Cancer is inherited through the generations. Is cancer hereditary? How is cancer transmitted? Predisposition to cancer
Many people with cancer, as well as their relatives, are interested in the question: is cancer inherited?
Oncologists have come to the conclusion that heredity plays a role in the transmission of predisposition to certain forms of cancer, which, in turn, can be realized in the presence of certain adverse external factors.
Oncological diseases that can be inherited include, as well as some malignant neoplasms nervous system, endocrine glands.
Recent research data confirm that and also has a genetic predisposition.
Definition of predisposition
To identify predisposition to cancer, one should study family history, i.e. medical history in the family. The group of increased risk includes people in whose families there were cases of cancer, namely:If there are 2 or more cases of cancer in the family in people under 50 years old,
- if several family members have similar tumor neoplasms,
- in case of repeated detection of a tumor neoplasm in a relative.
Identification of these signs should cause a certain alertness, but, of course, does not mean the mandatory development of a malignant tumor.
A more informative way to identify a predisposition to oncological pathology is a molecular genetic study. The gene in which the mutation occurs often causes the development of a malignant process. Today, experts know many genetic markers that indicate a predisposition to cancer.
Molecular genetic analysis allows you to identify "defective" genes and calculate the risk of cancer transmission by inheritance. Awareness of a person in this matter makes it possible to carry out prevention, timely detect the disease and conduct therapy, as well as take measures to prevent the transmission of mutated genes to descendants.
Let's take a closer look at some forms of cancer that can be inherited.
hereditary predisposition for breast cancer
The hereditary predisposition of breast cancer is confirmed by numerous scientific studies. Scientists have found that genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for the development of breast cancer. According to statistics, in the case of inheritance of a mutation in these genes, the probability of developing breast cancer during life is about 90%.A woman is at increased risk if she has a blood relative (mother, sister) with breast cancer, especially if the disease developed at a young age (before 40). It is believed that in this case, the risk of developing this pathology in a woman increases by 2 times. High-risk women may be advised to seek specialist genetic counseling. Based on the results of a genetic study, it is possible to understand whether the predisposition to breast cancer associated with the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is inherited.
The discovery of a gene mutation should not be considered a fatal sentence. This fact will make it possible to take comprehensive measures that will ensure early diagnosis, as well as measures that can reduce the risk of developing the disease. The sooner a hereditary predisposition to cancer is detected, the more likely it is to prevent its dangerous, advanced forms.
Heredity in ovarian cancer
With ovarian cancer, heredity is the cause of the disease in 5-10% of cases. Ovarian cancer usually coexists with breast cancer. The same genes - BRCA1, BRCA2 - are responsible for the occurrence of a malignant process in the ovaries.The detection of a tumor in a blood relative (in the case of ovarian cancer - regardless of age) increases the individual risk of developing cancer in a woman by about 2-3 times. The risk is even higher if the disease was found in several close relatives.
For women at risk, genetic analysis can determine the presence or absence of a gene defect.
Detection of a gene defect makes it possible to carry out timely diagnosis and prevent the serious consequences of the disease.
Predisposition to colon cancer
Colon cancer in most cases develops spontaneously, but in 30% of cases it is detected genetic connection. With the hereditary nature of the disease, there is a family adenomatous polyposis of the colon (intestinal polyposis).This disease is considered a benign lesion of the intestine, however, under certain conditions, polyps can degenerate into malignant formations. Studies have shown that virtually all families with intestinal polyposis, without exception, have the APC suppressor gene (adenomatosis polyposis coli).
At risk are people whose families have cases of colon cancer under the age of 50 or intestinal polyposis has been detected in several generations. Individuals at risk for early diagnosis of the disease and timely initiation of treatment are recommended annual colonoscopy.
Heredity and lung cancer
In the presence of close relatives with lung cancer, the probability of the disease, according to various experts, increases by 30-50%. Smoking is an active provoking factor for genetically determined lung cancer. For early control and diagnosis of the disease, fluorography is carried out.To more accurately determine the predisposition to lung cancer, a study can be carried out to detect mutations in the EGFR, KRAS, ALK genes. Even if mutations are found in the genes, the risk of cancer can be reduced by avoiding smoking and polluted rooms.
Prevention of hereditary forms of cancer
To prevent the development of cancer in people whose families have been diagnosed with 2 or more cases of malignant tumors, it is recommended:Conducting genetic counseling and mandatory annual screenings;
The maximum exclusion from the living environment factors. This should be reflected in the choice of place of residence, profession, as well as in the choice of a healthy lifestyle, which involves giving up bad habits (smoking and alcohol abuse), avoiding prolonged exposure to the sun, limiting the diet of smoked meats, fatty foods, etc. .,
Carrying out activities to support and stimulate immunity, incl. pharmacotherapeutic agents.
In some cases, it is advisable to remove the target organ. In most cases, this applies to hereditary forms of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Today it is becoming more widespread (especially in foreign countries) such a preventive measure to combat hereditary breast cancer as a preventive bilateral mastectomy (removal of both mammary glands). In families with ovarian cancer (if it occurs 3 or more times), daughters and sisters of patients upon reaching the age of 35 are offered an operation to remove the ovaries - prophylactic oophorectomy.
Popular cancer clinics and centers
The Institute of Oncology successfully operates at the Israel Medical Center Soroka, where oncologists carry out effective treatment patients suffering from cancer different forms and localizations, providing them high quality life. Particular attention is paid to chemotherapy treatment.International Medical Center "Chongsim" in South Korea pays special attention to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The specialists of the center carry out effective treatment of cancer of the intestines, stomach, kidneys, breast, liver, having developed unique methods of therapy.
Cancer is one of the worst diseases that can happen to anyone. They are called malignant tumors that form in various parts of the body.
How does cancer appear?
Doctors believe that the occurrence of cancer is a combination of internal and external factors. The first means a significant decrease in the level of non-specific immunity that each person has, and the second - the impact harmful substances and resulting genetic mutations.
Cells mutate, their atypical division begins, benign and malignant tumors are formed. The former either do not interfere with a person in any way, or they can be removed without consequences for the body. But malignant tumors are cancer. There are many types of this disease. Some can be cured, some are fatal in the vast majority of cases.
For what reason, an oncological disease can eventually develop, no one knows. The exact answer to this question No. Therefore, many people are concerned about how cancer is transmitted. Is it possible to get infected by contact from a patient? ? No, you can't get cancer by airborne droplets, and yes, there is a risk of getting such genes.
cancer is inherited
For many people, cancer has taken away the closest and dearest. So many innocent children suffer from this terrible disease! You involuntarily ask yourself this question: “What if a newly born child develops this disease, because there were relatives who suffered from oncology?” After all, no one will give an absolute guarantee that this pathology will not be detected in a person.
There are families who are so afraid that their unborn baby will inherit cancer that they refuse to have children at all.
People who were able to overcome a serious illness in themselves, in most cases, do not dare to plan a pregnancy.
Cancer and children
Children's age is characterized by such types of oncological diseases that do not occur in adults, and vice versa.
Scientists believe that the cause of cancer development is the gene component. After many studies, it was determined that in the vast majority of cases, childhood oncological diseases begin to develop even during the prenatal period. They are associated with gene mutations or genetic abnormalities. So far, scientists cannot give an unambiguous answer to the question of how genetic pathologies manifest themselves, but research in this area has been going on for a very long time.
The mutation affects the formation of organs, and the formation of body tissues is also disturbed. The high activity of children's metabolism leads to the rapid development of tumors.
The most common cases in children are hereditary predisposition to two types of cancer: nephroblastoma and retinoblastoma. Quite often the tumor is accompanied by defects of different organs. Sometimes they are multiple.
Future parents can find out what is the likelihood that their child will inherit cancer. Leading geneticists closely involved in the study of this disease have developed a cancer test that will show the percentage probability of transmission of the disease.
The need for genetic counseling
So, is cancer hereditary? Even one case of cancer in the family gives reason to worry about their own health and how it will be in future children. As preventive measures you should lead a healthy lifestyle, as well as regularly undergo examinations.
If cancers of the same type occurred in the family not in one, but in several people, an oncologist and geneticist should be consulted. All family members are at risk. Timely measures taken can prevent the disease. Or regular check-ups will detect cancer at an early stage.
Disease research
Some people seriously think about how cancer is transmitted, and whether they will become infected by communicating with the patient. Such behavior is unreasonable, since oncology cannot be caught by sexual or airborne droplets.
Common factors in the development of tumors are:
- genetic predisposition.
- Carcinogens in some substances.
- Viral infections.
- Stress and nervous tension.
Frequent hereditary neoplasms
Some families have a mutated gene, which leads to cases of a certain type of cancer. The most common types:
- Breast cancer. This type is the most common female cancer. The hereditary mutation of the DBK1 and DBK2 genes gives 95% of the fact that a woman will develop this malignant process. A predisposition to cancer, that is, if direct relatives had such a disease, doubles the risk.
- Ovarian cancer. Until recently, scientists were sure that if the disease was diagnosed in elderly patients, it means that it was not transmitted at the gene level. Not so long ago, German scientists refuted this statement. It does not matter at what age the diagnosis of a malignant tumor was made. Its presence means that the risk of developing the disease in direct relatives doubles.
- Gastric cancer and defeat digestive system. 10% of all types of these diseases are familial. The impetus for the development of the tumor is inflammation of the gastric mucosa and the formation of an ulcer.
- Lungs' cancer. This type of malignant tumor is the most common. Smoking increases the chance of getting the disease, as tobacco smoke provokes cellular mutation. Scientists from England were able to determine that this species tumors also shows a high familial propensity. The impetus for the development of the disease is the patient's smoking. If the disease is detected at an early stage, it can be cured. On last stage This is an inoperable tumor.
- Cancer prostate. This neoplasm is not considered to be inherited, however, if a man has been diagnosed with this disease, the risk of predisposition in direct relatives becomes high.
- Colon cancer. Most often, this neoplasm is independent. Genetic predisposition is noted in 30% of cases when intestinal polyposis is inherited. It can be both benign and malignant tumors. At some point in life, polyps transform and become cancerous.
- Cancer thyroid gland. If a person received radiation exposure in childhood, the development of this type of cancer is highly likely.
Substances that cause tumors
Specialists identify a number of substances that cause genetic mutations in humans. Previously, one substance has already been called - tobacco smoke. Also, neoplasms can develop due to the inhalation of vapors by patients chemical substances in particular asbestos. Air pollution increases the risk of getting cancer.
Highly active radiation leads to cell mutation and, as a result, to the development of cancer.
IN modern society many genetically modified foods are produced. Their frequent use can lead to mutation of body cells and the formation of tumors.
papilloma virus
This type of virus can lead to the development of a disease such as cervical cancer. Scientists have proven a direct connection between them. And here, when asked how cancer is transmitted, it can be confirmed with a small degree of certainty that it can also be transmitted sexually. Papillomavirus infection is picked up in this way. You should not be afraid - the risk of developing the disease is very small, since almost every second person already has this virus.
If many types of cancer occur with a deterioration in general well-being, then this one is asymptomatic. The disease develops after a rapid and significant decrease in immunity. Scientists have developed a vaccine that can prevent this disease, but only those who have not begun sexual activity are allowed to administer it.
Nervous tension can contribute to the formation of cancer. A tumor arises due to a strong inhibition of all the body's defense systems and subsequent physiological mutations.
Cancer genetics
Scientists tirelessly study types of cancer and ways to fight the disease. They are developing ways to identify mutated genes that lead to the development of melanoma, breast, gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancers.
The Institute of Oncology is developing more and more new tests that allow you to identify a tendency to the disease and start treatment. It is likely that in the future it will be possible to determine the risk of developing cancer by a routine blood test.
So far, there are many cases when a person learns about cancer only when he already has an inoperable tumor. All doctors can do is administer chemotherapy to slightly slow the progress of the disease and delay the death of the patient.
Finally
Cancer is a terrible disease, but it is not always a sentence. If the diagnosis is made at an early stage, and the patient undergoes a full course of treatment, there is a high probability of a complete recovery. Medicine does not stand still, scientists are developing new ways of early diagnosis of the disease.
How cancer is transmitted is irrelevant. A genetic predisposition to a disease does not mean that a person will certainly get it. Everyone has cells that, under certain circumstances, become cancerous. Regular examination, a sensitive attitude to one's own health, the right way of life - and the disease will not arise.
Is cancer hereditary?
Cancer is not inherited but only a predisposition to cancer. That is, in addition to predisposition, some other provoking factors are also necessary for cancer to develop. It could be:
- ecology,
- bad living conditions
- wrong lifestyle,
- the presence of other diseases.
However, knowing that relatives have had or have cancer can also be helpful. If, for example, a pregnant woman's mother had breast cancer, she can urgently conduct genetic testing to find out if this mutation was passed on to her. If you sound the alarm early enough, become under the supervision of a mammologist or an oncogeneticist, you can take such measures that no cancer will be terrible. A Is cancer inherited?! Indeed, in all these oncological diseases, the most dangerous thing is a belated diagnosis. Timely treatment can get rid of any disease.
Diagnosis of oncological diseases
In addition, in our time there are options for interrupting the chain of fatal heredity.
Scientists can study germ cells under a microscope, look at genes and chromosomes, distinguish healthy genes from diseased ones, and, as a result, select the healthiest ones from several embryos and implant them in a woman’s uterus.
Unfortunately, not all hereditary diseases can still be interrupted in this way, since it was not possible to identify all the “infected” gene mutations.
At the same time, “by inheritance”, or rather, “neighbourhood”, the similarity of internal and external factors, lifestyle is betrayed. The culture of food, rest, work is transmitted. In cities, people breathe from the same pipe, in similar situations they spit on wounds and scratches, they are in no hurry to see a doctor, and so they suffer from the same diseases, including cancer.
Therefore, most physicians tend to still believe that cancer is not inherited. There is not a single serious study confirming the genetic transmission of cancer. Further suspicions and assumptions business does not go.
For example, in hereditary colon polyposis syndrome, altered chromosomes are inherited at birth, and they are present in every cell of the human body. This form of cancer is called hereditary and it accounts for 1% of the total number of cancer cases.
Is cancer hereditary or can it be contracted?
Good day, doctor. Here's what worries me. My wife was diagnosed with cervical cancer this year, or rather, some kind of precancer, but they said that according to the new standards, this is considered cancer of the zero degree. She underwent surgery and radiation therapy. She is already better, everything seems to be fine, but I'm afraid to go to her, I hope you understand what I mean. We have a 12 year old girl and a 9 year old boy. Everyone is healthy. But my wife's mother had previously died of breast cancer, and it seems that one of the men had some kind of cancer. When she got sick, I read a lot on the Internet and found out that cancer can be due to some kind of virus or be inherited. In general, I'm somehow afraid that she can infect me with cancer, or can our children also have oncology by inheritance? And you can take some tests, somehow find out?
Good! Cervical cancer can be caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). She cannot infect you, because. you don't have a cervix. It is very strange that your wife at the "zero stage" underwent surgery and radiation therapy. This in itself needs to be studied. Breast cancer may have a hereditary predisposition. To do this, do a genetic study. In general, the presence of one type of cancer statistically increases the chance of developing other types in the future and requires a certain “cancer alertness”.
All of these answers are general in nature and each case must be considered individually.
I am not a doctor. But still I can not remain silent) Cancer is not contagious! No way. And viruses (for example, the human papillomavirus (HPV), and even then only two species out of dozens of existing ones, can become one of the conditions for the occurrence of cervical cancer. But! You are a man. And even if you are a carrier of such a virus, cervical cancer does not threaten you, for the sole reason that you do not have a cervix in your body))) HPV does not threaten your children at least until the onset of sexual activity. And cancer itself is not contagious in principle! Please do not stand aside at a time when your spouse needs the support and love of loved ones, including yours.
Victor, can a man be a carrier of the papilloma virus?
the carrier can, from someone the same women become infected.
Oh, Vitya, Vitya. Your wife now needs your attention and support more than ever, the woman has endured such stress, and you are afraid to behave like a man. My wife was operated on for the same reason 25 years ago, but such thoughts have never even crossed my mind in a quarter of a century.
Victor, I'm sorry, but these certain human papillomaviruses only cause cervical cancer, or maybe other types of cancer in men? And how can a woman get infected with them if she had no one but me? About "cancer alertness" and heredity for breast cancer - does this only apply to my wife or children? I am especially worried about the situation with my daughter and son. And how dangerous is it for the son? Do all my children have to undergo genetic testing now? And how dangerous can this virus be for me and children? Can it be cured somehow?
SAlex, I am not aloof from my wife and do everything she needs: I drive to doctors, pay for treatment, buy fruit, bring food to the hospital. But since we did it, I have to think and worry about the health of my children and my own too. If I get sick, who will pick them up? Moreover, I provide for my family before and now. And the kids are the most important thing. Now doctors will help my wife better than me, my role here is direct, but only I can protect us and our children, since my wife is not up to it. Is this virus only dangerous for women? And for men? I looked on the Internet and it says that in men it can cause some types of cancers of the reproductive system. How did she get infected? Written sexually, but she has no one but me and never had, and I'm clean. It’s also possible for a child to become infected from a mother during childbirth (I also read this on Wikipedia), or maybe she got infected from her mother earlier, so now we need to think about children, and it means she could infect me. And it also turns out that there is a hereditary predisposition, and this also needs to be checked with her daughter, then she will have to live with it, get married. Maybe if all the necessary actions are taken now, then for later I will save her from all these misfortunes. And I don’t leave my wife and I don’t refuse her anything.
Valery, that's just not necessary to offend. I behave like a father of children. I don’t know what you and your wife have there, whether you have children or not, and in general what is most important for you, but now it’s important for me to find out everything that I can do to prevent the possibility of this infection in our family in the future. I already wrote above that my wife gets everything she needs, but at the same time I simply have to think about the children, how much this danger threatens them and how to avoid it. And if I worry about myself, it is also for the sake of the children, since I raise and provide for them and no one else. I'll lie down and cover the whole happy family. In the meantime, I'm on my feet and my wife is well and the children, too.
Vitya, well, you can’t be so dense, and, excuse me, fill in your lack of education with Internet knowledge. I am not against self-education, in principle, I myself extract a lot from the Internet. But can be to you it is better to ask all the questions to doctors at internal consultation. And so it turns out - I heard a ringing, but you don’t know where it is. You are too suspicious and look for diseases where there are none. The human papillomavirus (I'm talking about the two types that can provoke cervical cancer) - men are not threatened at all. When they are found in a man, even no treatment is prescribed. I'll tell you more - all other types of HPV are either non-oncogenic or weakly oncogenic. And if papillomas appear on the genitals of a man (in the common people - warts), this does not mean that there will be cancer! Think about the fact that most children and adults have grabbed at least one wart on their hands (or other organs) at least once in their lives. And in what way? Sex?! Viruses "stick" to the body with a weakened immune system, getting into micro-abrasions and other disorders of the skin or mucous membranes. This is what you should have read on the Internet. And do not be prejudiced against your wife, her mother and other cancer patients. Moreover, from the very beginning you wrote that your wife had a precancer! I know what overdiagnosis and overtreatment are in our hospitals. That is why I RUNNED to Israel for the correct diagnosis and making a true diagnosis and getting the treatment I needed (and nothing more!). Giving advice is not a rewarding task, but nevertheless I will advise you to discard emotions, not to try to think like a doctor (you are not good at this), but to turn to good doctors, and if possible Israeli. PS A few years ago, I was also scared terribly in one of the Moscow medical centers with HPV viruses and leukoplakia with cancer, and they even appointed a day for conization. Then, frightened, and like an ostrich, I hid my head - I just didn’t go. And a year later I was examined in another clinic - they told me that my cervix was virginally healthy, there was no HPV, but there was only a slight erosion, which was just erosion. And two years ago, in Moscow, I was offered to remove a tumor in my chest along with my breast. And in Israel, only the tumor was removed, leaving a thin scar of 7 cm on the chest. I posted the history of treatment in Israel earlier in one of the forum topics. I don’t know if you understand me or not, but HPV viruses are not the devil to be afraid of. It is much worse to pick up the hepatitis B virus, for example, somewhere at the dentist or manicurist.
SAlex, you directly wrote my words. But most of all, it seems to me that Victor hides behind children and concern for the family, in fact, he is afraid for his beloved. very selfish and cold-blooded. Just think about these words, I quote: “I do everything that she needs: I drive to doctors, pay for treatment, buy fruit, bring food to the hospital.” We all, absolutely everyone, buy fruit, bring the sick to the hospital to eat, pay for treatment if possible, although as far as I know, they have it in Kazakhstan free programs. All his experiences so that he does not get sick. That's honest. I was somehow jarred by such an attitude towards a loved one. He even missed the words of the doctor that his wife was prescribed completely unnecessary treatment for her diagnosis, he did not ask what his wife needed, that she would be better. He was completely satisfied with the words of the doctors at the place, he is not interested that there is a different opinion, he is generally not interested in knowing about her. Note that in his questions there is not a word about his wife. but only about himself through the children. If he gets sick, the family will be covered. Valery wrote correctly, he does not act like a man.
Valery, everything you write is correct. He doesn't act like a man. He cares about himself, but he won’t even ask or worry about his wife. There are doctors somewhere, they do something, and that's fine. I buy fruit for her and pay for her treatment. Sounds like I'm buying it off as best I can.
Artyom, to be honest, I thought so too. But I didn’t write about it, so that I wouldn’t think that out of female solidarity I’m here standing up for his wife. In fact, he is an ordinary egoist, perhaps thinking of parting with his wife, but only looking for excuses for himself. You see, he piled everything on the altar - fruits, trips to the hospital, looking for ways to deal with such an insidious enemy as HPV. Or maybe just a troll? After all, write something like this in your topic, answer both me and others. Doesn't fit in the head. God forbid you have such a patron in your family. My husband will give me the last piece of bread, if only I was healthy. And he never reproached me with a financial crack in our budget after treatment in Israel. The same defender for me, I was afraid of warts (((((((and being afraid of cancer being healthy is for psychiatrists. I had my own philosophy on this subject while all this was happening to me. So. People die much more often in car accidents than they get cancer, but continue to use cars) you don’t have to think about the bad, you just have to live!
I read you Vitya and am horrified. God forbid to have such a husband. Money? Damn it! Money may run out, it may not be earned, but a human attitude, they say for sure, cannot be bought for any money. It is to live with a person and be needed by him while she is healthy and whole, but it is worth getting sick and she already becomes like a leper. At the most difficult moment and get such a blow in the stomach. Just poof and poof again.
SAlex, he justifies himself, I want to justify myself. Who wants to acknowledge themselves. I don't even want to say that word. Maybe a troll, but you know, I often meet in certain circles a similar consumer attitude towards women. They have a lot of women in the concept. you don’t have to worry about them, one doesn’t suit you, you can replace it with the second, third and according to the list. Are you afraid of cancer? I want to ask, does he smoke? But it is also an oncogene. Do you eat fried potatoes? Vodka or cognac? it is also an oncogene. Yes, they have such an ecology there in Kazakhstan that life becomes oncogenic. And that's right, he probably has a car, and the accident statistics are much higher than the risks of oncology. If it happens that my wife, and I will deduct for her how much I spent on fruits and doctors. Ugh! Can you tell me how is your health?
Artyom, thanks! I feel great. Thank you. I’ll even say more - much better than before;) that is, before I did a mammogram for the first time in Moscow and they told me in a mournful voice that I had carcinoma.
Vitya, you know what I'll tell you? It is generally harmful to live, people die from it, and the mortality rate is 100 percent! Sorry, couldn't resist.
Svetlana, replenishing knowledge from the Internet in the absence of initial knowledge is a very reckless decision. On the Internet, of course, there are many useful information, but still a lot of solid slag. And in order to separate the wheat from the chaff, you need to have an initial knowledge base. And without it, it will only get worse from such replenishment. You can even reach the aliens and the world conspiracy.
Igor, at school we were all taught biology and anatomy. Often people, apart from stamens with pistils, cannot remember, and even then they are not able to distinguish one from the other)))
Svetlana, and we see a vivid example of this. If we were on another forum, I would answer, but here, perhaps, I will not say anything. But we understood each other, I think)
Vitya, no one insults you, you yourself expose your cowardice and even boast of it. And what about “my wife and I there” - our daughter was still a schoolgirl then, and now her grandson goes to school. And then medicine was still not like the current one: both diagnoses then sounded more terrible, and the treatment itself was more difficult. I won’t say that it was easy for me at that time, but it was a hundred times more difficult and anxious for my wife: I was afraid for myself, I worried about my daughter, I understood this and did everything I could for them. And you are an “infection” in the family, eh, I don’t even want to tell you how and what we had. But Vitya, imagine for a moment that the "infection" is not with your wife, but with you (God forbid, of course). And just yesterday you had loving wife, and today she has become only the mother of your children, and you are nothing more than a carrier of the "contagion" for her. What will you feel? Is there a lump in your throat? You can control yourself. And women, Vitya, have a finer mental organization than ours, they feel falsehood more sharply. Eh, what am I explaining to you, you are not a small child, and if you don’t understand, then other people’s words are an empty ring to you.
Valery, but after all, everything was not in vain, and the wife will not leave in a difficult moment, and the daughter and grandson will always be there. Oh, everything would be as men as you and Igor thought and did. I didn’t want to enter into this conversation, and everyone seemed to have spoken, it seems there’s nothing to add, and I understand that Vitya doesn’t blow with his foot, that he doesn’t care about all this, what we are saying to him here and his conscience will not wake up, there is a question whether he has it at all, at least in its infancy. But I'm just wondering, how can you be like this? Well, what kind of selfishness, what kind of hypocrisy is this, huh? Well, a traitor, low and vile. And maybe I, of course, turned down a bit here, maybe I shouldn’t have parted and I shouldn’t have talked about it, but I can’t help it. Maybe there is no place for emotions on this forum, but I really have nothing more than emotions left. What kind of people went like that. Pf. Here she expressed herself and already felt better, felt relieved from the heart.
Vitya, cancer is definitely not contagious. But get tested for HPV 16 and 18. This will not be superfluous at all. My husband developed cancer on the background of HPV 16 Bladder. Naturally, I passed tests for HPV 16 and 18, since in women it provokes the development of cervical cancer. If not, then there is nothing to be afraid of.
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What diseases of the mother are inherited to the child?
Diseases by heredity is one of the strongest fears of parents. Those with poor genetics are especially afraid. But it also happens that heredity has nothing to do with it. Then why are diseases transmitted to children?
Most often, boys receive heredity from their father, and girls from their mother. Of course, there are exceptions, but they are quite rare. The most obvious example of the fact that daughters take the mother's heredity is menstruation.
It turns out that menstruation in girls appears at the age at which they were with their mother. And menstruation in girls can begin at the same time as menstruation in the mother. However, I would like to note a number of other serious diseases that can be transmitted from mother to daughter. Doctors say that very often heart disease is inherited. As it became known from scientists from America, a mother who suffered a heart attack can give birth to a baby with weak heart. Closer to 5-6 years, the child should be enrolled in sports section. This is necessary in order to improve the heartbeat. It is very important to follow and proper nutrition. It is strictly forbidden to use spicy, fatty and salty. And of course no smoking or drinking. alcoholic drinks. Otherwise, the child will have a fairly short life expectancy. Diseases are inherited in 98% of cases. So, you should think about your own health. After all, the health of the baby depends on it. Doctors advise future parents to lead an active and healthy lifestyle from a young age.
Cases have become more frequent when a disease such as migraine is transmitted to girls from their mothers. The cause of this disease can be frequent stress, lack of sleep, overeating, unhealthy lifestyle. Therefore, future mothers are strongly advised to take care of their health in order not to “reward” their baby with this rather serious disease. So, it is necessary to exclude several products from your own diet. For example, chocolate, cheese, coffee, oranges and wine (red wine has a particularly negative effect on the human body). Of course, these products can be consumed, but only in small quantities. And it is desirable for the duration of pregnancy, in general, to refuse them.
Genetic diseases of children have become more frequent since 2008. Doctors, unfortunately, cannot prevent this.
Surely many have heard that girls "get" the figure of their mother. Well, if the daughter is of medium build. It is worse when children are obese, or vice versa - anorexic. In almost 77% of cases, the figure of girls depends on what kind of physique their mother has. Sometimes they even say: "If you want to know what a girl will be like in maturity, look at her mother." Of course, this does not apply to everyone. If you eat right and exercise excess weight does not threaten.
Genetically transmitted diseases can be very different. There are a number of them. I would like to note one more disease, or rather a reaction. Allergies are often passed on to children from their parents. Now almost every second child has an allergy to something. Sometimes an allergic reaction can be detrimental to a person's health. Therefore, pregnant women who have allergies are strongly advised to refuse the food that they took earlier. Of course, allergies can be fluff, wool, specific smells. In this case, you need to be away from such places.
In Russia, doctors have noticed that almost 80% of children have diathesis. Quite often, babies get this disease from their mother. The fact is that throughout the pregnancy, the woman ate a lot of sweets, after which she had a baby with diathesis. It can already be seen when the baby is 2-3 years old. Childhood diseases (chronic) can be absolutely in every born baby.
But such a disease as rheumatism is also not uncommon. It turns out that it can be obtained not only from mom, but also from dad. Children usually have frequent headaches.
From the mother, the child can get a fairly rare disease - leucinosis. This is when a person has urine with a specific smell. It is unrealistic to get rid of it, as well as from other congenital diseases.
Interestingly, even arthritis is a common disease and is also inherited. In truth, the disease is quite serious. And if the baby has arthritis, then throughout his life he will have to lie in the hospital often.
It is believed that all the diseases that the mother had throughout her life are transmitted to the baby in 60% of cases. Therefore, if a pregnant woman has a fatal diagnosis, then it is better to refrain from childbirth.
Childhood chronic diseases are one of the most important problems that experts think about. They are trying to invent drugs and equipment to help cure the disease. But in the next 6-7 years this is unlikely to come into force. So far, everything is only in development. And most likely, there will be innovations. However, the price of such treatment will be set high.
Therefore, doctors advise women to monitor their own health all their lives. However, it also happens that the disease can be transmitted from the 7th-8th generation. And if the baby was found to have dementia, and the mother monitored her health throughout her life, then it is worth looking into the history of the pedigree. Perhaps one of the distant relatives had this disease.
Now knowing that mother's diseases can be transmitted to the baby, pregnant women should carefully monitor their lifestyle throughout the entire period. After all, the fate of the unborn child depends on it.
Is cancer hereditary?
Many people are concerned about the question of whether cancer is a hereditary disease, whether there is a hereditary predisposition to cancer.
Cancer is a fairly common disease. And even if there are several cases of cancer among relatives in the family, it is too early to say that cancer is inherited. Most often this is due to a similar lifestyle, exposure to carcinogens, or simply the accumulation of dangerous mutations during natural aging. However, up to 5% of all cancers are directly related to the presence of a genetic predisposition. Moreover, for certain types of tumors, this figure is much higher.
The main types of cancer that are inherited
Up to 10% of breast tumors, up to 20% of ovarian carcinomas, about 3% of colon and endometrial neoplasms can be attributed to hereditary diseases.
Hereditary tumor syndromes are a group of diseases associated with the transmission from generation to generation of an almost fatal predisposition to a particular type of cancer. At least 1% of healthy people are carriers of pathogenic mutations that increase the risk of developing a malignant disease.
The mechanism of development of tumors in the presence of predisposition
Normally, all body cells are in balance between the processes of cell division and death. Single genetic damage in a cell is almost always compensated by cellular repair systems. Otherwise, any multicellular organism would instantly die from cancer. In addition, each person has two copies of each gene (one from the father, the other from the mother). Even if a person has one cancer mutation inherited from one of the parents, he is absolutely healthy. But this mutation is present in every cell of the body, so for him the road to cancer is shortened, the path from a normal cell to a tumor cell is significantly reduced. Such people have an almost fatal predisposition to cancer, the risks reach up to 70-90%.
These patients are characterized by:
- A burdened family history
- Unusually early age of tumor development
- The presence of primary multiple tumors.
If people usually encounter cancer at the age of 60-65, then in the case of a hereditary cancer syndrome - 20-25 years earlier. An important aspect: young patients, even those who have been successfully cured, have a primary-multiple nature of the disease, i.e. get cancer again after a few years, as there is a genetic predisposition.
The best-known type of hereditary syndrome is hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, which is caused by a BRCA mutation in the gene. The syndrome is called that, and cannot be separated, although the best-known genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are usually associated with breast cancer. It is also called "Angelina Jolie Syndrome".
It is believed that the accumulation of 5-6 mutations in significant genes is necessary for tumor transformation. An imbalance in the process of cell division and death due to genetic damage to individual cells leads to malignant transformation and uncontrolled tumor growth. As a rule, key mutations affect two groups of genes:
- Activate proto-oncogenes - normally, such genes trigger cell division. In the presence of an activating mutation, the cell is "forced" to divide non-stop.
- They inactivate anti-oncogenes - normally, this group of genes controls DNA repair systems and, if necessary, triggers natural cell death - apoptosis. Inactivating mutations of such genes "turn off" the natural systems of repair and maintenance of the stability of the cellular genome.
Diagnosis of hereditary tumor syndromes
In the presence of clinical signs hereditary cancer patients are advised to perform molecular genetic testing for the presence of characteristic genetic lesions. Determining the genetic predisposition to cancer is very important.
Why do you need to know about the presence of a predisposition to cancer?
- The presence of certain genetic disorders requires correction of treatment tactics - the volume of the operation and / or the nature of the prescribed therapy. In addition, in the presence of a predisposition, vigilance is required in the issue of monitoring relapses of the disease.
- If a hereditary mutation is detected, a genetic examination of relatives is recommended to identify healthy carriers of pathogenic variants. Recommendations for the prevention and early detection of oncological diseases have been developed for mutation carriers.
Advances in technology may soon make it possible to conduct genetic screening of the entire population for various syndromes, including hereditary cancer.
A complete analysis of the gene sequence (sequencing) is a difficult and time-consuming task, which today in Russia is performed at a sufficient level only in a few laboratories.
Many people are concerned about the question of whether cancer is a hereditary disease, whether there is a hereditary predisposition to cancer.
Cancer is a fairly common disease. And even if there are several cases of cancer among relatives in the family, it is too early to say that cancer is inherited. Most often this is due to a similar lifestyle, exposure to carcinogens, or simply the accumulation of dangerous mutations during natural aging. However, up to 5% of all cancers are directly related to the presence of a genetic predisposition. Moreover, for certain types of tumors, this figure is much higher.
The main types of cancer that are inherited
Up to 10% of breast tumors, up to 20% of ovarian carcinomas, about 3% of colon and endometrial neoplasms can be attributed to hereditary diseases.
Hereditary tumor syndromes are a group of diseases associated with the transmission from generation to generation of an almost fatal predisposition to a particular type of cancer. At least 1% of healthy people are carriers of pathogenic mutations that increase the risk of developing a malignant disease.
The mechanism of development of tumors in the presence of predisposition
Normally, all body cells are in balance between the processes of cell division and death. Single genetic damage in a cell is almost always compensated by cellular repair systems. Otherwise, any multicellular organism would instantly die from cancer. In addition, each person has two copies of each gene (one from the father, the other from the mother). Even if a person has one cancer mutation inherited from one of the parents, he is absolutely healthy. But this mutation is present in every cell of the body, so for him the road to cancer is shortened, the path from a normal cell to a tumor cell is significantly reduced. Such people have an almost fatal predisposition to cancer, the risks reach up to 70-90%.
These patients are characterized by:
- A burdened family history
- Unusually early age of tumor development
- The presence of primary multiple tumors.
If people usually encounter cancer at the age of 60-65, then in the case of a hereditary cancer syndrome, it is 20-25 years earlier. An important aspect: young patients, even those who have been successfully cured, have a primary-multiple nature of the disease, i.e. get cancer again after a few years, as there is a genetic predisposition.
The best-known type of hereditary syndrome is hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, which is caused by a BRCA mutation in the gene. The syndrome is called that, and cannot be separated, although the best-known genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are usually associated with breast cancer. It is also called "Angelina Jolie Syndrome".
It is believed that the accumulation of 5-6 mutations in significant genes is necessary for tumor transformation. An imbalance in the process of cell division and death due to genetic damage to individual cells leads to malignant transformation and uncontrolled tumor growth. As a rule, key mutations affect two groups of genes:
- Activate proto-oncogenes - normally, such genes trigger cell division. In the presence of an activating mutation, the cell is "forced" to divide non-stop.
- They inactivate anti-oncogenes - normally, this group of genes controls DNA repair systems and, if necessary, triggers natural cell death - apoptosis. Inactivating mutations of such genes "turn off" the natural systems of repair and maintenance of the stability of the cellular genome.
Diagnosis of hereditary tumor syndromes
In the presence of clinical signs of hereditary cancer, patients are recommended to perform molecular genetic testing for the presence of characteristic genetic lesions. Determining the genetic predisposition to cancer is very important.
Why do you need to know about the presence of a predisposition to cancer?
- The presence of certain genetic disorders requires correction of the treatment tactics - the scope of the operation and/or the nature of the prescribed therapy. In addition, in the presence of a predisposition, vigilance is required in the issue of monitoring relapses of the disease.
- If a hereditary mutation is detected, a genetic examination of relatives is recommended to identify healthy carriers of pathogenic variants. Recommendations for the prevention and early detection of oncological diseases have been developed for mutation carriers.
Advances in technology may soon make it possible to conduct genetic screening of the entire population for various syndromes, including hereditary cancer.
A complete analysis of the gene sequence (sequencing) is a difficult and time-consuming task, which today in Russia is performed at a sufficient level only in a few laboratories.
People still know very little about cancer, and therefore there is a lot of speculation that it is a hereditary disease. If you want to know more about cancer, then seek the advice of doctors, not friends or acquaintances. What happens to the body of a cancer patient? Cancer is abnormal growths on tissues. A malignant tumor has the ability to spread to all organs. Cancer cells, breaking away from such a tumor, are implanted in other parts of the body, thereby forming new cancerous foci. Cancer can affect any part of the body, any organ. The growth of cancer cells is an intensive process, and therefore it is very difficult to stop the spread of such cells. Usually, middle-aged and elderly people suffer from cancer most often, but, unfortunately, sometimes this terrible disease also affects the young. But not all peoples of the world suffer from the same cancers. So, the Japanese are 2 times more likely than Europeans to suffer from stomach cancer. And now we will try to answer the question of whether cancer is a hereditary disease. It may happen that a child inherits from his parents the type of skin that is predisposed to the occurrence of cancer, but this does not mean at all that the disease itself was transmitted to the child. You can inherit a predisposition to cancer, but in order for cancer to develop, certain stimuli are also necessary, factors that cause abnormal cell growth. The chances that a hereditary predisposition to cancer will develop into a disease increase if this disease manifests itself in any generation both on the mother's side and on the father's side. Let's say, some relative on the mother's side suffered from stomach cancer, and on the father's side - breast cancer. It must be remembered that the hereditary predisposition to cancer does not always end in cancer. It’s just that people in whose families this disease has manifested should regularly undergo preventive examinations by doctors in order to identify the earliest symptoms of a precancerous condition if something happens.
and it is mostly hereditary
Certainly. It's mostly all in the genes. Although m.b. and other nature - radiation or viruses, for example.
No. Cancer is the disease of unforgiven betrayal.
Predisposition to cancer is inherited. But it is “turned on” by a combination of many unfavorable factors (malnutrition, improper work and rest regimen, stress, intoxication, and many others). Everyone dies of cancer, only some don't live to see it! (Dr. Chervonenko A.E.)
There are too many reasons - heredity is just one of them
CANCER AND HEREDITY
HEREDITY IN CANCER
Cancer and heredity, this topic worries many people who know about cancer in one of their relatives. Modern scientific research has found that most oncological diseases do not belong to hereditary cancer, but are most often the result of the transition of precancerous diseases into it.
Genetically transmitted only hereditary predisposition to cancer.
However, there are also hereditary types of cancer. According to various data, from 7% to 10% of cases of malignant tumors are due to heredity.
The most common hereditary forms of cancer are: breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer,
melanoma, acute leukemia (see ↓) . The same category of cancer, but with a lesser degree of inheritance, includes neuroblastomas, tumors of the endocrine glands, and kidney cancer (see ↓).
The most important role, both in the process of the appearance of precancerous diseases, and in the process of the implementation of hereditary forms of cancer, is played by a complex of congenital morphological, psychological and functional features of a person, called the "biological constitution".
The human constitution is expressed in certain forms his physique, the color of his eyes, skin and hair, psycho-emotional organization and the characteristic reactions of the body to various kinds of influences. At the same time, any constitution has its own "weak links", manifested in the increased vulnerability of certain tissues and their readiness for certain types of pathological changes - "diathesis".
Various types of diathesis are always accompanied by congenital weaknesses of certain organs.
These three genetic components: constitution, diathesis and organ weakness determine hereditary predisposition to cancer.
About the definition of the individual constitution, the type of diathesis and the congenital organ weakness that is present (i.e., probable target organs against the background of an existing hereditary burden for cancer), becomes possible using a highly sensitive biological method of examination on the irises of the eyes.
PREVENTION OF HEREDITARY CANCER
An active cancer prevention strategy includes the prevention of hereditary cancer. Carrying hereditary burdens for various types cancer does not mean 100% chance of developing the disease. At the same time, the discovery of a genetic predisposition to certain types of cancer has raised many difficult questions.
So, for example, the most unpleasant moment is that the carriage of gene predispositions that carry a tendency to cancer does not manifest itself in any way until the onset of a tumor. That is, today it is impossible to know in advance which of the family members predisposed to hereditary cancer will develop a tumor disease, and who can live in peace. For this reason, all members of such families should automatically be included in the high-risk group.
But the problem is not only this. Even in the case of 100% genetic confirmation of the risk of a particular type of hereditary cancer in a particular person, the choice of preventive measures is extremely complex and very limited, especially when it comes to still practically healthy people-carriers.
At the same time, the necessity and benefits of performing overly cardinal interventions, such as, for example, prophylactic removal of the mammary glands, are always very doubtful.
At the same time, mere observation (even by an oncologist) in cases of family predisposition to cancer is not an active prevention of cancer, but rather a passive expectation of its occurrence. In addition, today
Oncology does not have reliable means for the prevention of hereditary cancer.
In this regard, of great interest is the method of using autonosodes available in homeopathy, acting on the principle of classical autovaccines.
Thanks to this method, it is possible to carry out a deep biological sanitation of the body.
with the strengthening of the constitution and diathesis with existing organ weaknesses, as well as significantly reduce the activity of internal oncogenic factors.
HEREDITARY CANCER
The alertness of a doctor and a patient with heredity aggravated by one or another oncological disease, as well as general knowledge about the first signs of cancer, allow effective measures for active cancer prevention to be carried out.
Breast cancer is the most common tumor in women.
Breast tumors in close relatives (grandmother, mother, aunts, sisters) indicate hereditary character. If one of the listed relatives had breast cancer, then the risk of getting sick doubles. If two people get sick
from close relatives, the risk of getting sick exceeds the average by five times. The likelihood of the disease is especially increased if the diagnosis of breast cancer was made to one of the listed relatives who have not reached the age of 50 years.
Ovarian cancer accounts for about 3% of all malignant tumors that occur
among women. If the closest relatives (mother, sisters, daughters) had cases of ovarian cancer, or several cases of the disease occurred in the same family (grandmother, aunt, niece, granddaughter), then there is a high probability that ovarian cancer is hereditary in this family . If first-line relatives were diagnosed with ovarian cancer, then the individual risk of a woman from this family is on average
three times the average risk of developing ovarian cancer. The risk increases even more if the tumor has been diagnosed in several close relatives.
Gastric cancer About 10% of stomach cancers have a family history.
The hereditary nature of the disease is determined on the basis of detection of cases of stomach cancer in several members of the same family. It was noted that stomach cancer is more common in men, as well as in family members with II blood group. A textbook example is the family of Napoleon Bonaparte, in which stomach cancer arose in himself and,
at least eight close relatives.
Lung cancer is the most common cancer among men and the second most common among women. Smoking is generally considered the most common cause of lung cancer. However, as scientists from the University of Oxford found out, the tendency to smoke and the tendency to lung cancer are inherited “linked”. For this group of people, the intensity of smoking is especially important, as their likelihood of developing lung cancer remains consistently high even if they try to minimize the number of cigarettes. To avoid the unfortunate consequences for health, it is necessary complete failure from smoking.
Kidney cancer often develops as an accidental event. Only 5% of kidney cancers develop
against the background of hereditary predisposition, while men get sick twice as often as women. If immediate family members (parents, siblings, or children) have developed kidney cancer, or if there have been multiple cases of kidney cancer among all family members (including grandparents, uncles, aunts, nephews, cousins, and grandchildren) , that is, the likelihood that this is a hereditary form of the disease. This is especially likely if the tumor has developed
under the age of 50, or both kidneys are affected.
Prostate cancer in most cases is not inherited. Hereditary prostate cancer is highly likely when the tumor naturally occurs from generation to generation, when three or more first-degree relatives (father, son, brother, nephew, uncle, grandfather) were ill, when the disease occurs in relatives at a relatively young age ( under 55 years of age). The risk of prostate cancer increases even more if several family members are sick at the same time. Family cases of this disease develop as a result of the combined action of hereditary factors and the influence of certain environmental factors, behavioral habits.
Colon cancer Most cases of colon cancer (about 60%) develop as a random event. Hereditary cases account for about 30%.
A high risk of developing colon cancer exists if close relatives (parents, brothers, sisters, children) have had cases of colon or rectal cancer, or if there have been several cases of the disease in the same line in the family (grandfather, grandmother, uncles, aunts, grandchildren, cousins or sisters).
Men have a slightly higher risk than women. The likelihood of this increases even more if among the cases there were people under 50 years of age.
In addition, familial intestinal polyposis is a cause of colon cancer. At the time of their occurrence, polyps are benign (that is, non-cancerous), but the probability of their malignancy (malignancy) approaches 100% if they are not treated on time. In most of these patients, polyps are diagnosed
aged, but can be found even in adolescents.
Among other things, family members who are carriers of even "attenuated" (weakened) polyposis, which is characterized by a small number of polyps, are also at risk for the development of tumors of other localizations: stomach, small intestine, pancreas and thyroid gland, as well as liver tumors.
Thyroid cancer There are reports of hereditary forms of thyroid cancer, which include from 20 to 30% of cases of medullary cancer of this organ.
In rare cases, the inheritance of this disease can be discussed with papillary
and follicular forms of thyroid cancer.
Based on data from epidemiological studies, it turned out that a hereditary predisposition and a high risk of developing thyroid cancer may occur more often in people who have been exposed to radiation in childhood.
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Myths and truth about cancer: is the disease inherited?
What do we know about cancer? This disease, which on the one hand is treated, and on the other hand, can be fatal. Out of fear and ignorance.
Maria Pirogova, a clinical oncologist at the Scientific and Practical Center for Modern Surgery and Oncology, as the head of the inpatient department, and a mammologist, will talk about cancer and methods of its treatment.
"AiF": - Cancer is inherited?
Maria Pirogova: - The concept of "hereditary predisposition" has an extremely broad meaning. In essence, we can talk about the presence of a hereditary predisposition to any known pathological process. Another thing is important - how pronounced this predisposition is, what is the risk of its implementation. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between a high and a low degree of hereditary predisposition to various pathological processes, including the development of malignant neoplasms. To the great regret of oncologists, the clinical manifestations of cancer occur in the late stages of the disease, when the tumor in its size exceeds 3 or more centimeters, begins to grow into neighboring organs, bleed, disintegrate ...
In the early stages, cancer does not manifest itself in any way and can only be detected during a routine examination or dispensary examination. Therefore, if your relatives had cancer, in terms of preventing the development of malignant diseases, in addition to the mandatory annual dispensary examinations for all, I recommend the following:
If possible, form an anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic lifestyle with the maximum possible exclusion of environmental carcinogenic effects (selection of a profession, place of residence, smoking cessation, strong alcoholic drinks, smoked meats, very hot food, exclusion of prolonged exposure to the sun);
Mandatory are measures to stimulate the immune system, including pharmacotherapeutic agents;
The appointment of drugs with an immunosuppressive effect should be carried out only for health reasons;
Sometimes removal of the target organ is recommended. First of all, this applies to familial forms of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. So, if a woman from a “cancer family” develops breast cancer in premenopause, it is recommended to remove both mammary glands. In families with ovarian cancer with the so-called "family accumulation" (three or more cases), daughters and sisters of patients who have reached the age of 35 are offered prophylactic oophorectomy.
Ointments, tinctures, psychology
"AiF": - What do you think about psychoneuroimmunology and its impact on the treatment of cancer?
MP: - I deal exclusively with officially recognized, traditional, clinically tested methods of cancer treatment. Which consist of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical treatment. Psychoneuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary science, its methods used in the treatment of oncological pathology, and their results are unknown to me.
"AiF": - Can herbal tinctures help with oncology? Why are doctors against such treatment?
MP: - Herbal settings cannot cure oncology. The mechanism of drug treatment of malignant diseases is quite complex and diverse, so herbal medicine is powerless in this. Do not fall for the bait of magicians and charlatans, do not waste precious time.
Herbal treatment with traditional ways treatment of oncological pathology can help relieve the severity of any symptoms: for example, improve sleep, appetite, increase diuresis, etc.
"AiF": - Is it possible to remove papillomas on the eyelids, and if possible, then with what? Are there ointments for removing papillomas?
MP: - There are no ointments for removing papillomas. There are many ways surgical treatment Key words: cryodestruction, laser removal, electrocoagulation. These are methods that minimize the effects of removal, such as scarring. If such a problem is relevant, you should consult a dermatologist to determine the nature of the process, and possible systemic effects to prevent the appearance of new formations.
Business on fear
AiF: - Do you agree that oncology is turning into a very profitable business in our country, based on the fear of death?
MP: - It is well known that our state provides free treatment of oncological and hematological diseases, provides numerous social benefits. Unfortunately, without having the necessary information, we do not use additional chances and privileges. Everyone should be aware of their rights and the possibilities of their protection, legal and social issues that accompany the process of long-term treatment, return to work, disability registration.
hereditary stomach cancer
The designation of the genetic nature of cancer is reliably confirmed by modern research. DNA mutations are known to be the main cause of oncology. Mutating cells are able to clone and multiply uncontrollably. The most common cancers in Russia are tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. One of them is hereditary stomach cancer.
In order to own security- everyone should be familiar with the causes, symptoms and basic rules for the prevention of the disease. This is the only way to completely cure or prevent the development of a dangerous disease.
Is stomach cancer hereditary?
Stomach cancer (SC) is inherited in 4 out of 10 patients. Until the 1980s, stomach cancer was in first place in the structure of cancer incidence in Russia. Recently, statistics have been declining. Despite the decrease in the number of patients, the disease remains one of the most important problems of medicine. Gastric cancer ranks second, second only to lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women. Men tend to form in the stomach 2 times more often than the opposite sex.
Hereditary causes of stomach cancer
World medicine and specialists in the field of genetics have not yet determined the exact cause of the heredity of cancerous tumors in the stomach. It is reliably known that cancer begins its development due to a change in the structure of DNA. Cells mutate, continue to grow and multiply, forming a malignant tumor.
Since the true causes of gene mutations are unknown, numerous studies have given doctors the opportunity to isolate only the alleged factors that affect the development of cancer. Of these, the most basic:
- Floor. Men suffer from this disease more often than women. The reasons have not been established.
- Age. Older people are more likely to get cancer. Patients between 55 and 70 years of age are at risk.
- Improper nutrition. For lovers of spicy, salty foods, the risk of oncology increases by 2 times. The same applies to receivers of smoked meats, pickles, dishes with a lot of seasonings and spices.
- Smoking. Every smoker uncontrollably swallows a small amount of smoke that enters the stomach. Tobacco oils can destroy the mucous membrane of the digestive organs. Damaged mucosa has a predisposition to cell mutation, that is, to the development of a tumor.
- Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Patients with diseases of the stomach, such as ulcers or gastritis, are 2 times more likely to develop the disease.
- Other oncological diseases. The likelihood of a gastric tumor increases if the patient has previously had other formations. In women, it is cancer of the breast, cervix, or ovaries. In men, colon, prostate, or bladder cancer.
Another hereditary factor is blood type. Since it is passed down from parents, this fact is also considered a genetic predisposition. People with the first blood group and positive Rh - suffer from stomach cancer more often than the owners of other blood types.
What are hereditary forms of stomach cancer?
Depending on the macroscopic picture, there are such forms of hereditary stomach cancer:
Most often, polypoid cancer begins with adenomatous polyps that have not been previously diagnosed.
The tumor is saucer-shaped. It does not affect the submucosal layer, does not have a pronounced clinical picture and therefore difficult to diagnose.
This form of cancer is the most tricky. Often, it is found only in the later stages, since the tumor is similar to an ulcer on the wall of the stomach.
It has the shape of a cauliflower. The growth of this type of tumor is directed into the lumen of the digestive organ.
This type of formation grows inside the gastric wall, so it is difficult to detect.
This type of cancer rapidly metastasizes, therefore it is considered the most dangerous. The entire thickness of the walls of the stomach is affected, on top of which ulcerative growths develop. In most cases, this form is a subsequent stage of the saucer-shaped and diffuse forms.
Depending on the symptoms, inherited gastric cancer is divided into the following forms:
- Painful (the main symptom is severe pain).
- Dyspeptic (manifested by bloating and heaviness in the abdomen, nausea and aversion to food).
- Feverish (has no other symptoms except high temperature body (up to 40 degrees)).
- Anemia (dramatically decreases body weight).
- Hemorrhagic (due to premature destruction of the tumor, gastric bleeding occurs).
A few years ago, geneticists established another form of hereditary stomach cancer - intestinal. Tumors of this form are detected with mutations that originally caused breast or ovarian cancer. The risk of disease with a mutation of such a gene is 60%.
How common is hereditary stomach cancer and who is at risk?
In 2002, about 46 thousand cases of this type of cancer were registered in Russia. Approximately half of the people out of this number, the disease was due to hereditary factors. Diagnosis of formation in the stomach is a rather complicated process, since often the tumor does not make itself felt for a long time. The most important thing in this case is to detect cancer in time.
In order to study the heredity of stomach cancer, each oncology clinic maintains separate statistics. According to its results, it is known that the disease is transmitted only from the closest relatives. For example, from a mother or father to children, or from a grandmother or grandfather to grandchildren. Heredity in the third generation is very rare.
How is hereditary stomach cancer diagnosed today?
Upon detection slightest symptoms diseases of the stomach, it is recommended to visit a medical facility. After the examination, the doctor can give a referral for testing and instrumental methods of examination:
A gastroscope is inserted through the throat into the patient's stomach. During the procedure, the doctor has the opportunity to see the walls of the organs on the monitor screen. This type of diagnosis is affordable and effective.
This examination is a set of measures aimed at diagnosing cancerous tumors at an early stage. Most often, screening is suitable for patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases.
For biopsy analysis, a small amount of tissue is taken from the site of the suspected malignancy. Then laboratory tests are carried out.
X-ray makes it possible to determine the location of the tumor and its size. Also - view the outlines, which allows you to set the stage and extent of the lesion.
In some cases, for example, during repeated studies, other types of diagnostics may be prescribed: computed tomography, endoscopy or laparoscopy.
What is a genetic test for stomach cancer?
Genetic analysis for oncology of the stomach is given in order to identify clones of the mutating gene. To do this, the patient needs to donate venous blood. This procedure should be carried out on an empty stomach or 8 hours after a meal. Mutations in the MLH1 and CDH1 genes are considered the main signs of the development of a hereditary disease.
The results of the analysis make it possible to diagnose the disease at an early stage. This contributes to successful treatment and (almost always) complete recovery.
What to do if the tests confirmed a predisposition to hereditary cancer?
The detection of mutating genes does not give a 100% chance of cancer, but it allows you to take the necessary measures in time. A patient with suspected cancer needs constant monitoring by an oncologist. And the task of a specialist is to develop an individual method of treatment and prevention of tumor development. In this position, the patient must strictly adhere to the recommendations of doctors, follow all instructions for diet and medication. According to statistics, about 95% of patients who consulted a doctor on time and underwent proper treatment get rid of gastric cancer completely and lead a full life.
What is the tactics of observation of healthy carriers of hereditary mutations?
In clinical genetics, there are many approaches to the observation of carriers of gene mutations. Each patient has his own method of testing and diagnostics. It depends on age, gender and general condition human health. The main rule for such people is the mandatory annual passage of computer diagnostics.
Periodic examinations are carried out in order to maintain statistics of carriers of the pathological genotype. All information about such patients is kept confidential due to legal, moral and ethical aspects.
The main concern for a carrier of oncology is the birth of a child. This also applies to families in which at least one parent has a risk of transmitting the disease to their offspring. Modern technologies allow to determine the presence or absence of a mutation already in the first stages of pregnancy. To do this, the mother needs to undergo an ultrasound test and donate blood. The results of the analyzes are most likely true.
For carriers of this disease, there is special diet, as well as drugs against the activation of the mutating process. All these recommendations for each patient are assigned by the oncologist individually.
conclusions
Despite the difficulties in diagnosing and identifying gene mutations, hereditary stomach cancer is not a sentence. The possibilities of modern medicine make it possible to detect an ailment at the earliest stages of development. Most importantly, if you have the slightest symptoms, contact a specialist and undergo an examination. High-quality treatment makes it possible not only to improve the condition of the patient, but also to completely cure the disease.
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The information on this site is provided for informational purposes only! It is not recommended to use the described methods and recipes for the treatment of cancer on your own and without consulting a doctor!
Is cancer hereditary?
Today, cancer is considered one of the most dangerous diseases, which annually claims thousands and thousands of lives. People still know very little about cancer, and therefore there is a lot of speculation that it is a hereditary disease. If you want to know more about cancer, then seek advice from doctors, not friends or acquaintances.
What happens to the body of a cancer patient? Cancer is abnormal growths on tissues. A malignant tumor has the ability to spread to all organs. Cancer cells, breaking away from such a tumor, are implanted in other parts of the body, thereby forming new cancerous foci. Cancer can affect any part of the body, any organ. The growth of cancer cells is an intensive process, and therefore it is very difficult to stop the spread of such cells.
Cancer usually affects middle-aged and elderly people most often, but, unfortunately, sometimes this terrible disease also affects the young. But not all peoples of the world suffer from the same cancers. Thus, the Japanese are 2 times more likely than Europeans to suffer from stomach cancer.
And now we will try to answer the question of whether cancer is a hereditary disease. It may happen that a child inherits from his parents the type of skin that is predisposed to the occurrence of cancer, but this does not mean at all that the disease itself was transmitted to the child. You can inherit a predisposition to cancer, but in order for cancer to develop,
certain stimuli are also needed, factors that cause abnormal cell growth.
The chances that a hereditary predisposition to cancer will develop into a disease increase if the disease manifests itself in any generation, both on the mother's side and on the father's side. Let's say a relative on the mother's side suffered from stomach cancer, and on the father's side - breast cancer.
It must be remembered that not always hereditary predisposition to cancer ends in cancer. It’s just that people in whose families this disease has manifested should regularly undergo preventive examinations by doctors in order to identify the earliest symptoms of a precancerous condition if something happens.
Cancer is a hereditary disease
and much more about how to lead a healthy lifestyle
hereditary cancer
Osip Karmachevsky, 19.8.2008-MED PORTAL
Question 1. Why is cancer called cancer?
Question 2. How do malignant tumors differ from benign ones?
Question 3. Is it possible to get cancer?
Question 4. Can cancer be inherited?
Answer. There is no direct hereditary transmission of cancer. However, the predisposition to certain types of cancer can be inherited, and for different tumors, heredity has a different meaning. So, some genetic features greatly increase the risk of breast cancer in relatives of a sick woman, although it can appear without them. And tumors, such as liver cancer, are much more dependent on external influences. In any case, the dependence of the development of cancer on heredity is a probability, not a direct transmission.
Question 5. Can I get a cancer vaccine?
Question 6. Can cancer be cured or is it always fatal?
* the stage of the disease at which the diagnosis was made (if the tumor is small in size, located within the same organ and has no metastases, the chances of its complete removal are very high);
* accuracy of diagnosis and correct selection of treatment;
* the possibilities of the institution where the therapy is carried out (availability of necessary equipment, sufficient qualification of specialists)
* and some others.
Question 7. How to detect cancer at an early stage?
NO JUST SPEAKING. But shouting loudly about energy information security. It’s not customary to talk about energies today. But this is still today.
And today, for the average person, my opinion is aura. Energy and security measures as information for sober reflection. I prefer to work on eliminating such problems of energy correction of the biofield
You can argue or cooperate. The choice is yours.
No one has yet been cured of poisons, those who have undergone chemo do not help.
What is a "malignant tumor"?
Its main feature is going beyond the territory intended for a given tissue. If the tumor grows into the underlying tissue, then they talk about invasion (implementation). Invasion is the first sign of a malignant tumor.
If tumor cells break away from the main focus, are carried by lymph and blood throughout the body, settle in other, distant organs (usually in the lymph nodes, liver, lungs) and form secondary, distant foci of tumor growth there, then they speak of metastasis, that is, spread tumor process in the body. Especially dangerous are micrometastases, the smallest foci of tumor growth, which often cannot be seen or surgically removed. Micrometastases can only be overtaken by anticancer drugs.
The next sign of a malignant tumor is the autonomy of growth, that is, its uncontrollability by the body. The autonomy of the tumor is manifested in the unlimitedness of its growth. The tumor does not feel the volume of the tissue to which it belongs, its mass is not limited by anything. Autonomy also manifests itself in independence from the surrounding tissues. Surrounding tissues stop the growth of neighboring tissues if they go beyond the boundaries of their territory. Malignant tumors do not feel these influences, at least not to the right degree. They invade foreign territories (invasion), and most importantly, they are able to grow in a foreign environment. Moreover, it is essential that the cells, breaking away from the tumor, can grow separately from it in an alien microenvironment. The ability to metastasize is not so much the ability to detach and spread, but rather to grow in foreign territories, in an alien microenvironment. Metastases are what makes a tumor truly malignant.
The next essential property of a malignant tumor is the immortality of its cells. Normal cells are mortal, their life cycle includes programmed death - apoptosis. Tumor cells do not know the limit for reproduction either in the body or outside it - they are immortal.
A very important and obligatory sign of a malignant tumor is its monoclonal nature. A malignant tumor develops from a single genetically modified cell. In this sense, it is a clone, that is, the offspring of genetically homogeneous cells that have arisen from one cell. Of course, in a series of generations, mutations arise in the tumor that give rise to new, secondary clones that create genetic heterogeneity within the tumor, but this is secondary heterogeneity. Initially, a tumor is a clone of cells that has arisen from one transformed, that is, turned into a malignant cell.
What are the causes of a malignant tumor.
There are many theories of cancer development (hereditary, chemical, viral, chromosomal, etc.), but all of them, in essence, reflect only different aspects of a single process. To date, it is unambiguously known and proven that any living cell contains proto-oncogenes (special polypeptide substances), which, under certain conditions, turn into an active form - oncogenes. But oncogenes are already building a blast, malignant version of the cell, which gives rise to tumor growth. There are a great many factors contributing to the transition of the proto-oncogene into the active form. Traditionally, among the causes of malignant neoplasms, carcinogenic substances, tumor-bearing viruses and radiation are distinguished.
Is there a hereditary predisposition to the development of a malignant tumor?
At present, there is no doubt that malignant neoplasms are based on damage to the genetic apparatus in the germinal (sex) and somatic cells, making these cells sensitive to the effects of carcinogenic environmental factors that can trigger the process of malignancy (malignant transformation). Depending on whether the initial mutation occurred in a sexual or somatic cell, cancer can be hereditary or non-hereditary.
Solving the problem of identifying hereditary variants of malignant neoplasms, studying their genetic heterogeneity and identifying individuals predisposed to the occurrence of these diseases is currently associated with modern genetics designed to integrate the theoretical and applied achievements of medicine and biology, ultimately directing them to the development of a preventive direction in oncology. Hereditary forms of malignant neoplasms are found in almost all tumor localizations and on average account for 5-15% of all cancer cases. In some neoplasias (embryonic tumors in children), the proportion of hereditary variants reaches 30-40%. The hereditary nature of cancer is most studied in such malignant neoplasms as colorectal cancer, cancer of the female reproductive system (breast cancer, ovarian cancer), medullary thyroid cancer (MCC), etc.
What are the criteria for distinguishing a hereditary form of cancer?
Back in 1984, based on a study of extensive pedigrees, sometimes including more than 100 relatives, criteria were proposed for the selection of "hereditary" cancer, which is characterized by:
- the fact of family accumulation;
- "vertical" transmission of the disease;
- early age of onset;
- bilateral or multifocal lesions, specific tumor associations.
The fact of family accumulation (3 or more affected relatives) and the early age of onset of the disease are cardinal features of all hereditary cancers.
However, a higher risk of the disease among family members is not always evidence that it is due to genetic factors. Family accumulation (aggregation) may be the result of not genetic, but environmental factors (the nature and characteristics of nutrition), physical factors (pollution with toxic substances, industrial waste, background radiation, bad habits). Therefore, it must be understood that "familial" cancer does not always mean "hereditary" cancer. It is easier to assess the possible impact on the development of malignant diseases in the family of common environmental factors. To do this, an analysis is made of the frequency of the disease among blood relatives of the family, who for some reason live separately from childhood, and, therefore, were not influenced by the same factors. Conversely, the frequency of the disease is compared among blood relatives and adopted children and parents who live in the same conditions and are influenced by the same factors.
Hereditary cancer of the female reproductive system (breast and ovarian cancer). What is the tactic?
It is now well established that 5-18% of breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) are hereditary variants, the development of which is associated with an initial mutation in germ cells with subsequent genetic events in the somatic cells of the mammary glands and ovaries. Thus, the predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer in such families is inherited.
A significant achievement in the field of studying hereditary forms of breast cancer and OC was the discovery of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, a mutation in one of which gives a high risk of developing breast cancer and OC. Currently, more than 300 different mutations have been described, localized in different regions of these genes, which give a very high risk of disease.
The risk of developing breast cancer and/or OC in women carriers of BRCA1 gene mutations is 87% for breast cancer and 44-87% for OC. In carriers of BRCA2 mutations, the risk of developing OC is significantly lower and equal to 20%, and the highest risk of developing this disease is observed in women aged 40-49 years and in families where the accumulation of OC is associated with breast cancer. Facts have been obtained indicating that the risk of developing OC in carriers of BRCA gene mutations is significantly increased with in large numbers pregnancies and childbirth and decreases with increasing age at first birth.
The hereditary form of breast cancer is characterized by localization only in the area of the mammary gland and often appears as a primary multiplicity of lesions (the presence of several tumor foci). In women who have had breast cancer, the risk of developing second breast cancer is increased by 5 times. In patients with breast cancer from hereditarily burdened families, the frequency of bilateral lesions of the mammary glands is 3 times higher. In addition, in some families with hereditary breast cancer, certain tumors are somewhat more common than one might expect - these are cancers of the ovaries, endometrium, and colon.
It is assumed that a hereditary factor may be the cause of the development of OC and occurs in approximately 10% of patients with this pathology. Genetic studies have shown that the relative risk of developing OC is 2-20 times higher for women with a hereditary history of the disease. The degree of risk depends on the number of relatives affected by OC of the first degree of kinship. Most often, the hereditary form of OC is combined with breast carcinoma, less often it is a manifestation of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer.
In the system of prevention of hereditary forms of breast cancer and OC, a very important task is to identify individuals at high genetic risk of developing cancer, their dynamic monitoring and provision of timely preventive care. The main goal of monitoring risk groups is early diagnosis of the disease and early initiation of its treatment. To do this, it is recommended, starting from 25-35 years, every 6-12 months, consultations with a gynecologist and a mammologist, mammography, intravaginal ultrasound, determination of the tumor marker CA-125. Tactics of management and recommendations in the presence of mutations in the BRCA genes depend on the woman’s risk group.
According to D. McKay, the high-risk group is families in which mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are determined with a high degree of probability. Moderate risk group - women with a high risk of developing breast cancer due to the presence of this form of malignant neoplasm in their immediate family. Low-risk group - women who, despite the presence of cases of breast cancer among their relatives, the risk of developing this disease has increased insignificantly.
If a mutation is found in a patient with breast cancer, next of kin should be invited for genetic testing. Once a mutation has been identified in the patient's family, family members from the female line are invited for a consultation with a cancer geneticist. This interview discusses the technical issues of genetic testing. If a mutation is found in a patient with breast cancer, the probability of finding a similar mutation in healthy family members is very high.
If a BRCA1 mutation is detected in a healthy family member, the following recommendations can be made: a screening program, experimental chemoprophylaxis, and preventive surgery discussed today. It is also necessary to discuss the possibility of the absence of a mutation in the BRCA1 gene. If a healthy family member of a patient with a BRCA1 mutation does not have such a mutation, then the risk of developing breast cancer or ovarian cancer is similar to that observed in this population. Therefore, additional screening measures do not make sense.
Thus, genetic testing is a two-step process. At the first stage, a gene mutation is identified in a patient with breast cancer, at the second stage, genetic testing is offered to healthy family members. Since different clinics use different criteria, it is clear that it is useful to adopt agreed criteria for selecting candidates for genetic testing.
Obviously, genetic testing will only be useful to a very limited number of people. Criteria for increased (3 times the general population) and moderate risk of developing breast cancer before they reach the age of 50 are defined below.
Criteria for a high risk of developing hereditary breast cancer:
1. Families with a history of breast and/or ovarian cancer in 4 or more family members at any age.
2. Families in which 3 close relatives developed breast cancer before the age of 40.
3. Families with 3 members under the age of 60 with breast and/or ovarian cancer.
4. Families with breast and ovarian cancer in one of the relatives
Criteria for moderate risk of developing hereditary breast cancer:
1. A first-degree woman developed breast cancer before the age of 40.
2. A second-degree relative on the paternal side developed breast cancer at the age of less than 40 years.
3. A first-degree relative has bilateral breast cancer under the age of 60.
4. Two female relatives of the first or second degree have breast cancer under the age of 60 or ovarian cancer at any age.
5. A relative of the first or second degree has breast and ovarian cancer at any age.
6. Three first- or second-degree relatives have breast or ovarian cancer at any age.
7. A first-degree male relative has breast cancer at any age.
1. Younger than 30 years old - mammography is not indicated.
2. At the age of 30-34 years - mammography is not indicated unless a family member is diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of less than 39 years; in this case, mammography should start at age 5 younger than age diagnosis.
3. At the age of 35-49 years - annual mammography.
4. At the age of 50 years and older - every 18 months.
Criteria for moderate risk of developing hereditary ovarian cancer:
1. Two first-degree relatives with a history of ovarian cancer.
2. One first-degree relative diagnosed with ovarian cancer and one first-degree relative diagnosed with breast cancer under 50 years of age.
3. One first-degree relative diagnosed with ovarian cancer and two first-degree and/or second-degree relatives diagnosed with breast cancer under 60 years of age.
4. The presence of a mutation in the gene responsible for the occurrence of inherited ovarian cancer.
5. Three first- and/or second-degree relatives diagnosed with colon cancer and one case of ovarian cancer.
Women aged 25-64 years with a moderate risk of ovarian cancer are recommended to have an annual examination with ultrasound and determination of the tumor marker CA-125 in the blood.
Hereditary colon cancer.
It is believed that 15-20% of cases of colon cancer are genetically determined, and the remaining 75-80% are caused by environmental factors. The risk of developing colorectal cancer is closely correlated with family history. First-degree relatives of colon cancer patients develop cancer about 10 years earlier. The risk gradually increases depending on the number of affected family members, the severity of the clinical picture (presence of multiple malignant diseases) and the age at which neoplasia manifests in them.
Table 1
Hereditary colon cancer includes two fairly well-described forms: hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer and hereditary colon cancer (RCC), which developed against the background of familial adenomatous polyposis. Many other families that also have familial accumulation of RTCs and/or adenomas, but no clear correspondence with hereditary syndromes, are grouped into the familial colorectal cancer group.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndromeIand type II is the most pronounced form of hereditary RTK, which accounts for about 5-10% of all forms of colorectal cancer. It is believed that the cause of HNKRR is a mutation of one of the genes localized on chromosomes 2 and 3 (hMSH2, hMSH1, hPMS1, hPMS2).
Criteria for the NNKRR include:
1) the presence in the family of at least 3 first-degree relatives with a morphologically verified diagnosis of RTK;
2) consecutive defeat of two generations;
3) at least one of the affected family members should have been diagnosed with colorectal cancer before the age of 50 years.
The HNKRC syndrome is characterized by early tumor development (mean age 45 years), a tendency to damage the right colon (> 70% of cases), and the development of multiple malignant neoplasms (Lynch type I syndrome). Some families may have an increased risk of developing other cancers. These include cancer of the endometrium, breast, ovaries, stomach, small intestine, upper urinary tract (Lynch syndrome type II).
Hereditary colorectal cancer against the background of familial adenomatosis of the colon. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) of the large intestine accounts for about 1% of all cases of malignant tumors of the large intestine. The syndrome was described in 1880. Patients with FAP are carriers of a mutation in the APC gene. FAP is characterized by multiple adenomatous intestinal polyps (in some cases, their number is measured in the thousands). Polyps appear in early age(as a rule, up to 40 years) and are localized in the area of the transition of the large intestine to the rectum. The risk of developing malignant tumors in these patients is 18 times higher than in the general population. If patients are not treated, malignant transformation of adenomas is inevitable. Of clinical interest is not only the number of adenomas in the colon, their localization, but also extraintestinal manifestations (tumors of soft tissues, bones, thyroid cancer, less common tumors of the small intestine, brain, liver). The risk of developing these tumors is much lower, but this should be remembered when screening relatives of patients.
There are several distinct syndromes characterized by adenomatosis of the gastrointestinal tract and the appearance of soft tissue and bone tumors, brain tumors.
Gardner's syndrome is a hereditary disease with a classic clinical triad: colonic adenomatosis, skin fibromas, and epidermoid cysts. Bone anomalies (osteomas of the skull, bone and cartilage exostoses), abnormal bite are often found. It should be noted that extraintestinal manifestations are highly variable and may develop before the onset of adenomatosis. The probability of malignancy of adenomas in this syndrome is about 100%.
Turco's syndrome (possibly a variant of Gardner's syndrome) is a rare hereditary syndrome that is manifested by a combination of adenomatosis with brain tumors.
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome - characterized by multiple adenomas that affect all parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Extraintestinal manifestations - pigmentation of the mucous membrane of the lips, oral cavity, as well as the palms, soles and perianal region.
The familial cancer syndrome (Li-Fraumeni) includes at least 6 forms of tumors, which differs from the previously described genetically inherited syndromes, characterized by a certain organ specificity.
What is the screening and timely treatment of patients with Lynch syndrome and FAP?
To date, the main approach for the organization and functioning of the system of genetic prevention of hereditary forms of colon cancer is the screening of relatives of patients and active dynamic medical examination of persons with a high risk of developing cancer.
At the first stage of screening, clinical criteria are used: family accumulation of colorectal cancer and/or colon adenomas, presence of relatives with polyneoplasia and other malignant neoplasms (endometrial, ovarian, breast cancer) in the family. Due to the fact that colon cancer and other malignant neoplasms occur at an earlier age (up to 40-45 years) in HLRCR than similar sporadic tumors, screening in these families should begin at the age of 20 years. Given the predominance of cancer in HNCRC of the right colon, the method of choice for screening should be colonoscopy (endoscopic examination of the intestine) once every 2 years. Patients are tested for mutations in one of the hMSH2 and hMSH1 genes. If a mutation of these genes is detected in patients, healthy relatives are subjected to similar testing, followed by the formation of risk groups and active dispensary monitoring of them.
With Lynch II syndrome, timely diagnosis of the disease in women involves an annual ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs with diagnostic curettage of the uterus (due to a high risk of endometrial cancer) at the age of 30 to 65 years. For ovarian cancer screening, the possibilities of ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs, Doppler analysis of blood flow, and determination of the level of the tumor marker antigen CA-125 are used. This screening for ovarian cancer is also done annually for women older than 30 to 65 years old.
Close relatives (first degree) of patients with FAP should be under constant medical supervision from the age of 10-12 years.
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are associated with cancer. Are there any data on the hereditary nature of these inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)? The etiopathogenesis of these IBD is unclear. However, the role of genetic factors cannot be ruled out. Numerous observations indicate family character Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. There is evidence that healthy relatives of these patients are characterized by functional or immunological disorders, including increased intestinal permeability, disorders of the immune system.
Undoubtedly importance have factors environment and psychological factors, their impact on predisposed to the development of the disease.
Medullary thyroid cancer.
Hereditary medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is the main integral part syndromes of multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa, which includes a predisposition to thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma; and type IIb, which, in addition to a predisposition to thyroid cancer and pheochromocytoma, includes numerous mucosal neuromas. The frequency of hereditary forms of this pathology is 25%, which was confirmed using molecular genetic analysis, including the detection of mutations in the RET oncogene. On the basis of the data obtained, the possibility of carrying out prophylactic removal of the thyroid gland, which will serve to prevent the development of cancer of this localization in the described syndromes, has been shown.
What is the role of genetic factors in Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)? The role of genetic factors in the etiology of HD and NHL is not fully understood. Isolated cases of high incidence of HD, NHL and their combination in individual families are known.
Purtillo's X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome has been described - this is a specific variant of NHL that affects boys at a very early age (the gene is located on the X chromosome).
What is tumor-associated genodermatoses? What are the types of genodermatoses? Tumor-associated genodermatosis is a specific skin stigma associated with a malignant tumor (skin, brain, bone, or internal organs) and inherited according to the laws of genetics. There are at least 50 different hereditary tumor-associated genodermatoses known, including:
1. FAMMM syndrome is characterized by the presence of numerous atypical moles, as well as malignant melanoma of the skin. In some variants of the syndrome, intraocular melanoma and pancreatic cancer are also observed.
2. Multiple hamartoma (Cowden) syndrome includes the following skin anomalies: dome-shaped or flattened papules, warts, punctate keratoderma of the palms, multiple angiomas and lipomas, papules on the gums and palate, and a "scrotal" tongue. These patients have a very high risk of breast carcinoma (including the bilateral form of the disease) and papillary thyroid cancer.
3. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is characterized by multiple pigmented lesions on the lips, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, periorbital region and fingers. Patients also have multiple intestinal polyps, which may show signs of adenomas. Such patients have a risk (albeit small) of developing adenocarcinomas of the large and small intestines (duodenum 12). With this disease
tumors from ovarian cells also occur.
4. Patients with xeroderma pigmentosa (XP) have extremely high skin sensitivity to sunlight. Already in the first years of life, wrinkles form in open areas of the skin; this condition is characterized by rapid processes of epithelial degeneration leading to the formation of wrinkles, telangiectasias, keratoses, papillomas and, in some cases, carcinomas and melanomas. Photophobia, lacrimation and keratitis contribute to corneal clouding.
Thus, on the basis of molecular diagnostics in oncology, it became possible to raise the issue of early (preclinical) diagnosis and prevention of hereditary malignant neoplasms based on the organization of specialized medical genetic counseling, which consists of the following steps:
- genetic screening (detection and registration of families burdened with malignant neoplasms);
- genetic counseling (identification of the genetic diagnosis and prognosis of the disease);
- formation of genetic risk groups (early diagnosis and prevention of cancer).
Testing of cancer predisposition genes in clinically healthy relatives of cancer patients will be of great importance, since such an approach will completely change the tactics of medical genetic counseling, the main task of which will be to identify individuals carrying oncopathological genes predisposing to the development of specific forms of tumors.