What kind of surgery. Types of surgical operations. Diagnostics and treatment of surgical diseases
Surgery (Greek cheirurgía, from chéir - hand and érgon - action, work)
a field of medicine that studies diseases, the main method of treatment of which is surgery, and develops techniques, methods and techniques for performing operations. From the narrowly practical "manual action" modern chiropractic has developed, which is the leading scientific clinical discipline along with therapy (See Therapy), which requires the surgeon not only to master the technique of the operation, but also general biological and medical knowledge that substantiates the methods used to treat the patient. T. n. surgical diseases do not represent a strictly defined range of disease processes; According to the growth of scientific knowledge, the boundaries of this concept change. For example, until the end of the 19th century. medicine did not know the surgical treatment of appendicitis and this disease was attributed to the field of therapy; in modern medical practice, acute appendicitis is treated only surgically, and the disease is referred to as surgical. Until the middle of the 20th century. heart disease was studied and treated only by general practitioners. In the 2nd half of the 20th century. Cardiovascular heart disease develops rapidly and is involved in the study and surgical treatment of heart defects, heart aneurysms, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction. The successes of modern surgery are associated with the achievements of natural science and technology, with the development of anesthesiology (See Anesthesiology), resuscitation (See Resuscitation), blood transfusiology (See Hemotransfusiology), which made it possible to apply surgical methods of treatment for diseases of hard-to-reach and vital organs (heart, lungs). , great vessels, brain and spinal cord). History of surgery. Kh. along with therapy and obstetrics belongs to the most ancient medical specialties. Archaeological finds and ancient manuscripts indicate that there were attempts at surgical treatment as early as the Stone Age; in Egypt for 2-3 thousand years BC. e. used bloodletting, reduction of dislocations, C-section, removal of stones from Bladder; in ancient india practiced rhinoplasty with the help of skin flap(the skin of the forehead was used). Ancient Greek medicine of the era of Hippocrates and left writings on Kh., which describe trepanation of the skull, punctures of cavities, treatment of fractures, and other surgical interventions and many surgical instruments. In the work of Celsus, in particular, a description of amputation with stopping bleeding, ligation of large vessels is given; in the 2nd century Ancient Roman doctor Antillus performed an operation on vascular aneurysm, left work on the treatment of fistulas, stone crushing. Medieval medicine, following religious dogmas, ordered to avoid the shedding of blood and forbade studying anatomy on corpses. This led to the opposition of medicine, which was practiced by "learned" doctors, and medicine, which passed into the hands of barbers and bath attendants, became a craft. During the Renaissance, the scientific foundation for the development of surgery was the progress in anatomy associated with the works of Vesalius (See Vesalius), Fallopius (See Fallopius), and Eustachius (See Eustachius). The appearance of firearms also played a certain role, which led to the mass destruction during periods of war and increased the need for wound treatment. Pare, one of the founders of scientific chiropractic, developed the technique of amputations, the doctrine of dressings, and the treatment of gunshot wounds. His contemporary, the French surgeon P. Franke, improved the technique of inguinal hernia repair, lithotomy. In addition to them, a special role in the formation of X was played in the 16th century. B. Maggi (Italy) and F. Wurtz (Switzerland), in the 17th-18th centuries. - V. Fabricius (Germany), J. Hunter (Great Britain), A. Scarpa (Italy). In 1731, the Academy of Surgeons was founded in Paris, which was given (1743) the same rights as the medical faculty of the University of Paris. H. formally established itself as a medical profession. In Russia, surgical care was initially provided by healers and "bone-setters". In the 15-16 centuries. foreign surgeons appeared at the court of the Moscow Grand Duke. In the 17th century the troops had regimental doctors, barbers and "ore guns" who performed bloodletting and applied bandages. In 1707, at the direction of Peter I, a hospital school was opened at the Moscow General Hospital, where X. was taught along with anatomy. In 1733 similar schools were organized in St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. In 1806, I. F. Bush's First Russian Surgical Clinic was opened in St. Petersburg. He wrote a manual on chiropractic in Russian and founded a surgical school (I. V. Buyalsky and other well-known surgeons). The heyday of H. in the 19th century. contributed to the introduction of anesthesia and asepsis into surgical practice (See Asepsis), which made it possible to solve two main problems that hindered development. H., despite the well-developed operational technique: anesthesia of operations and protection of the wound from subsequent suppuration. This happened in just 2 decades. In 1846, ether anesthesia was proposed (W. Morton); a year later, instead of ether vapor, chloroform vapor was used as a narcotic (J. Simpson). In 1867, J. Lister, proposing to fight microorganisms penetrating the wound with a solution of carbolic acid, laid the foundation for antiseptics (See Antiseptics). At the end of the 19th century it was replaced by asepsis, which aims at the preliminary (before the operation) destruction of microorganisms and their spores by physical agents (boiling linen and tools in water, steam sterilization, etc.). The discovery of X-rays allowed medicine in the 20th century. explore deeply located organs and tissues and significantly improved diagnostics in H.; this was also facilitated by the development of endoscopy (See Endoscopy), which made it possible to examine the urinary tract, rectum, esophagus, etc. In the 19th century Ch.'s successes in France are associated with the names of D. Larrey, G. Dupuytren, and J. Lisfranc (1790–1847), and others. -intestinal tract. English surgeons developed mainly the technique of ligation of large arterial trunks, herniotomy, operations on bones and joints (E. Cooper, 1768-1841, J. Paget, 1814-99, etc.). In the last quarter of the 19th century The leading role in the development of H. passes to Germany and Austria. The founders of German scientific chiropractic were B. Langenbeck, after whom many operations were named, and T. Billroth, the founder of gastric surgery. Their students and followers were Swiss surgeon T. Kocher, German surgeons F. Esmarch (1823-1908), E. Bergman (1836-1907), F. Trendelenburg (1844-1924), I. Mikulich (1850-1905), A Vir (1861-1949) and others. By the middle of the 19th century. the flourishing of the activities of the Russian surgeon and anatomist N. I. Pirogov, the founder of topographic anatomy (See. Topographic anatomy) (basics of rational operating) and modern military field surgery (See. Military field surgery), a pioneer of the mass use of anesthesia in Russia and antiseptics, a prominent representative of the anatomical and physiological trend in X. The further development of X. in Russia is associated with the names of N. V. Sklifosovsky (See Sklifosovsky), A. A. Bobrov a, P. I. Dyakonov a, N. A. Velyaminov and etc. To the same period (late 19th and early 20th centuries) began the rapid development of chiropractic in the United States, associated with the high technical equipment of large surgical institutions (such as the Mayo Clinic in Rochester). The works of H. W. Cushing and J. Crile (1864-1943) and other American surgeons gained worldwide fame. Modern surgery. The processes of distinguishing narrower disciplines and the simultaneous integration of related areas of various disciplines, which are characteristic of modern medicine, with the formation of complex sections that study pathology, methods of diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases of certain organs and systems (see, for example, Cardiology), transformed X. Even in the middle 19th century the separation from X. sections began, which turned into independent medical disciplines (Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Urology, Orthopedics and Traumatology). In the 20th century Oncology stood out. The process of further differentiation and specialization, due to the emergence special methods examination and treatment, in the middle of the 20th century. led to registration in an independent scientific section of proctology (See Proctology); the isolation of the pulmonary (see Pulmonology) and vascular H. continues. Since the beginning of the 20th century. the desire of surgeons not only to remove the affected organs, but also to restore them is embodied in the spread plastic surgery aimed at eliminating congenital and acquired defects (see Plastic surgery). X.'s progress is largely determined by the development of the doctrine of blood transfusion, methods of dealing with shock, and the use of antibiotics. The heyday of chiropractic in the USSR, which was outlined as early as the first decade after the October Socialist Revolution of 1917, is associated with the activities of S. P. Fedorov, who created a school of surgeons and left fundamental works on biliary and urinary tract chiropractic; P. A. Herzen and N. N. Petrov, who laid the foundations of oncology in the USSR; I. I. Grekova, I. I. Dzhanelidze, V. S. Levit, A. V. Martynova, A. G. Savinykh, S. I. Spasokukotsky, V. N. Shamov, S. S. Yudin, who contributed a major contribution to the development of abdominal and urgent H.; N. N. Burdenko, V. A. Oppel, who contributed to the development of Soviet neurosurgery, surgical endocrinology and military field surgery; A. V. Vishnevsky, who developed the doctrine of local anesthesia, and many other surgeons. See also TSB Volume 24, Book II - "USSR", section Medical Sciences. Particular success in the 2nd half of the 20th century. reached cardiosurgery based on the achievements of modern anesthesiology, the use of heart-lung machines and body cooling (hypothermia). A great contribution to the development of this scientific section was made by R. Brock, H. Sutter (Great Britain), C. Bailey, M. de Becky, A. Blalock, D. Cooley, D. Harken (USA), P. Valdoni, A. Dogliotti (Italy), K. Craford (Sweden) and many others; in the USSR - N. M. Amosov, A. N. Bakulev, V. I. Burakovsky, A. A. Vishnevsky, P. A. Kupriyanov, E. N. Meshalkin, B. V. Petrovsky and others. Achievements physiology and immunology allowed surgeons in the 60s-70s. to carry out successful transplantations of kidneys (in the USSR - B.V. Petrovsky and others), heart, liver, and lay the foundations of transplantation (see Transplantation). The first successful human-to-human heart transplant was performed in 1967 by C. Barnard (South Africa). Promising joint Soviet-American experiments to create an artificial heart. X. teaching is carried out at the departments of X. of medical institutes and faculties (in the USSR, in addition, at the departments of topographic anatomy and operational X.); further specialization and training of surgeons is carried out in surgical clinics (in the USSR, including in institutes for advanced training of doctors) and departments of large hospitals. Centers for scientific research on chiropractic - large surgical clinics, research institutes for various branches of chiropractic (in the USSR - the Institute of Clinical and Experimental Chiropractic and the A. V. Vishnevsky Institute of Chiropractic in Moscow; institutes of emergency care in Moscow, Leningrad, the Institute of Clinical and Experimental H. in Kyiv and the Institute of General and Emergency H. in Kharkov, etc.). The first Russian Society of Surgeons was founded in 1873 in Moscow. The first congress of Russian surgeons took place in 1900; starting from the 22nd congress (1932) they were called all-Union; The 29th congress took place in 1974 in Kyiv. Since 1953, the All-Union Society of Surgeons has been a member of the International Society of Surgeons (founded in 1902), which holds international congresses every two years (24th congress in Moscow, 1971). General surgical journals are published in the USSR: Khirurgiya (since 1925), Vestnik Khirurgii im. I. I. Grekov” (L., since 1855), “Clinical Surgery” (K., since 1921); abroad - "Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica" (Stockh., since 1869), "Zentralblatt für Chirurgie" (Lpz., since 1874), "American Journal of Surgery" (N. Y., since 1890), "British Journal of Surgery" (Bristol , from 1913), "Archives of Surgery" (Chi, from 1920). see also articles on individual surgical disciplines (eg Neurosurgery). Lit.: Oppel V. A., History of Russian surgery, Vologda, 1923; Meyer-Steineg T., Zudgof K., History of Medicine, trans. from German., M. - L., 1925; Razumovsky V. I., Historical sketch of the development of Russian surgery, in the book: Guide to Practical Surgery, t. 1, L. - M., 1936; Zabludovsky A.M., The state of surgery in the West in the first half of the 19th century, Bulletin of Surgery. Grekov. 1937, v. 50, book. 133-134, v. 51, book. 135; Kolesov V. I., Pages from the history of domestic surgery, M., 1953; Multivolume guide to surgery, ed. B. V. Petrovsky, vol. 1-12, M., 1959-68; Geselevich A. M., Smirnov E. I., Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov. Scientific and biographical essay, M., 1960; Zabludovsky P. E., History of domestic medicine, part 1-2, M., 1960-71; Yudin S. S., Reflections of a surgeon, M., 1968; Pods V.I., General Surgery, 3rd ed., M., 1972: Bankoff G., The story of surgery, L., 1947; Traité de technique chirurgicale, 2nd ed., v. 1-8, P., 1952-61; Marcus E., Zimmerman L. M., Principles of surgical practice, N. Y., 1960; Schmitt W., Fundamentals of Surgery, Lpz., 1962; Chirurgische Operationslehre, 8 Ausg., Bd 1-6, Lpz., 1969-76. B. S. Rozanov, A. G. Kissin. Surgery, veterinary develops methods of diagnostics, treatment, prevention of surgical diseases, first of all connected with traumatization of page - x. animals. How academic discipline veterinary X. in the USSR includes sections: general and particular X., ophthalmology (eye diseases), orthopedics (diseases of the hooves and shoeing of animals), operational X. with topographic anatomy. Integral part Until 1945, veterinary veterinary surgery was veterinary field surgery. Surgical veterinary care in the USSR is based on strict consideration of the economic feasibility of treatment. Therefore, the main task of veterinary H. is to restore at minimal cost and in a short time the reduced or lost productivity of agricultural crops. animals. M. A. Maltsev, L. S. Sapozhnikov, B. M. Olivkov, I. D. Medvedev, and other Sov. veterinary surgeons have developed and put into practice a number of new methods of economically useful operations on page - x. animals; questions of anesthesiology, features of the wound process in different animal species, operations on limbs, organs of the reproductive, digestive, and other systems of the body are being studied. Research work on veterinary science is focused on the relevant departments of veterinary medicine. educational institutions; This work is coordinated by the Veterinary Department of VASKhNIL. Veterinary chemistry is taught at veterinary universities and technical schools. I. I. Magda.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Synonyms:See what "Surgery" is in other dictionaries:
SURGERY- (from Greek cheir hand and ergon action). The original meaning of the word X., “handwork”, indicated that X. was understood as a purely practical, branch of healing, medical methods which were made by hands or tools. From… … Big medical encyclopedia
- (Greek cheirurgia, from cheir hand, and ergon work, labor). A branch of medicine dealing with the treatment of certain injuries and external diseases in general, by means of various operations on the damaged parts of the body, or by medical means. Dictionary… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- (Greek cheirurgia from cheir hand and ergon work), a branch of medicine and veterinary medicine that studies diseases, the main method of treatment of which is surgery (bloody, that is, associated with dissection and excision of tissues, and bloodless reduction of dislocation, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Orthopraxy, desmurgy Dictionary of Russian synonyms. surgery n., number of synonyms: 21 anaplasty (1) ... Synonym dictionary
Surgery- (Greek cheirurgia, from cheir hand and ergon work), a branch of medicine and veterinary medicine that studies diseases, the main method of treatment of which is surgery (bloody, i.e. associated with dissection and excision of tissues, and bloodless, for example, reduction ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Have you ever wondered what role a doctor plays in the life of each of us? After all, when we turn to medical institutions, we hand over our lives to the people who work there. There are times when it is simply impossible to save a person's life without the surgical intervention of a surgeon. The profession of a surgeon gives people a second life. But despite this, there are also a considerable number of shortcomings of this activity.
A bit of history
The word "surgeon" is of Greek origin and means "work of the hands". A surgeon is a specialist who has undergone specialized training aimed at studying the theoretical part and implementing practical activities regarding the identification of disease or injuries and their treatment by surgical intervention.
Surgery as a craft has been known to people since ancient times. As long as a person has existed, various diseases have taken place for so long. And, of course, the self-preservation reflex calls not to put up with ailments, but to overcome them in various ways, including the method of penetrating into the inner part of the human body. Initially, the level of such interventions was far from modern. The first operation in today's sense of the term dates back to the 16th century. During this period, there were no surgeons as such, and people who performed surgical interventions were called barbers. But if one more or less learned how to treat internal organs by direct contact with them, then how to save the patient from the terrible pain that accompanies him during surgery remained a mystery until the middle of the 19th century. And only after they came up with anesthesia, surgery as a separate area of medicine began to develop at a breathtaking pace.
The profession of a surgeon: description and features
Surgery is one of the areas of medical practice, characterized by particular importance and complexity. It is impossible not to notice and understand the work of surgeons: they correct dislocations, excise tumor-like formations, perform complex surgical interventions, sew up wounds, and perform plastic surgeries.
The profession of a surgeon is socially significant with increased responsibility. The surgeon is trusted neither by money, nor by property, nor by any other benefits, he is responsible for human life. High level social significance is explained by the fact that modern medicine, in particular surgery, has reached heights in its development, due to which it became possible to carry out the most complex operations, on the success of which a person’s life depends.
It is considered highly demanded among all segments of the population due to the constant growth in demand for surgical services.
The main tasks of the surgeon include:
Plastic surgery as a separate branch of aesthetic medicine
Aesthetic medicine involves work in the areas of "surgery" and "maxillofacial surgery". Plastic surgery is one of the surgical branches.
To become an aesthetic surgeon, you must first complete a full 5-year course of study at a medical university, subordination in the specialty "surgery" (training in a specific specialty), residency in the direction of "plastic surgeon".
Dentists often like the profession of a plastic surgeon, as they are perfectly familiar with the features of the structure of the face and jaws.
To date, the growth in demand for the services of a surgeon takes place precisely due to the development of plastic surgery. It is also considered the most profitable area of surgical activity, because these people “create” beauty at the dictation of the patient, who, in most cases, are well-known politicians, stars, singers, actors, etc., and they are ready for their appearance post whole fortunes.
The profession of a surgeon: the pros and cons
There are many people who want to become a good surgeon - every second or third medical student chooses the specialization "surgery". But due to the complexity of the profession and its importance, not every applicant will be able to overcome all the trials on the path of becoming. It is not uncommon when a novice surgeon refuses to continue his activity, since working as a surgeon implies:
In addition to the disadvantages of the profession, there are also visible advantages.
Advantages of being a surgeon:
- helping people;
- the rescue human lives(in case of successful surgical interventions);
- awareness of one's own need and importance of one's profession;
- high level of salaries in prestigious clinics of private ownership.
Personal qualities
The surgeon needs:
Education
The profession of a surgeon requires a higher medical education, which is obtained after completing a full five-year training in a single program at the medical and preventive (or pediatric, if we are talking about pediatric surgery) faculty of the university.
The sixth year of study already consists of a program related directly to surgical activities.
In what institutions can a surgeon work?
These are institutions such as:
- public hospitals;
- sanatoriums;
- dispensaries;
- trauma centers;
- private clinics;
- medical schools;
- higher educational institutions of medical specialization;
- scientific organizations;
- rescue service;
- Ministry of Emergency Situations;
- organization of military affairs;
- sports organizations.
Salary and career ladder
The work of a surgeon is a skill on which people's lives depend. It turns out that a surgeon gives people life, and it is priceless. But, despite the importance of the profession, the level wages the surgeon can not be called high. As a rule, this is an average or above average level of earnings. Factors affecting surgeon income:
- place of work;
- work experience.
The profession of a surgeon does not have any special prospects. The ladder consists of only two positions: a surgeon and a chief surgeon.
How to become a highly qualified surgeon
Surgeon - the future profession of students studying at the Faculty of Medicine state university or in one of the fifty specialized universities Russian Federation.
The level of training of specialists and the quality of their education are closely monitored by the Federal Agency for Health and the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation. In addition, the Russian system of medical education provides for the functioning of special higher educational institutions and faculties, in which doctors have the opportunity to receive a specific postgraduate education. Level up your professional qualifications, to undergo various internships or courses, future doctors can be based on large-scale hospitals or research institutes in the scientific field.
To date, eight educational institutions exist and successfully carry out their activities to improve the medical qualifications of doctors on the territory of the Russian Federation.
Surgery is a branch of medicine that studies human diseases (both acute and chronic) that need to be treated with surgery.
Clinical surgery is one of the most ancient medical sciences. Even before our era, masters of their craft were able to treat fractures, remove stones from the bladder, and perform a caesarean section. Already in those days there were a sufficient number of tools for carrying out operations. So surgery gradually developed until the 13th-14th century. During this short period of time, operations in which there was a risk of bleeding were prohibited. And this is almost all interventions. The development of new methods of treatment was forbidden. However, in the Renaissance, everything changed for the better again. More and more new techniques and tools appeared, they learned how to transfuse blood with large blood loss.
1846 is a turning point in the field of surgery. This year, anesthesia was used for the first time. This made it possible to expand the possibilities of surgeons, to carry out longer and more difficult operations. The survival rate of patients has increased several times. And when antibiotics were discovered at the beginning of the 20th century, it became possible to fight infection, and mortality after surgical complications decreased tenfold. The concepts of aseptic and antiseptic have become quite common and many methods have appeared for processing instruments and the surgical field.
Currently, surgery is so well developed that deaths are minimized. Operations are almost always performed by low-traumatic approaches, with the help of modern equipment. Healing of postoperative sutures occurs quite quickly, due to this, the rehabilitation period is minimal.
Stages and types of operations
The process of treatment in surgery consists not only of the operation itself. This is a series of sequential actions of a doctor:
- Preparation period. At this moment, tests are taken from the patient, which will show the condition of the internal organs, other examination methods are carried out. In the presence of inflammatory processes before the operation, they are eliminated if possible, stabilize the work of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems;
- period of drug administration. An anesthesiologist selects a possible drug for pain relief that is suitable for a specific operation and for a specific patient;
- The period of surgical intervention. It includes the choice of access for the incision, the treatment process itself (removal, restoration of integrity) and the application of suture material;
- Recovery period. During this period, the patient is in rehabilitation, during which the sutures are healed and the patient adapts (if necessary) to new living conditions.
There are three types of surgeries
- Diagnostic. They are carried out in order to diagnose the disease, if other methods are uninformative;
- Radical. The necessary organ is treated, completely eliminating the disease;
- Palliative. It is impossible to remove the source of the disease. The operation is performed with the aim of facilitating and prolonging the life of the patient.
Surgery divides operations according to the timing of their implementation into 3 types:
- Emergency (urgent). They are carried out immediately after the patient enters the department, after minimal preparation (processing of the surgical field). Used to save a patient's life;
- Urgent. They are carried out in the first few hours after the patient enters the department. During this time, it is possible to sufficiently prepare the patient for surgery and clarify the diagnosis;
- Planned. Conducted a few days or weeks after the decision to operate. During this time, an accurate diagnosis is established, all necessary tests are given;
Branches of surgery
Modern surgery is divided into the following branches or areas:
- Thoracic surgery. Engaged in the treatment of diseases of the chest organs. These include lung rupture, surgery to install an artificial heart valve, traumatic chest injuries, etc.;
- Abdominal surgery. He deals with the treatment of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space. For example, appendicitis, intestinal obstruction, removal of a peptic ulcer of the stomach and intestines, etc.;
- Neurosurgery. He deals with the treatment of diseases of the brain and spinal cord, as well as peripheral nerves. An example of such diseases are hemorrhagic stroke, tumor of the brain area, trauma to the brain, spinal cord, rupture of nerve endings or large nerve cords due to trauma and other pathologies;
- Maxillofacial Surgery. He is engaged in the treatment of diseases of the facial skull and soft tissues in this area. These are all kinds of facial injuries, ruptures of soft tissues (skin, muscles) in this area;
- Vascular surgery. He specializes in the treatment of diseases of large and small vessels. These include trauma with vascular rupture, shunting, varicose veins veins, etc.;
- Cardiac surgery. He treats heart diseases. Installation of pacemakers, artificial valves, vascular shunting, etc.;
- Plastic surgery. Engaged in the correction of appearance for aesthetic reasons;
- Transplantology. It is profiled in organ transplantation in case of impossibility of other methods of treatment;
- Endoscopic surgery. He is engaged in the treatment of various diseases with the help of micro accesses, into which a thin tube with a camera at the end is inserted. The entire overview of the necessary meta-operation is displayed on the screen of a special TV. An example of such operations are the removal of the gallbladder, ovarian cysts, etc.;
- laser surgery. Engaged in the treatment of diseases with a laser (instead of a scalpel);
- Purulent surgery. He is engaged in the treatment of purulent diseases, which cannot be cured with medication. For example, liver abscess, furuncle, carbuncle, purulent wound, etc.;
- Children's surgery. Produces surgery children from birth to 18 years of age. Surgeons in this industry operate on all possible diseases that occur in childhood;
- radio wave surgery. Engaged in the treatment of surgical diseases, access to which is carried out using waves of a certain length;
Also related to surgery are the following branches of medicine:
- Gynecology- treats female genital organs;
- Ophthalmology- deals with diseases of the organs of vision;
- Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)- profiled on diseases of the organs of hearing, smell (nasal cavity) and throat;
- Traumatology and Orthopedics- deals with various injuries, fractures and other diseases of bones and joints;
- Endocrinology- treats diseases of the organs endocrine system(endocrine glands);
- Urology- treats diseases of the urinary system;
- Oncology- deals with diseases caused by malignant and benign neoplasms;
Specialists in all these areas can manage their patients both medically and surgically, performing surgical interventions on the relevant organs.
Quite often you can see a large queue under the door of a surgeon in any clinic. In this office, the reception is slow and thorough. Most often, patients get here in the direction of other specialists, when it is impossible to eliminate the problem with conservative methods of treatment. So what is a surgeon? What can he do where other specialists were powerless?
What is surgery?
Surgery is an extensive field of medicine that studies acute and chronic diseases, the treatment of which requires surgery. This method involves an incision or puncture of the skin and mucous membranes to obtain surgical access, eliminate the pathology of the organ (treatment), and restore the integrity of the cut tissues. Each operation is a complex and painstaking work. The surgeon must thoroughly know the features of the structure and functioning of the organ or organ system that he is treating.
A bit of history
It is difficult to say what prompted the first healer to take up the knife. Was it simple curiosity or confidence in their knowledge. But the fact remains: attempts at surgical operations are recorded in ancient Greek treatises, in the historical sources of China and Egypt, dated around the 1st century BC. The works of Hippocrates and Avicenna on how to treat injuries and wounds have been preserved.
In the period from the 9th to the 20th century AD, a solid scientific foundation was laid for surgery. Antiseptic methods were developed, anesthesia appeared. Gradually, surgery became a complex science, with certain methods and techniques for performing operations.
The constant development of the industry has led to the emergence of sophisticated ultra-precise equipment that allows operations to be carried out with minimal consequences. Looking at laser scalpels and numerous computer monitors, some begin to doubt who is a surgeon today - a doctor or an operator of medical equipment? Although there should be no doubt about it. Without deep and thorough medical knowledge, no technique will help the surgeon to cure the patient.
The industry is constantly evolving. The surgeon gains basic knowledge by reading the works of Pare, Simpson, Roentgen and Pirogov, but he studies all his life in order to keep up with progress and save the lives of patients.
Specialization
In fact, surgical interventions are carried out in all areas of medicine. But, having received a basic education, a young doctor chooses a narrow field of surgery in which he will specialize. Therefore, it can be difficult to unequivocally answer the question of who a surgeon is because of the focus of specialization:
- A cardiac surgeon eliminates pathologies of the cardiovascular system.
- Thoracic - performs operations on the organs of the chest.
- An angiosurgeon deals with aneurysms and varicose veins.
- A neurosurgeon is a specialist in operations on the brain and spine. It removes tumors and eliminates the effects of injuries.
- A plastic surgeon is able to correct noticeable defects in the body or appearance, change the shape of the nose, increase the size of the breast, and so on.
- A transplant surgeon replaces an unhealthy organ with a donor working one.
- An abdominal surgeon operates on the abdominal and retroperitoneal organs.
- A pediatric surgeon operates on injuries, organ pathologies and hereditary diseases.
- An ophthalmologist may notice a clouded lens, correct myopia, or operate on glaucoma.
In addition, there are specialists who perform operations on the maxillofacial apparatus, and doctors who open abscesses or boils, that is, who are engaged in purulent surgery, and so on.
Who gets to the surgeon?
After watching serials on medical topics, the townsfolk think that the doctor-surgeon is a kind of magician. He solves puzzles daily and performs complex unique operations. Of course, every surgical intervention is a certain risk. But many operations are carried out so often that they are brought to automatism. For example, appendicitis and hernia. Quite often, they come to the surgeon with boils, stomach ulcers, hemorrhoids, varicose veins and benign formations. More complex cases are peritonitis and oncology. But in the practice of every surgeon there were operations “on the verge of a foul”, when from decision the life of the patient depended. Alas, these decisions are not always correct ...
Patients often try to get to the advertised "luminary" of surgery. But it should be borne in mind that reviews about surgeons can be both positive and negative, depending on how successful this or that operation was. The opinion of others, of course, does not interfere with the decision to consult a particular doctor. It is also worth paying attention to the experience of a specialist. The doctor must be able to listen to the patient, and also to accept the right decision even in difficult situations, because the health and even the life of the patient depends on it.
When to book an appointment?
Most often, an appointment with a surgeon comes with a referral from other specialists. But there are cases when you should go to an appointment urgently, maybe not even to the clinic, but by ambulance, immediately to the hospital. Such cases, for example, include a sharp onset of acute pain in the abdomen and increasing vomiting with blood. With such symptoms, you should not hesitate, as it may be appendicitis, pancreatitis, or a stomach ulcer. It is impossible to delay the appeal to the surgeon in case of injury.
It is worth signing up for a scheduled appointment if there are wounds on the body that do not heal for more than 2 weeks. If during palpation a seal was found in the area of \u200b\u200bthe mammary gland (even if it does not give painful sensations). You need to go to the surgeon with a noticeable compaction of the lymph nodes, especially if pain is felt during palpation.
They come to the surgeon with abscesses on the skin, ingrown nails, swollen joints, and hardened calluses. Patients who do not understand who a surgeon is and what he does are often surprised themselves when they receive a ticket to this specialist in the registry.
How is the initial appointment?
In any, even the smallest provincial clinic, the surgeon conducts an initial appointment according to one scenario. First of all, he interrogates the patient and listens to his complaints. Then he conducts an examination and prescribes the necessary examinations (tests, x-rays, ultrasound, and others). This allows you to decide on the advisability of surgery.
When dealing with injuries - performs treatment, sutures, gauze or plaster bandages.
Where do surgeons study?
Many medical students want to be surgeons, but not all reach their goal. For six years, a student "nibbles granite" in medical school, but, having received a medical diploma, he will be able to engage in general practice in a polyclinic or To be admitted to the operating table, a young specialist undergoes a two-year residency and receives a confirming certificate. This is followed by postgraduate study, which lasts 3 years. But even after that, the young doctor works under the supervision of a more experienced specialist. To become an independent practicing surgeon, a young specialist completes his studies for another 5-10 years.
A world-class surgeon must master foreign languages(at least in English), attend conferences of various levels, and even better, make presentations at them. And the surgeon will have to learn throughout the whole professional activity otherwise he will hopelessly lag behind medical progress.
general surgery is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of diseases that can only be cured through surgery. This is an area of medicine where the highest concentration of knowledge, skills and abilities is required from a doctor.
General surgery: features
To area general surgery include all types of surgical treatment that are carried out:
on the organs of the chest and abdominal cavities;In the area of the retroperitoneal space;
On vessels.
In addition, general surgery treats pathologies:
walls of the peritoneum;diaphragms;
soft tissues;
As well as stopping the processes that are of a tumor nature.
In some cases, in general surgery, he not only performs operations, but also uses methods of preventive (prophylactic) medicine. Modern surgery is a dynamically developing, evidence-based branch of medicine.
General surgery: work with other departments
Word " surgery"comes from lat. "chirurgiae", which means "handmade". Surgery is a special branch of clinical medicine, aimed primarily at the prevention, diagnosis, scientific study of possible surgical diseases and injuries, as well as their treatment. The treatment of most pathologies requires the implementation of complex, often abdominal operations, performed only under general anesthesia. A wide range of activities carried out by the department general surgery, causes parallel work in conjunction with other departments. Significant percentage departments of general surgery are patients with different types cancer. In order to carry out diagnostics, surgery and subsequent treatment of these patients, it is necessary to work together with other departments:
gastroenterology;Radiology (interventional);
Pathology;
Radiation and medical oncology.
Because the general surgery also deals with issues of traumatology, in such cases, work is carried out with the departments:
orthopedic;neurological;
neurological;
Cardiovascular surgery.
Types of surgery
Depending on the purpose and nature of the surgical intervention, operations are divided into:
1) Diagnostic.Such operations are carried out in order to establish and determine a more accurate diagnosis in the patient.
2) Radical.
With the help of this type of surgical intervention, surgeons can eliminate the dangerous pathological processes that occur with the patient.
3) Palliative.
They are carried out for the purpose of short-term relief of the patient's condition.
There is also a classification of operations by deadlines:
emergency (this type includes operations that require immediate conduct (tracheotomy, bleeding arrest);Urgent (to clarify the diagnosis and prepare the patient for surgery, such operations may be postponed for a while);
Planned (carried out after a thorough study and preparation of the patient for surgery).
In elective abdominal medicine, for the treatment of most diseases, laparoscopic operations have been developed and are now widely used, which completely replace open ones. The use of laparoscopic operations in emergency medicine is observed in perforated ulcers, acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, strangulated hernia and many other diseases. The postoperative period in such patients proceeds much better and easier. However, the use of laparoscopic operations in some cases is categorically impossible (for severe diseases, complications).
Ambulatory general surgery, first of all, carries out the treatment of benign neoplasms, which include: fibromas, lipomas, atheromas, hemangiomas. Surgical interventions occurring in the area outpatient general surgery, do not require prolonged hospitalization of the patient and are performed under local anesthesia.
General Surgery Clinic
Today there are many clinics of general surgery in Moscow. Due to the number of institutions, the patient sometimes does not know how to choose the right one.
Really good general surgery clinic boasts the presence of the following factors:
the latest medical technologies;Operating rooms equipped with the latest surgical equipment;
Qualified and experienced surgeons;
Carrying out high-tech operations;
Unique diagnostic methods;
Highly effective postoperative course of medical rehabilitation;
Modern technologies that can significantly reduce the time of hospitalization of the patient with the condition of further observation in the outpatient setting, etc.
Diagnostics and treatment of surgical diseases
An important condition for the speedy recovery of the patient is the correct diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis is the key to effective treatment. The diagnosis can be made on the basis of an individual and complex approach. After a preliminary consultation, the surgeon prescribes the necessary examination.
Diagnostics is carried out using:
modern laboratory equipment;Instrumental diagnostic equipment.
This type of study allows you to identify the individual characteristics of the patient's body as a whole, as well as the specifics of the disease in particular.
choose clinics of general surgery in Moscow where the treatment of surgical diseases is complex. Treatment should be aimed at identifying and eliminating the cause of the disease, as well as the speedy rehabilitation of the patient after surgery.