee with milk (4).
Roll with butter (6).
Dinner
Creamy potato soup with croutons (14).
Vermicelli casserole with meat and white sauce (23).
Fruit compote (34).
afternoon tea
Tea with milk (3).
Rusks.
Dinner
Prefabricated vegetables (28).
Mousse (36).
For a day: about 1590 calories, 40 g of proteins, 37 g of fats, 263 g of carbohydrates.
Fifth day
Breakfast
Mashed potatoes (24).
Coffee with milk (4).
Roll with butter (6).
Dinner
Soup with meatballs (13).
Vegetable meatballs with white sauce (27).
Fruit puree (37).
afternoon tea
Yogurt with sugar and breadcrumbs (2).
Dinner
Pancakes (29).
Coffee with milk (4).
For a day: about 1700 calories, 48 g of proteins, 38 g of fats, 294 g of carbohydrates.
Sixth day
Breakfast
Semolina porridge (8).
Coffee with milk (4).
Roll with butter (6).
Dinner
Pea puree soup with croutons (18).
Cutlets with pasta and tomato sauce (21).
Kissel (32).
afternoon tea
Milk (1).
Homemade bun (7).
Dinner
Bechamel potatoes (25).
Milk (1).
For a day: about 1600 calories, 50 g of proteins, 40 g of fats, 254 g of carbohydrates.
Seventh day
Breakfast
Egg (cool or soft-boiled).
Coffee with milk (4).
Roll with butter (6).
Dinner
Broth with rice (12).
Meatballs with vegetable sauce (20).
Cream in cups (35).
afternoon tea
Yogurt with sugar (2).
Bun.
Dinner
Carrot pies (31).
Coffee with milk (4).
Bulka.
For a day: about 1550 calories, 48 g of proteins, 49 g of fats, 230 g of carbohydrates.
Notes.
- Bread is distributed between all meals more or less evenly.
- The amount of milk with coffee, tea, etc. may vary somewhat, depending on the use of milk for cooking.
Layout of dishes
N | Dish | Quantity, g |
---|---|---|
1 | Milk: | |
a portion | 100-200 | |
2 | Yogurt with sugar and breadcrumbs: | |
milk | 150-200 | |
sugar | 10 | |
bun | 50 | |
3 | Tea with milk: | |
tea | 0,5 | |
milk | 50 | |
sugar | 10 | |
water up | 150 | |
a portion | 160 | |
4 | Coffee with milk: | |
coffee | 3 | |
milk | 40 | |
sugar | 10 | |
water | 100 | |
a portion | 150 | |
5 | Cocoa: | |
cocoa | 2 | |
sugar | 10 | |
milk | 50 | |
water | 100 | |
a portion | 100 | |
6 | Bun with butter: | |
bun | 50 | |
butter | 8 | |
7 | Homemade bun: | |
flour (for bread) | 40 | |
sugar | 5 | |
fat | 2 | |
yeast | 3 | |
a portion | 50 | |
8 | Manna porridge: | |
semolina | 20 | |
milk | 40 | |
sugar | 5 | |
butter | 4 | |
water | 100 | |
a portion | 150 | |
9 | Pink semolina: | |
semolina | 25 | |
carrot | 50 | |
milk | 50 | |
sugar | 5 | |
butter | 4 | |
water | 100 | |
a portion | 200 | |
10 | Rice porrige: | |
rice | 25 | |
milk | 40 | |
butter | 4 | |
sugar | 5 | |
water | 100 | |
a portion | 150 | |
11 | Buckwheat porridge: | |
buckwheat | 30 | |
milk | 50 | |
butter | 4 | |
water | 100 | |
a portion | 150 | |
12 | Rice broth: | |
rice | 15 | |
carrot | 20 | |
swede | 10 | |
potato | 50 | |
butter | 2 | |
bones from 60 g of meat | - | |
water | 250 | |
a portion | 200 | |
13 | Soup with meatballs: | |
meat | 40 | |
carrot | 20 | |
swede | 10 | |
potato | 200 | |
milk | 50 | |
butter | 4 | |
water | 200 | |
a portion | 200 | |
14 | Creamy potato soup with croutons: | |
potato | 200 | |
onion | 3 | |
filling: | ||
egg | 1/5 pc. | |
milk | 100 | |
butter | 2 | |
water | 200 | |
a portion | 200 | |
bun (for croutons) | 30 | |
butter | 3 | |
15 | Soup with rice: | |
rice | 15 | |
carrot | 20 | |
swede | 10 | |
potato | 50 | |
milk | 100 | |
tomato | 5 | |
onion | 3 | |
flour | 5 | |
casein sour cream | 10 | |
butter | 4 | |
water | 200 | |
a portion | 200 | |
16 | Chopped beetroot borscht: | |
beet | 80 | |
cabbage | 50 | |
carrot | 20 | |
swede | 10 | |
milk | 100 | |
onion | 3 | |
water | 200 | |
filling: | ||
egg | 1/10 pcs. | |
sour cream | 10 | |
milk | 20 | |
a portion | 200 | |
17 | Chowder Soup: | |
carrot | 20 | |
swede | 10 | |
potato | 50 | |
onion roots | 5 | |
butter | 2 | |
water | 150 | |
a portion | 200 | |
18 | Pea soup with croutons: | |
peas | 40 | |
potato | 50 | |
onion | 3 | |
flour | 5 | |
butter | 3 | |
water | 250 | |
a portion | 200 | |
bun (for croutons) | 30 | |
19 | Meatballs: | |
meat (pulp) | 30 | |
bun | 10 | |
fat for frying | 4 | |
rice | 25 | |
butter | 3 | |
portion: meatballs, garnish | 100 | |
20 | Meatballs with carrot-rutabaga sauce: | |
meat (pulp) | 35 | |
bun | 40 | |
flour | 5 | |
carrot | 100 | |
swede | 150 | |
milk | 30 | |
butter | 4 | |
portion: meatballs, garnish | 120 | |
21 | Cutlets with pasta and tomato sauce: | |
meat | 50 | |
bun | 10 | |
fat for frying | 4 | |
a portion | 45 | |
pasta | 30 | |
water | 150 | |
a portion | 150 | |
flour | 5 | |
tomato | 5 | |
sour cream | 10 | |
water | 50 | |
a portion | 50 | |
22 | Meat pudding with mashed potatoes: | |
meat (pulp) | 30 | |
bun | 10 | |
egg | 1/3 | |
butter | 2 | |
a portion | 40 | |
potato | 200 | |
milk | 30 | |
butter | 3 | |
a portion | 150 | |
sour cream | 10 | |
water | 50 | |
a portion | 50 | |
23 | Vermicelli casserole with canned food: | |
vermicelli | 40 | |
canned meat | 25 | |
egg | 1/5 pc. | |
fat | 3 | |
water | 100 | |
a portion | 150 | |
butter | 2 | |
flour | 3 | |
milk | 20 | |
water | 30 | |
a portion | 50 | |
24 | Mashed potatoes: | |
potato | 250 | |
milk | 50 | |
butter | 4 | |
a portion | 200 | |
25 | Bechamel potatoes: | |
potato | 250 | |
flour | 5 | |
milk | 304 | |
butter | 3 | |
cheese | 5 | |
a portion | 200 | |
26 | Potato cutlets with white sauce: | |
potato | 250 | |
potato flour | 5 | |
egg | 1/5 pc. | |
fat for frying. | 4 | |
a portion | 2 cutlets at 50-60 | |
butter | 2 | |
flour | 3 | |
milk | 20 | |
water | 30 | |
a portion | 50 | |
27 | Vegetable patties with white sauce: | |
vegetables | 250 | |
rice | 10 | |
milk | 20 | |
butter | 5 | |
a portion | 2 meatballs at 50-60 | |
butter | 2 | |
flour | 3 | |
milk | 20 | |
water | 30 | |
a portion | 50 | |
28 | Combined vegetables: | |
potato | 100 | |
carrot | 100 | |
cabbage or swede | 50 | |
flour | 5 | |
milk | 50 | |
butter | 5 | |
water | 200 | |
a portion | 200 | |
29 | Pancakes: | |
white flour | 35 | |
milk | 20 | |
sugar | 5 | |
egg | 1/5 pc. | |
fat | 6 | |
a portion | 80 (3-4 pancakes) | |
30 | Fritters | |
flour (for bread) | 40 | |
milk | 30 | |
yeast | 5 | |
vegetable oil | 6 | |
a portion | 2 pcs. 50 each | |
31 | Carrot pies: | |
flour | 40 | |
yeast | 5 | |
carrot | 100 | |
rice | 10 | |
egg | 1/5 pc. | |
sugar | 2 | |
butter | 2 | |
a portion | 2 pcs. 50 each | |
32 | Kissel: | |
dry fruits | 15 | |
sugar | 10 | |
potato flour | 5 | |
water | 150 | |
a portion | 100 | |
33 | Milk jelly: | |
milk | 100 | |
water | 50 | |
sugar | 15 | |
potato flour | 10 | |
a portion | 150 | |
34 | Compote: | |
dry fruits | 15 | |
sugar | 5 | |
potato flour | 3 | |
water | 100 | |
a portion | 100 | |
35 | Cream: | |
milk | 50 | |
sugar | 10 | |
egg | 1/5 pc. | |
butter | 2 | |
a portion | 50 | |
36 | Mousse: | |
semolina | 20 | |
cranberry | 15 | |
sugar | 15 | |
water | 200 | |
a portion | 200 | |
37 | Fruit puree: | |
dry fruits | 15 | |
sugar | 5 | |
potato flour | 3 | |
water | 50 | |
a portion | 50 | |
38 | Soy cottage cheese (prepared from 300-400 g of soy milk): | |
soy curd | 50 | |
sugar | 10 | |
a portion | 60 |
This article discusses the problem of excess weight in children and ways to deal with it. It will not be superfluous for parents to find out what is the daily calorie intake for a child of a certain age. Also, the issue of choosing a diet for children is raised.
A child of one or two years old with chubby pink cheeks evokes tenderness in others. Grandmothers are especially happy: for them, the folds on the arms and legs symbolize good food and, consequently, the health of the baby. Is this true from the doctor's point of view? Parents of a strong baby already at this age should think about whether their child is overweight, whether his diet is rational, whether a diet is needed for the child.
Obesity in children is a side effect of urbanization
Pediatricians around the world today are concerned about the problem of obesity in children of different ages. The reasons why babies have extra pounds, experts recognized the following factors:
Sad statistics show that in developed countries overweight from 15 to 40% of children from 1 to 16 years. Larger percentages of overweight or obese girls and boys in big cities.
- malnutrition, lack of food intake;
- rejection breastfeeding in favor of infant formula, non-compliance with the frequency artificial feeding and volumes of portions of the mixture;
- improper, untimely introduction of complementary foods;
- the presence in the diet of "synthetic food";
- eating extra calories every day, overeating;
- improper daily routine, sedentary lifestyle;
- lack of sports in the life of a child;
- hormonal disruptions during puberty or due to illness;
- before and during pregnancy;
- some hereditary factors.
Obesity not only affects appearance child, but also on the state of his internal organs and the body as a whole. Suffice it to mention only the deterioration of immunity, a decrease in the body's resistance, endocrine disorders and the prospect of earning illness of cardio-vascular system in future.
In addition to all of the above - excess weight the child often gives rise to psychological problems in communication with peers. Often parents are looking for a way to lose weight for a 12-year-old girl when they realize that she is teased at school because of her fullness.
How can you tell if a child is obese?
The World Health Organization suggests that children should be screened for deviations from normal weight in one direction or another, taking into account two parameters. First, WHO establishes standard anthropometric measures for children of all age groups. If the child's weight is outside the upper limit, the parents and the pediatrician have reason to be concerned. Secondly, it is proposed to find out a small patient. According to WHO, if this indicator is 25 or more, the child has overweight. If BMI more than 30, they talk about obesity of one degree or another. This method is applicable to children from five years old due to the physiological characteristics of the younger age group.The norm of caloric content of food in the daily diet of children of different ages
Sometimes more does not mean better and healthier. Parents are often worried that their child is not eating well. They worry about whether he gets enough energy, nutrients and nutrients. But if the baby's appetite is more than good, it is unlikely that mom and dad will worry. But overeating, too many calories, can significantly harm the child.must be determined for each individual child, taking into account his age, gender, height and build, lifestyle, the presence or absence of sports in his life and other factors.
But the WHO has set recommended energy intakes for children 6 months to 17 years of age that apply to every child in one way or another.
According to these recommendations, the caloric content is as follows (in kcal):
- 6 months – 1 year–800;
- 1–1.5 years - 1330;
- 1.5–3 years - 1500;
- 3-6 years - 1800-2000;
- 6-10 years - 2000-2380;
- 10-13 years old - 2380-2860;
- 14-17 years old (girls) - 2760;
- 14-17 years old (boys) - 3160.
What are the diets for overweight children?
If the problem of overweight or even obesity in a child has been identified and confirmed by health workers, it is necessary to choose a diet. It is too early to think about how to lose weight for an 11-year-old girl if she thinks she is full. The diet plan should be prescribed by a doctor.
The peculiarity of the child's body is such that a significant amount of energy consumed is spent on growth and formation. Therefore, the diet for the child should not be too strict. Every day, a boy or girl should receive the required age norm useful substances, trace elements and vitamins. You can even say that in order to lose weight, a child simply needs to rationalize nutrition: keep fruits, vegetables, cereals, meat and dairy products in the required amount, minimize sweet, fatty, starchy foods, reduce calories, reconsider portion sizes and the method of cooking (replace frying for stewing or baking, for example).
Also, diets for children save four meals:
- breakfast - 25-30% of the recommended daily allowance;
- second breakfast - 10-15%;
- lunch - 40-45%;
- dinner - 15-20%.
What can be a diet for a child?
When deciding how to lose weight for a 12-year-old girl, for example, parents can discuss one of the following sample menus with a doctor.1. breakfast- buckwheat porridge with milk 1% fat / omelet from two eggs with herbs
2. lunch- borsch on lean beef or chicken, mashed potatoes, vegetable stew, rye bread / vegetable soup, bean stew, fish cutlet, Rye bread
3. dinner- vegetable salad, fish / boiled potatoes, boiled chicken breast
4. second breakfast/snack– cottage cheese casserole / vegetable pancakes
In between main meals, children are encouraged to snack on fruits, drink unsweetened compotes, cocoa and weak tea.
For the correct and full development of the child's body, a complete balanced diet is necessary. When compiling a children's menu, you should carefully select products and avoid strict dietary restrictions.
Energy value of baby food
When compiling a daily menu for a child, it is necessary to strictly observe the daily calorie intake. Exceeding this indicator can adversely affect the health of the baby.
Taking into account the age of the child, certain types of complementary foods are introduced into his diet, each of which has a certain calorie content and nutritional value:
- Vegetable puree - 25 kcal.
- Fruit puree - 60 kcal.
- Meat puree - 144 kcal.
- Mixtures and cereals - 286 kcal.
If a cereal component is used to feed a child, then the energy value of the food increases due to its enrichment with complex carbohydrates.
Baby food for adults
Quite often, baby food is used for the dietary menu of an adult. The inclusion of such products in therapeutic diets reduces the burden on digestive system. But despite this, baby food enriches the body with all the necessary beneficial nutrients.
While following the diet menu for weight loss, baby food can be used as healthy snacks. Ready-made purees do not contain additional flavors, spices and preservatives and are made from natural raw materials. Baby food satisfies the feeling of hunger well and does not increase appetite during meals.