Safety rules for exercise therapy. Methodological development on the topic "safety in physical exercises and sports." Operational and technical requirements for clothing
INDUCTION TRAINING
Safety precautions for students
in the subject "Physical culture"
IOT - 01-09
Basic concepts of physical culture
Physical Culture- organic component the general culture of society and the individual, a type of social activity of people aimed at strengthening health and developing their physical abilities, preparing for life practice.
Athlete - a person who systematically engages in accessible physical exercises to improve his health, harmonious development and physical improvement.
Physical development- this is a biological process of formation and application of the forms and functions of the human body, which takes place under the influence of heredity, living conditions and upbringing.
The program of physical education provides for the study by students of theoretical topics and the mastery of a number of practical physical exercises from various sports.
I. General safety requirements
The student must:
Pass a medical examination and engage in the medical group to which he belongs for health reasons;
Have a neat sports uniform (underpants, T-shirt, T-shirt, tracksuit, tights, clean shoes: sneakers, sneakers) corresponding to the weather conditions and the topic of the lesson;
Leave the locker room at the first request of the teacher;
After an illness, provide the teacher with a certificate from a doctor;
Be present at the lesson in case of release by the doctor after illness;
Take care of sports equipment and equipment and use it for its intended purpose;
Have short-cut nails;
Know and follow safety instructions.
Students cannot:
Sharply open the doors and hang on them, turn off the lights, touch the ceiling lights in the locker room, gym;
Insert foreign objects into sockets;
Drink cold water before and after the lesson;
Work on wet ground, slippery and uneven ground.
II. Safety requirements before starting classes
The student must:
Change clothes in the locker room, put on a sports uniform and shoes;
Take off objects that are dangerous for other students (earrings, watches, bracelets, etc.);
Remove prickly and other foreign objects from the pockets of the sports uniform;
Under the guidance of the teacher, prepare the inventory and equipment necessary for the lesson;
With the permission of the teacher, go to the place of the lesson;
At the command of the teacher, stand in line for a common formation.
III. Safety requirements during classes
The student must:
Listen carefully and clearly follow the instructions of the teacher;
Take sports equipment and do exercises with the permission of the teacher;
When moving, look ahead, keep sufficient interval and distance, avoid collisions;
Perform exercises with serviceable inventory and exercise on serviceable equipment.
Students cannot:
Leaving the classroom without the permission of the teacher;
Push, put steps in the ranks and movement;
Climb on basketball farms, hang on the rings;
Chewing gum;
Interfere and distract when explaining tasks and doing exercises;
Perform exercises with wet palms;
Change direction abruptly.
IV. Safety requirements in case of accidents and extreme
situations
The student must:
In case of injury or deterioration of health, stop classes and notify the physical education teacher;
With the help of a teacher, provide first aid to the injured person, if necessary, take him to the hospital or call an ambulance;
In the event of a fire in the gym, immediately stop the lesson, in an organized manner, under the guidance of a teacher, leave the place of the lesson through emergency exits according to the evacuation plan;
By order of the teacher, notify the administration of the educational institution and report the fire to the fire department.
V. Safety requirements at the end of classes
The student must:
Under the guidance of a teacher, remove sports equipment to its storage places;
Organized to leave the place of the lesson;
Change clothes in the locker room, take off your tracksuit and sports shoes;
Wash your hands with soap.
Preview:
INSTRUCTIONS
on labor protection during
workouts in the gym
IOT - 023 - 2003
1.1. Students who have undergone a medical examination and instructions on labor protection are allowed to exercise in the gym. Students of preparatory and special medical groups are not allowed to exercise in the gym.
1.2. Students must comply with the rules for the use of simulators, established modes of study and rest.
1.3. When conducting classes in the gym, students may be exposed to the following hazards:
- injuries during training on faulty, loosely installed and not fixed simulators;
- injuries in case of violation of the rules for the use of simulators, as well as in violation of the established modes of training and rest.
1.4. Classes in the gym must be carried out in sportswear and sports shoes with non-slip soles.
1.5. The gym should be equipped with a first aid kit, equipped with the necessary medicines and dressings for first aid in case of injuries.
1.6. The teacher (teacher, trainer) and students are required to comply with fire safety rules, know the location of the primary fire extinguishing equipment. The gym must be equipped with a fire extinguisher, automatic system fire alarm and supply and exhaust ventilation.
1.7. Each simulator must be provided with instructions for the safety of conducting classes.
1.8. The victim or eyewitness of the accident is obliged to immediately inform the teacher (teacher, coach) about each accident with the student, who reports the accident to the administration of the institution and takes measures to provide first aid to the victim.
1.9. During classes in the gym, students must follow the rules for wearing sportswear and sports shoes, as well as the rules of personal hygiene.
1.10. Persons who have failed to comply with or violate the instructions on labor protection are subject to disciplinary liability in accordance with the internal labor regulations and, if necessary, are subjected to an extraordinary examination of knowledge of the norms and rules of labor protection.
2. Occupational safety requirements before the start of classes.
2.1. Ventilate the gym thoroughly.
2.2. Wear sportswear and sports shoes with non-slip soles.
2.3. Check the serviceability and reliability of installation and fastening of all simulators.
2.4. Conduct targeted briefing of students on safe methods of conducting classes on simulators.
3. Occupational safety requirements during classes.
3.1. Start performing exercises on simulators and finish them only at the command (signal) of the teacher (teacher, coach).
3.2. Do not perform exercises on faulty, loosely installed and unreliably fastened simulators.
3.3. Observe discipline, strictly follow the rules for the use of simulators, taking into account their design features.
3.4. Listen carefully and follow all the commands (signals) of the teacher (teacher, coach), do not take any action without permission.
3.5. Observe the established modes of study and rest.
4.1. In the event of a malfunction in the operation of the simulator or its breakdown, stop exercising on the simulator, inform the teacher (teacher, coach) about this. Classes should be continued only after the malfunction of the simulator has been eliminated.
4.2. If a student is injured, immediately inform the head of the institution, provide first aid to the injured, if necessary, send him to the nearest medical institution.
4.3 . In the event of a fire, evacuate students immediately. gym, report the fire to the nearest fire station and proceed to extinguish the fire using primary fire extinguishing equipment.
5. Requirements for labor protection at the end of classes.
5.1. Bring all the simulators to their original position, check their serviceability.
5.2. Check the gym and do a wet cleaning.
5.3. Remove sportswear, sports shoes and take a shower or wash your face and hands thoroughly with soap.
5.4. Check the fire-fighting condition of the gym and turn off the lights.
Preview:
INSTRUCTIONS
on labor protection during gymnastics classes
IOT - 017 - 2003
1. General requirements for labor protection
1.1. Children are allowed to participate in gymnastics preschool age and students from the 1st grade who have been instructed in labor protection, a medical examination and have no contraindications for health reasons.
1.2. When conducting gymnastics classes, observe the rules of conduct, the schedule of training sessions, the established modes of study and rest.
1.3. When conducting gymnastics classes, students may be exposed to the following hazards:
- injuries when performing exercises on faulty sports equipment, as well as when performing exercises without insurance;
- injuries when performing gymnastic exercises without the use of gymnastic mats;
- injuries when performing exercises on sports equipment with wet palms, as well as on contaminated equipment.
1.4. In the gym there should be a first aid kit with a set of necessary medicines and dressings for first aid in case of injuries.
1.5. When conducting gymnastics classes in the gym, observe the fire safety rules, know the location of the primary fire extinguishing equipment. The gym must be provided with two fire extinguishers.
1.6. In the event of an accident, the victim or eyewitness of the accident is obliged to immediately inform the teacher (teacher, educator), who informs the administration of the institution about this. In the event of a malfunction of sports equipment, stop classes and inform the teacher (teacher, educator) about this.
1.7. In the process of classes, students must follow the order of the exercises and the rules of personal hygiene.
1.8. Students who have failed to comply with or violate the instructions on labor protection are held accountable and all students are given an unscheduled briefing on labor protection.
2.1. Wear a sports suit and sports shoes with non-slip soles.
2.2. Wipe the crossbar bar with a dry rag and clean it with fine sandpaper, ventilate the gym.
2.3. Check the reliability of fastening the crossbar, fastening the supports of the gymnastic horse and goat, fastening the locking screws of the bars.
2.4. Place gymnastic mats in the places of jumps from the shells so that their surface is even.
3.1. Do not perform exercises on sports equipment without a teacher (teacher, educator) or his assistant, as well as without insurance.
3.2. Do not exercise on sports equipment with wet palms.
3.3. Do not stand close to the sports equipment when other students are doing exercises.
3.4. When performing jumps and dismounts from sports equipment, land softly on the toes of the feet, crouching springily.
3.5. When performing exercises in a stream (one after another), observe sufficient intervals so that there are no collisions.
4. Requirements for labor protection in emergency situations.
4.1. If pain in the hands, reddening of the skin or abrasions on the palms occurs during classes, as well as if you feel unwell, stop classes and inform the teacher (teacher, educator) about this.
4.2. In the event of a fire in the gym, immediately stop classes, evacuate students from the gym, report the fire to the administration of the institution and the nearest fire station and start extinguishing the fire using primary fire extinguishing equipment.
4.3. In case of injury, immediately provide first aid to the victim, inform the administration of the institution, if necessary, send the victim to the nearest medical institution.
5.2. Wipe the crossbar bar with a dry rag and clean it with fine sandpaper, ventilate the gym.
5.3. Take off your sports suit and sports shoes.
5.4. Take a shower or wash your face and hands thoroughly with soap.
Preview:
INSTRUCTIONS
martial arts
The teacher must:
1. Maintain the gradual preparation for martial arts:
Special physical training (stuffing of shock and protective surfaces of the body, strengthening of ligaments, etc.);
Studying the technique of martial arts with partners who do not offer resistance (techniques, methods of their application, transitions from technique to technique, combinations of techniques);
Mastering the indicated elements of martial arts with partners who provide passive, and then active resistance;
Mastering the tactics of martial arts with limited power contact;
Practice of free martial arts with limited power contact;
Educational practice of free martial arts with full power contact according to special rules.
2. Personally control the compliance of the educational and material base with the content of the lesson:
The condition of the working surface (tatami laying, the absence of protruding objects on the ground, etc.);
Condition of mock-ups of means of defense and attack (stick, knife, pistol, machine gun, handcuffs, etc.);
Condition of personal protective equipment.
3. Ensure the quality of the preparatory part of the lesson (instruction, general and special parts of the warm-up).
4. Ensure optimal placement and movement of students (safety zones, direction of partners' throws, distance and interval in frontal performance of tasks by a group on the move, etc.).
5. Personally supervise all fights within the training practice:
Conduct additional safety briefings:
Only persons who have passed all stages of training and have passed the safety regulations and qualification requirements for tactical and technical training for martial arts are allowed to fight;
To form the composition of the participants in the fight, taking into account the level of preparedness of each fighter and his weight category;
Immediately stop any manifestations of uncontrolled behavior (technique, psyche);
Immediately stop the fight in a situation dangerous to health (accentuated blows to the head, twisting of the spine, access to safety zones, etc.);
organize immediate first aid in case of injury.
In case of violation of these requirements, teachers are responsible for the occurrence of injury.
The head of the office is responsible for preparing the training and material base for classes.
The student must:
1. bear personal responsibility for the knowledge, correct understanding and implementation of:
- general safety requirements defined by this manual;
- rules of conduct for all hand-to-hand combat.
2. It is categorically forbidden:
Performing actions that obviously contribute to the occurrence of injury (an accentuated attack on a head that is completely unprotected for one reason or another, finishing off an opponent in a knockdown state, throwing an opponent outside the safety zone, onto the ropes of the ring, etc.);
Performing actions in the “uncontrolled technique” mode (unprepared, spontaneous actions without taking into account the battle situation, control of the attack trajectory, its purpose and degree of damage, designed to psychologically suppress the enemy, etc.);
Execution of punches: with a hand without boxing gloves, with an open glove, with the head, with the elbow or knee, with the head, with the back of the head and with the top, with the neck and throat, with the spine and lower back, with the groin and lower abdomen, with the knee and lower leg in front, accentuated strikes on a lying opponent;
Performing actions in the grip: throws on the head, with a fall on the enemy with the whole body, elbow and knee rests, jumps on a lying opponent, painful holds on the spine and twisting of the neck, painful holds on the perineum, fingers, eyes, auricles, scratching, biting, pinch techniques.
In case of violation of these requirements, students are responsible for the occurrence of injury.
Preview:
INSTRUCTIONS
in athletics
IOT - 018 - 2003
- General requirements for labor protection.
1.1. Children of preschool age and students from the 1st grade who have been instructed in labor protection, medical examination and have no contraindications for health reasons are allowed to attend athletics.
1.2. When conducting athletics classes, observe the rules of conduct, the schedule of training sessions, the established modes of training and rest.
1.3. When conducting athletics classes, students may be exposed to the following hazards:
- injuries from falling on slippery ground or hard surfaces;
- injuries while being in the throwing zone during throwing lessons;
- exercise without warm-up.
1.4. When conducting athletics classes, there must be a first aid kit with a set of necessary medicines and dressings for first aid in case of injuries.
1.5. In case of an accident, the victim or eyewitness of the accident is obliged to immediately inform the teacher (teacher, educator), who informs the administration of the institution about this. In case of malfunction of sports equipment, stop classes and inform the teacher (teacher, educator) about this.
1.6. In the process of classes, students must comply with the procedure for conducting training sessions and the rules of personal hygiene.
1.7. Students who fail to comply with or violate labor protection instructions are held accountable and all students are given an unscheduled briefing on labor protection.
2. Labor protection requirements before the start of classes.
2.1. Wear a sports suit and sports shoes with non-slip soles.
2.2. Carefully loosen the sand in the jump pit - the landing site, check the absence of foreign objects in the sand.
2.3. Wipe dry sports equipment for throwing (disc, shot, grenade, etc.).
2.4. Warm up.
3. Labor protection requirements during classes.
3.1. In a group start for short distances, run only in your own lane. The track must continue at least 15m beyond the finish mark.
3.2. In order to avoid collisions, avoid sudden “stopping” stops.
3.3. Do not jump on uneven, loose and slippery ground, do not land when jumping on your hands.
3.4. Before performing throwing exercises, check if there are people in the throwing sector.
3.5. Do not throw without the permission of the teacher (teacher), do not leave sports equipment unattended.
3.6. Do not stand to the right of the thrower, do not be in the throwing area, do not go after throwing equipment without the permission of the teacher (teacher).
3.7. Do not give a projectile for throwing to each other with a throw.
4. Requirements for labor protection in emergency situations.
4.1. If you feel unwell, stop classes and inform the teacher (teacher) about it.
4.2. In case of injury, immediately provide first aid to the victim, inform the administration of the institution, if necessary, send the victim to the nearest medical institution.
5. Requirements for labor protection at the end of classes
5.1. Remove sports equipment to the designated place for storage.
5.2. Take off your sports suit and sports shoes.
5.3. Take a shower or wash your face and hands thoroughly with soap.
Preview:
INSTRUCTIONS
on labor protection for students during classes
ski training
IOT-04-09
General safety requirements
1. Students belonging to the basic and preparatory group who have undergone a medical examination and safety briefing.
2. Risk of injury:
- with unreliable ski mounts;
- when falling while descending a mountain or jumping from a springboard;
- frostbite in the behavior of classes with a wind of more than 1.5-2.0 m / s and at an air temperature below 20 0 C;
3. At the ski training lessons there should be a first aid kit, equipped with the necessary medicines and dressings to provide first aid to the injured.
Safety requirements before starting classes
The student must:
1. Wear light, warm, loose clothing, woolen socks, gloves or mittens (the latter is preferable). To protect from the wind, it is advisable to wear a light jacket made of raincoat fabric on top.
2. Check the health of the sports equipment and adjust the bindings of the skis to the shoes. To avoid scuffs, do not wear tight or too loose shoes.
Organized under the command of the teacher to go to the track to complete the educational task.
Safety requirements during classes
The student must:
1. Observe the interval when skiing: at a distance - 3-4 m, when descending a mountain - at least 30 m.
2. When descending a mountain, do not put forward ski poles.
3. After descending from the mountain, do not stop at the foot.
4. Observe each other and immediately inform the teacher (teacher) about the first signs of frostbite.
Safety requirements in emergency situations
The student must:
1. In case of breakage or damage to ski equipment that cannot be fixed on the way, inform the teacher (teacher) about this and, with his permission, move to the ski base.
2. At the first sign of frostbite, as well as if you feel unwell, stop classes and inform the teacher (teacher) about this.
3. In case of injury, stop classes and notify the physical education teacher;
4. With the help of a teacher, provide first aid to the injured person, if necessary, take him to the hospital or call an ambulance;
Safety requirements at the end of classes
The student must:
1. Organized to leave for the ski base (to the school premises);
2. Remove sports equipment in places for its storage.
3. Carefully examine the open areas of the body for the absence of frostbite;
4. Take a shower or wash your face and hands thoroughly with soap.
Preview:
INSTRUCTIONS
on labor protection during classes
for sports and outdoor games
(football, volleyball, basketball, tennis, etc.)
IOT - 021 - 2003
1. General requirements for labor protection.
1.1. Persons who have undergone a medical examination and instructed in labor protection are allowed to take part in sports and outdoor games.
1.2. When conducting classes, the schedule of training sessions, established modes of study and rest must be observed.
1.3. When conducting classes in sports and outdoor games, it is possible to influence educational hazards:
- collision injuries;
- violation of the rules of the game;
- when falling on a wet, slippery floor or platform.
1.4. Classes in sports and outdoor games should be held in sportswear and sports shoes with non-slip soles.
1.5. When conducting classes in sports and outdoor games, there should be a first aid kit equipped with the necessary medicines and dressings for first aid in case of injuries.
1.6. The head of classes and students are required to comply with fire safety rules, to know the location of the primary fire extinguishing equipment.
1.7. On each accident with students, the head of classes is obliged to immediately inform the administration of the institution, to provide first aid to the victim.
1.8. In the process of classes, the leader and students must follow the rules for conducting a sports game, wearing sportswear and sports shoes, and the rules of personal hygiene.
1.9. Persons who have failed to comply with or violate the instructions on labor protection are subject to disciplinary liability in accordance with the internal labor regulations and, if necessary, are subjected to an extraordinary examination of knowledge of the norms and rules of labor protection.
2. Labor protection requirements before the start of classes.
2.1. Wear sportswear and sports shoes with non-slip soles.
2.2. Check the reliability of the installation and fastening of the racks and crossbars of football goals, basketball backboards and other sports equipment.
2.3. Check the condition and absence of foreign objects on the floor or sports ground.
2.4. Conduct a warm-up, carefully check the gym.
3. Labor protection requirements during classes.
3.1. Start the game, make stops in the game and end the game only at the command (signal) of the head of the lesson.
3.2. Strictly follow the rules of the outdoor game.
3.3. Avoid collisions with players shocks and hitting the hands and feet of the players.
3.5. Listen carefully and follow all the commands (signals) of the head of the lesson.
4. Requirements for labor protection in emergency situations.
4.1. In the event of a malfunction of sports equipment and inventory, stop classes and inform the administration of the institution. Classes should be continued only after the troubleshooting or replacement of sports equipment and inventory.
4.2. If students are injured, immediately provide first aid to the victim, inform the administration of the institution, if necessary, send the victim to the nearest medical institution.
4.3. In the event of a fire in the sports hall, immediately evacuate students from the hall through all available evacuation exits, report the fire to the administration of the institution and the nearest fire department, and start extinguishing the fire using the available primary fire extinguishing equipment.
5. Labor protection requirements at the end of classes.
5.1. Remove sports equipment to the designated place and carry out wet cleaning of the gym.
5.2. Ventilate the gym thoroughly.
5.3. Take off sports clothes and sports shoes and take a shower or wash your face and hands with soap.
Preview:
Labor protection instruction
during sports competitions
IOT - 022 - 2001
1. General safety requirements
1.1. Students who have passed a medical examination and instructed in labor protection are allowed to participate in sports competitions. Students of preparatory and special medical groups are not allowed to participate in sports competitions.
1.2. Participants in sports competitions are required to comply with the rules of their conduct.
1.3. During the conduct of sports competitions, the following hazards may affect their participants:
Injuries during sports competitions with the use of faulty sports equipment and equipment;
Fall injuries on slippery ground or hard surfaces;
Injuries during long jumps or high jumps with an unprepared jump pit;
Injuries while in the throwing zone during sports throwing competitions;
Injuries from collisions while running or playing sports, from falls while skiing or ski jumping;
Frostbite during sports competitions in skiing with a wind of more than 1.5-2.0 m / s and at an air temperature below -20 ° C;
Injuries and drowning during sports competitions in swimming when jumping into the water head down in a shallow place or while walking next to other participants in the competition;
Conducting competitions without a warm-up.
1.4. Sports competitions must be held in sportswear and sports shoes appropriate for the type of competition, season and weather.
1.5. When conducting sports competitions, there must be a first aid kit equipped with the necessary medicines and dressings for first aid to the victims.
1.6. About each accident with participants in sports competitions, immediately inform the head of the competition and the administration of the institution, provide first aid to the victim, if necessary, send him to the nearest medical institution. In case of malfunction of sports equipment and equipment, the competition should be stopped and the head of the competition should be informed about it.
1.7. During sports competitions, participants must comply with the rules for wearing sportswear and sports shoes, as well as personal hygiene rules.
1.8. Persons who have committed non-fulfillment or violation of labor protection instructions are subject to disciplinary liability and, if necessary, are subjected to an extraordinary examination of knowledge of labor protection norms and rules.
2. Safety requirements before the start of the competition.
2.1. Wear sportswear and sports shoes with non-slip soles appropriate for the season and weather.
2.2. Check the serviceability and reliability of the installation of sports equipment and equipment.
2.3. Carefully loosen the sand in the jump pit - the landing site, check the absence of foreign objects in the sand.
2.4. In places where jumps from sports equipment are placed, gymnastic mats should be placed so that their surface is even.
2.5. Do a workout.
3. Safety requirements during the competition.
3.1. To start competitions and finish them only at the signal (command) of the judge of the competition.
3.2. Do not violate the rules of the competition, strictly follow all the commands (signals) given by the judge of the competition.
3. Avoid collisions with other competitors, avoid pushing and hitting their arms and legs.
3.4. When falling, it is necessary to group up to avoid injury.
3.5. Before performing throwing exercises, check if there are people in the throwing sector.
3.6. Before jumping into the water, look for the absence of other competitors nearby.
4. Safety requirements in emergency situations.
4.1. In the event of a malfunction of sports equipment and equipment, stop the competition and inform the referee of the competition. Competitions will continue only after the malfunction has been eliminated or the sports equipment and equipment have been replaced.
4.2. If you feel unwell, stop participating in sports competitions and inform the judge of the competition about it.
4.3. If a participant in the competition is injured, immediately inform the judge of the competition and the administration of the institution, provide first aid to the injured, if necessary, send him to the nearest medical institution.
5. Safety requirements at the end of the competition
5.1. Check the list for the presence of all participants in the competition.
5.2. Remove sports equipment and equipment to the designated place.
5.3. Take off sports clothes and sports shoes and take a shower or wash your face and hands thoroughly with soap and water.
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There are 35 presentations in total in the topic
Introduction
sports occupation security
Classes in the gym, at the stadium, on special grounds - in a word, wherever sports facilities are installed, require a serious approach from the teacher or other organizer of classes and strict adherence to safety rules. For the organization of safety measures, organizational and technical methods security. The main content of safety measures is the prevention of injuries, or the prevention of accidents in the classroom. It is not right to consider injuries in the classroom only in connection with the perfection of structures and the rational organization of classes. No less important in the occurrence of accidents is the impact on the human body of environmental factors, that is, the state of the air environment. In general, these are humidity, temperature, dust pollution, as well as the level of illumination of the place of employment.
Therefore, the conditions and safety of classes physical education and sports are determined both by the perfection of the facilities used and the organization of classes, and by the environment involved in the sanitary and hygienic situation. No less important is the normative regulation of safety in physical culture and sports, the availability of special instructions for those involved and staff, conducting briefings and passing an exam or test on safety.
1. Causes of injuries during sports activities
The causes of injury in their relationship are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The relationship between the causes of injuries during sports activities
Let's consider in sequence what each of the reasons can be expressed in. Poor organization of classes can be caused by a small or insufficient number of gyms, playgrounds, swimming pools, due to physical education lessons being held in recreation, that is, a school corridor section that is wide enough, but not equipped for classes.
As a result, teachers have to conduct a lesson for two classes in the same room or with the senior and junior classes at the same time.
This may also be the result of poor-quality scheduling, which leads to crowding, and it, in turn, to the impossibility of full control.
The low quality of the material base can be expressed in the fact that there is moral and physical wear and tear of equipment, defects in sports equipment, equipment, as well as the presence of sports equipment that has not been tested for strength. There are often dilapidated floors, water leaks, poor lighting, defects in the sports ground, that is, loose shields, gates, fencing nets.
The low level of qualification of physical education teachers is possible due to the lack of teachers, replacement of the rate by a teacher who is not prepared to conduct such classes. It depends on the management of the educational institution, and on the availability of personnel. In this case, however, the degree of danger of injury increases in the same way as with poor medical control - the teacher, like the doctor, is not ready or not competent to check all compliance with regulatory requirements.
It can be concluded from the first part of the work that safety at sports facilities is highly dependent on the availability of personnel, technical equipment and the proper level of control.
Legislative sources on safety at sports facilities
The Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” states that an educational institution is obliged to create conditions that guarantee the protection and strengthening of the health of students, as well as provide premises with proper conditions for the work of medical workers. It is also legislated that medical care for students of an educational institution is provided by health authorities.
The legislation on the approval of the federal training program also states that improving the organization of the educational process in order to preserve and strengthen the health of students, normalize study load, the creation of special conditions for education by persons with disabilities and developmental disabilities.
The federal law guarantees the rights of citizens to equal access to physical exercises and sports, speaks of the promotion of physical culture, sports, the basic knowledge of physical culture and sports, a healthy lifestyle, popular fitness and sports programs, complexes of physical exercises, and in interconnection with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" prescribes independently educational institutions, taking into account the created conditions, standard and special statutes, for the sake of the interests of students, determine the forms of physical education classes and means of education, sports in sections, types of physical activity, methods, forms and duration of training sessions, but exclusively on the basis of federal state educational standards and standards of physical fitness.
Chapter III of the Law of the Russian Federation on physical culture and sports refers to the norms of SanPin. To comply with safety regulations, the gym should be located on the 1st floor in an attached room, its dimensions should ensure the implementation full program in physical education, to create the possibility of extracurricular sports activities.
The areas of sports halls according to the standards are 9X 18 m, 12 X24 m, 18X 30 m with a height of at least 6 meters. Sanitary standards stipulate that the number of seats in the gym should be set at the rate of 0.7 m2 per student.
The air temperature, depending on climatic conditions, should be 15-17 degrees in gyms and rooms for sectional classes, 19-23 degrees in the locker room of the gym, 21-23 degrees in doctors' offices, and 16-18 degrees above zero in recreation .
The relative humidity of the air according to SanPin should be kept within 40-60 percent, and in the gym itself, in its gym, showers, toilet rooms should be exhaust ventilation. The requirements for sportswear and footwear are that students work out in sportswear and shoes in warm weather, at a temperature of plus 15 degrees and above in shorts and a T-shirt of a sports sample, at a lower temperature in a training suit, and already outdoors in a sports clothing that is suitable for temperature conditions and the type of activity.
Classes are also held up to a certain temperature limit, that is, the first class - up to -10°C, the second-fourth classes up to -12°C, the fifth-ninth classes up to -15°C, the tenth-eleventh classes up to -18°C.
Be sure to take into account non-slip sports shoes, with the presence of an arch support, with a locking coating, that is, sneakers, half-sneakers, sneakers, "Czech shoes", "ballet flats", and always socks.
Sports halls must be provided with two-sided lateral natural lighting and combined, that is, top and side, while artificial lighting in sports halls must be at least 200 lux.
The walls of sports halls must be made smooth, even, they must be painted in light colors, with paints that allow wet cleaning. The paint itself must be resistant to impacts, not crumble, not leave marks after touching it, and the heating devices must be closed, while there should be no open hooks, protrusions, windows should have bars or nets.
The floors of sports facilities should be without gaps, resilient, with a flat non-slip surface.
According to the norms, physical culture and sports zones of an educational institution are located at a distance of at least 25 meters from the building, behind a mandatory strip of green spaces. It is impossible to have such a zone from the side of the windows of the building.
The equipment should ensure the implementation of training programs in physical culture and the work of sports sections, as well as the conduct of recreational activities.
Sports and playgrounds are equipped with a hard, even surface, the football field is covered with grass. Classes on uneven and potholes, damp areas are not held.
All sports equipment and equipment must be in perfect working order and be secured. As a result of mandatory tests of inventory and equipment, the reliability of their installation must be verified, which will be recorded in a special journal. Defective equipment must be removed from the site.
Compliance with all the above standards should ensure safety when exercising at sports facilities with due control by the teaching, administrative and medical staff of the educational institution.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that it is the school administration that is responsible for preparing the premises and equipment for classes, for compliance with the requirements of SanPin, for compliance with building codes and regulations, the requirements for the lesson schedule and the compliance with the number of seats for those involved in the area of the gym itself, that is, it is responsible for the quality educational process.
Medical workers are obliged to carry out constant sanitary supervision during the educational process in physical education, as well as draw up lists by health groups, because they are responsible for carrying out therapeutic and preventive measures in the prescribed manner, for providing first aid in case of injury;
The teacher of physical culture is responsible for protecting the life and health of students, the implementation of safety rules for classes, the use of reliable and high-quality equipment, the sanitary and hygienic conditions of the places where classes are held in accordance with SanPin, school curriculum on physical culture, standards of the educational process in physical education.
Literature
1. Law Russian Federation(RF) "On Education" dated June 25, 2002 No. 71-FZ, Art. 51, p. 1, 4 - System Garant-Student 2011
Law of the Russian Federation "On Approval of the Federal Program for the Development of Education" dated April 10, 2000 No. 51-FZ Section III, Clause 1 - System Garant-Student 2011
Law of the Russian Federation "On physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation" dated January 10, 2003 No. 15-FZ - - System Garant-Student 2011
Matveev L.P. Theory and methodology of physical culture, textbook for institutes of physical culture. - M.: FiS, 2001. - 543 p.
Neverkovich S.D., Aronova T.V., Baimurzin A.R.Pedagogy of physical culture and sports. Textbook for students. Higher Proc. Institutions. Ed. S.D. Neverkovich. Academia 2010 - 543 p.
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Ministry of Education and Science of the Khabarovsk Territory
Regional State Budgetary Educational Institution,
implementing adapted basic general education programs
"Boarding School No. 1
Safety in the classroom
physical exercise and sports
Methodical development
Khabarovsk
2017
Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 3
1. general characteristics injuries during physical education ……………………………………………………………………… 4
2. Safety requirements for conducting classes in various sports. The composition of the first-aid kit ………………………. 5
2.1. Athletics ………………………………………………………… 5
2.2. Gymnastics …………………………………………………………… 7
2.3. Skiing………………………………………………………… 7
2.4. Swimming……………………………………………………………… 12
2.5. Mobile and sports games ………………………………….. 13
3. General safety requirements for sports competitions ……………………………………………………………….. 13
4. General safety requirements for organizing and conducting hiking tours ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. First aid to the victim who was injured during physical exercises……………………………………. fifteen
5.1. First aid in case of damage to the skin …………………. fifteen
5.2. First aid for injuries of the musculoskeletal system (bruises, dislocations, fractures) …………………………………………………………………. 16
5.3. First aid for trauma of the nervous system …………………………. eighteen
5.4. First aid for heat stroke …………………………….. 19
5.5. First aid for frostbite ……………………………….. 20
5.6. Rescue of the drowning ………………………………………………………20
6. Operational and technical requirements for clothing, footwear, sports equipment and places of physical culture and sports ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
References ……………………………………………………… 22
Introduction
In any organization and field of activity, there are norms and rules of conduct.
In the process of physical exercise, measures should always be taken to prevent bodily injury, i.e., injury prevention is carried out.
Injuries during physical education and sports should be considered as an emergency. As a rule, they are the result of poor prophylaxis or its absence.
A sports injury is an injury accompanied by a change in the anatomical structures and function of the injured organ as a result of the impact of a physical factor that exceeds the physiological strength of the tissue during physical exercises and sports. Among the various types of injuries, sports injuries are in last place, both in terms of quantity and severity of the course, accounting for only about 2%.
And yet the number of injuries during physical exercise and sports should be kept to a minimum. Not only doctors, but also every teacher, every coach should actively participate in the prevention of sports injuries. To do this, it is necessary to know well the features, the main causes and conditions that contribute to the occurrence of various injuries.
It is well known that injuries are easier to prevent than to correct.
Possible bodily injuries during various types of physical exercises should be carefully studied and analyzed in order to develop specific measures to prevent and eliminate the conditions for their occurrence.
Based on work experience and analysis of existing injuries, this paper proposes safety instructions for physical education, in sports sections, during sports competitions and hiking trips. The basic rules for providing first aid to victims of various types of injuries are given.
General characteristics of injuries
during exercise
In order to prevent injuries during physical education, it is necessary to first determine the causes, conditions and circumstances of injuries by students during the performance of various exercises, and then develop trauma-precluding behavioral recommendations.
Most often, there are minor sports injuries that do not cause much trouble to the victims. As a rule, these are ordinary injuries, the same as in everyday life. But there are injuries that are typical only for athletes. They can be of varying severity, including severe, requiring surgical intervention by medical specialists. Three main factors influencing injuries should be singled out: individual characteristics of those involved in physical culture; conditions for conducting classes, the availability and quality of inventory (equipment); features of a particular type of sports activity and type of physical activity.
Among the individual characteristics of people involved in physical culture and sports, highest value have age, the state of the nervous system, temperament, psychological maturity and practical experience.
In educational institutions the largest number injuries observed at the beginning and end school year when schoolchildren are not yet functionally ready for loads or are already in an overstressed state. There is a sharp increase in the risk of injury in infectious diseases often accompanied by various complications.
The level of injury risk during physical exercises is significantly reduced due to strict observance of the hygienic and pedagogical principles of physical education and sports training. In addition, each sport has its own rules, the implementation of which the teacher must remind students before the start of each lesson.
Of great importance for the prevention of injuries are the conditions for conducting classes, sports equipment and equipment. Thus, adverse weather and insufficient lighting significantly increase the risk of injury.
Injuries can also be caused by equipment of poor quality or not suitable in size or for a given sport, underestimation of special protective equipment.
To prevent injuries in physical culture and sports, each student is recommended to follow the following rules:
have appropriate clothing, footwear, equipment and equipment for classes;
not to strive immediately for record results, but to improve their sports performance, gradually, without harm to health;
before each lesson, be sure to perform warm-up exercises to reduce the likelihood of stretching and tearing muscles, ligaments and tendons;
be sure to use protective equipment when necessary (shields, helmets, goggles
2.
classes in various sports
Equally, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of a particular type of sports activity and the type of physical activity. Some sports have their own special requirements for those involved. Their features can lead to injuries specific to these sports. Various types of physical activity also have different requirements for those involved.
One of the main safety requirements is the presence in the gym of a first aid kit with a set of necessary medicines and dressings for first aid.
Composition of a first aid kit
70% alcohol;
5% alcohol solution of iodine;
30% solution of albucid;
1% solution (aqueous) boric acid;
Dressings (bandage, cotton wool);
Eye droppers - 2 pieces;
Sterile cotton balls;
Disinfectants (hydrogen peroxide, etc.);
Tires: 2-large and 2-small;
General medical items (twist, files, ammonia);
Brilliant green solution (alcohol);
Chloroethyl.
2.1. General safety requirements
during the athletics lessons
Athletics combines various typesphysical exercises with stereotypical (according torepeating unchanged), cyclicallymi (race walking, running), acyclic (metania, jumping) and mixed movements(cross, hurdling). In all types of light athleticstics are most susceptible to damage to the ankle and knee joints. Especially frequentsprains and ruptures of the ligamentous apparatus, overtears and ruptures of the tendons (Achilles tendonlia, head of the biceps muscle of the shoulder), less oftenmuscle injuries occur (back, posteriorupper thigh). In addition, with general startsat cross-country distances, acute physicalcial overstrain of the cardiovascular systemTopics. Sometimes there is a so-called gravitational shock - a short-term lossconsciousness as a result of an abrupt stop afterintense running.
To avoid injury during athletics, it is necessary to performthe following safety recommendationsfeatures:
1. Classrooms should be kept in order at all times. Timely repair treadmills and athletics sectionsditch. In winter, clear them of snow, and in thesprinkle icing tea with table salt (doglump, ash). In hot weather, rubber bitumen andSynthetic tracks must be moistened with water.
2. Before classes, you must check thecorrectness of inventory and equipment, conditionsites.
3. Running in the stadium should be carried out only incounterclockwise direction. Short-distance running is carried out strictly on individual tracks. You cannot move to the next track. In middle and long distance running, when overtaking, it is allowed to move to the outer treadmill, but do this while running in a straight line, and not on turns. After the finish, you can not immediately stop, you need to run a little more by inertia forward, gradually reducing the speed.
4. See to it that in the security areas duringrunning and jumping there were no foreign objects andof people.
5. Use only lightly torn fabrics and threads as a finishing ribbon. Usednylon, nylon fabrics and threadsmust be excluded.
6. Before performing running exercises, a comprehensive warm-up is carried out with an emphasis on “warming up” the muscles and ligaments of the legs. Shoes (sneakers or sneakers) must be strictly sized and tightly laced. It is not recommended for beginners to use special studded shoes. Before jogging, you should study the route, mark the most difficult sections with bright paper flags.
7. It is necessary to carefully loosen the sand inpit - the place of landing, and when jumpingpoke rubber pads into shoes under the heel.
8. Rakes and shovels must not be left in placeclasses. The rake should be placed with the teeth down, and the disputetive shoes - spikes down.
9. You can not perform jumps on uneven andslippery ground with landing on hands. Preparatory exercises are performed so as not to interfere with the comrades performing the jump. Until the previous athlete leaves the jump pit, the next competitor cannot jump. The same rules must be followed when throwing.
10. You can not throw shells. Before metanning grenades and other items, it is necessary toto believe if there are people in the direction of throwing. Atthrowing, you cannot stand to the right of the thrower (whenthrowing is performed with the left hand - on the left) and hofollow the shells without the permission of the teacher. The duty officer can bring equipment only after the final landing of the projectile. You cannot return shells (especially grenades) by throwing them towards the starting line.Before throwing, the shells should be wiped dry. During the warm-up, it is important for students to qualitatively prepare the muscles of the arms and torso for the exercise.
11. You can not cross the places where the wirethere are throwing, running and jumping classes.
12. It is forbidden to hold at the same sitesimultaneously practicing incompatible speciessports (for example, football and throwing, football and running, etc.).
13. Schoolchildren must strictly follow the requirements and tasks of the teacher. Observe discipline in the lesson, do not be distracted and not distract other students.
2.2. General safety requirements during
gymnastics
Students are allowed to participate in gymnasticswho have undergone a medical examination and safety briefing. The classes are held inle according to the schedule approved by the directorrum educational institution. The gym opens for5 minutes before class starts. Entrance to the hall is allowedonly in the presence of a teacher. Schoolchildren shouldbe in the prescribed sports uniformsample.Pupils,late for the start of the lessontakedowns are not allowed. Installing and carrying sleeprows in the hall is carried out only as directedteacher. Exercise prohibited.on faulty or contaminated sportsshells, without insurance, without usinggymnastic mats, as well as having wet ladoni. After classes, all shells should beput into place in accordance with the scheme of their timeslodging in the hall. Exit schoolchildrenfromsportshall during classes is possible only with permissionniya teacher. Not allowed to practicesports equipment without a teacher (instructiontora, trainer).
Exercises on gymnastic apparatus are performed after a comprehensive warm-up and study of self-insurance techniques. The floor should be covered with soft mats. Are movingstudents fromprojectile to projectile in an organized manner, at the command of the teacher. It is strictly forbidden to push each other off the balance beam or bars, swing randomly on the rings, jump off the upper part of the gymnastic wall.
Floor and acrobatic exercises are performed on mats or a special carpet. You can enter this area only in gymnastic slippers or barefoot. Mats are regularly leveled and wiped with a damp cloth. If the gymnastic arena is located near the wall of the hall, all exercises are done parallel to it, i.e. along the wall.
The gym should havemedical first aid kit with a set of necessary copperkamentov and dressings to providefirst aid.
2.3. General safety requirements during
skiing lessons
During ski lessonspossible mechanical damage and coldyou injuries. Most often, skiers get bruises, abrasions, sprains of the bag-ligamentous appair of limbs. Injury usually occurswalks while driving on narrow forest roads, onon icy slopes, on crusty snow,in places where there is little snow and stumps, stones, races stick outtete shrub. Not uncommon in ski lessonssport of frostbite of the face, hands and feet.
General safety requirements duringskiing lessons areblowing:
Students who have completedinstruction, medical examination andhaving contraindications due to the state of healthditch.
Classes are held according to the scheduledesignated areas approved by theleadership of the educational institution.
The shoes and clothing of those involved must comply with the established requirements. Skishoes should be loose, soft and suchemistry. Mittens or gloves are required.
4. The length of the skis must match the heightskier and do not exceed the level of the extendedhands (plastic skis can be a littleroche), must be in good condition. Skis are considered faulty: there are cracks, chips, breakage of the toe, ski heels, deformation of the plane (propeller).
5. Bindings (mounted in the center of the ski and firmly attached to it) must be adjusted so that boots can be attached to the skis without assistance. Use rigid mounts, they are more reliable.
6. Ski poles must be correctlyreached in height and reach the level of the shoulder (when skating, sticks are used a little longer). Sticks must have a tip, a ring and an adjustable length strap for the hand.
7. Ski boots should be one to one and a half sizes larger than the foot: tight or very loose shoes can lead to scuffs or injury ankle joint. Systematically lubricate the boots with a protective cream (shoe polish): this will prevent them from moisture and soften the skin. Do not lace up your boots too tight and do not tie the laces around your shin - because of this, blood circulation worsens and your feet get cold faster.
8. After class, be sure to dry your shoes: walking in damp shoes leads to scuffs. In no case should you dry your shoes on a battery or stove: this makes them hard and warp.
9. Wear shoes with two socks (cotton and wool). Socks must be dry. In severe frost, you can wrap your toes with newsprint.
10. Clothing for ski training should protect from cold and wind, be light, comfortable, not restricting movement. In order not to catch a cold in your lower back, put on a sweater so long that it overlaps your trousers, even when you lean forward a lot.
11. When exercising in the cold, you should definitely wear underwear made from natural, not synthetic fabrics.
12. Put on mittens or gloves on your hands.
13. It is forbidden to practice without a headgear. Put on a sports cap (two in severe frost) covering your ears. (If there is no such cap, you must use special headphones.)
14. The exit to the ski track is preceded by an inspection of the skis, bindings and poles, the elimination of defects, the lubrication of the sliding surfaces of the skis with special ointments in accordance with the weather conditions. On boots, the condition of the sandal welt and laces is checked.
15. When you go outside, do not rush to get on your skis, let them cool down, otherwise an ice crust will form on them, which will prevent slipping.
16. Movement to the place of employment is carried outskis or with skis that are carried onshoulder or under the arm. When moving toskiing, the teacher should go ahead, and behinddi is a public instructor, or vice versa.Unauthorized failure and independentskatingare prohibited.
17. On the ski track, skiers move in a column one at a time.. If there are several parallel tracks on the route, choose the one on the far right. To overtake, a faster skier gives a signal: “Skiing!”, The one to whom this call is addressed must immediately give way, moving to the side. When there are several well-trodden ski tracks, when overtaking, you can switch to a free track on the left. You can not step on the backs of the skis of the athlete walking in front, put sticks under his skis, push.
18. Cross-country skiing interval3 - 4 m, when descending from the mountain - at least 30 m. When descending, do not put ski poles forward. If there is a need for a quick stop, squat down on your side (be sure to keep the sticks behind you).
19. It is better to overcome a steep ascent or descent with a “ladder”: put the skis across the line of motion and alternately step sideways, securing yourself with sticks. On gentle slopes, a special stance is used: the legs are bent at the knees, the body is slightly forward, the shoulders are turned, the points of the sticks are removed behind the back. The higher the speed, the lower the skier squats. Passing a hillock, you should tighten your muscles, spring your legs - sit down, and then straighten up again to the previous position. When meeting with a hollow, they do the opposite: at first they squat lower, then they straighten up and again quickly bend their legs. Such techniques allow you to keep the center of mass of the skier at the same level, make his “landing” more stable and protect him from falling. It is important to bend and unbend the legs, and not tilt the torso forward. Turn off the speed in right moment It is possible due to the bringing in of the ski toes and the simultaneous separation of the heels to the sides. In emergency cases, it is advisable to throw the sticks aside, crouch deeply, group up and, leaning to the side, decisively fall on your side, slowing down with your whole body.
After descending, do not stop at the foot of the slope. Remember that others are following you.
Do not ski jump: this requires special training and jump skis.
20. The ski run should be laid insheltered from the wind, she must notcross with frozen ponds, thick behindbushes, automobile andforest roads. The track width should benot less than 3 m, and on turns and descents - not less thanb meters.
21. Skiers should not overtakeeach other on narrow sections of the route and inconvenient for viewing descents. Shouldn't stopXia on the slopes and cross the ski track on them.
22. When falling on the descent, you must quickly releasedrive the track and remember that there is a special danger ondownhill represent sticks pushed forward. In a forced fall, it is safer to fall onside to side. Braking during descentsit is better to produce "plow" and "side slipvanity".
23. If during classes (competitions)for some reason, had to withdraw from the race,teacher must be notifiedbody, instructor, panel of judges (personally,through a friend or controller).
A must for ski lessonshave a first aid kit for first aidmedical care.
Basic requirements for schoolchildren in ski training
If you are late for class, let your teacher know that you are coming so that he knows the exact number of students.
Do not leave class without your teacher's permission.
If during the lesson you feel bad, dizzy, etc., immediately inform the teacher about this.
Do endurance exercises regularly throughout the year. A low level of endurance is one of the causes of injuries, because a tired person is less attentive and coordinated.
Mastering the correct technique for performing exercises is the best prevention of injury. Listen carefully to the teacher's explanations, try to correctly and accurately perform the lead-in and preparatory exercises.
Notify the teacher about breakage and damage to ski equipment. If it is impossible to make repairs on the spot, then, after obtaining the permission of the teacher, move to the ski base or the nearest settlement.
Do not undress during the race and after it (this will lead to a cold). It is better to remove excess clothing before the start of the run, and put it back on after it is over.
During the lesson, students should watch each other andnotify the teacher of the first signsfrostbite.
Before entering the premises, clear the skis of snow.
At the ski base, put the skis in a free cell, secure them, put the poles and boots in a specially designated place for this.
Don't drink cold water right after your ski training session or you'll get a sore throat.
During exercisein the winter season, you need to take into account the meteorologicallogical conditions affecting the selfthe feeling and performance of those involved. Atinclement weather should be takenwalkable preventive measures. For example, whenstrong wind and low air temperature, training sessions are carried out in the forest, and not oncovered areas, use warmer clothingdu, increase physical activity. Besides,students are instructed to look after each other andinform the teacher about the first signsfrostbite. Most suitable for skipreparation is the weather with a temperature of -5up to -18°С. Often during classes, especially whensudden drop in air temperatureha or an increase in wind strength may occurhypothermia of the body. He also contributesno profuse sweating and moisturizing underwear,what happens during intensive training evenat a temperature slightly below° C. Therefore, clothesyes, the skier should be light, free, not restrict movement, reliably protect from the cold, but not too warm, not delay therhenium sweat and match the nature of the physical to oh load. It should be borne in mind that while skiingnick is in active motion, wetclothes do not cause cooling of the body, because onheated from the inside by the heat released from the surface of the skin. If the pace is reduced orskier stops, heat production orgnism falls, and heat transfer begins to exceedhis arrival. As a result, the body becomes cold, which can lead to a cold.
Ski shoes must provide protectionfeet from cold, dampness, mechanical damage. Socks and mittens must be dry andclean. essential role in the prevention ofice creams play hot food and tea. After themreceiving the temperature of the limbs of a personchanges by 6°C and above, and this does not happen immediately, but after 30 - 60 minutes. Their action keepswithin a few hours.
There are certain signs of frostbite : numbness of the damaged part of the body, palernie, and then blue skin, swelling. The pain is outchale is not felt, but when it warms up, frostbiteshe appears in the female section.
2.4. General safety requirements during
swimming lessons
Going swimming, a person in a certaindegree at risk of getting a cold.In addition, the constant ingress of cold waterin the ears may cause external hearing irritation.th passage, which in the subsequent often withleads to otitis of the vestibular apparatus. Possibleand various mechanical injuries: abrasions,abrasions, bruises, sprains, tears and tearsyou muscles and ligaments, ruptures of the tympanic repoknock, shock. General safety requirements forswimming concepts are to performthe following rules:
Students are allowed to take swimming lessonstrained, instructed, medicalmotr and having no contraindications according to the statehealth.
Schedules must be strictly observedconducting training sessions, certain modes youcompletion of exercises and rest, establishedrules of behavior.
Classes are held only in the presence of a trainer.. Latecomers are not allowed to attend.
During group lessons, entry and exit from the water is carried out only at the command of the coach. Swim on the right side of the track or in a circle, counterclockwise.
Shut up is strictly prohibited in the pool.sweep, run, push, dive, crosson a "foreign" path, diving into the water in a shallow place is unacceptable. You can’t splash in the face of comrades passing by, you can’t dive to the bottom without permission, give false signals abouthelp, enter the tower and jump from it withoutteacher's decisions, hang on the tracks, broput swimming boards from the sides into the water or out of the water onto the tile.
In natural reservoirs, swimming is allowed only in specially equipped places. Doing this on a navigable fairway, in places with strong currents, near dams, piles, bridges, and other hydraulic structures is extremely dangerous. And of course, it is absolutely reckless to enter the water in a state of fatigue, with ailments, discomfort in the muscles, dizziness, nausea.
Swimming lessons should be providedwe are the means to save the drowning and copperQing first aid kitinjured.
8. After a middle illnessear before swimming should be put into the earsink a ball of cotton wool smeared with petroleum jelly.
9. Feeling tired, you need to calmlyswim to the shore. Do not get lost during convulsions, a hundredto stay on the water and call for help.
10. Whenhelping, not grasping at the rescuer, buthelp him, tow you to the shore. Feeling weak or unwell after swimminggoing to see a doctor.
11. If you have witnessed an accident,should be reported to the coach immediately andthe need to provide assistance.
12. Students who violated thestrict requirements for safety duringswimming lessons are held accountableactivity, and with the whole group is carried out outsidescheduled instruction.
2.5. General safety requirements during classes
on mobile and sports games
For outdoor activities and sports gamesWe are allowed students who have passed medicalsupervision and instruction They must havesportswear as prescribed by the rulesgames, and are required to comply with the rules of the fire department withoutdanger, know the location of the primaryfire extinguishing equipment and operating procedurestea evacuation in the event of a fire or natural disaster. Lessons must be carried out withtaking into account age-sex characteristics and movementbody readiness of students.
During games, participants can fallclashes and performance of individual gamesry actions to get various injuries. Bythis activity should be provided with a first aid kitfor first aid.
Ensuring safety measures during games up toachieved by the following basic rules:
Classes must be held on sports grounds and in halls of standard sizes that meet the requirements of the rules of the game.
Before the game, participants must remove alljewelry (rings, bracelets, earrings, etc.). Nailsthey should have short hair on their arms,while the glasses are fixed with an elastic band and have a hornyframe.
Discipline must be maintained in class.line, strictly follow the requirements and instructions of the judge, teacher, coach, team captain.
The game must be played on dry groundke. If it passes in the hall, the floor must be clean.then washed and dry.
Training games should be held incompliance with the rules.
Classes should be conducted under the guidanceas a teacher of physical culture (instructor, coach).
All sharp and protruding objectsliving in the hall should be filled with matsor fenced.
3. General safety requirements for carrying out
sports competitions
General safety requirements duringsports competitions includeblowing:
- observance of age norms for the start of specialpromotion in sports and admission to competitions;
Competitors can onlyto persons who have undergone a medical examination andruktazh. Not allowed to competeschoolchildren of the preparatory and special medical groups;
Competition rules must be strictly observed.be given by all participants;
Participants are allowed to compete in sportswear and shoes appropriate for the typesport, season and weather, and must comply with thethe fork of wearing them;
Must have a first aid kit for the eyeteaching first aid to victims;
Every accident should be immediatelylenno inform the head of the competition and helladministration of the institution;
In case of malfunction of inventory and equipmentcompetitions are immediately terminated, and the leader is informed about this.
During the competition between the participants, the rules of the competition are specified, an impartial arbiter is selected. During the game, be sure to take short breaks of 3-5 minutes, breaks for rest and relieving emotional stress. Before the end of each period or the competition as a whole, the referee warns: “Last minute of the half (meeting)!” the total duration of the competition should not exceed the time limits provided for by the rules of the competition for the relevant age groups. Places for substitute players are equipped in the area of the sidelines of the sports ground, but in no case outside the goal. Players are replaced during the break. Spectators should be no closer than 3-5 meters from the competition site.
Regarding persons who failed to complyor violation of general safety requirementsduring sports competitions,investigation is underway to reach a specific decision.
4. General safety requirements for carrying out
and organizations tourist trips
Hiking is one of the mostthe most common types of outdoor activities.This is due to the fact that tourism is very differentproviding funds for recovery and developmentphysical and spiritual forces of a person and is capable ofmeet the needs of people of all kindsgrowths and professions.
On the hiking trail you can meet variousdifficulties and even dangers. Some of themassociated with real natural obstacles (passes, swamps, rapids).The second depend on weather changes and wear episowild or seasonal. The third (most numerous) are caused by incorrect behaviordenial of tourists. These include solarthermal and thermal burns, cutting woundsmi and stabbing objects, weapons, poisoningfood, gastrointestinallevaniya, abrasions, diaper rash, calluses, bruises,sprains, dislocations, fractures, concussion,acute cardiovascular insufficiencyrocks, frostbite, colds, heattrap, electric shock, injury by wild animals, bites of poisonous snakes and insects, etc.
In order for the trip to go wellsuccessfully and successfully, when organizing and conducting it, certain requirements must be metsecurity measures:
schoolchildren are allowed to hike, having passedshi medical examination and instruction;
All participants in the campaign are required to comply with the lawfork of behavior, established modes of movementliving and rest;
hikers are not allowed to change the mustacheestablished route of movement and unauthorizedset the location of the group;
on a hike, a group of schoolchildren must be accompaniedgive two adults;
for first aidThe group must have a first aid kit withboron of necessary medicines and dressingsfunds;
About the accident, the victim or hisan eyewitness must immediately inform the leader of the hiking trip.
Going on a hike for 2-3 days, special attentionshould pay attention to shoes, clothing and camping sleepdisguise. Hiking shoes must be matchednoah in size, well worn. clothingshould be suitable for the weather andseason. Camping equipment is divided intopersonal and group. Group equipment (papatch, axes, rope and cord, buckets, pots,pots, kitchen knives, a pouring spoon (ladle), a first-aid kit, accessories formass games, products, etc.) are distributedbetween hikers in addition to personal belongings. Heavy or bulky things theycarry in turn. Personal equipment includesbackpack with wide straps, sports braidtyum, sweater, woolen socks (2 pairs), comfortableshoes with solid soles, sports shoes,t-shirts (2 pcs.), shorts (2 pcs.), blanket, light nonwet raincoat or jacket, aluminum miska and spoon, enamel mug, penknife, towel, soap, toothbrush and paste, needleka, threads, buttons, pieces of matter, notea book, a pencil, a pen, matches (one box in a waterproof package), a compass. Itemsequipment in the backpack is placed next toat once. Soft things are placed on the back (blanket,spare linen, etc.), but not rolled,and folded across the width of the back of the backpack. To the bottomput heavy objects on top - light ones.In the pockets of the backpack is what canfit on the road, on halts.
5. First aid to the victim who was injured during physical exercises.
5.1. First aid to the victim who received damage to the skin during exercise
The most common skin injuries include abrasions, abrasions and wounds.
When worn you need to carefully clean the skin with a sterile cotton swab soaked in a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, and then apply a bandage with an ointment or emulsion (synthomycin, streptocid).
Abrasion - superficial damage to the skin (epidermis) that occurs when it is sharply rubbed against a solid object: floor, asphalt, ground, when descending a rope, when sliding against a rack or projectile. At the site of the abrasion, severe soreness, capillary bleeding and lymph flow occur.
The abrasion must be cleaned with a cotton swab soaked in a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, carefully dried with sterile wipes and smeared on its surface with a 2% solution of brilliant green diluted in a 2% solution of novocaine.
Wound - tissue damage with violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membrane. Distinguish between stab wounds, incised, lacerated bruised (during collisions, blows, falls).
The main signs of a wound: bleeding, divergence of the edges of the skin, pain, dysfunction of the organ. In case of injuries, it is necessary to stop bleeding, treat the edges of the wound, apply a bandage, and deliver the victim to a medical facility (if necessary).
Ways to stop bleeding :
pressing the vessel slightly higher with the fingerswounds at points of superficial arterii;
application of a tourniquet 3-5 cm above the wound is not moremore than 2 hours in summer and 1 hour in winter;
applying pressure to the site of bleedingknitting;
maximum limb flexion during bloodflow from the arm or leg;
giving the injured limb a supportadopted position for superficial wounds.
Quite often during exerciseand sports games(hockey, football, basketballball, handball), boxing, wrestling, equestrian sportsparticipants receive injuries in which fusscabinsnosebleed .
First aid in this case turns on the following:
if the bleeding was preceded by a stroke, it is necessarycheck if there is a fracture;
seat the victim so that his backwas straightened;
for 5-10 minutes with thumb and forefingertightly press the wings of the nose to the septum;
if after that the bleeding does not stopYes, pieces of cotton wool should be introduced into the nasal passagesor gauze soaked in saline solution(a teaspoon per glass of water) or specialhemostatic tampons;
if the nosebleed is nottanavlyaetsya within 30-40 minutes, the victimit must be delivered in a sitting position tomedical institution.
5.2. First aid for injuries of the musculoskeletal system (bruises, dislocations, fractures)
bruises - closed mechanical damage to tissues or organs, not accompanied by a visible violation of their anatomical integrity. Bruises are the result of a blow with a blunt object or a blow from a falling, rapidly moving athlete on a stationary object, as well as a blow during a collision between players.
Characteristic features injury - pain, redness, bruising.
With light bruises, not accompanied by bruising, swelling and soreness disappear after 1-2 days, with bruising, they persist up to 6-12 days.
First aid for bruises is to irrigate the injury site with chlorethyl in order to stop capillary bleeding and relieve pain. Then a pressure bandage is applied. In more severe cases apply a pressure bandage and apply cold to the site of injury for 2-3 hours: a bubble with ice, snow or cold water. By the end of the first day after injury, various thermal procedures can be applied,
apply bodyaga, make lead and semi-alcohol lotions, iodine mesh.
Crick - with such injuries, pain occurs in the muscles, which disable the athlete only for a short time, measured in hours and days.
First aid for muscle strain - consists in irrigating the injury site with chlorethyl, applying a tight bandage. The athlete can continue to participate in competitions, however, he must necessarily stop physical exercises if pain reappears.
Tears and ruptures of muscles and tendons - occur at the time of a sharp and strong muscle contraction. At the time of injury, the victim experiences severe pain, a characteristic sound is heard during the rupture. Hemorrhage is observed, with the formation of a hematoma. Movement in the joint is very difficult or even impossible due to pain in the area of damage.
First aid in case of damage to muscles and tendons in order to reduce hemorrhage and relieve pain involves irrigation with chlorethyl, the imposition of a pressure bandage, a bladder with ice or cold water. In case of tear or rupture, immobilization of the joint is necessary to bring the points of attachment of the muscle as close as possible. For example, with a rupture of the biceps muscle of the shoulder, the forearm bends at an acute angle at the elbow joint; when the quadriceps femoris is ruptured, the limb is fixed in the extension position.
Ruptures of muscles and tendons are among the most severe injuries of the musculoskeletal system. Treatment of these injuries should be carried out in a surgical hospital, with complete ruptures, an urgent operation is necessary, with incomplete ones, conservative treatment.
dislocation - abnormal persistent displacement of the bones in the joints, the articular surfaces cease to touch. With a dislocation, as a rule, the joint capsule, ligaments are torn, and soft tissues are damaged. Dislocations are complete and incomplete (subluxations), in which there is a partial displacement of the articular surfaces.
At the moment of dislocation, the victim experiences severe pain; the limb takes a forced, unnatural position. The shape of the joint changes.
First aid for a dislocation is to ensure that the injured limb is completely immobile with a fixing bandage or splint. The victim must be sent to a medical facility immediately.
An attempt to reduce the dislocation by a coach or comrades is unacceptable, as this can lead to additional injury and complications.
Bone fracture - characterized by a violation of its integrity under the influence of acute mechanical trauma. In a fracture, the surrounding muscles, fascia, nerve endings, and blood vessels are damaged. Fractures are the most severe injuries that put an athlete out of action for a long time. There are fractures complete and incomplete (cracks), open (with damage to the skin) and closed (without damage to the skin), with and without displacement of fragments. If bone fragments are embedded one into another, the fracture is called impacted.
At the time of a bone fracture, a certain characteristic sound is felt, a sharp pain that intensifies when trying to make the slightest movements. Visible swelling due to hemorrhage, curvature or shortening of the limb due to displacement of fragments. Unnatural mobility at the fracture site, accompanied by a crunch. With open fractures, bone fragments, damaging the soft tissues and skin, protrude from the wound.
First aid for closed fractures is the correct immobilization of the limb. This is very important, as it reduces pain, prevents the displacement of fragments, reduces the risk of damage to them by the sharp edges of blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and facilitates the transportation of the victim to the hospital.
For open fractures in addition to immobilization, it is necessary to stop bleeding, lubricate the edges of the wound with a 5% iodine solution and apply a sterile bandage. The patient needs urgent hospitalization.
broken bones mandible - chin strap. Transportation to a medical facility.
Rib fractures - can damage the lungs. Take a large towel, a duvet cover, ask to exhale and tightly wrap the chest, breathe in the stomach, inject an ampoule of novocaine into the fracture site, transport while sitting, secure the fabric with pins.
With a fracture of the pelvic bones the victim should be laid on a hard surface, his legs bent at the knee joints and hips, the hips should be slightly spread apart, a cushion cushion should be placed under the knees, and in this position transported to the hospital.
5.3. First aid for trauma to the nervous system
Most sports injuries of the skull are accompanied by brain damage, which are divided into concussion, brain contusion and brain compression.
Concussion symptomshead brain is loss of consciousness. It can be very short-term (just a few seconds) or last a long time (many hours or even days). Having regained consciousness, the victim complains of heaviness in the head, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, general weakness; at the same time, pallor of the face, cold sweat, sluggish, slow speech are noted, memory loss may be observed, the victim does not remember what happened to him before the injury.
brain contusion - severe damage, destruction of the medulla occurs, hemorrhage, swelling of the brain and pia mater, reflex vascular disorders occur. Symptoms are characteristic of a concussion, but are more pronounced, characterized by focal lesions of the brain in the form of paresis, paralysis, convulsions, sensitivity disorders on the side opposite to the bruise, as well as speech. If the hemorrhage continues for a long time, due to damage to a large vessel, a large hematoma occurs, which compresses the brain.
Atbrain compression there is a constant increase in these symptoms. At the time of injury, the symptoms are similar to those of a concussion, but later headache, nausea, vomiting, stupor occur, which gradually increase and lead to loss of consciousness, paresis of the limbs, bradycardia, respiratory and circulatory disorders appear and increase.
Providing first aid in case of a traumatic brain injury, it is necessary to give the victim a position with a slightly raised head and put cold on his head, give ammonia to sniff. In such cases, urgent hospitalization of the victim is necessary.
Spinal cord injury in athletes it is observed in the form of concussions, bruises, compression, hemorrhages, tears and complete ruptures of the substance of the brain or its membranes.
First aid in case of spinal injuries, it is limited to careful laying of the victim on the shield and transportation to a medical institution. In no case should you plant the victim or allow him to do it himself (due to the danger of pressure on the spinal cord).
5.4. First aid for heat stroke
Athletes receivea large dose of solar radiation duringtraining and performances, and excessive staySun exposure can lead to overheating and heat stroke.
Its symptoms are dizziness, shortness of breath, hearttrembling, intense thirst. Body temperaturemay rise to 38-40°C, may appearvomiting and loss of consciousness.
For first aid for heat strokere needed:
move the victim to a cool place;
remove tight clothing from him;
put cold on his head and chest;
give him a sniff of cotton wool with ammonia spiritvolume;
give the victim salted water orboat tea (75 - 100 ml);
call an ambulance.
If the victim stops breathing,before the arrival of the ambulance,artificial lung ventilation.
5.5. First aid for frostbite
First aid for frostbite isyou can more quickly restore blood circulation in the affected parts of the body. For this, followblows to rub with a clean hand, whitened areaskin to redness and restore sensitivity. Rubbing wool is allowedglove, scarf. The use of snow for racestyranny is inappropriate, as it strengthenscooling of the affected area. Besides,snow can scratch the skin and thusprevent infection. If the skin is in placefrostbite was swollen and took on a red-cyanoticshade, you can not rub it. The victim must be taken to a warm place as soon as possible.displacement and start rendering the first copperQing help. For minor frostbiteface warming and restoration of blood circulationion is achieved by rubbing the affected area with cotton soaked in alcohol (cologne, vodka), and then with a dry woolen cloth until the skin turns red.live. After that, a dry sterilebandage. For frostbite of limbsbaths for feet and hands or a common bath in those15-20 minutes with a gradual increase in topicswater temperature from 20 to 35-37 °С. If not possibleability to use the bath, then an easymassage first with alcohol and thendry way.
5.6. Rescue of the drowning
It is necessary to provide first aid to a drowning person quickly, since death from paralysis of the respiratory center occurs in 4-5 minutes, and cardiac activity can only last for 15 minutes. Swim up to the drowning man from behind, take him by the hair or armpits (then his head will be above the water), turn his face up and swim to the shore, preventing him from grabbing you.
After pulling the victim out of the water, clean the mouth and throat of the drowned person from mucus, silt, sand as soon as possible with a handkerchief or any other clean cloth, and then quickly remove water from his respiratory tract. To do this, turn the victim on his stomach, bending his body over your knee so that his head hangs down, and press on his back several times.
After that, quickly turning the victim face up, give him artificial respiration using the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method and a closed heart massage. In addition, it is necessary, having removed clothes, vigorously rub the skin with a dry towel or clothes to quickly restore blood circulation, while warming the victim by covering him with dry clothes or wrapping him in warm clothes.
If the victim has a pale skin color, then the water has not yet entered his respiratory tract and lungs, and in this case, the listed measures quickly return the person to life. He may start vomiting, be ready to help him cope with this painful condition. If the victim is completely weak, give him some wine or valerian drops to maintain strength.
If the skin is blue, and a foamy liquid is released from the mouth and nose, then the water has already filled the victim's airways and help is unlikely to have any effect.
6. Operational - technical requirements for clothing, footwear,
sports equipment and places for physical culture and sports
Operational and technical requirements forclothes and shoes are dictated by characteristic featuressport and climatic conditionsmi. Clothing and shoes should be light, not tight.to take movements, to protect the body from excessive loss of heat, rain and snow. Sportswear fabric should be breathable andthermally conductive, good at absorbing sweat andlet it evaporate. To the greatest extentmi properties have woolen and cottonsmear fabrics. Sportswear should be wornonly attend training sessions andcompetition. Shoes must matchthe structure of the foot and not be tight. tesshoes lead to deformity of the feet, causescuffs and contributes to the cooling of the extremitiestei. Clothes, shoes and socks should always be clean.
Operational and technical characteristicssports equipment and places for physical activityculture and sports should provide convenience and safety, contribute to the maximumimproving the health of those involved and improvingthem physical development. Gymnastic equipment (crossbar, bars, balance beam, wall, benchka, bridge, etc. should not have in the nodes and consideredgaps, swings, deflections, and parts are fastenedleniya (nuts, screws, hooks, hooks) mustensure reliable connections. sports weightny shells must correspond to the age andgender involved and their physical preparednessness.When placing equipment for conductingfor classes and competitions, it is necessary to provide a safe area around it. hygieneThe evaluation of places of employment includes,First of all, the characteristics of the air environment: temperature, humidity, chemical composition, tothe amount of dust and microorganisms in the air. importantnoe importantprotection, ventilation, heating, and in swimmingswimming pools, moreover, water quality.
Bibliography
1. Basov A.V., Zaporozhchenko V.G. Lifestyle and our health, - Yaroslavl;
2. Belyakov N.T., Yurovsky S.Yu. Diary of self-control for young men. - M.: FK i S.
3. Bulich E.G. Physical education in special medical groups.
4. Burukhin S.F. Gymnastics at school. Tutorial: Yaroslavl publishing house
YaGPU 1996
Volkova T.V., Volkova A.G. Theory and practice of physical culture. - 1978 №3
6. Guzhalovsky A.A. Today and every day. Physical culture and health.
7. Kaplan A.I. Theory and practice of physical culture. - 1975 №1
8. KoltanovskyA. M. General developmental and special exercises. Moscow: FK i S, 1973
9. Korobeinikov Y.K., Mikheev A.A., Physical education. Moscow: FK i S, 1984
10. Cooper A. Aerobics for Have a good mood. - M.: FK i S, 1989
11. V. Kukolevsky G.M. Medical supervision of athletes. - M.; FC and S, 1975
12. Kurpan Yu.I. Theory and practice of physical culture. - 1976 No. 10,
13. Lezhepenkova L.N. What you need to know in the treatment of alcoholism. - Yaroslavl. fourteen.TyurinA. M., Vasichkin V.I. Massage technique. - Leningrad., Medicine, 1986 15. Ivek S.F. YazlovitskyB. C. Physical education of children with a weakenedhealth. - Kyiv., Medicine, 1983
16. Chogovadze A.V., Proshlyakov V.D., Manuk M.G. physical education inrehabilitation of schoolchildrenWith weakened health. -M.: Higher school, 1986, 17. Chogovadze A.V., Krugly M.M. Medical control in physical education andsports. - M.: Medicine, 1977
Introduction
Safety rules for exercise
Injury prevention
Features of hardening
Daily routine and its hygienic assessment
Requirements for clothing and footwear
Specifics of personal hygiene in sports
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
In determining the strategy and tactics for the implementation of the tasks of a health-improving orientation, it is necessary to clearly understand that a successful solution to the problem of the health of the younger generation is possible only if a person, along with the correct and sufficient in terms of volume and intensity of physical activity, will systematically fulfill the remaining six commandments of maintaining health (according to M. Kenlechner): breathe right, drink right, eat right, relax right, take care of yourself right, think right.
Compliance with these or similar principles and rules was also meant by N.A. Semashko, when he argued that in order to improve health, a person should engage in physical culture 24 hours a day.
And for this, he must want to do it, know how to do it correctly, skillfully realize his needs and knowledge in practical activities in the process of self-improvement. The solution of these most important tasks should be the main content of the lessons of physical culture and hygiene.
Specialists in the field of sports medicine pay great attention to the issues of injury prevention, develop new methods of diagnosis and treatment, and promote the development of rehabilitation as an indispensable aid in full recovery from injuries.
Physical activity of a person is the main decisive factor in maintaining and strengthening his health.
In modern society, physical culture and sports have become the subject of general interest and attention. With the help of physical culture, it is possible to exert a certain influence on social production, the formation of a person, and the development of social relations. Physical culture and sports are the most important factor public life helps to use free time rationally.
In order to become stronger, more resilient, more successfully cope with complex motor tasks in professional activity need to exercise.
Safety rules for exercise
General safety requirements:
Students are allowed to attend:
Assigned for health reasons to the main and preparatory medical groups;
Having a sports uniform and shoes that do not restrict movement and correspond to the topic and conditions of the classes.
The student must:
Have short-cut nails;
Enter the gym, take sports equipment and do exercises with the permission of the teacher;
Take care of sports equipment and equipment;
Do not misuse it.
Safety requirements before starting classes
The student must:
Change clothes in the locker room, put on a sports uniform and shoes;
Take off objects that are dangerous for other students (watches, hanging earrings, chains, bracelets, etc.);
Remove piercing and other foreign objects from the pockets of the sports uniform;
With the permission of the teacher, go to the place of the lesson;
At the command of the teacher, stand in line for a common formation.
Safety requirements during classes
The student must:
Listen carefully to the explanations of the exercise and carefully complete the tasks;
Take sports equipment with the permission of the teacher and use the equipment for its intended purpose;
When moving, look ahead, keep a sufficient interval and distance, avoid collisions.
Students cannot:
Leave the classroom without the permission of the teacher;
Push, put footboards;
Chewing gum;
Interfere and distract when explaining tasks and doing exercises;
Perform exercises with wet palms;
Abruptly change the direction of your movement.
Safety requirements at the end of classes
The student must:
Under the guidance of the teacher, remove sports equipment to its storage places
Organized to leave the place of the lesson;
Change clothes in the locker room, take off your tracksuit and sports shoes;
Wash your hands with soap.
Injury prevention
Prevention of childhood injuries is one of the most important tasks modern society. Work on the prevention of injuries, diseases and accidents during physical education is one of the most important tasks of teachers, school directors. However, many cases of organizational, methodological, sanitary and hygienic violations lead students to injuries and poor health.
At present, the share of physical exercises in the structure of free time has significantly increased, especially in the field of sports services of various kinds. In this regard, it is necessary to increase the requirements for compliance with measures to prevent accidents and injuries in physical education classes, trainings and competitions of various ranks.
The main causes of injury:
Organizational shortcomings in the conduct of classes. This is an ill-conceived organization of the lesson, conducting classes in the absence of a teacher, poor discipline and preparedness of the equipment used in the lesson.
Errors in the methodology of the lesson, associated with a violation of the didactic principles of teaching (regularity of classes, a gradual increase in load, sequence), lack of individual approach, insufficient consideration of the state of health, gender and age characteristics, technical and physical preparedness of students (forcing loads).
The cause of injuries is neglect of the preparatory part of the lesson, warm-up, improper training in the technique of physical exercises, lack of insurance, self-insurance, its incorrect use, forcing loads, transferring the means and methods of training athletes to school students. The cause of injuries may be shortcomings in educational planning, which cannot provide full-fledged physical training and continuity in the formation of students' motor skills.
Insufficient logistical support, equipment for classes: poor preparation of places for classes and equipment, poor fastening of shells, lack of staff inventory and equipment, small halls, lack of safety zones, hard surface and uneven tracks.
Unsatisfactory sanitary and hygienic condition of halls, grounds: poor ventilation, insufficient illumination of work places, dustiness, low air and pool water temperature. Unfavorable meteorological conditions: rain, snow, strong wind, etc. Insufficient acclimatization of students.
Low level educational work, violations of discipline, haste, inattention of the teacher and students.
Absence medical control. Admission to competitions without passing a medical examination, non-compliance by the teacher with medical recommendations on the timing of the resumption of classes after illness, on limiting loads, completing groups depending on the degree of preparedness of students.
The causes of injuries, sometimes even fatal, can be admission to physical activity without undergoing a medical examination.
Compliance with all the necessary requirements for the system of sports facilities, the technical condition of sports equipment and equipment, clothing, footwear, etc. will have a positive role in reducing injuries, in raising the level of the educational process in training specialists.
In the list of causes of injury, hypokinesia is especially worth it. Most newborns receive hereditary information on hypokinesia from their parents. Then motor hunger increases (kindergarten, school). When entering school in the lower grades, organized and unorganized activity is reduced by 50%. Any deviations in the state of health in children, and they are inevitable in the physically weakened, can be the cause of injury. Thus, poor posture increases the risk of various injuries and not only the spine, but also the internal organs of the chest (since they occupy an unfavorable position and have a reduced function).
Features of hardening
Hardening is a system of measures aimed at increasing the body's resistance to various environmental influences (cold, heat, solar radiation, lowering atmospheric pressure).
The systematic use of hardening procedures reduces the number of colds by 2-5 times, and in some cases almost completely eliminates them. Hardening helps to increase physical and mental performance, improves blood circulation, increases the tone of the central nervous system, normalizes metabolism, and helps to develop a rational hygienic regimen.
You can start hardening at almost any age, after consulting with your doctor. He will not only check the state of health, but also help determine the form of hardening procedures and their dosage. The following hygienic principles of hardening have been established: regularity requires regular, daily hardening procedures. Long breaks in hardening lead to a weakening or complete loss of acquired protective reactions. Usually, 2-3 weeks after the termination of the procedures, the body's resistance to the hardening factor decreases; gradual and consistent increase in the dosage of procedures. When choosing the dosage and forms of hardening, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of a person (age, state of health, etc.), since the reaction of the body to hardening varies from person to person;
A variety of means and forms provides comprehensive hardening. As a rule, the body's resistance increases only to the stimulus to which it has been repeatedly exposed. So, repeated exposure to cold develops the body's resistance only to cold, repeated exposure to heat, on the contrary, to heat.
That is why it is necessary to use various forms of hardening.
Active mode, i.e. perform any physical exercises during the procedures;
Combination of general and local procedures: local procedures have less effect than general ones. But if you skillfully expose the most sensitive to cooling parts of the body to different temperatures - the feet, throat, neck, you can achieve the effect with local hardening;
Self control. Good sleep, good appetite, improved well-being, increased efficiency, etc. are indicators of the correct hardening and its positive effect. Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite and performance indicate improper hardening. In these cases, it is necessary to consult a doctor and change the form and dosage of the procedures.
Daily routine and its hygienic assessment
A rational daily regime creates optimal conditions for the activity and recovery of the body. It is based on the rhythmic and correct alternation of work and rest and other activities.
The daily regime should be based on the laws of biological rhythms. With a correct and strictly observed daily routine, a certain rhythm of the functioning of the body is developed, as a result of which students can most effectively perform specific types of work at a certain time.
Basic rules for the organization of the daily regime: rise at the same time;
Implementation of UGG and hardening procedures;
Eating at the same time, at least 3 times a day (preferably 4-5 times a day);
Self-study in academic disciplines at the same time;
At least 3 - 5 times a week for 1.5 - 2 hours of physical exercise and sports with optimal physical activity;
Performance in pauses of educational activity (3 - 5 minutes) and physical exercises;
Daily exposure to fresh air (1.5 - 2 hours);
Full sleep (at least 8 hours) with falling asleep and waking up at the same time.
Requirements for clothing and footwear
Clothing protects the body from the adverse effects of the external environment, mechanical damage and pollution. From a hygienic point of view, it should help to adapt to different conditions environment, contribute to the creation of the necessary microclimate, be light and comfortable.
Importance have heat-shielding properties of clothing, as well as its breathability, hygroscopicity, water capacity and other qualities.
The heat-shielding properties of clothing depend on the thermal conductivity of fabrics, which is primarily due to their porosity. In thick and fluffy fabrics, there are many pores between the fibers, where air is retained, which is a poor conductor of heat. Such fabrics have high heat-shielding properties. For example, the porosity of wool and flannel is 92%, cloth - 89%, wool blanket - 88%. Fur is even more porous. Products made of lavsan, nitron, polyvinyl chloride fibers have good heat-shielding properties.
At low air temperatures, several layers in clothes are used to enhance the heat-shielding properties: the more of them, the more air in the clothes, which means that the thermal conductivity is less.
The breathability of the garment provides the necessary ventilation. With insufficient ventilation, health and performance deteriorate. Porous and thick woolen, cloth, knitted fabrics have good air permeability. Items made of lavsan and chlorine pass air well. Items made of dense cotton and linen fabrics, nylon and other synthetic fibers have low air permeability. Fabrics covered with various waterproof materials, as well as rubberized clothing, do not have pores and, therefore, completely exclude air exchange. Such clothing protects well from wind and rain and should be used only in such cases.
Hygroscopicity - the property of fabrics to adsorb vapors from the surrounding air on their surface, absorb sweat and moisture. This is especially important to ensure normal heat transfer. Woolen fabrics and knitwear made from natural fibers have good hygroscopicity. Most synthetic fabrics (nylon, nylon, etc.) are non-hygroscopic.
The water capacity of a fabric characterizes its ability to retain water when wet. Moistening clothes reduces its heat-shielding properties and impairs breathability, as water displaces air from the pores of fabrics. Evaporation from the surface of clothing increases heat transfer. In addition, the heat radiation of wet fabric is about 40% higher than that of dry fabric. The water capacity of wool and knitted linen fabrics is negligible.
The elasticity of tissues has a certain hygienic value. The best in this regard are woolen and cotton fabrics. Synthetic fabrics are less elastic.
Currently, fabrics made from artificial fibers and synthetic materials are widely used in sportswear. Synthetic fabrics are relatively cheap and have a number of valuable properties: lightness, strength, resistance to various influences. The main disadvantages of most of them are low hygroscopicity and the ability to electrify.
Fabrics made of lavsan, nitron, foam rubber in their heat-shielding properties, elasticity and appearance are close to wool, but they are slightly hygroscopic. Products made of kapron and nylon have high strength and elasticity. However, they do not absorb moisture well, and therefore impede the work of sweat and sebaceous glands and can cause skin irritation. Therefore, such fabrics are not recommended for underwear and other clothing that has direct contact with the body. It should be noted that fabrics made of nylon, nylon and viscose transmit ultraviolet rays well.
Hygienic requirements for a certain type of clothing are related to its purpose and the conditions in which it is used (climatic, professional, household, etc.).
Sportswear must have all the above hygienic properties and meet the requirements of the specifics of the occupations and the rules of competitions in various sports. It should be as light as possible and not restrict the movements of the athlete. As a rule, sportswear is made of elastic fabrics with high breathability, which absorb sweat well and contribute to its rapid evaporation.
When practicing summer sports, the clothes of an athlete and an athlete usually consist of a T-shirt, shorts, as well as a cotton or woolen knitted suit. During winter sports, sportswear with high heat-shielding and windproof properties is used. Usually it is cotton underwear, a woolen suit or overalls, and a hat. In strong winds, wear a windproof jacket. Different kinds sportswear made of synthetic fabrics is recommended only for protection against wind, rain, snow, etc. It is unhygienic to use sportswear in everyday life.
The footwear protects feet from cooling and moisture, mechanical damages and pollution. Its shape and dimensions should ensure the correct position of the foot. With prolonged use of narrow and tight shoes, functional and anatomical disorders occur in the foot: the fingers bend, moving towards each other, the foot is deformed, and scuffs and calluses often form. Tight shoes impede blood circulation, which contributes to cooling and increased sweating of the feet.
From a hygienic point of view, shoes should be light, flexible and well ventilated. It is necessary that its heat-shielding and water-resistant properties correspond to weather conditions.
These requirements are best met by footwear made of genuine leather, which has low thermal conductivity, good elasticity and strength, and also has the ability to retain its shape after wetting. The skin has a rather high porosity (up to 42%), which provides air exchange. It does not get wet well because it contains about 4% fat. The various leather substitutes currently used are close to it in terms of their hygienic qualities, but are not equivalent. Rubber shoes have one significant drawback: not letting air through, it causes sweating.
The so-called "inner shoes" are important - socks, stockings. It is necessary that they pass air well, absorb sweat. Socks should always be clean, elastic and soft. It is recommended to invest in any footwear an additional insole. In the warm season, you should wear shoes that provide good air exchange: shoes with slots and holes or a top made of fabric material.
At low air temperatures, to increase the heat-shielding properties of shoes, insoles made of felt or fur are put into it, it is also recommended to wear woolen socks. special winter shoes should only be used during prolonged exposure to fresh air.
Sports shoes should be light, comfortable, durable, protect the foot well from damage and have special adaptations for practicing this sport. Only well-worn and durable shoes should be used in training, competitions and hiking. It is necessary that sports shoes and socks are always clean and dry, otherwise scuffs may occur, and frostbite may occur at low air temperatures.
For winter sports, waterproof shoes with high heat-shielding properties are recommended. Its size should be slightly larger than usual, which makes it possible to use a warm insole, and if necessary, two pairs of socks.
Specifics of personal hygiene in sports
safety sports injuries hygiene
Personal hygiene includes: a rational daily regimen, body and oral care, clothing and footwear hygiene. It is especially important for students, because. strict observance of them promotes health, mental and physical performance and serves as a guarantee of sporting achievements.
Body care. Body hygiene contributes to the proper functioning of the body, improves metabolism, blood circulation, digestion, respiration, development of physical and mental abilities person. The health of a person, his performance, resistance to various diseases depends on the condition of the skin. Body care includes daily skin care for the whole body, hair care, oral and dental care.
Conclusion
Human health is one of the most complex complex problems modern science. It determines the state and well-being of the state as a whole. The health potential is laid in the human gene pool and is inherited, but the fullness of this potential realization is the work of the person himself, since it depends not only on the natural, but also on the social environment. This is an objective component of health, and the subjective one is a healthy lifestyle, which is laid down in the womb, and in childhood, the beginnings of most chronic adult diseases are formed.
The younger generation is dying right before our eyes. According to the All-Russian medical examination of the child population in 2002, over the past decade there has been a decrease in the proportion of healthy children from 46 to 32%, at the same time the number of children with a low proportion has doubled, 16% of the examined children have chronic pathology and disability. Military registration and enlistment offices cannot ensure the drafting of healthy recruits into the army. All troubles begin with kindergarten, where 52% of the so-called "practically healthy children" have various functional abnormalities that have not yet been fixed in the form of a specific disease.
Along with the wide development and improvement of organized forms of physical culture, it is very important for a modern person to independently engage in physical exercises and sports. It is independent studies that ensure compliance with the conditions of human life, selected physical exercises provide: active recreation, elimination of shortcomings in physical development, maintenance and improvement of physical fitness and possession of the necessary skills.
List of used literature
- Bashkirov. VF Prevention of injuries in athletes - M .: Physical culture and sport; M; 1987-176, ill.
- Velitchenko. VK Physical culture without injuries. - M.: Education, 1993-128 p.
- Geselevich.V. A. Trainer's Medical Handbook. Ed. 2nd: - M: Physical culture and sport, 1981-271, ill.
- Laptev A.P. Hygiene of mass sports. - M.: FiS, 1984.
- Polievsky S.A. Hygiene of sportswear and equipment. - M.; Physical culture and sports 1987-96s.
- Safety precautions in physical culture: method, instructions /N. M. Podolyak, A.S. Tretyakov, N. A. Shchepina-Krasnoyarsk: SIBUP, 2009. - 53 p.
- Cherny V.G. Sports without injuries. M.; Physical culture and sport, 1988.
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