Essay on why statistics are needed. The history of the development of statistics and its role in modern society
The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that statistical representations are the most important component of the intellectual baggage of a modern person. They are needed in everyday life, since elections and referendums, bank loans and insurance policies, employment tables and sociological survey charts have powerfully entered our lives, they are also needed to continue education in such areas as sociology, economics, law, medicine, demography and others.
Tables and charts are widely used in reference literature, in mass media. Government and commercial structures regularly collect extensive information about society and environment. These data are published in the form of tables and charts.
Society begins to study itself deeper and seeks to make predictions about itself and about natural phenomena that require ideas of probability. Each person should be well versed in the flow of information.
We must learn to live in a probable situation. And this means extracting, analyzing and processing information, making informed decisions in various situations with random outcomes.
The class was chosen as the object of the study.
Subject of study :
- usage statistical methods
- opinion poll
- statistical characteristics: arithmetic mean, median, range;
- interpretation of statistical characteristics;
- visual presentation of information.
Purpose of the study:
- to get acquainted with the types and methods of statistical observation; - find out how statistical data are collected and grouped, how statistical information can be visually presented.
Research objectives:
1. Study the literature on this topic.
2. Collect information to confirm the statistical characteristics.
3. Process this information.
4. Interpret the results of statistical studies.
5. Visually present the information received.
Research methods :
Stages of work :
Plan of work (research):
1. Analysis of educational and additional literature on this issue.
2. Conducting a survey, a survey among students in grade 9A.
3. Processing of the received data, construction of graphs and diagrams.
4. Analysis, generalization and comparison of the obtained results.
Methodology and materials.
1. Drawing up questionnaires for a public opinion poll.
2. Collection of material on the topic under study.
3. Analysis of the collected material.
4. Interpretation of statistical results.
5. Visual representation of the results of statistical studies.
Survey questions:
1. Favorite subject of students.
2. Height and weight of students for 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016
3. Favorite TV shows of parents and students.
4. Favorite transfer of students.
5. Student shoe size.
6. Favorite singer or singer of students.
7. Student performance for the 1st half of the year for the 2015-2016 academic year in the main subjects.
2. Statistics
2.1. What is statistics
Statistics (from the Latin status) is a science that studies, processes and analyzes quantitative data on a wide variety of mass phenomena in life.
The term "statistics" appeared in the middle of the 18th century. Meaning "government". It became widespread in monasteries. Gradually acquired a collective meaning. On the one hand, statistics is a set of numerical indicators characterizing social phenomena and processes (labor statistics, transport statistics).
On the other hand, statistics mean Practical activities for the collection, processing, analysis of data in various areas public life.
On the third hand, statistics are the results of mass accounting published in various collections. Finally, in the natural sciences, statistics are methods and methods for assessing the compliance of mass observation data with mathematical formulas. Thus, statistics is a social science that studies the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in close connection with their qualitative side.
2.2. Types of statistics
Types of statistics: financial, biological, economic, medical, tax, meteorological, demographic. Math statistics- a branch of mathematics that studies mathematical methods for processing and using statistical data for scientific and practical conclusions.
2.3. Statistical characteristics
The main statistical characteristics are the arithmetic mean, mode, range, median.
The arithmetic mean of a series of numbers is the quotient of dividing the sum of these numbers by their number.
The mode is usually called the number of a series that occurs most often in this series. Mode is the value of a feature (variant) that is most frequently repeated in the population under study.
Range is the difference between the largest and the smallest values a series of data.
The median of a series consisting of an odd number of numbers is the number of a given series that will be in the middle if this series is sorted.
2.4. Data processing
Methods for collecting and processing numerical data in any specific areas of science are the subject of relevant special statistics, for example, physical, stellar, economic, medical, demographic, etc. The formal mathematical side of statistical methods of analysis, independent of the specifics of the objects under study and a particular area knowledge, is the subject of mathematical statistics proper. Statistical observation is the collection of necessary data on phenomena, processes of social life. You can conduct a public opinion poll, find the central trends of a series of data: arithmetic mean, fashion, median, range; to interpret the results of statistical studies and visualize the information received.
But this is not just any collection of data, but only systematic, scientifically organized, systematic and aimed at registering features characteristic of the phenomena and processes under study. The final results of the study depend on the quality of the data obtained at the first stage.
To study various social and socio-economic phenomena, as well as some processes occurring in nature, special statistical studies are carried out. Research methods : literature analysis, questioning, statistical survey, statistical processing of the obtained data, analysis, comparison of the obtained results.
Any statistical research begins with a purposeful collection of information about the phenomenon or process under study.
The statistics method involves the following sequence of actions:
- development of a statistical hypothesis,
- statistical observation,
- summary and grouping of statistical data,
- data analysis,
- data interpretation.
The passage of each stage is associated with the use special methods explained by the content of the work performed.
Methods of statistical observation
The basis for the registration of facts can be either documents, or an opinion expressed, or chronometric data. In this regard, there are observations:
- direct (measure themselves),
- documented (from documents),
- survey (according to someone).
The following methods of collecting information are used in statistics:
- correspondent (staff of voluntary correspondents),
- forwarding (oral, specially trained workers)
- questionnaire (in the form of questionnaires),
- self-registration (filling out the forms by the respondents themselves),
- private (marriages, children, divorces), etc.
2.5. Graphical representation of data
modern science impossible to imagine without the use of graphs. They have become a means of scientific generalization.
The expressiveness, intelligibility, conciseness, universality, visibility of graphic images have made them indispensable in research work and in international comparisons and comparisons of socio-economic phenomena.
A statistical graph is a drawing in which statistical populations characterized by certain indicators are described using conditional geometric images or signs. The presentation of table data in the form of a graph makes a stronger impression than numbers, allows you to better understand the results of statistical observation, interpret them correctly, greatly facilitates the understanding of statistical material, makes it visual and accessible. This, however, does not mean that the graphs are only illustrative. They provide new knowledge about the subject of research, being a method of generalizing the initial information.
The value of the graphical method in the analysis and generalization of data is great. The graphical representation, first of all, makes it possible to control the reliability of statistical indicators, since, presented on the graph, they more clearly show the existing inaccuracies associated either with the presence of observation errors or with the essence of the phenomenon under study. With the help of a graphic image, it is possible to study the patterns of development of a phenomenon, to establish existing relationships. A simple comparison of data does not always make it possible to catch the presence of causal relationships, at the same time, their graphical representation helps to identify causal relationships, especially in the case of establishing initial hypotheses, which are then subject to further development. Graphs are also widely used to study the structure of phenomena, their change in time and their placement in space. The compared characteristics are more expressively manifested in them and the main development trends and relationships inherent in the phenomenon or process under study are clearly visible.
When constructing a graphic image, the requirements must be observed. First of all, the graph should be visual enough, since the whole point of the graphic image as a method of analysis is to visually depict statistical indicators.
Ways of graphical representation of data: diagrams, histograms, graphs.
Charts are the most common way of graphic representations. These are graphs of quantitative relations. The types and methods of their construction are varied. Diagrams are used for visual comparison in various aspects (spatial, temporal, etc.) of independent values: territories, population, etc.
A more common way to graphically represent the structure of statistical populations is the pie chart, which is considered the main form of a chart for this purpose. This is due to the fact that the idea of the whole is very well and clearly expressed by the circle, which represents the totality. The specific gravity of each part of the population in the pie chart is characterized by the value of the central angle (the angle between the radii of the circle). The sum of all the angles of a circle, equal to 360°, equates to 100%, and therefore 1% is taken equal to 3.6°.
For a visual representation of phenomena in the series of dynamics, diagrams are used: bar, strip, square, circular, linear, radial, etc. The choice of the type of diagram depends mainly on the characteristics of the source data, the purpose of the study.
When the number of levels in a series of dynamics is large, it is advisable to use line diagrams that reproduce the continuity of the development process in the form of a continuous broken line. In addition, line charts are convenient to use: if the purpose of the study is to depict the general trend and nature of the development of the phenomenon; when it is necessary to display several time series on one graph in order to compare them; if the most significant is the comparison of growth rates rather than levels. To build line graphs, a system of rectangular coordinates is used.
The polygon illustrates the dynamics of changes in statistical data over time, allows you to judge the values of a quantity at certain points, it cannot be used to find the value of this quantity at intermediate points.
To display an interval series, a histogram is used - a stepped figure made up of closed rectangles. The base of each rectangle is equal to the length of the interval, and the height is equal to the frequency or relative frequency.
Practical part
Conclusion
Conducting my research, I once again became convinced that mathematics has firmly entered my everyday life, and I no longer notice that I live according to its laws. In that academic year I began to study the statistical characteristics and their visual presentation. In the course of the study, I learned to systematize, visualize data, summarize and draw conclusions.
The role of statistics in life is so significant that people, often without thinking and not realizing, constantly use elements of statistical methodology not only in work processes, but also in everyday life. Working and relaxing, shopping, meeting other people, making some decisions, a person uses a certain system of information available to him, established tastes and habits, facts, systematizes, compares these facts, analyzes them, draws conclusions and makes certain decisions, takes concrete action. Thus, each person has elements of statistical thinking, which is the ability to analyze and synthesize information about the world around us.
But we must remember that people can interpret the same statistical information in different ways and that if I want to see reliable information, it is better to find not one indicator, but two, and best of all all four: arithmetic mean, mode, median and range .
Literature
- School Encyclopedia"Mathematics". Under the editorship of Nikolsky.
- Algebra. Grade 9: textbook. for general education institutions / Yu. N. Makarychev, N. G. Mindyuk, K. I. Neshkov, I. E. Feoktistov. - 7th ed., Rev. and additional – M.: Mnemosyne.
- Textbook “Mathematics-9. Arithmetic. Algebra. Data analysis". Edited by G. V. Dorofeev. Authors: G. V. Dorofeev, S. B. Suvorova, E. A. Bunimovich, L. V. Kuznetsova, S. S. Minaeva.
- Informatics and ICT. Basic course. Textbook for grade 9. N.D. Ugrinovich.
- Cool magazine.
GBPOU VO "Borisoglebsk College of Industrial and Information Technologies"
ABSTRACT
according to statistics
on the topic "The role and importance of statistics in the life of society"
Prepared by: student of group 2bu
Korotich Julia
Checked by: teacher Bochaeva O.O.
Borisoglebsk, 2016
Content
Introduction
1. The subject of statistics
2. The role and importance of statistics in the life of society
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The term "statistics" comes from the Latin word "status", which means "certain state of affairs". It was used originally in the meaning of the word "state studies"; was first introduced into use in 1749 by the German scientist G. Achenval, who published a book on state studies.
Currently, the term "statistics" is used in three meanings. Firstly, statistics is understood as a special branch of practical activity of people aimed at collecting, processing and analyzing data characterizing the socio-economic development of a country, its regions, economic sectors, and individual enterprises. Secondly, statistics is a science that develops theoretical positions and methods used by statistical practice. There is a close relationship between statistical science and statistical practice. Statistical practice applies the rules developed by science; in turn, statistical science relies on the materials of practice and, summarizing the experience of practice, develops new provisions. Thirdly, statistics is often referred to as statistical data presented in the reports of enterprises, organizations, sectors of the economy, as well as published in collections, reference books, and periodicals, which are the result of statistical work.
The peculiarity of statistics lies in the fact that statistical data are reported in quantitative form, i.e. statistics speaks the language of figures reflecting social life in all its diversity of manifestations. At the same time, statistics are primarily interested in those conclusions that can be drawn on the basis of the analysis of properly collected and processed digital data.
Statistics has a long history, going back to deep
antiquity. With the formation of states, there was a need for statistical practice, i.e. in collecting information about the availability of land, population, its property status.
In this paper, I will consider some terms directly related to statistics, the subject of statistics, the role and significance of this discipline in the life of society.
The subject of statistics
The subject of statistics is the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in close connection with their qualitative side or content, as well as the quantitative expression of the patterns of social development in specific conditions of place and time. Statistics studies its subject using certain categories, i.e. concepts cat reflect the most essential properties, signs, connections and relationships of objects and phenomena of the objective world.
5 basic concepts of statistics: 1- Statistical totality is a set of socio-economic objects or phenomena of social life, united by a certain qualitative basis, a common connection, but differing from each other in individual features.
Sets: homogeneous and heterogeneous: - homogeneous - if one or more of the studied features of its objects are common to all units (a group of young people - if they are all 17 years old) - heterogeneous - a set that includes phenomena of different types. 2- Unit of the set - an element of the statistical population. This element is the carrier of signs to be registered and the basis of the account maintained during the survey. 3- Sign - distinguishing feature, property, qualities inherent in the unit
aggregates and taken into account in the statistical study. It is subdivided: - according to the nature of the displayed properties of the population: a) signs that have a direct quantitative value (age, experience); b) signs that do not have direct quantities of expression (profession, products, live up to such and such an anniversary). - varying sign: variation - this is a change in the value of any attribute value during the transition of one object or group of objects to another (from one unit of the population to another) or the presence of a unit of the population of different values of the attribute, which is a consequence of the impact on the elements of the population of many different reasons (factors) .4- Stat. indicator - (category) - reflecting quantitative characteristics, the ratio of signs of social phenomena (sizes).
Statistical indicators: - volumetric - indicators obtained by adding the values of the characteristic of each unit of the population. The value formed when calculating this indicator is called the volume of the sign (population, working population, economically employed population); - calculated - indicators that are calculated using special formulas and mathematical methods and are applied to the analysis
complex social phenomena. (average values) - Planned indicators - indicators, the value of which reflects the level of the phenomenon under study, which must be achieved in accordance with the plan. - Reporting indicators - indicators, the value of which reflects the level of the studied phenomenon achieved in the study period (if the sign momentary) or for the period under study (if the sign is interval). - prognostic - forecast estimates. 5- The system of statistical indicators is a set of statistical indicators that reflects the relationship that objectively exists between phenomena, covering all levels of society at various levels. Levels: - macro level - the level of the country, region; - micro level - at the level of organization, family, household. The systems of statistical indicators have the following features: 1 - they are of a historical nature; 2 - living conditions of the population, society are changing, systems of statistical indicators are also changing; 3-methodology for calculating statistical indicators continuously
is being improved. The main method of statistics is the dialectical method of cognition of all phenomena in their interdependence and interdependence. The method of statistics is a whole set of techniques, using which statistics explores its subject. It includes three groups of methods proper: the method of mass observations, the method of groupings, the method of generalizing indicators. 1-Statistical observation consists in the collection of primary statistical material, in the scientifically organized registration of all significant facts related to the object in question. This is the first stage of any statistical research. 2-The grouping method makes it possible to systematize and classify all the facts collected as a result of mass statistical observation. This is the second stage of the statistical study. 3-The method of generalizing indicators allows you to characterize the phenomena and processes under study using statistical values - absolute, relative and average. At this stage of the statistical study, the interrelations and scales of phenomena are revealed, the patterns of their development are determined, forecast estimates are given. - absolute; –relative; -averages The cognitive value of statistics lies in the fact that:
- statistics provides a digital and meaningful coverage of the phenomena and processes being studied, serves as the most reliable way to assess reality; - statistics gives evidentiary force to economic conclusions, allows you to check various "walking" statements, individual theoretical positions; - statistics has the ability to reveal the relationship between phenomena, show them specific form and force; - statistics is the first to reveal new phenomena, processes and patterns, gives their quantitative and qualitative characteristics2. The role and importance of statistics in the life of society
Statistical institutions and societies have been created and are functioning, which carry out large-scale statistical work, national and international conferences, symposiums, scientific meetings on statistical problems are held, scientific journals and statistical literature are published. . Planned management of the economy in former USSR required development statistical reporting, the centralization of statistical work, the development of statistics as a practical assistant in the social. construction, etc. In countries based on private property, accounting within firms developed as a means of management, control and tools competition with rivals, improved price statistics, special methods. statistical research, etc. Some work in the field of statistics is also being carried out in the Republic of Belarus (we will talk about this in other topics). Statistical science will continue to develop. statistics”, “Technical and economic analysis”), is closely related to other disciplines. For example, the discipline “Fundamentals of Economic Theory”, based on statistical facts, formulates the laws of economic development, refines and deepens the understanding and content of economic categories, and improves the economic mechanism. Based on economic theory statistics organizes and conducts the study of economic phenomena, improves statistical methodology, a system of statistical indicators.
math statistics". Since large amounts of data are accumulated and processed in statistical research, the role of mathematical methods in statistics is very large. Based on this, some authors tend to consider stat. methods, as part of mathematical methods or a special case of them. However, they lose sight of the indisputable fact that mathematics as a science considers mass phenomena in a purely quantitative aspect without taking into account their qualitative content. Statistics studies quantitative aspects in continuous connection with the qualitative certainty of phenomena. There is also an opposite approach, when “Mathematical statistics” is included in statistics as an integral element. The "General Theory of Statistics" also uses the theoretical principles of the science of dialectics.
The need and role of statistics in modern society hard to overestimate. Statistics lends itself to everything that surrounds a person, everything that in one way or another relates to his activity. IN modern world everything is accounted for. The role of statistics in modern society has increased with maximum force. Because the possession of all types of statistics will provide a chance for the state to observe and effectively resolve issues that arise in society.
In the modern sense, "statistics" has several roles and meanings: 1) data characterizing mass phenomena or processes, for example, the population in several regions on a certain date; 2) carrying out various activities and carrying out the activities of the system of statistical institutions for the collection and processing of data characterizing all aspects of public life; 3) and most importantly, it is a science that has its own subject and method. The most important modern features of statistics are: Firstly, statistics studies not single, but mass phenomena, and secondly, quantitative
side of social events. Statistics studies mass social phenomena, that is, those that consist of a sufficiently large set, number of units or facts, the essential properties of which are similar. The theory of statistical methods is aimed at solving real problems. Therefore, new formulations of mathematical problems of analysis and measurement of statistical data very often appear in it, new methods are developed and substantiated. Justification is carried out by mathematical means, by proving theorems. An important role is played by the methodological component - how exactly to set tasks, what assumptions to accept for the purpose of further mathematical study. The role of modern information technologies, in particular, computer experiment, is great. Second and no less important feature statistics is its quantitative side of social phenomena - this is, first of all, their size, as well as the ratio of sizes. The study of the quantitative side of social phenomena is inextricably linked with their qualitative content. That is, quantitative dimension does not exist without qualitative certainty. For example, when grouping the population by age, statistics display qualitatively distinct contingents: preschool age, school, able-bodied, pension. Due to the fact that the phenomena of social life are continuously changing and developing in time, statistics also studies the change in the quantitative side of phenomena in dynamics. In addition, statistics performs many tasks related to the generalization of the studied phenomena and reliable knowledge of the world around us and aimed at providing users with reliable statistical data that, first of all, meet international statistical standards, through the formation of a unified interdepartmental information and statistical system, which is aimed at increasing efficiency and management decision making. Statistics perform an important
role in the mechanism of economic management. Necessary condition effective management decisions at the state and regional levels - the availability of complete and timely information about ongoing phenomena. Much important in making effective decisions that contributed to an effective decision is the quality of the statistical data provided. In addition, it allows you to develop a behavior strategy based on the prediction of patterns of observed processes. The main task statistics in the modern economic development of Russia is a characteristic of the observed changes that are associated with the transition to market relations. To find ways to solve this problem, statistics collects and systematizes information about the objects and processes being reformed, improves the methods of collecting, processing and analyzing data, and participates in the development of modern management and marketing. The bodies of state and departmental statistics Russian Federation solve a whole range of statistical problems: modernization of various methods of data collection and processing, development of special methods of statistical observation; development of methods for studying financial and non-financial assets of statistics, customs statistics, export and import statistics; improving the system of economics and statistics education in Russia, creating familiarization courses and much more; improvement of state and corporate systems of statistical monitoring of the social and economic situation in Russia; development of Russian sites in order to implement programs in international organizations of domestic statistical information. Thus, we can say that statistics is a science that is an integral part of the life of every society, it determines the dynamics of development, decline, growth of social phenomena. This is a science that solves certain goals due to the presence and development of
statistical methods, as well as thanks to the developing information technology. And its subject is the quantitative and qualitative assessment of mass social processes, as well as the quantitative expression of the basic laws of development in the specific conditions of place and time. The following major tasks are solved only in statistics: the collection of data on all economic processes and phenomena of social life, followed by the calculation of generalizing indicators socio-economic development of industries, firms; tracking and monitoring new phenomena of socio-economic life; increasing economic and statistical education through statistical reference books, articles, collections; conducting an international comparison of the levels of social economic development countries.
Conclusion
Thus, the following parts are distinguished in statistical science: the general theory of statistics, economic statistics and its branches, social statistics and its branches.
The general theory of statistics develops general principles and methods for the statistical study of social phenomena, the most general categories (indicators) of statistics.
The task of economic statistics is the development and analysis of synthetic indicators that reflect the state of the national economy, the relationship of industries, the peculiarities of the distribution of productive forces, the availability of material, labor and financial resources, the level of their use achieved. Branches of economic statistics - industry statistics, Agriculture, construction, transport, communications, labor, natural resources, environmental protection, etc.; their task is to develop and analyze statistical indicators of the development of the relevant industries. The statistics of large industries can be divided into smaller sectoral statistics: for example, industry statistics - into statistics of mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, etc.; agricultural statistics - for the statistics of agriculture and animal husbandry, etc.
Social statistics forms a system of indicators to characterize the way of life of the population and various aspects of social relations; its branches are statistics of population, politics, culture, health, science, education, law, etc.
Industry statistics are formed on the basis of indicators of economic
or social statistics, and both are based in turn on the categories (indicators) and methods of analysis developed by the general theory of statistics.
The general theory of statistics is the academic discipline, from the study of which the formation of the necessary professional knowledge for economists, managers, and business leaders begins.
The study of the economic and social development of the country, its individual regions, industries, associations, firms, enterprises is carried out by bodies specially created for this purpose, the totality of which is called the statistical service. In the Russian Federation, the functions of the statistical service are performed by bodies state statistics and bodies of departmental statistics.
In this paper, an attempt is made to reveal the theoretical basis of the issue. Obviously, due to the excessive breadth of this topic, it is impossible to consider in detail all aspects of this problem in one work. However, based on all of the above, in conclusion, we made some conclusions, summarizing the analysis of the considered issue.
Bibliography
1. Voronin V. F., Zhiltsova Yu. V. Statistics: tutorial. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2012. - 579 p.
2. Bagat A. V., Konkina M. M., Simchera V. M., Barmotin A. V. Statistics: textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2008. - 389 p.
3. Vasil'eva E.K., Lyalin V.S. Statistics. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2012. - 339 p.
4. Gusarov V. M., Kuznetsova E. I. Statistics: textbook. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2012. - 480 p.
"Average comprehensive school No. 36"
Statistics in our life
7 "B" class, MBOU "Secondary School No. 36".
Head: Luzgina Galina Dmitrievna,
mathematic teacher,
Angarsk: 2013-2014
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Statistics……………………………………………………………………………………….
2.1.What is statistics……………………………………………………………………..
2.2. Types of statistics………………………………………………………………………..
2.3. Statistical characteristics………………………………………………
2.4. Data processing……………………………………………………………
2.5. Graphical presentation of information……………………………..
3. Practical part……………………………………………………………………….
Collection of information……………………………………………………………………….
Data processing………………………………………………………………
Visual presentation of statistical data…………………..
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..
Literature……………………………………………………………………………………
Review……………………………………………………………………………………….
Annotation…………………………………………………………………………………….
Review……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Abstracts……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction
The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that statistical representations are the most important component of the intellectual baggage of a modern person. They are needed in everyday life, since elections and referendums, bank loans and insurance policies, employment tables and sociological survey charts have powerfully entered our lives, they are also needed to continue education in such areas as sociology, economics, law, medicine, demography and others.
Tables and diagrams are widely used in reference literature and in the media. Public commercial structures regularly collect information about society and the environment. These data are published in the form of tables and charts.
Society begins to study itself more and more deeply and strives to make predictions about itself and about natural phenomena that require understanding of statistics. Each person must navigate the flow of information.
We must learn to live in a probable situation. And this means extracting, analyzing and processing information, making informed decisions in various situations with random outcomes.
Object of study:
Grade 7b MBOU "Secondary School No. 36"
Subject of study:
Use of statistical methods;
Opinion poll;
Statistical characteristics: arithmetic mean, median, range, mode;
Processing of statistical data;
Visual presentation of information.
Purpose of the study:
To get acquainted with the types and methods of statistical observation;
Find out how statistics are collected and grouped, how
visualize statistical information.
Research objectives:
1. Study the literature on this topic.
2. Collect information to confirm the statistical characteristics.
3.Process this information.
4. Interpret the results of statistical studies.
5. Visually present the information received.
Research methods:
Literature analysis4
Questioning;
Statistical survey4
Statistical processing of the received data;
Analysis and comparison of the obtained data.
Stage of work:
1. Analysis of educational and additional literature.
3. Processing of received data and construction of graphs and diagrams.
Plan of work (research):
1. Analysis of educational and additional literature on this issue.
2. Conducting a survey, a survey among students in grade 7b.
3. Processing of received data. construction of graphs and diagrams.
4. Analysis, generalization and comparison of the obtained data.
Methodology and materials:
1. Compilation of questionnaires for public opinion polls.
2. Collection of material on the topic under study.
3. Analysis of the collected material.
4. Interpretation of statistical data.
5. Visual representation of the results of statistical studies.
Survey questions:
1. Favorite subject of students.
3. Students' shoe size.
4. Number of children in the family.
2. Statistics.
2.1.What is statistics.
statistics (from Latin"status") is a science that studies, processes and analyzes quantitative data on a wide variety of mass phenomena in life.
The term "statistics" appeared in the middle of the 18th century. It meant "government". It became widespread in monasteries, gradually acquired a collective meaning. On the one hand, statistics is a set of numerical indicators characterizing social activity.
On the other hand, statistics refers to the practical activities of collecting, processing, analyzing data in various areas of public life.
On the third hand, statistics are the results of mass accounting published in various collections.
Finally, in the natural sciences, statistics are methods and methods for assessing the compliance of mass observation data with mathematical formulas. Thus, statistics is a social science that studies the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in close connection with the qualitative side.
2.2. Types of statistics.
Mathematical statistics is a branch of mathematics that studies the mathematical methods of processing the use of statistical data for scientific and practical conclusions.
2.3.Statistical characteristics.
The arithmetic mean of a series of numbers is the quotient of dividing the sum of these numbers by their number.
The mode is usually called the number of a series that occurs most often in this series.
The range is the difference between the largest and smallest values of a data series.
The median of a series consisting of an odd number of numbers is the number of a given series that will be in the middle if this series is sorted.
The median of a series consisting of an even number of numbers is the arithmetic mean of the two numbers in the series in the middle, if this series is ordered.
2.4. Information processing.
Methods for collecting and processing numerical data in any particular field of science are the subject of relevant special statistics, for example, physical, stellar, economic, medical, demographic, etc.
Statistical observation is the collection of necessary data on phenomena, processes of social life. You can conduct a public opinion poll, find the central trends of a series of data: the arithmetic mean, mode, median and range. .To interpret the results of statistical studies and visualize the information received.
To study various social and socio-economic phenomena, as well as some processes occurring in nature, special statistical studies are carried out.
Research methods: literature analysis, questioning, statistical survey, statistical processing of the obtained data, analysis, comparison of the results.
Any statistical research begins with a purposeful collection of information about the phenomenon or process under study.
The statistics method involves the following sequence of actions:
Development of a statistical hypothesis;
Statistical observation;
Summary and grouping of statistical data;
Data analysis;
Data interpretation.
The passage of each stage is associated with the use of special methods, explained by the content of the work performed.
Methods of statistical observation.
The basis for the registration of facts can be either documents, or an opinion expressed, or chronometric data. In this regard, there are observations:
Immediate (measure themselves);
Documentary (from documents);
Poll (from the words of someone).
In statistics, the following methods of collecting information are used:
Correspondent;
Expeditionary;
Questionnaire.
2.5. Graphical presentation of data.
Modern science cannot be imagined without the use of graphs. They have become a means of scientific generalization. The expressiveness, intelligibility, conciseness, universality, visibility of graphic images have made them indispensable in research work and in international comparisons and comparisons of socio-economic phenomena.
For a visual representation of statistical data, charts are used: bar, strip, square, circular, linear, radial, etc.
3.Practical part.
We conducted a survey of our classmates - students of grade 7b. We got several series of numbers and for each series we found the arithmetic mean.
Survey:
Students' favorite subject.
Favorite student show.
Student shoe size.
The number of children in the family.
We conducted a survey on these questions among the students of our class. To systematize the results obtained, they were presented in the form of tables, then these data were clearly shown different types diagrams.
Table 1. Data on questions 1), 2).
Surname and name of student
Favorite subject
Favorite show
Aleksandrov Semyon
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Aptukaeva Julia
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Arkaev Alexander
geography
"Ural dumplings"
Akhaeva Svetlana.
t/s "interns"
Batachaev Egor
physical training
football
Vashkevich Artem
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Ermakova Arina
English
Zinurov Alexey
algebra
t/s "fizruk"
Zotov Artem
algebra
KVN
Isaev Victor
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Kucheryaeva Antonina
physical training
12..
Leonovich Jan
physical training
"Univer"
Markov Igor
geometry
Mingin Dmitry
t/s "fizruk"
Muratov Artur
geometry
football
Popova Uliana
technology
"Ural dumplings"
Prelin Semyon
t/s "univer"
Savinsky Pavel
technology
t/s "fizruk"
Stepanov Yuri
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Sytnikova Diana
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Feskov Konstantin
geography
t/s "fizruk"
Using table 1, we can find the statistical characteristics. The fashion of the students' favorite TV shows is the t / s "physical education teacher", and the fashion of the favorite subject is "geography".
Table 2. Data on questions 3), 4).
Surname and name of students
Shoe size
Number of children in the family
Aleksandrov Semyon
Aptukaeva Julia
Arkaev Alexander
Akhaeva Svetlana
Batachaev Egor
Vashkevich Artem
Ermakova Arina
Zinurov Alexey
Zotov Artem
Isaev Victor
Kucheryaeva Antonina
Leonovich Jan
13..
Markov Igor
Mingin Dmitry
Muratov Artur
Popovap Ulyana
Prelin Semyon
Savinsky Pavel
19..
Stepanov Yuri
Sytnikova Diana
Feskov Konstantin
According to the survey 3) we find the arithmetic mean of the shoe size:
(37+38+40+37+37+39+38+39+40+41+38+40+40+39+40+39+41+39+40+40+39):21=39,38
If we round this number up to integers, we get that each student has a shoe size of "39".
Find the shoe size range:
41 – 37 = 4.
Let's order a series of given numbers:
37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41 .
The median of this sample is 39. This row has an odd number of numbers and the number "39" is in the middle of this row.
The mode of this sample is the number "40".
Survey data 4): number of children in the family.
We got a series of numbers: 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2.
Find the arithmetic mean of the numbers in this series:
(1+3+1+1+1+2+2+1+1+1+3+2+1+2+1+1+1+1+1+2+2): 21= 1,47
If we round this number up to integers, we get 1 child in each family.
Conclusions:
Fashion exists not only among people, but also among numbers,
The median exists not only in geometry, but also among numbers,
The arithmetic mean exists in all measurements of any quantities.
4. Conclusion.
Conducting our research, we were once again convinced that statistics has firmly entered our everyday life, and we no longer notice that we live according to its laws. In this academic year, we began the study of statistical characteristics and their visual presentation. In the course of the study, we learned to systematize. Visualize data, summarize and draw conclusions.
The role of statistics in our life is so significant that people often without hesitation and without realizing, constantly use elements of statistical methodology not only in work processes, but also in everyday life. Working and relaxing, shopping, meeting other children, making some decisions, a person uses a certain system, the information he has, the prevailing tastes and habits, facts, systematizes, compares these facts, analyzes them, draws a conclusion and accepts certain solutions takes concrete action. Thus, in every person there are elements of statistical thinking, which is the ability to analyze and synthesize information about the world around.
Literature:
School Encyclopedia "Mathematics" edited by Nikolsky.
Algebra grade 7, for educational institutions / A.G. Mordkovich, Mnemosyne edition.
Textbook "Mathematics" Grade 7, Arithmetic. Data analysis. Edited by G. Kuznetsov, S.S. Minaev.
Informatics and ICT. Basic course. Textbook for grade 8. N.D.Ugrinovich.
Review.
The topic of this work was chosen so as to study well the new section of mathematics, which we began to study this academic year, and to show the importance of knowledge of mathematics in human life. In the course of the study, we learned to work with literature, highlighting the main points. We have done a great job of collecting information and processing it. Using the example of their class, they showed that it is possible to conduct statistical observations and collect information. Practically proved, mathematics and statistics exist in our lives.
annotation
to work
"Statistics in our life"
Completed by students of 7 "B" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 36"
Aptukaeva Julia and Popova Uliana.
This research is devoted to statistics in our life - the collection of information from some data of classmates of the 7th "B" class. The authors interviewed their classmates on 4 points, and found out that their favorite subject is Geography, the average shoe size of classmates is 39, and their favorite TV show is TV channel Fizruk. We also learned that the average number of children in a family of classmates is "1". The work is interesting because the authors got acquainted with statistics in life and now they really understand that statistics is necessary in life.
Review
about the work "Statistics in our life"
This work is devoted to acquaintance with statistics, its meaning and practical application in life. Julia and Ulyana accepted the topic proposed by the leader with interest, since she herself became interested in this topic. Pupils, under the guidance of a teacher, collected theoretical material and applied it in practice. We conducted our own survey among students in our class, and then processed the data obtained. Based on the survey data, tables were compiled and various diagrams were built. In the introduction, the students formulated the goals and objectives of the study, which they solved in their work.
I believe that the research work of Yulia Aptukaeva and Uliana Popova meets all the requirements for such work and can be presented for defense at a scientific and practical conference.
Supervisor: Luzgina G.D., teacher of mathematics, 2nd category.
Abstracts
on the work "Statistics in our life"
pupils of 7 "B" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 36"
Aptukaeva Yulia and Popova Ulyana.
Statistics (from the Latin language "status") is a science that studies, processes and analyzes quantitative data on a wide variety of mass.
phenomena in life.
The term "statistics" appeared in the middle of the 18th century. It meant "government". It became widespread in monasteries, gradually acquired a collective meaning. On the one hand, statistics is a set of numerical indicators that characterize social activity.
On the other hand, statistics refers to the practical activities of collecting, processing, analyzing data on various areas of public life.
On the third hand, statistics are the results of mass accounting published in various collections. Finally, in the natural sciences, statistics are called methods and methods for evaluating and matching mass observation data to mathematical formulas. Thus, statistics is a social science that studies the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in close connection with their qualitative side.
Types of statistics: biological, economic, medical, tax, meteorological, demographic.
The main statistical characteristics are: arithmetic mean, mode, range, median.
Statistics Statistics knows everything. Statistics is a branch of knowledge that outlines the general issues of collecting, measuring and analyzing mass statistical quantitative or qualitative) data; the study of the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in numerical form. Statistics is a mandatory planning and management tool that allows you to get the most objective estimates and make forecasts as close to reality as possible.
Components of statistics Modern statistics is not one scientific discipline, but a series of sectoral statistics. The following components are distinguished: General theory of statistics, which sets out its general principles and methods Economic statistics, which studies the system of indicators of the national economy, its structure, proportions, relationships between industries and elements of social reproduction Industry statistics - industrial, agricultural, construction, transport, communications , demographic, etc., whose task is to study the system of indicators, analysis.
Where and how in real life Do we need statistics? Data on statistics accompany us from birth, when a child is born every month, statistics are kept on changes in his height and weight. We keep statistics on diseases and vaccinations. At school, we keep statistics on academic performance, and when choosing a profession, we also use statistics. In the household, we keep statistics on income and expenses, rent, utility rates, which allows us to know what we are paying for and not to be deceived. It can be said with accuracy that statistics are useful to us in real life at every turn.
To reveal the activity of our class in school life we conducted a survey: 1. Do you participate in the sports life of the school? Give examples. 2. Do you take part in school creative competitions, if so, in which ones? 3. What charity events did you participate in at school? 4. What olympiads did you take part in? 5. What clubs do you attend at school? 6. Are you satisfied with the food in the school cafeteria? 7. Do you plan to continue your studies at our school, if not, where will you go after the 9th grade? And got the following results:
Conclusion: We undertook this project to answer the main question for us: Is life on Earth possible without statistics? But in order to answer this question, we had to study various materials and use the knowledge gained in mathematics lessons. We conducted a survey to identify the activity of our class in school life. So, after conducting a survey, we came to the conclusion that our class is actively involved in school life. Actively participates in sports competitions, creative competitions, various promotions. During the project, we became even more friends and learned about the interests of classmates.
To obtain data on the state of society, a whole complex of sciences is used. One of them is statistics. What does she represent?
What is statistics?
This is the name of the branch of knowledge, which sets out general questions on the collection, measurement and analysis of mass (quantitative or qualitative) data. Also, statistics is engaged in the study of the quantitative side of social mass phenomena in terms of their numerical form. This word comes from the Latin status, which means "state of affairs." Initially, this science was called "State Studies".
The term "statistics" was first used in 1746, and this moment marked the beginning of such a academic discipline and science. True, it cannot be said that its direct use began with this, since the accounting, measurement and analysis of data were carried out much earlier. Fashion is an important parameter. Something similar can be remembered from geometry, but this is not quite the same. But in statistics? This is the name of the value from the linear series, which occurs most often.
Examples
Let's talk about something closer to reality. What are website page statistics? This parameter can be the number of users who accessed the resource and had the opportunity to view its content. True, from this point of view it will be difficult to answer the question of what VKontakte statistics are.
Separate information for each page is not collected. But the number of users who come in a day, a month is counted - in general, constantly. This is the answer to the question, what is statistics in practice in information technology.
Grouping types
Within the framework of a scientific discipline, one set is divided into separate groups, which are homogeneous in a certain respect. To calculate the number of intervals when there are no clear frames, the Sturges formula is often used:
CHI \u003d 1 + 3.322 * lg CHN, where
- CHI - number of integrals;
- Lg - logarithm;
- CN - number of observations.
Depending on the goals, there are three types of groupings:
A typical group should strive to be as different from others as possible and to be as similar as possible within itself. They are primary and secondary. The first ones are formed during the Secondary groupings are made based on the received data.
Classification of statistical methods
They have found their way almost everywhere. Therefore, it is logical to assume that there is no universal tool. Depending on the specificity and immersion in specific problems, the following data analysis is distinguished:
- Development and research of general purpose tools that do not take into account the specifics of the application area.
- Creation and use of statistical models of some real phenomenon or process in a certain field of activity.
- Development and use of methods and tools to analyze specific data to solve applied problems.
Applied Statistics
This branch of science deals with the processing of data of an arbitrary nature. Probability theory also serves as the mathematical basis of applied statistics and its methods of analysis. It all starts with a description of the type of data received, as well as the mechanism of their origin. For this, probabilistic and deterministic methods are used. The latter can be used only in cases where the researcher has enough data at his disposal (for example, reports government agencies statistics that are based on information provided by enterprises). But you can transfer the result to a larger scale and evaluate the prospects only using
In the simplest situation, the available data act as the value of a certain feature that is characteristic of the object under study. The parameters here are quantitative or indicative (depending on the category to which they belong). The second option usually speaks of a qualitative characteristic. What if we take several of them? Or add quantitative? Then we can say that the vector of the object has been obtained. It is regarded as new. In large-scale studies, samples are drawn from several sets of vectors. It is important to clarify and double-check the information received. For this, resampling is used.
Conclusion
As you can see, statistics allows you to structure significant amounts of data that are necessary to be able to provide information about the state of affairs in certain areas. Thus, it plays an important role for investors, as it makes it possible to observe the dynamics of the growth of the economies of states. Statistics are also of interest to citizens and authorities, telling them about the processes in the country: demographic growth or crisis, increase in welfare or its fall, and so on.
- Short women's leather jacket Gray trousers with a leather jacket
- Preparations for the treatment of seizures in the corners of the mouth Seizures symptoms
- What does a fashionista suit look like from a video
- A set of exercises for cellulite on the legs and buttocks Effective exercises against cellulite on the legs and buttocks