S. USE. Biology. Solving tasks of increased and high level of complexity. How to get the maximum score. Kalinova G.S. Him in biology
USE. Biology. Solving tasks of increased and high level of complexity. How to get the maximum score. Kalinova G.S.
M.: 2017. - 128 p.
The proposed manual characterizes the main types of tasks with a detailed answer of part 2 used in the USE, provides answers from graduates and comments on their assessment. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of tasks that caused the greatest difficulties, as well as typical mistakes made by graduates in different years. For training and self-preparation for the exam, tasks are offered with a detailed answer of various levels of complexity for all meaningful blocks (34 - 40). At the end of the manual, there are sample answers with evaluation criteria. The manual is addressed, first of all, to students and applicants who will take the exam in biology; it will also be of interest to school teachers, methodologists and parents.
Format: pdf
The size: 2.8 MB
Watch, download:drive.google
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION 4
I. MAIN TYPES OF TASKS PART 2 WITH A FREE DETAILED ANSWER AND THE METHOD OF THEIR EVALUATION 7
II. TYPICAL ERRORS OF GRADUATES REVEALED DURING THE ANALYSIS OF TASKS WITH A FREE DETAILED ANSWER (PART 2) 20
III. TASKS WITH A DETAILED ANSWER FOR INDEPENDENT SOLUTION 45
IV. ANSWERS TO TASKS WITH A DETAILED ANSWER FOR INDEPENDENT SOLUTION 63
Of great importance for the certification of school graduates and their selection in universities with the help of control measuring USE materials have open-ended questions. Unlike tasks with a choice of answers, when performing tasks with a free answer, a hint or guessing the correct answer is excluded. Students must independently formulate the answer to the question posed. Tasks of this type are great importance to identify the level of formation of graduates not only knowledge, but also learning skills, to differentiate students according to the level of their preparation and selection to higher educational establishments biological profile. The inclusion of tasks with a detailed answer in the examination work makes it possible not only to evaluate the educational achievements of the examinees, the depth of their knowledge, but also to reveal the logic of their reasoning. These tasks allow you to get objective results during the exam.
When performing tasks with a detailed answer, the degree of mastering by students of various types is controlled. learning activities, certain skills: characterize, recognize, define, compare, explain and contrast biological objects, processes and phenomena, establish cause-and-effect relationships, generalize, substantiate, draw conclusions, apply theoretical knowledge to solve biological problems, think logically. When performing these tasks, the examinees have the opportunity to quite fully, deeply and competently express their thoughts, demonstrate the depth of knowledge in biology.
There are a lot of professions related to biology. And if a graduate decided to devote his future life to medicine, psychology, pedagogy, technology Food Industry, pharmacology or agriculture, then an examination in biology at the end of a comprehensive school is mandatory for him. What will be USE in Biology 2017?
The state exam in biology in 2017 will be different from the exams of previous years. Not many changes have been made, but they are significant.
A new, more optimized structure of the examination paper is proposed. The number of tasks has been reduced to 28, compared to 40 in 2016. The maximum number of primary points for all work has been reduced, now it is 59 points, instead of 60 last year. But the amount of time to complete the examination paper has been increased to 210 minutes, instead of 180.
There will no longer be single-choice questions in the exam. In this regard, the probability of guessing is reduced to a minimum. After all, before it was possible to connect intuition, pass the threshold and score the minimum allowable number of points. Now intuition is no help to us, we need knowledge. You will have to prepare carefully, and start as early as possible. But there is also good news. The difficulty of the tasks has not changed, and the time to complete them has increased by 30 minutes.
The USE exam paper in biology 2017 contains 28 tasks, consists of two parts, each of which has its own level of complexity and format.
First part of the exam
The first part consists of 21 tasks with a short answer. Moreover, the answers will need to be written in the form of words or phrases, numbers or sequences of numbers, without spaces and separators.
The first part includes tasks of two difficulty levels: 10 - basic level and 11 - elevated.
This format is the first innovation and a significant reason for passing the demo version of the Unified State Examination in Biology 2017.
The second innovation is in the content of tasks. The graduate will need:
- analyze information in graphical or tabular form (1 task)
- supplement the missing information in the diagram and table (2 tasks)
- establish the sequence of systematic taxa, biological objects, phenomena, processes (3 tasks)
- solve biological problems in cytology and genetics (2 tasks)
- complete tasks with multiple choice (7 tasks) and match (6 tasks) with or without a picture
So, 21 tasks of a new type have significant differences and allow you to more accurately assess the knowledge of the material covered, and also require serious preparation.
The second part of the exam (increased difficulty)
The second part of the Unified State Examination in Biology 2017 is aimed at graduates with a high level of knowledge in the subject, or rather, their identification. There will be no changes here. As in 2016, there will be 7 tasks, formed by types of educational activities and in accordance with the topics of the subject. The graduates write answers to them independently in expanded form. There are also no changes in terms of difficulty: 1 task of an increased level and 6 of a high level.
In the second part, the graduate must independently explain and substantiate biological phenomena and processes, be able to analyze, systematize and integrate knowledge, and confirm the theory with practice. And all this is correctly formulated in a detailed answer.
How is it evaluated
The primary maximum score for the state exam in 2017 has changed, but not significantly.
For completing 10 tasks of a basic level of complexity, 17 points are given, for 12 tasks of an advanced level - 24 points, for 6 tasks of a high level - 18. In total - 59 points. for the exam in biology will be 36 points.
What you need to know
The exam involves testing knowledge of the subject in full. And if something is missed, even for a good reason, this fact is not taken into account in the exam. Therefore, it is advisable for a future graduate to start preparing for as early as September in order to have time to fill in all the gaps.
Biology knowledge will be tested in the following sections:
- Biology as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge
- Cell as a biological system
- The organism as a biological system
- System and diversity of the biological world
- The human body and its health
- The evolution of wildlife
- Ecosystems and their inherent patterns
Use this list to check yourself and pick up missed topics.
What you need to know
At the exam in biology, it is also important to show your skills in using the knowledge gained. A graduate must correctly apply terminology, define biological objects not only by description, but also by drawing. When explaining biological processes, those who use not only the word, but also tables, graphs, and diagrams will have a significant advantage. Solve problems, draw conclusions and apply theoretical knowledge in practice, in everyday life.
Every year, FIPI releases an updated demo version of the exam in biology. The graduate has the opportunity to calmly deal with the instructions, assignments, rules of conduct, assessment criteria, and practically go through all the stages of the exam. Of course, the demo version is not an exact copy of the exam, but, nevertheless, it allows the student to feel calmer and more confident when everything happens for real.
In preparation for the exam in biology, each graduate must take into account their personal, individual characteristics. Everyone knows their strengths and weaknesses, memory capabilities, performance. Those who have not figured this out yet can turn to parents and teachers for help. It is worth talking with those who have already passed the exam and get Additional information first-hand. In a word, all methods are good for preparation, the main thing is not to leave everything for May, not to hope for “maybe it will blow over”, but to start systematically exercising now.
Biology refers to those subjects that a graduate on the exam chooses himself. And if he makes a choice in favor of biology, then this science is to his liking. Therefore, all anxieties and worries must be left outside the door so as not to interfere. And take with you composure, confidence, remember everything and get the highest score.
Video news, demos
The exam in biology 2018 is an elective exam, it is completely optional. At the same time, this subject takes the 5th place after the obligatory Russian language and mathematics, followed by social science and physics. 5th place - for biology (it is chosen by about 18% of graduates).
Where is biology useful?
Biology is taken in many universities:
- medical;
- universities of biological profile;
- in the pedagogical specialty "Teacher of Biology";
- in agricultural;
- veterinary;
- at the Faculty of Physical Education;
- psychological;
- ecological;
- at the Faculty of Garden Design;
- at the Faculty of Biology in technical universities, where biology is studied at the junction with physics.
There are a lot of professions related to biology:
- an engineer who models problems related to human life;
- a doctor who will treat diseases that are possible in the future;
- an ecologist who cares about the health of the whole country. The task of the ecologist is to create conditions in which humanity will drink clean water, breathe clean air;
- psychologist;
- athlete.
These are the people who make a person's life more complete and meaningful and, moreover, prolong this life.
Required documents
The FIPI website contains the following documents needed to prepare for the exam in history:
- Specification (description of the work, the necessary documents are listed, the structure of the exam in biology is reflected, a plan for the KIM variant is given).
- Codifier (list of skills and topics that are tested for the exam in biology).
- Demo version of the exam in biology (one version of the exam in biology), with which you need to start preparing for the state exam in history.
Features of the structure of the exam in biology
Total 28 tasks
1 part 2 part
21 short answer tasks 7 long answer tasks
The time to complete the entire work is 3 hours 30 minutes (210 minutes).
The maximum primary score is 59.
The established minimum test score for the exam in biology is 36 points.
How are the key tasks of the 1st part of the work structured?
Task #1 first appeared in 2017. Each student, preparing for the exam, reads the text, underlines keywords, then finds keywords and links between them. These connections make it possible to build dependency. Thus, the text is structured, it contains links between concepts. In this task, a certain fragment from biology is presented, where it is required to show these connections.
Task number 3 is interesting in that the usual simple tasks are introduced, where you need to complete the solution, knowing biology:
- count the number of chromosomes
- indicate the number of cells that are formed during various processes, etc.
Task No. 4 requires you to select two statements that match the description of the object that is presented.
Task number 6 on genetics. These are tasks for monohybrid crossing, where you need to write a specific number, a ratio of numbers.
Task number 8 on the ratio of examples and phenomena. This is the first job example. An alternative example of this task is also offered, where a blind drawing is given (without signatures), and you need to find positions where there are numbers 1 and 2. And only after that, having decided on the position, select the correct answers.
In task No. 9, examples should be found from the proposed text that correspond to the concept of "stability", "microscopicity" and "pathogenicity".
Task number 15 on knowledge of species properties. In biology, the concept of "species" is a key concept around which all biology is built. Given text. It is necessary to select only those criteria that correspond to the task set in the text.
Task number 20. A new (since 2017), original task, which makes it possible to test several very important, key concepts in biology using one example.
- Example 1 tests understanding of speciation.
Example 2 involves filling in free columns in the table and finding some relationships between the structure, object and function.
Task number 21.
- Example 1. The formation of natural science literacy and research skills is possible only when a person is able to work with the information presented in various types. In biology, for example, such information is a table where a scientist, while observing, fixes the data, writes them down, making some calculation. The applicant needs to read what is noted here, as a biologist reads it, who selects key numbers from a palisade and draws conclusions on this basis. It is necessary to choose only 2 statements that strictly correspond to the given conditions.
- Example 2 requires you to choose statements that can be formulated based on the analysis of the histogram. For example, you need to find species, see what they eat, encrypt this species (as if to depersonalize) and suggest the ratio of food preferences of this species. And then it is necessary to evaluate this species, based on its food preferences or some other qualities.
- Example 3 is a graphical representation. It tests the ability to read a chart and understand why the curve moves up or down.
A few words about part 2
These are tasks in an open form, where the graduate will have to answer a question and demonstrate in-depth knowledge of the subject. Particular attention should be paid to the language of the presentation of the answer. A student of the 11th grade must have a certain conceptual apparatus, biological terms used in answers to tasks.
What will help to effectively help pass the exam in biology?
Of course, the textbooks used in schools. These can be textbooks from different authors that can be combined.
Clear planning of your activities in preparation for the Unified State Examination in Biology 2018.
Deep interest of the student in studying and passing the subject on high score.
You need to be motivated, you need to want to study the subject of biology, and then the result will not keep you waiting.
the date conducting the exam in biology will be known in January 2018.
O USE results in biology in 2018, you can find out in your educational organization or on the official website of the exam.
If the Ministry of Education decides to make any changes to KIMS Unified State Examination in biology, you need to be ready for anything, not waste time and start preparing now!
Required for admission to universities for all specialties related to the study of living beings and their interaction with environment. It is taken only by those graduates who plan to enter higher educational institutions for training programs in all medical specialties, as well as biologists, psychologists and some others.
Check out general information about the exam and start preparing. Compared to last year, the KIM USE 2019 version has not changed at all.
EGE assessment
The minimum passing score in biology in 2019 is 37, to overcome the threshold it is necessary to correctly solve the first 18 tasks. Convert the initial scores into test scores, and then evaluate your level of knowledge of the subject according to the usual five-point system.
USE structure
In 2019, the USE test in biology consists of two parts, including 40 tasks.
- Part 1: 33 tasks (1-33) with a short answer that is a number or a sequence of numbers.
- Part 2: 7 tasks (34–40) with a detailed answer, detailed description throughout the course of the task.
Preparation for the exam
- Pass the USE tests online for free without registration and SMS. The presented tests are identical in their complexity and structure to real exams, held in the respective years.
- Download demo versions of the Unified State Examination in Biology, which will allow you to better prepare for the exam and make it easier to pass it. All proposed tests are designed and approved to prepare for USE Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI). In the same FIPI, all official USE options.
The tasks that you will see, most likely, will not be found on the exam, but there will be tasks similar to the demo ones, on the same topic or simply with different numbers.
General USE figures
Year | Min. USE score | Average score | Number of applicants | Did not pass, % | Qty 100 points |
Duration- exam length, min. |
2009 | 35 | |||||
2010 | 36 | 56,38 | 171 257 | 6,1 | 133 | 180 |
2011 | 36 | 54,29 | 144 045 | 7,8 | 53 | 180 |
2012 | 36 | 54 | 168 683 | 8,2 | 51 | 180 |
2013 | 36 | 59,5 | 481 990 | 5,1 | 500 | 180 |
2014 | 36 | 54,1 | 180 | |||
2015 | 36 | 53,2 | 180 | |||
2016 | 36 | 180 | ||||
2017 | 36 | 180 | ||||
2018 |
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Average comprehensive school No. 4 Shebekino, Belgorod Region"
Features of solving and evaluating tasks 22-28 USE in biology
Prepared by: Arnautova Natalya Zakharovna,
chemistry and biology teacher
MBOU "Secondary School No. 4 of Shebekino, Belgorod Region"
2017
PLAN OF THE EXAM WORK OF THE USE IN BIOLOGY
Generalization and application of knowledge about man and the diversity of organisms
Task C4 (25) includes questions related to the content blocks "System and diversity of the organic world" and "The human body and its health."
SYSTEM AND DIVERSITY OF THE ORGANIC WORLD
each amino acid is delivered to the ribosomes of one tRNA, therefore, the number of amino acids in a protein is equal to the number of tRNA molecules involved in protein synthesis;
each amino acid is encoded by three nucleotides (one triplet, or codon), so the number of coding nucleotides is always three times greater, and the number of triplets (codons) is equal to the number of amino acids in the protein;
Solving problems in cytology on the application of knowledge in a new situation
Task C6 (26) includes tasks in cytology related to the processes of realization of hereditary information and cell division.These tasks are good because the questions in them are specific and precise. On the other hand, they are quite complex and require a deep understanding of the processes in question. An important point when solving tasks C5 is an explanation of the actions performed, especially if the task says so: "Explain the answer." The presence of explanations allows the verifier to conclude that the student understands the topic, and their absence can lead to the loss of a very important score.
Task C6 (26) is estimated at three points, which are awarded in the case of fully right decision. Therefore, starting the task, first of all, it is necessary to identify all the questions. The number of answers must correspond to them, otherwise you can also lose a point.
When solving a number of problems in this section, it is necessary to use the table of the genetic code. The rules for using the table are usually indicated in the task, but it is better to learn this in advance. To determine the amino acid encoded by a particular triplet, you must perform the following steps. The first nucleotide of the triplet is found in the left vertical row, the second - in the upper horizontal,
the third is in the right vertical row. The desired amino acid is located at the intersection point of the imaginary lines,
coming from nucleotides.
TASKS FOR QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HEREDITARY INFORMATION
must be included in the explanation following:
each tRNA has an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codon, so the number of anticodons, and hence the total number of tRNA molecules, is equal to the number of mRNA codons;
An mRNA is complementary to one of the DNA strands, so the number of mRNA nucleotides is equal to the number of DNA nucleotides. The number of triplets, of course, will also be the same.
Task 1 . 75 tRNA molecules participated in translation. Determine the number of amino acids that make up the synthesized protein, as well as the number of triplets and nucleotides in the gene that encodes this protein.
Decision .
One tRNA molecule delivers one amino acid to the ribosome. 75 tRNA molecules participated in translation, therefore, the synthesized protein contains 75 amino acids.
Each amino acid is encoded by one DNA triplet, so the DNA region encoding a given protein contains 75 triplets.
Each triplet is three nucleotides, therefore, the indicated DNA section contains 75 x 3 = 225 nucleotides.
Answer:75 amino acids, 75 DNA triplets, 225 DNA nucleotides.
TASKS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THE mRNA MOLECULE, ANTICODONS OF tRNA AND DETERMINATION OF THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE PROTEIN
When solving problems of this type, it is necessary to remember andnecessarily indicate in explanations following:
mRNA nucleotides are complementary to DNA nucleotides;
instead of thymine, uracil is written in all types of RNA;
mRNA nucleotides are written in a row, without commas, since one molecule is meant;
tRNA anticodons are written separated by commas, since each anticodon belongs to a separate tRNA molecule;
amino acids are found according to the table of the genetic code;
if a table of the genetic code for mRNA is given, thenusing mRNA codons :
amino acids in a protein are written with a hyphen, because it means that they have already combined and formed the primary structure of the protein.
Task 2. A DNA chain fragment has the sequence ACGTTTGCCCAAT. Determine the mRNA nucleotide sequence, tRNA anticodons and amino acid sequence in the synthesized protein.
Decision.
Task 3.
What chromosome set is typical for the cells of the embryo and endosperm of the seed, leaves of a flowering plant. Explain the result in each case.
Answer:
1) in the cells of the seed embryo, the diploid set of chromosomes is 2n, since the embryo develops from a zygote - a fertilized egg;
2) in the cells of the endosperm of the seed, the triploid set of chromosomes is 3n, since it is formed by the fusion of two nuclei of the central cell of the ovule (2n) and one sperm (n);
3) cells of the leaves of a flowering plant have a diploid set of chromosomes - 2n, since an adult plant develops from an embryo.
The answer includes 2 of the above elements and does not contain biological errors, OR the answer includes 3 of the above elements, but contains non-gross biological errors.
The response includes 1 of the above elements and does not contain biological errors, OR the answer includes 2 of the above elements, but contains non-gross biological errors
Wrong answer
Maximum Points
TASK #27 (C7)
SOLVING PROBLEMS IN GENETICS FOR THE APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE IN A NEW SITUATION
The condition of genetic problems is often voluminous, therefore, first of all, from the condition it is necessary:
highlight the features in question and introduce the appropriate designations;
set the type of crossing: monohybrid or dihybrid;
establish the nature of inheritance: complete or incomplete dominance, autosomal or sex-linked, independent (in the case of dihybrid crossing) or linked;
identify all the "characters", i.e., all the individuals indicated in the condition (in the presence of a large number of such individuals, it is possible to draw up a genealogical chart for convenience);
establish the genotypes of "characters" and, if necessary, indicate them in the corresponding scheme;
highlight all the questions posed in the condition.
After that, you can proceed to the direct solution of the problem. To avoid unnecessary losses (meaning points), it is better to accompany all your actions with comments, especially if the task says “Explain the solution”.
Task. In a family where parents have normal color vision, the son is color blind.
The genes for normal color vision (D) and color blindness (d) are located on the X chromosome.
Determine the genotypes of the parents, the color-blind son, the gender and the probability of having children who are carriers of the color-blindness gene. Make a scheme for solving the problem.
Explanation
1) Genotypes of parents: mother - X DX d, father x DU;2) the genotype of the son - color blind - X dU;
3) the probability of the birth of carriers of the gene for color blindness (X DX d) – 25%.
The answer includes all the above elements, does not contain biological errors.
The answer includes 1 of the above elements and does not contain biological errors, OR the answer includes 3 of the above elements, but contains non-gross biological errors.
The answer includes 1 of the above elements and does not contain biological errors, OR the answer includes 2 of the above elements, but contains non-gross biological errors.
Wrong answer
Maximum score
Bibliography
1. FIPI project of control and measuring materials for the Unified State Examination in 2018.
2. Demo versions, specifications, USE 2018 codifiers. FIPI website.
3. Information about the planned changes in KIM 2018. FIPI website.
4. Website "I will solve the exam": biology, to the expert.