Tartaric acid is used in the food industry. Tartaric acid - properties, production, application. Properties and uses of tartaric acid
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Gross formula:
C4H6O6
CAS# 87-69-4 Categories:
Hydroxy acids
PubChem CID: 444305
Titles
English:L-(+)-Tartaric acidEnglish:(+)-L-Tartaric acid(+)-Tartaric acid(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid(IUPAC)L(+)-Tartaric acidL-(+ )-tartaric acidL-(R,R)-(+)-tartaric acidL-tartaric acidL-threaric acidNatural tartaric acidTartaric acid natural isomerdextrotartaric acid
Properties of tartaric acid
Tartaric acid is a muscle toxin that, at high doses, can cause paralysis and death. The lethal dose is 7.5 g per 1 kg of human weight. According to this figure, death for a person will occur if more than 500 g of tartaric acid is consumed at a time. In the food industry, the E334 additive is used in much smaller quantities, so it is classified as safe. Also in the food industry, the additive is used as an acidity regulator and an antioxidant in the manufacture of various jams, jellies, and confectionery. In addition, the food additive E334 is used in the production of all kinds of drinks and table water.
After careful study chemical composition nutritional supplement E334, scientists argue that this supplement is quite safe. Moreover, it benefits human health and the body as a whole. Tartaric acid is directly involved in the processes of digestion and metabolism that occur in the human body.
general information
Each food additive has certain qualities of the physico-chemical plan. E-334 is no exception. This product is a practically colorless powdery (crystalline) mass with a rather sour taste. This substance has no odor.
C4H6O6 - this is how E-334 looks like in the form of a chemical formula. The molecular formula is represented by such a scheme - HOOC-CH (OH) - CH (OH) - COOH. That is, from a chemical standpoint, E 334 is a dibasic hydroxy acid.
The additive is commercially produced from different kind raw materials. Most often, this is the waste that the wine industry gives. These include tartaric lime and tartar. Fresh berries, in this regard, are used quite rarely. Can be used for the production of E 334 wine yeast(usually dry).
In the natural environment, tartaric acid is considered a fairly common substance and is a free component of the structures of various fruits. Moreover, it can be found in combination with other components, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium.
Effect on the body
Harm
E-334 is on the list of safe products. And indeed, in small quantities, the substance is not dangerous. But a large dose of the supplement, namely 7.5 g per 1 kg of body weight, can lead to negative consequences, even death, as it turns into a harmful toxic (muscle toxin) product. Certain symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, dizziness, may indicate an overdose. It has been estimated that 500 g of Tartaric acid ingested at one time can cause paralysis and death of a person.
Benefit
Tartaric acid plays an important role in the body. This component has a positive effect on blood vessels, expanding them, on the heart muscle (tones), prevents cell oxidation. Under the influence of tartaric acid, metabolic processes are accelerated, and firmness and, at the same time, elasticity of the skin improves.
It is believed that for children, from 5 mg to 12 mg of this substance daily is enough for the body to function normally. Adults need a little more: women - up to 15 mg, and men from 15 to 20 mg.
Requests for this element increase with stress, with an increase in radiation, with a decrease in the acidity of the stomach, which is the cause of intestinal dysfunction.
Usage
The E334 rating is quite high for manufacturers in various industries. The additive is especially popular in the food industry. It can be found in the composition of flour products: pasta, confectionery, bakery. Manufacturers of jellies and marmalades, canned food and ice cream use its antioxidant qualities. E 334 is one of the components of many wines, as well as beer and liqueurs. The additive is also used in soft drinks.
In cosmetology, they resort to E334 as a strong biostimulant. It is one of the components of products, for example, creams, lotions, intended for body and face care.
In pharmacology, the additive is in demand in the production of diuretic drugs that eliminate heartburn, laxatives, and effervescent tablets.
The industries that apply E - 334 also include the following:
- textile;
- electronic;
- non-ferrous metals;
- construction;
- electrical engineering;
- analytical chemistry.
The product's name
Food tartaric acid (GOST 21205-83) - the main name.
An international synonym is Tartaric acid for use in foodstuffs.
Other names:
- E 334 (E-334), designation in the European codification of additives;
- L(+)-tartaric acid;
- 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, chemical name;
- dioxysuccinic acid;
- tartaric acid;
- dihydroxibernsteinsaure or L(+)Weinsaure, German synonyms;
- acide L(+) tartrique, French.
Substance type
Food supplement E 334 is a representative of the group of antioxidants. Performs the technological role of an acidity regulator.
It is a strong synergist of other antioxidants, therefore it is often used in combination.
Obtained from natural ingredients. During fermentation and storage of wine, cream of tartar (cremortartar) is formed on the walls of containers. The by-product is the main raw material for the production of additive E 334.
Additional sources are:
- dried wine sediments (formed during storage of must);
- refuse;
- remnants of wine in containers (collected when washing barrels).
Tartaric acid E 334 is obtained by precipitation of materials with calcium salts and their subsequent splitting with sulfuric acid.
Malic acid and esters of tartaric acid proper (tartrates) are allowed as impurities.
The food supplement is produced of the first and highest grade. The category depends on the feedstock and the degree of final purification.
Intervention in the production of chemical methods does not allow us to consider the antioxidant E 334 as a completely natural product.
Properties
Index | Standard values |
Color | white, yellowish shade allowed (only for grade 1) |
Compound | tartaric acid, impurities (malic acid, tartrates); empirical formula C4H6O6 |
Appearance | colorless crystals or powder |
Smell | missing |
Solubility | good in water, alcohol, ethers; insoluble in oils and fats |
The content of the main substance | 99% |
Taste | sour |
Density | 1.79 g/cm |
Other | low hygroscopicity |
Package
Containers for food additive E 334 are:
- three- or four-layer paper bags, laminated;
- paper non-impregnated three-layer bags with an additional insert;
- bags made of natural fabrics: linen, jute, kenaf, not lower than grade 2 (a liner bag is required);
- plank boxes for food packaging, completely lined with parchment on the inside (gaps and gaps are not allowed).
Up to 40 kg of tartaric acid are packaged in bags made of natural fabrics, and no more than 30 kg in the rest of the container.
Application
Tartaric acid is approved for use in all countries.
Food additive E 334 is popular with food manufacturers due to its low hygroscopicity, safety of use and spicy sour-tart taste.
Tartaric acid can be found in:
- jelly, marmalade (including those with low sugar content);
- bakery and pasta;
- confectionery flour products;
- canned fruits;
- chocolate and cocoa products (5 g/kg);
- fruit and berry ice cream;
- canned tomatoes.
The antioxidant is used to acidify wines, liqueurs, beer, without alcoholic beverages(including dry effervescent).
In the Codex Alimentarius, tartaric acid is allowed in 12 standards:
- jams, citrus marmalades and similar products (up to 3 g/kg);
- cocoa-based products (up to 5 g/kg);
- margarines according to the GMP standard;
- tomato-based concentrates (to ensure a pH above 4.3 units);
- canned vegetables and fruits.
In the growing popularity of molecular cuisine, tartaric acid is added to beetroot marmalade to give it a blackcurrant flavor.
The antioxidant properties of tartaric acid are used by the cosmetic industry.
Food supplement E 334 is a component of face and body care products. It is a very strong biostimulant that improves skin firmness and elasticity.
Included in whitening, moisturizing, toning and anti-aging creams and lotions. It is the main ingredient in peeling systems.
Additive E 334 has found application in pharmaceuticals and medicine.
Low hygroscopicity allows the use of tartaric acid in the production of "effervescent" tablets that eliminate heartburn, heaviness in the stomach, hangover.
It is part of many laxatives and diuretics, as it has a beneficial effect on metabolic processes.
Alternative application:
- electrical engineering, electronic production (manufacturing of microphones, computers);
- construction (retarder setting of gypsum mixtures);
- production of non-ferrous metals;
- textile industry (dyeing of fabrics);
- analytical chemistry (detection of aldehydes, separation of racemates into isomers).
Benefit and harm
Tartaric acid does not cause allergic reactions and other undesirable effects. Additive E 334 improves digestion, increases vitality.
The allowable daily intake of tartaric acid is 30 mg per kilogram of body weight.
A dose of 7.5 g/kg body weight (approximately 500 g) taken at one time causes muscle paralysis and death.
For comparison: most of all tartaric acid in soft drinks - up to 1.7 g / l. This is hundreds of times less than the toxic dose.
Tartaric acid is poorly broken down in the body. Mostly remains in the intestines in the form of calcium tartrate. A small amount is excreted naturally.
Calcium propionate (E282) is considered a non-toxic preservative.
The main source of lycopene is red tomatoes and tomato paste. this food coloring read here.
In fast food establishments, dirty dishes are at the top of the list of important issues. The dirty dishes conveyor will help you quickly cope with dirty plates and forks. How to choose the right one and which brands to give preference to, read here.
Sources
- http://charchem.org/ru/subst-ref?id=1293
- https://vesvnorme.net/zdorovoe-pitanie/vinnaja-kislota.html
- https://nebolet.com/konservanty/e334.html
- http://vkusologia.ru/dobavki/antioxidanty/e334.html
Tartaric acid is a very common natural compound. Significant amounts of it can be found in the juice of many fruits, in particular, in grape juice. As a food additive, it has the designation E334. It is used in industries such as food, cosmetics, textiles, as well as in medicine and analytical chemistry.
This food supplement looks like a white crystalline powder, which is odorless, but has a tart, sour taste. It is soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether and water. In fats, as well as vegetable oils, this acid does not dissolve.
The production of tartaric acid was an important step in the development of chemistry. The first experiments to obtain this substance were carried out by an alchemist named Jabir ibn Hayyan. The modern production method was developed by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in the 18th century. At this stage, this acid is obtained from different raw materials. Often used for this waste from the wine industry.
The main sources of tartaric acid are:
Dried wine yeast, which is obtained during the production of wine;
Tartar, formed on the walls of the vessel during the fermentation of wine;
Tartaric lime, which is formed during the processing of yeast;
Cretaceous sediments that are formed during the process of reducing the acidity of wine materials.
Properties of tartaric acid
Tartaric acid is a muscle toxin that, at high doses, can cause paralysis and death. The lethal dose is 7.5 g per 1 kg of human weight. According to this figure, death for a person will occur if more than 500 g of tartaric acid is consumed at a time. In the food industry, the E334 additive is used in much smaller quantities, so it is classified as safe. Also in the food industry, the additive is used as an acidity regulator and an antioxidant in the manufacture of various jams, jellies, and confectionery. In addition, the food additive E334 is used in the production of all kinds of drinks and table water.
After a thorough study of the chemical composition of the food additive E334, scientists claim that this additive is quite safe. Moreover, it benefits human health and the body as a whole. Tartaric acid is directly involved in the processes of digestion and metabolism that occur in the human body.
The use of tartaric acid
Food additive E334 is approved for use in the production of a group of food products in most countries of the world. Tartaric acid is classified as an antioxidant and antioxidant compounds, thanks to which it is possible to increase the shelf life, and, consequently, the shelf life of various food products. One of the properties of E334 is that it slows down natural processes that inevitably lead to spoilage of the finished food product. Also, the food additive E334 is quite often used in the food industry as an acidity level regulator.
The use of tartaric acid is also common in other industries. For example, the pharmaceutical industry uses it to make soluble drugs. In the cosmetic industry, it is used to make creams, lotions for the face and body, and other similar products. Tartaric acid is a strong antioxidant and biostimulant. Being in the composition of any cosmetic product, it has an exfoliating and moisturizing effect.
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Tartaric acids are compounds that are often found in the plant kingdom. It can be both free isomers and the main source of this substance is ripe grape fruits. Tartar stones, in other words, potassium sparingly soluble salts, are formed during the fermentation of a drink from berries. This dietary supplement is labeled E334. It is obtained most often from secondary products of wine processing.
Tartaric acid: formula and varieties
Tartaric acid is a hygroscopic crystal that is odorless and colorless. However, the substance has a pronounced sour taste. All varieties of tartaric acid are highly soluble in water, as well as in ethyl alcohol. The compounds are more resistant to aliphatic hydrocarbons, benzene and ether. The chemical formula of this compound is: C 4 H 6 O 6 .
Tartaric acid occurs as 4 isomers. This is due to the symmetrical and equilibrium arrangement of acid carboxyls, hydrogen ions and hydroxyl residues. It:
- D-tartaric, otherwise - tartaric acid.
- L- tartaric acid.
- Anti-tartaric, in other words - meso-tartaric acid.
- Tartaric acid, which is a mixture of tartaric acids L- and D-.
Physical properties
Tartaric acids are identical in chemical properties. However, they are completely different and there are significant differences in physical parameters. For example, tartaric acids D- and L- begin to melt at a temperature of 140°C, grape acid - from 240 to 246°C, mesotartaric acid - 140°C.
With regard to solubility, the first two compounds are perfectly soluble in water, while the remaining two are resistant to moisture.
Salts of tartaric acid
Tartaric acid can only form two sour and medium. Compounds of the latter type can be completely dissolved in water. However, when immersed in caustic alkali, they form Rochelle crystals. Acidic monosubstituted acids are poorly soluble in liquids. This applies not only to water, but also to spirits and wine drinks. They gradually settle on the walls of blood vessels. After that, the contents are carefully removed and used to obtain organic acid.
As for tartar, it is found not only in the juice of grape fruits, but also in nectars with pulp, and in pastes made from fruits.
Daily rate
Tartaric acids are simply necessary for the body with an increased radiation background, dysfunction digestive system, constant stress, as well as low acidity of the stomach.
These compounds are found in acidic fruits. The maximum concentration of tartaric acid is concentrated in rhubarb, papaya, lingonberries, quinces, pomegranates, cherries, gooseberries, black currants, limes, oranges, avocados, tangerines, cherries, apples and grapes.
With proper and balanced nutrition daily requirement in such compounds is fully covered. For the normal functioning of the body, men need from 15 to 20 milligrams of tartaric acid, women - from 13 to 15 milligrams, and children - from 5 to 12 milligrams.
What is useful tartaric acid
The properties of tartaric acid are difficult to overestimate. This connection has biological significance. Wine acid:
- Tones the heart muscle.
- Expands blood vessels.
- Stimulates collagen synthesis.
- Increases firmness and elasticity of the skin.
- Protects cells from oxidation.
- Increases the speed of all metabolic processes.
- Reacts with radionuclides, and also accelerates their excretion from the body.
When using this supplement, it is worth considering that exceeding the daily allowance is fraught with consequences. Signs of overdose may occur, which include paralysis, dizziness, diarrhea and vomiting. In some cases, excessive use of the reagent can lead to lethal outcome. Death occurs in situations where the dose of tartaric acid exceeds 7.5 grams per 1 kilogram of body weight.
In order not to harm your body, increase daily allowance substances alone are not recommended. This can only be done by the attending physician. Especially if the patient is predisposed to herpes, has sensitive skin, or the mechanism for the absorption of certain acids is impaired.
Application in the food industry
Tartaric acid, the formula of which is indicated above, allows you to slow down the processes of decay and decay of products. Due to this property, the compound has been widely used in the food industry. Tartaric acid prevents premature spoilage of flour and canned foods. Very often, the compound is used as an antioxidant reagent or acidity regulator.
Tartaric acid is present in the composition of alcoholic beverages, table water, bakery and confectionery products, as well as canned foods. Obtaining this component is a simple process. To do this, use the waste that is generated as a result of obtaining a wine drink.
It should be noted that the substrate is used to preserve the whiteness and plasticity of chocolate icing, fixing and loosening the dough. In addition, the E334 additive makes it possible to soften the taste of alcoholic wine drinks, making them more tart and pleasant.
The use of tartaric acid in other areas
Tartaric acid is widely used not only in the food industry, but also in pharmaceuticals. For medical purposes, the compound is used as an auxiliary component. It is used in the manufacture of soluble drugs, some laxatives medicines as well as effervescent tablets.
Tartaric acid is also used in cosmetology. This compound is found in many professional shampoos, lotions, creams and peels designed for hair and skin care.
In fact, tartaric acid is used in many areas. For example, the compound is used in the textile industry to fix the color as a result of dyeing fabrics. In construction, the additive is used as a reagent. It is added to gypsum and cement mixtures. Due to this, the mass solidifies more slowly.
Rochelle salt is used in the manufacturing process of computers, loudspeakers and microphones due to its piezoelectric properties.
Tartaric acid (tartaric, tartaric, dioxysuccinic) - dibasic organic matter, which has two asymmetric carbon atoms in its molecule.
The compound is widely distributed in the plant world, occurs in the form of free isomers and acid salts.
The main source of tartaric acid is ripe grapes. The substance is released during the fermentation of a berry drink, forming sparingly soluble potassium salts, called tartar.
The food additive is registered under the code E334, it is obtained from secondary products of wine processing (yeast, chalk sediments, tartaric lime).
Chemical and physical properties
Dioxysuccinic acid is a colorless and odorless hygroscopic crystals with a pronounced sour taste. These compounds are soluble in water and ethanol, practically insoluble in ether, benzene, aliphatic hydrocarbons.
The chemical formula of the substance is C4H6O6.
Tartaric acid, due to the equilibrium and symmetrical arrangement of hydroxyl residues, hydrogen ions, acid carboxyls, occurs in nature in the form of four isomers.
Varieties of additive E 334
- D - tartaric acid (tartaric).
- L is tartaric acid.
- Meso-tartaric acid (anti-tartaric).
- Grape acid (a mixture of equal volumes of l - and d - tartaric acids).
All forms of the dioxysuccinic substance are identical in chemical properties, but differ in physical parameters. So, the melting point of l - and d - tartaric acids is - 140 degrees, grape - 240 - 246 degrees, meso-tartaric - 140 degrees. At the same time, the water solubility of the first two compounds is much higher than that of the last two.
Tartaric acid forms two types of salts: medium and acidic. Compounds of the first type are highly soluble in water, and in solutions of caustic alkalis they form Rochelle crystals. Monosubstituted acid salts are sparingly soluble in liquids, including wine and spirits. Therefore, they settle on the walls of the tank, from where they are extracted to obtain organic acid. In addition to grape juice, cream of tartar is present in pulped nectars and fruit pastes.
Properties and daily requirement
Tartaric acid is found in sour berries and fruits.
Its maximum concentration is concentrated in grapes, apples, cherries, tangerines, avocados, oranges, limes, blackcurrant, gooseberry, cherry, pomegranate, quince, lingonberry, papaya, rhubarb. With a balanced diet, the daily requirement for the element is covered in full.
For the normal functioning of the body, women need 13 - 15 milligrams of tartaric acid daily, men - 15 - 20 milligrams, children - 5 - 12 milligrams.
The need for a dioxysuccinic compound increases with an increased radiation background, stress, dysfunction digestive tract associated with decreased stomach acidity.
The biological significance of tartaric acid:
- protects body cells from oxidation;
- increases the speed of metabolic processes;
- reacts with radioactive elements, accelerating their excretion from the body;
- dilates blood vessels;
- increases the elasticity and firmness of the skin;
- potentiates collagen synthesis;
- tones the heart muscle.
Given that tartaric acid is toxic, the consumption of high concentrations of the reagent is fraught with the development of overdose symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, paralysis and death. The use of 7.5 grams of the compound per kilogram of body weight is fatal.
In order not to harm your health, you can increase the intake of the substance only after consulting your doctor, especially if you have a predisposition to herpes, you have sensitive skin, or the mechanism for the absorption of fruit acids is impaired.
Application of additive E334
Due to the fact that tartaric acid slows down the processes of decay and decay of products, the compound is widely used in the food industry. It prevents premature spoilage of canned and flour products. The raw material for the manufacture of additives E 334 is the waste generated during the production of wine drinks.
Tartaric acid is used as an acidity regulator and an antioxidant reagent in the manufacture of canned foods, confectionery and bakery products, table water, and alcoholic beverages. In addition, the wine substrate is used to loosen the dough, fix the whipped proteins, preserve the plasticity and whiteness of the chocolate icing. Food additive E 334 helps to soften the alcohol "bitterness" of wine products, giving them a pleasant tart aftertaste.
Other areas of application of tartaric acid.
- Pharmaceutics. In medicine, the substance is used as an auxiliary component in the creation of soluble drugs, effervescent tablets and laxatives.
- Cosmetology. Additive E 334 is included in professional peels, creams, lotions, shampoos intended for skin and hair care.
- Textile industry. The wine agent is used to fix the color after dyeing fabrics.
- Analytical chemistry. Salts of tartaric acid are used to detect sugars and aldehydes in chemical solutions, to separate racemates of organic compounds into isomers.
- Construction. The reagent is added to cement or gypsum mixtures to slow down the solidification of the mass.
- Electrical engineering. Rochelle's salt (double sodium-potassium tartaric acid tetrahydrate), due to its piezoelectric properties, is used in the manufacture of microphones, loudspeakers and computers.
In addition, the organic compound is used to remove rust stains from white clothes. To do this, rock salt and reagent E 334 are mixed in equal proportions. Then the mixture is diluted with water until a thick mass is obtained, applied to the stain. To enhance the “effect”, the thing is placed under the direct rays of the sun, waiting for the disappearance of the problem area on the fabric. After that, the product is rinsed in cold water and then washed thoroughly in warm soapy water.
Tartaric acid in cosmetology
Additive E 334, in a concentrated form, is used in cosmetology, as a professional cleanser during wine peeling.
Dioxysuccinic acid gently dissolves dead cells of the stratum corneum of the skin without causing burns and mechanical injury.
The results of the application of wine peeling:
- reduces the effect of "orange peel";
- smoothes mimic wrinkles;
- activates the mechanisms of removal of damaged cells of the epidermis (exfoliation);
- "levels" the relief of the skin;
- brightens age spots and complexion;
- gives the skin elasticity and smoothness;
- stimulates the formation of new elastin and collagen fibers;
- reduces the production of sebum;
- narrows pores;
- moisturizes the deep layers of the skin.
Given that component E 334 potentiates the intensification of the whitening and exfoliating effects, it is advisable to use it for toning and brightening all skin types, especially with increased pigmentation, thickening of the stratum corneum, and signs of photoaging.
Tartaric acid has powerful antioxidant properties: "binds" free radicals, slows down the natural aging of the dermis. In addition, peeling based on it is used as a preparatory procedure before mechanical facial cleansing, sunbathing, cosmetic wraps (anti-cellulite, tonic, rejuvenating).
Acid cleansing contraindications:
The optimal time for peeling is winter or early spring (before the active sun appears).
Conclusion
So, tartaric acid is a multifunctional plant compound with pronounced antioxidant and biostimulating properties. The main natural sources of the substance are grapes and citrus fruits. When taken orally, the acid “fights” free radicals, accelerates the metabolism of essential substances, and increases the elasticity of the skin. Due to its unique properties, it is widely used in the food industry, cosmetology, electroforming, winemaking, medicine, metallurgy and analytical chemistry.
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