Lecture on the topic of prevention of terrorism and extremism. Lecture for parents: "extremism among the youth" - presentation. Activities with different youth groups
Types and goals of terrorism. Terrorism as a state policy. Terrorism in Russia. Methods of combating terrorism.
Organization of first aid to victims of terrorism. The action of the population while being held hostage by terrorists.
According to Federal Law No. 35-FZ (dated 03/06/2006; last edition of 12/31/2014) "On countering terrorism",terrorism - this is the ideology of violence and the practice of influencing decision-making by state authorities, local governments or international organizations related to intimidation of the population and (or) other forms of illegal violent actions.
The concept of countering terrorism in Russian Federation(approved by the President of the Russian Federation on October 5, 2009).
The main features of modern terrorism:
1) change in motivation : if earlier terrorist acts were committed against political and class enemies, now terror has become a means of resolving national and religious contradictions.
2) peaceful people become victims of terror;
3) the emergence of new types of terrorism;
4) change the dynamics of terrorist acts and the increase in the number of victims of terror;
5) terrorism becomes anonymous;
6) international terrorism came to the fore.
7) the use of new means to intimidate people and entire states.
Features of terrorism in the Russian Federation:
the presence of a long history (the activities of the organization "Narodnaya Volya", a series of assassination attempts and the assassination of Tsar AlexanderIIin 1881);
availability of worldwide spectrum;
different assessment of terrorist activities by different sections of society;
the "mixed" nature of terrorist actions;
long duration of the fight against terrorist groups.
The causes of terrorism should be considered:
the collapse of the USSR, the formation of independent states;
revision of the post-war world order;
lack of success in promoting the idea of a multipolar world
unification of Europe, political and interethnic crises in the Middle East and the Balkans;
the growing role of the US;
advancing the NATO military bloc to the borders of Russia;
an increase in the number of local conflicts.
Types of terrorism:
Byfunds , used in the implementation of terrorist acts:
traditional when firearms and edged weapons, explosives, poisons and other means are used to commit a terrorist act:
technological when the latest achievements of science and technology in the field of computer and information technologies, radio electronics, genetic engineering, etc.
By the nature of the subject of terrorist activity:
Unorganized or individual (lone terrorism) - in this case, a terrorist attack (less often, a series of terrorist attacks) is carried out by one or two people who are not behind any organization (Dmitry Karakozov, Vera Zasulich, Ravachol, etc.);
Organized, collective - terrorist activity is planned and implemented by a certain organization (Narodnaya Volya SRs, Al-Qaeda, IRA, ETA, state terrorism). Organized terrorism is the most widespread in the modern world.
Depending on the criminalmotivation :
Nationalist - pursues separatist or national liberation goals;
Religious - may be associated with the struggle of adherents of religion among themselves (Hindus and Muslims, Muslims and Christians) and within the same faith (Shiites Sunnis), and aims to undermine secular power and establish religious power;
Ideologically given, social, political - pursues the goal of a radical or partial change in the economic or political system of the country, drawing public attention to any acute problem. Sometimes this type of terrorism is called revolutionary. Anarchist, Socialist-Revolutionary, fascist, European "left" terrorism, etc., serve as an example of ideologically given terrorism.
Criminalterrorismis carried out by criminal elements or criminal groups in order to obtain certain concessions from the authorities, to intimidate the authorities and the population of the country using methods of violence and intimidation borrowed from the practice of terrorist organizations.
Domestic terrorism - pursues the goal of destabilizing the family, capturing, redistributing between families. This type of terrorism is also called family. An example of domestic terrorism is the systematic influence of one family member on another with the help of scandals, reproaches, and the simulation of a painful state. As a rule, domestic terrorism is fueled in families through the psychological processing of younger members by older ones.
Technological terrorismconsists in the use or threat of use of nuclear, chemical or bacteriological weapons, radioactive and highly toxic chemical, biological substances, as well as the threat of seizing nuclear and other industrial facilities representing an increased danger to human life and health. As a rule, technological terrorism sets itself political goals.
Cyberterrorism - actions to disorganize automated information systems that create a danger of death of people, causing significant material damage or the occurrence of other socially dangerous consequences.
Targets of terrorism
Depending on the subject of terrorism and the direction of its activities:
internal political:
change political regime and social structure of the country;
undermining or hindering democratic change;
destabilization of the internal political situation;
obstruction and disorganization of the activities of authorities and administration or rival political parties and organizations;
provoking state power to commit actions that may compromise it in the eyes of the population or raise the authority of terrorists;
disruption of certain measures of authorities and administration (to consolidate internal political forces, ensure security and order in areas where crisis and conflict situations spread, etc.).
foreign policy:
weakening of international relations or deterioration of the country's relations with foreign states;
disruption of international actions to resolve international or domestic political conflicts;
creating unfavorable conditions for the activities of citizens and institutions of the country abroad; expression of condemnation or protest against certain actions of the country in the international arena or within the country;
compromising the country as a source of international terrorism in the eyes of the world community, etc.
Depending on the scale and content:
strategic(for example, preparing the conditions for overthrowing the existing system, destabilizing the situation in the country, recognizing a terrorist organization by the authorities and the public as an independent political force, etc.);
tactical(popularization of the ideas and goals of a terrorist organization, ensuring the rallying of the members of the organization itself, obtaining financial resources to continue its activities, releasing individual terrorists serving sentences, expressing a negative attitude towards individual leaders or organizations of the country, towards law enforcement agencies, towards the armed forces, etc. ).
In order to organize and carry out specific terrorist actions subordinated to the strategic and tactical goals of terrorism, extremist structures develop tasks that are determined by the domestic and foreign political goals of terrorism of one direction or another and serve to create conditions for their achievement. For example, the goal of destabilizing the internal political situation in the country may cause the setting of tasks to carry out murders and explosions to intimidate the population of certain regions, to carry out acts of violence against high-ranking officials of government and law enforcement agencies, against leaders of public organizations supporting the authorities. In order to achieve the goal of disrupting international actions to resolve acute ethnic conflicts, terrorists can put forward the tasks of creating a danger of the presence of representatives of international organizations in a certain region, of provoking new outbreaks of interethnic hostility, etc. The purpose of the demonstration negative attitude to change the country's foreign policy can be achieved by setting a terrorist organization tasks to seize diplomatic and other representatives of the country as hostages, to interfere with the normal activities of its institutions (by blowing up their premises, organizing disturbing reports of impending acts of violence, etc. .) and etc.
In accordance with the tasks put forward, the terrorist organization determines the specific objects of terrorist attacks, determines the need for forces and means to carry out a violent act, the procedure for their use, etc.
Ways to achieve the goals of terrorism:
The fear of terrorism is actively used to introduce the "image of the enemy" into the mass consciousness.
Fear of terror effective tool struggle to change public opinion in favor of expanding the special services, their powers and funding.
The process of group manipulation is divided into three stages:
First stage – “emotional actualization of xenophobia”. Such psychological processing, carried out with the help of special literature and the media, is aimed at touching the most sensitive strings of the human psyche, affecting the honor and personal dignity of each representative of a given religious group or ethnic group.
Second stage – “practical orientation of groups”. The mass consciousness (“compatriots” or “fellow believers”), heated up by the propaganda of “popular indignation”, is directed to specific accomplishments with the help of attractive political goals and programs.
Third stage - the goals planned for implementation, specific program guidelines and practical steps must be morally sanctioned by the public opinion prevailing in this environment, after which any actions of this national movement, even if they are associated with inevitable unrest and bloodshed, will certainly be perceived as morally justified, meeting the highest interests of the nation or denomination.
Objects of terrorism:
The first group - general - thisabout the objects of weakening and undermining:
internal and external security of the country;
international relations, positions and interests;
independence and sovereignty of the state;
foundations of the social order;
political organization of society;
state power and its institutions;
the safety of citizens.
The main object of terrorist activity against the Russian Federation and in the Russian Federation is its constitutional system.
The second group - objects of direct violent (terrorist) influence - the safety of people and various material objects; life, health, freedom of specific persons or their personally indefinite groups; the normal functioning and physical integrity of certain objects and structures (for example, property belonging to terrorized persons, institutions, etc.).
By using violence in various ways or threatening to use it against persons or specific material objects, terrorist organizations ultimately count on achieving their goals and objectives of weakening and undermining the common objects of terrorism.
TERRORISM METHODS
Taking into account the method of achieving the goals and objectives set by terrorists and the nature of the objects, four groups of methods can be distinguished:
organizational nature,
methods of physical influence,
material impact (on inanimate objects),
and psychological impact.
Organizational methods include, first of all, those that are used to create terrorist structures and prepare acts of direct violent influence (inspiring terrorist activities by attracting people to participate in it, their organizational unity, preparing terrorist actions, organizing interaction with other extremist organizations and etc., as well as stimulating terrorist activities by providing financial, material and other support to terrorist organizations, groups, individuals - terrorists).
Methods of physical influence on people are associated with direct physical damage to life, health and freedom of people. Among them, one can single out the unlawful deprivation of people of life (the use of firearms and cold steel, explosives, poisons and toxic substances, suffocation, radioactive damage, infection, etc.); damage to their health (beating, the use of methods used to deprive people of life); deprivation or restriction of their freedom (capture and abduction of people, forcible deprivation of their ability to communicate with the outside world, detention at their place of residence - in a vehicle, office, etc., forcible transfer to terrorist-controlled facilities and keeping them in a secret shelter until comply with terrorist demands).
Methods of material impact on inanimate objects are diverse and are mainly associated with the destruction or damage of objects of this group. These include mainly the use of explosives and flammable substances, mechanical damage or rendering these objects unusable. In other words, these are, first of all, explosions, arson, pogroms.
The methods used in these cases are in some part similar to those that belong to the first group of methods.
Methods of psychological influence ("Psychological terror") occupy an increasing place in terrorist activities. This is explained, on the one hand, by the essence of terror as a method of coercion and intimidation, which is primarily achieved by using the three groups of methods discussed above, and on the other hand, by the desire in some cases to simplify the mechanism for achieving terrorist goals, the wide spread of political extremism in various circles of the population. This group of methods includes two subgroups. The first is formed by actions that are directly physical in nature, but mainly designed to achieve a psychological result. These include attacks on certain persons, damage to their property, pogroms in their homes, etc. The second subgroup consists of actions that are also predominantly defiantly threatening, but not related to the direct infliction of any physical harm to a person or his relatives. These are, first of all, threats (open or anonymous) against officials, institutions, public figures, etc. Such threats are usually transmitted orally, in writing, by telephone and, as a rule, contain threats of reprisals and other adverse consequences for the recipients. There are frequent cases of such threats in leaflets, publications in the press. Terrorist organizations, in certain cases, can organize targeted and massive campaigns to intimidate their opponents or other objects of terror chosen by them by further escalating terrorist activities. The current political and operational situation in the CIS countries and a number of regions of the Russian Federation is characterized by the widespread use of "psychological terror" methods.
Terrorism as a state policy
On the map of the World, there were (are) many countries in which terror has been turned into state policy, such as, for example, in South Africa. The International Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes of Racism and Apartheid in Southern Africa has declared the South African government a regime of state terrorism.
In March 1981, 50 African UN member countries issued a statement emphasizing that the open support of the Washington administration for the South African regime (and this is a well-known fact) is an encouragement of the policy of "state terrorism" carried out by the Pretoria authorities and complicity in the racial oppression of the indigenous population of South Africa. Africa. In South Africa, there were many terrorist organizations consisting of the white population. They organized bombings in offices, theaters and in many other places where representatives of all races were admitted, threatened prominent African figures.
To date, this hotbed of terrorism has been “extinguished”. As a result of the country's first free general elections, the prominent African leader Nelson Mandella came to power, and the reorganization of the old political system is now in full swing.
Two more countries in which terrorism is widely used as a state policy are located in the Middle East. These states are Israel and Iraq.
Israel waged wars of conquest aimed at conquering and subjugating its neighboring countries. For example, the invasion of Lebanon and the capture of Beirut, in Palestine. In all cases, especially in Palestine, Israeli troops carried out "purges" of the Arab population, forcing the survivors to leave their lands. In Palestine, this led to the fact that the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) began to resist in all possible ways, including terrorism. Although, as shown similar experience in Northern Ireland, the Chechen Republic and Palestine itself, the process of reconciliation is very difficult. There are forces that hinder the development of the peace process in various ways.
Iraq is also another hotbed of instability in that region. The head of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, is pursuing an aggressive policy towards his neighbors. He tried to capture a small but oil-rich state - Kuwait. The reasons for this takeover are clear. If Iraq were to keep Kuwait's oilfields as its property, it would receive enormous economic benefits and would be able to carry out aggressions further. No wonder they say - "oil is the blood of war." But Iraq's insidious designs were thwarted by NATO intervention. Iraq was defeated in the war and has so far suspended its policy of terrorism and aggression.
There are many states that use terrorism to one degree or another. I have listed only a few of the most "bright" representatives. I hope that the world community will watch such countries with unflagging attention and prevent their aggression. Although, by and large, terrorism is used by all countries of the world. Only some are so obvious that everyone can see it, while others are less obvious. The task of the world community is to suppress (at least at the first stage) the most aggressive states and resolve old conflicts.
The situation with terrorism in Russia takes up a lot of space in the daily news. Terrorist acts in Russia took place immediately after the collapse of the Union, in 1994-1995, and they did not stop later. The biggest act in last years in the Russian Federation there was a terrible capture of Beslan in North Ossetia when the victims were children. Terrorists are people who do not have any morality, that's why they encroached on the lives of children. In the school, which was seized by criminals on September 1, 2004, there were about 1200 people in total, 326 people died during the three days of terror. According to the investigation of the special services, 32 people took part in that terrible action, 31 of whom were killed in the process of releasing people. Only one of the bandits survived. You can also remember Nord-Ost, the capital's palace of culture, which was mined by terrorists along with 700 spectators and employees of the institution. The terrorists held the hostages for three days, morally mocking the relatives of poor people. The act ended with an assault, which, according to the official version, began after the bandits started shooting people. In this struggle, the special forces against terrorists acted professionally, but they had to use lethal gas. Unfortunately, many innocent people died from its effects. Another terrorist threat to modern Russia is the Arab Wahhabis. This group carries out acts of religious terror, from which Russians may suffer. Terrorists, whose photos are in the dossiers of international and Russian services dealing with this problem, can live among us and at the same time plan their atrocities. Methods of Combating Terrorists Much can be said about the fight against terrorism in the current situation. First of all, I would like to say about what bodies are directly fighting criminal groups or individual terrorists in Russia. The main fighter is the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. In addition to this service, there are departments for combating terrorism in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and the Russian Ministry of Defense. Anti-terrorist units have been created in the Russian Federation, the main of which are the Alfa and Vympel groups. Also, special services that are fighting terrorism have also been created under the army, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Vega group), under power structures. Terror can be avoided only by the joint efforts of different countries that are determined to solve the problem seriously. It is necessary to develop an integrated approach to combating this phenomenon through not only legal and forceful influence, but also by identifying the main causes of its occurrence. The most important thing is not to look for justifications for terrorism, not to divide it into right and wrong. It is necessary to fight against any of its manifestations. At the legislative level, in all countries it is necessary to strengthen the criminal liability for an act of terror. The law on combating terrorism and criminal legislation must be tightened, up to the introduction of the death penalty.
System of measures to combat terrorism
The anti-terrorism program appears to consist of the following subsections or blocks:
Legal measures to combat terrorism, including legislative acts, as well as international conventions on combating terrorism and organized crime;
General preventive measures, including the establishment of control over the "markets" of weapons and other means of mass destruction;
Administrative-regime measures, which should include measures for interstate cooperation in the field of combating terrorism;
Special (operational, investigative, technical and security) measures to prevent terrorist manifestations.
It seems that the development, adoption and subsequent control over the implementation of such measures to counter terrorism is one of the urgent tasks of the activities of state authorities in Russia.
But along with state bodies, the public, including the scientific community, the mass media, socio-political parties, organizations and movements, can also play a significant role in the fight against terrorism. The refusal of all socio-political forces and subjects without exception from violent and armed methods of struggle for the realization of their goals can become very effective. The most important condition is the elimination of all illegal paramilitary groups in the country. Public authorities could also help stop conflicts, internecine clashes, confrontation, reduce social tension in the cities and regions of Russia, which is a breeding ground for terrorism and extremism.
Only joint actions of state structures and civil society can become an effective factor in countering the spread of terrorism in Russia, achieving and maintaining genuine civil peace in society.
Peculiarities of medical and sanitary support during terrorist acts
Based on the existing system of medical and sanitary support in emergency situations, the provision of medical care to the population during terrorist acts is organized as follows.
At the local and territorial levels, duty teams of the nearest ambulance stations (departments) are initially sent to the zone of a terrorist act. If there are not enough of them, on-duty ambulance teams of neighboring stations (departments) are involved. If necessary, reserve ambulance teams, operational teams of the treatment center are involved acute poisoning and other formations of the disaster medicine service. Specialized medical care, BEMP
Before the arrival of medical units in the zone of a terrorist act (explosion), the territory for their deployment (deployment) and the territory adjacent to it, must be checked by explosives specialists for the presence of explosives.
When hostages are taken, it is necessary to expand the nearest hospitals and prepare them to receive the victims. If necessary, reinforce them with teams of specialized medical care, medicines and other medical equipment. When terrorists with hostages are transferred to the escort group, ambulance medical teams prepared to carry out urgent first aid measures are allocated.
The content of specific first aid measures depends on the damaging factors of the emergency and the nature of the damage. So, in case of emergencies with a predominance of mechanical damaging factors (in terrorist acts they prevail), they include:
− extraction or release of destroyed buildings, structures, mangled vehicles struck from under the rubble;
− restoration of patency of the upper respiratory tract, carrying out artificial ventilation of the lungs by the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method;
− indirect heart massage;
− temporary stop of external bleeding by all available methods;
− giving the victim an optimal physiological position;
− dressings on wound and burn surfaces;
− immobilization of limbs in case of fractures, extensive burns, crushing of soft tissues, fixation of the body to a board or shield in case of spinal injuries;
− analgesic therapy;
− plentiful warm drink with the addition of 0.5 teaspoon of baking soda and table salt per 1 liter of liquid;
− plentiful sweet drink with the addition of alcohol.
The volume of medical care for victims with severe injuries on the spot is limited to the provision of first medical, pre-medical, and emergency first aid measures, followed by evacuation of the injured to the nearest hospitals to provide qualified, and, if possible, and according to indications, specialized medical care.
When loading victims onto unsuitable vehicles, medical workers must necessarily control the correct placement of the victims in the vehicle in order to prevent the deterioration of the condition of the injured during transportation.
In some cases (significant remoteness, seizure of the nearest medical institution by terrorists, etc.), as the first stage of medical evacuation in the zone of a terrorist act, a hospital (detachment) of a disaster medicine center is deployed in full or in part. Subsequently, if necessary, by ambulances or helicopters, the injured are evacuated to a specialized medical institution (regional, regional, republican hospital, etc.), where they are provided with full medical care, treatment and rehabilitation until the final outcome. When evacuating, the possibilities of air ambulance are used to the maximum.
Those affected with the most severe and complex injuries (diseases), who are in a transportable state, can be evacuated, mainly by air, to federal clinics and hospitals.
After providing first medical and pre-medical aid, those affected by sanitary or additionally allocated transport are urgently evacuated to the nearest medical institutions - the first stage of medical evacuation, where the first medical, qualified, and, if possible, specialized medical care is organized and provided.
Hostage
In recent years, cases of hostage-taking have become more frequent all over the world. These crimes, as a rule, are accompanied by an insult to the honor and dignity of the captured citizens, causing them moral and physical suffering, bodily harm, or even death.
Therefore, if you are taken hostage by criminals, then the following security measures should be applied:
do not expose yourself to unnecessary risk and limit all contact with criminals, especially if they are in a state of alcohol or drug intoxication;
be accommodating, calm and as peaceful as possible. Closely monitor the behavior of criminals and their intentions;
as soon as possible, try to inform your relatives or the police about your whereabouts;
do not lose heart and, in case of a convenient and safe opportunity, flee;
during the release by the capture group, it is best to lie on the floor away from windows and doors or take cover (hide).
To reduce the risk of kidnapping, the following precautions should be taken:
know well the area where you live, its secluded areas;
change the time and route of movement as often as possible;
choose a route for movement passing through busy and well-lit streets, while avoiding the shortest paths through the forest, wastelands, landfills;
while walking along the route, try to keep a distance from entrances and gates, as well as from strangers who look suspicious;
if you feel that someone is following you, feel free to turn around and check your suspicions. In the event that these suspicions are confirmed, change direction, pace of walking or flee;
do not get into a car with unfamiliar and unfamiliar people;
if you are attacked for the purpose of kidnapping, raise as much noise as possible to attract the attention of others and try to fight off the attackers.
You can become a hostage not only as a result of kidnapping, but, for example, when terrorists seize an airplane, ship, bus or other vehicle.
In the vehicle hijacked by terrorists, stay where you are and try not to draw attention to yourself. Do not react to the provocative actions of terrorists, do not ask them questions and try not to look them in the eye. Follow the demands of the terrorists without altercation and ask them for permission for any of your actions. If necessary, feign symptoms of illness or feeling unwell, but avoid rash actions that could endanger your life and the lives of other passengers.
When assaulting a vehicle with a capture group, immediately lie down on the floor and lie down until the end of the operation. Get up from the floor and leave the vehicle only after the command. Get out as quickly as possible, unquestioningly follow all the commands of the capture group.
Over the past three years, "lessons of tolerance" and lessons on the prevention of extremism have been taught in Moscow schools. These classes are designed to teach tolerance towards representatives of other cultures and traditions, as well as to warn children against being drawn into the ranks of extremist-minded youth.Students of the Institute of Socio-Economic and humanities as a practical exercise, they conduct similar lessons in schools of the Central Administrative District of the capital.
We present to your attention the lesson plan, which is taken as the pedagogical basis for conducting such classes.
Lesson plan on prevention of extremism.
"Extremism and Patriotism".
Lesson Objectives:
- to form in students an idea of extremism as one of the urgent problems modern society;
- to form in students an idea of the responsibility provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation for extremist activity.
Lesson objectives:
- to acquaint students with the concepts of "tolerance", "patriotism" and "extremism";
- show on examples the devastating consequences of extremist activity;
- to determine the main differences between actions dictated by patriotic feelings and manifestations extremist orientation;
- to acquaint students with the concepts of administrative and criminal liability;
- provide students with information about the responsibility provided for by the articles of the administrative and criminal codes of the Russian Federation for extremist activity (with an analysis of specific situations).
During the classes.
1. Introduction.
We are citizens of the same state - the Russian Federation. All of you know very well that people of many different nationalities and religions live in our country. Unfortunately, every year in our country the number of young people increases, who, hiding behind patriotic ideas, incite enmity between representatives of different nationalities.
Therefore, today we will talk about how patriotism differs from extremism, about the devastating consequences of manifestations of extremism and how to learn to be tolerant and tolerant of each other.
2. Tolerance
Students are shown photographs, according to which they must guess the character traits of a particular person. Students' responses are discussed, and then the facts about these people are told. Discrepancies are analyzed and it is concluded that the first opinion about a person can be absolutely wrong.
What do you think tolerance is? Who among you can try to define this concept or list some of its features? (the answers of the students are listened to and written down on the board, a discussion is held and the results are summed up).
Tolerance (from lat. tolerantia - patience) is a sociological term denoting tolerance for someone else's lifestyle, behavior, customs, feelings, opinions, ideas, beliefs.
In many languages, the concept of "tolerance" is a kind of synonym for "tolerance": Latin - tolerantia; English - tolerance; German - toleranz; French - tolerance. In addition, all dictionaries of the 20th century clearly indicate direct interpretation tolerance as tolerance.
Dictionaries of the 20th century define "tolerance" as tolerance for someone else's way of life, behavior, other people's customs, feelings, beliefs, opinions, ideas, or simply call "tolerance" a synonym for the concept of "tolerance". The dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron reduces tolerance mainly to religious tolerance.
The word "tolerance" is present in almost all dictionaries of the Russian language. In particular, the dictionary of V. I. Dahl interprets “tolerance” as the ability to endure something only out of mercy or indulgence.
The concept of "tolerance" was introduced into scientific circulation in the XVIII century. In Russia, the concept of tolerance began to be used in the liberal press from the middle of the 19th century, but from the middle of the 30s of the 20th century it disappeared from the political vocabulary, until it reappeared in the early 90s of the 20th century.
In contrast to “tolerance” (tolerate - “without resisting, without complaining, meekly enduring, enduring something disastrous, difficult, unpleasant”), tolerance (in the modern language the word came from the English tolerance) is the willingness to benevolently recognize, accept behavior , beliefs and views of other people that differ from their own. Moreover, even in the case when these beliefs or views are not shared or approved by you.
3. The concept of "extremism"
The lack of tolerance in people often leads to negative consequences: the inability to recognize and accept someone else's easily develops into hostility and, as a result, can take on truly destructive proportions.
Showing slides reflecting the devastating consequences of extremist manifestations and discussing them.
What do you think extremism is? How many of you can try to define or list some of its features? (the answers of the students are listened to and written down on the board, a discussion is held and the results are summed up).
Extremism (from French extremisme, from Latin extremus - extreme) - adherence to extreme views and, in particular, measures (usually in politics). Among such measures can be noted the organization of riots, civil disobedience, terrorist acts, methods of guerrilla warfare. The most radical extremists often deny in principle any compromises, negotiations or agreements. The growth of extremism is usually facilitated by: socio-economic crises, a sharp drop in the standard of living of the bulk of the population. In such situations, extreme measures may become for some individuals and organizations the only way to really influence the situation, especially if a revolutionary situation develops or the state is engulfed in a long civil war - we can talk about "forced extremism."
Extremism is a commitment to extreme views and measures.
Extremist acts can be defined more precisely based on two main criteria:
a) they are not only used as a direct way to achieve political, ideological and social goals, but are also an instrument of publicity and intimidation;
b) they are aimed at causing harm not to the direct enemy, but to other people.
The primary goal of extremist acts is not direct physical harm, but their psychological impact in terms of attracting public attention and undermining the authority of the state in ensuring the security of its citizens.
Political extremism should be understood as political activity, which is expressed in the desire of politically active individuals, public to realize their political ideals by all available means, including forms of violent influence aimed at state power, society as a whole or at any of its elements. Extremism pervades all areas public life:
economic extremism. It is aimed at the destruction of diversity and the establishment of any one form of ownership, uniform methods of managing the economy, etc.
Nationalistic (national) extremism. It finds expression in inciting enmity and hatred between nations and nationalities.
Extremism in the field of culture. Focused on isolationism, rejection of experience, the achievements of other cultures, manifested in the propaganda of violence, cruelty, the destruction of historical monuments.
environmental extremism. Opposes scientific and technological progress in general, believing that the elimination of environmentally unfavorable industries is the only possible path improving the quality of the environment.
4. The concept of "patriotism"
We have already said that in our time there are people who, under the guise of patriotic ideas, kindle enmity between representatives of different nationalities.
What do you think patriotism is? How many of you can try to define or list some of its features? (the answers of the students are listened to and written down on the board, a discussion is held and the results are summed up).
Patriotism is love for the Fatherland, arising from the consciousness of the solidarity of the interests of citizens of a given state or members of a given nation. Feelings of attachment to the motherland and native people, imbued with an enlightened understanding of the mental and moral needs of the people, are the basis of cultural social life; but the same feelings, saturated with dark prejudices and enmity towards other peoples, degenerate into narrow nationalism and demoralizing chauvinism.
What does Patriotism mean?
Maturity of character, peacemaking, love for the Motherland and people, empathy and self-sacrifice.
- A strong, prosperous family, the upbringing of children by worthy citizens of the country.
- Professional and creative contribution to the constructive development of culture, economy, sports, healthcare, politics, education of the country.
- The quality of character and deeds worthy of universal respect form the basis of patriotism
Thus, we have found out how patriotism differs from extremism. Remember the main thing:
Patriotism is love for the country, and extremism is hatred for the people. Therefore, a true patriot will never become an extremist.
5. Administrative and criminal liability for manifestations of extremism
In December 2010, a series of mass rallies and street clashes between indigenous people and people from the Caucasian republics in Russian cities took place in Moscow, following the murder of football fan Yegor Sviridov in Moscow. The young man died during a fight that took place on December 6, 2010 between a company of fans of FC Spartak Moscow and a group of people from North Caucasus. The actions of law enforcement agencies during the investigation of the murder were perceived in society as a cover-up for the suspects, which provoked protests.
You all remember that the most massive in this series was an unauthorized rally on Manezhnaya Square. As a result, more than 60 people were brought to administrative responsibility and about 10 to criminal responsibility.
What laws were violated by those who went to Manezhnaya Square that day and by those who participated in further rallies on Europe Square, near the Kyiv railway station and others? What articles are responsible for these crimes?
First, it is hooliganism. And for petty hooliganism, administrative liability is provided. For more serious - criminal.
Let us first understand what petty hooliganism is.
According to Art. 20.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation petty hooliganism is a violation of public order, which expresses a clear disrespect for society. It could be:
- foul language in in public places;
- insulting harassment of citizens;
- destruction or damage to other people's property.
All these actions entail:
- or the imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of 500 to 1000 rubles. The fine may be increased to 2,500 rubles if hooliganism was accompanied by disobedience to the lawful demand of a representative of authority.
- or administrative arrest for up to fifteen days.
But if hooliganism is committed with the use of weapons or based on political, ideological, racial, national or religious hatred, then this is already considered a crime and, according to Art. 213 of the Criminal Code, entails more severe liability in the form of:
- compulsory work for a period of 180 to 240 hours
- or correctional labor for a period of one to two years;
or imprisonment for up to five years.
Secondly, an administrative offense is
propaganda and public demonstration of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols, provided for by Art. 20.3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Nazi paraphernalia and symbols may include banners, badges, uniform attributes, other distinctive signs, salutations and salutatory gestures.
This ban is due to the fact that it insults the memory of the victims of the Great Patriotic War.
Thus, if a person not only came to participate in the rally, but also dressed appropriately or used Nazi salutations in his speech, then the following sanctions can be applied to him:
- or a fine in the amount of 500 to 1000 rubles with confiscation of paraphernalia or symbols.
- or arrest for up to fifteen days with confiscation of paraphernalia or symbols.
Thirdly, the law of the crowd always operates at such rallies: some participants call on others to protest, to take revenge for the offended (in this case, for the murdered Yegor Sviridov), while others, infected by the general mood, shout, fight, and damage other people's property.
The first in this case can be convicted under Article 280 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes responsibility for public calls to carry out extremist activities. This article provides for a rather large fine - up to three hundred thousand rubles or in the amount of wages convicted for a period of up to two years. It is also possible arrest for a term of four to six months, or imprisonment for up to three years.
In addition, liability can be applied under Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes liability for inciting hatred or hostility, as well as humiliation of human dignity. Responsibility arises only if these actions were committed publicly or with the use of the media. Do not forget that in our case we are talking about a public rally.
The punishment for this crime is:
- or a fine in the amount of one hundred thousand to three hundred thousand rubles or in the amount of the wages of the convicted person for a period of one to two years;
- or deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to three years;
- or compulsory works for a period of up to one hundred and eighty hours;
- or correctional labor for up to one year;
or imprisonment for up to two years.
The latter, in addition to the hooliganism already mentioned by us, commit the following offenses:
Article 214 establishes responsibility for Vandalism. Vandalism is the desecration of buildings or other structures, damage to property on public transport or in other public places. If these acts are committed motivated by political, ideological, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity, or motivated by hatred or enmity against any social group, then they are considered extremist and are punishable by restriction of liberty for a term of up to three years or imprisonment for a term up to three years.
If, even as a result of accidental damage, a building or monument of historical or cultural value is damaged (and we remember that Manezhnaya Square is the center of Moscow), then another article will come into force - article 243, which establishes responsibility for the destruction or damage of monuments of history and culture. This offense is subject to:
- or a fine in an especially large amount - up to two hundred thousand rubles or in the amount of the wages of the convicted person for a period of up to eighteen months;
- or compulsory work for a period of one hundred twenty to one hundred and eighty hours;
or imprisonment for up to two years.
If people came to a rally directed against people of a different nationality, not by chance, but having previously prepared and organized a close-knit group, then their actions fall under Article 282.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - organization and participation in an extremist community. extremist community - organized group persons for the preparation or commission of extremist crimes. Naturally, the organization of an extremist group provides for a stricter liability than just participation. For example, a fine for organizing can reach up to two hundred thousand rubles, and for participation - only up to forty thousand rubles. In addition, a person who voluntarily ceases participation in the activities of an extremist group is exempted from criminal liability, unless his actions contain a different corpus delicti.
6. Summing up the lesson
. Each of you is the master of your life, your destiny.
. There are many forces around you that want to use your abilities, your determination, but when choosing who to follow, think about what fee they will require from you. Extremist organizations offer the fight for freedom, the overthrow of the existing government, "Russia for the Russians", etc. But all this is achieved through terror, violence, senseless, cruel murders.
. This is the way of animals, not of people. Never has violence led to the progress of a nation. This is confirmed by history.
. All great military empires have fallen.
. All paths are now open to you - choose the path of peace, the path of development, the path of creating your own life, and not destroying someone else's!
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Federal Law No. 114-FZ of July 25, 2002 “On Counteracting Extremist Activity” defines extremist activity (extremism) as: violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation; public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities; incitement of social, racial, national or religious hatred; propaganda of the exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion; violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion; preventing citizens from exercising their electoral rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violating the secrecy of voting, combined with violence or the threat of its use;
In the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 N 114-FZ "On countering extremist activity", extremist activity (extremism) is defined as: obstruction of the lawful activities of state bodies, local governments, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, combined with violence or the threat of its use; commission of crimes for the motives specified in paragraph "e" of the first part of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols or paraphernalia or symbols confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols; public calls for the implementation of these acts or the mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;
In the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 N 114-FZ "On countering extremist activity", extremist activity (extremism) is defined as: a public knowingly false accusation of a person holding a public position of the Russian Federation or a public position of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, of committing by him during the period the performance of their official duties of the acts specified in this article and which are a crime; organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation; financing of these acts or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including through the provision of educational, printing and material and technical base, telephone and other types of communication or the provision of information services.
At present, informal youth groups can be conditionally divided into several groups: Fans of sports teams Nationalist groups (including skinheads) Pro-Western fans of various musical trends (punks, rappers, etc.) Fans of various cults (Satanists, Krishnaites, etc.) Left radical groups (AKM, NBP, SCM).
Administrative responsibility for committing an offense of an extremist nature. article 20.3 - "propaganda and public demonstration of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols" article - "production and distribution of extremist materials."
Criminal liability for crimes of an extremist nature Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for criminal liability (from the age of 16) for actions aimed at inciting hatred or enmity, as well as degrading the dignity of a person or a group of persons on the grounds of gender, race, nationality, language, origin , attitudes towards religion, as well as belonging to any social group.
The main signs that a teenager is beginning to fall under the influence of extremist ideology: -his behavior becomes much more harsh and rude, profanity or jargon is progressing; - the style of clothing and appearance changes dramatically, corresponding to the rules of a certain subculture; - on the computer there are many saved links or files with texts, videos or images of extremist-political or social-extreme content;
The main signs that a teenager is beginning to fall under the influence of extremist ideology: - incomprehensible and atypical symbols or paraphernalia appear in the house (as an option - Nazi symbols), objects that can be used as weapons; - spends a lot of time at the computer or self-education on issues not related to schooling, fiction, films, computer games; - increased interest bad habits; - a sharp increase in the number of conversations on political and social topics, during which extreme judgments are expressed with signs of intolerance; - Internet aliases, passwords, etc. are of an extreme political nature.
If you suspect that your child has fallen under the influence of an extremist organization, do not panic, but act quickly and decisively: 1. Do not categorically condemn the teenager's hobby 2. Start "counter-propaganda". 3. Limit the teenager's communication with acquaintances that have a negative influence on him, 4. Seek psychological support.
Lecture: "Prevention of extremism among the youth" Extremism is an evil against humanity The safety of a person's life depends largely on his worldview, on who he sees his like-minded people. It is very dangerous not to understand that opposing oneself, one's views to the outside world can provoke unfavorable and even dangerous life situations. “Terrorism”, “terrorists”, “extremism” are words that appear almost daily in the media, giving rise to concern and fear of our citizens for their present and future, for their rights and freedoms, which are guaranteed to us by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Extremism and terrorism in all forms of their manifestations have become one of the most dangerous problems with which humanity entered the 21st century. Terrorism poses a real threat to the country's national security: kidnappings, hostage-taking, cases of hijacking aircraft, bomb explosions, acts of violence in ethno-confessional conflicts, direct threats to implement them, etc. Therefore, the problem of countering terrorism and extremism in the Russian Federation is one of the most important tasks of ensuring security at the state level. Over the past decade, major terrorist acts in our country have been the explosions of residential buildings in Moscow and Volgodonsk, the explosion during the parade in Kaspiysk on May 9, the seizure of the theater on Dubrovka during the performance of "Nord-Ost". September 2004 Over 1,200 teachers, students and their parents were kept in the gymnasium of school No. 1 in the city of Beslan (Republic of North Ossetia) for two days. The explosion killed 331 people, including 172 children. 559 people were injured. These are truly terrible pages of our history... Extremism is also a significant problem today, which is addicting more and more young people, especially those aged 14 to 18. Extremists radically deny the existing norms and rules in society through a set of violent manifestations committed by individuals and specially organized groups and communities. This is a complex and heterogeneous form of expression of hatred and enmity. Often, permitted mass demonstrations of protest develop into hooligan actions and riots, attacks on citizens and are accompanied by calls for violence - these are already illegal actions that, according to the degree of public danger, can be qualified as criminal, criminal. Recently, most terrorist attacks have been carried out under the slogan "death for the sake of salvation." Today religion is being used for evil, for destruction, to achieve chaos in the world. Mankind has forgotten the principles of humanism, justice, kindness, forgotten the essence of faith. The concept of "Islamism" appeared in the last century. It is traditionally believed that Islam is a religion of peace, goodness, moral perfection, and Islamism is radical Islam, which has turned from a purely spiritual and religious teaching into a political totalitarian ideology. Adherents of Islamism are called Islamists. Islamists want to organize the life of the entire society according to Sharia law, that is, according to the laws of Islam, written in the Koran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad. They want to make private rules for believing Muslims obligatory for all people, to turn religious laws into national ones. This means: the denial of equality between men and women, freedom of conscience, secular courts, universal literacy, the establishment of strict norms of dress and behavior, etc. Islamism means fundamentalism, as a return to the extremely conservative traditions of the past, a sharp and hostile rejection of modern wide boundaries of social norms . But most importantly, the Islamists are aimed at the forceful expansion of Islam beyond the borders of their countries and believe that it is necessary to wage a holy war against the infidels - jihad. Most of the terrorist attacks of recent decades are the activities of the Islamists. It is quite clear that the behavior motivated by such ideas has a strict orientation, aimed in this case against persons of a different nationality or religion. This is also mixed with hatred for the existing government, which, according to extremists, condones the life of the "culprits" of all Russian troubles, which leads to an even wider dissemination of extremist ideas. It is these ideas that become the foundation for the formation of informal extremist youth groups. The system of views imposed by extremists is attractive due to the simplicity and unambiguity of its rules, promises of the opportunity to immediately, this very hour, see the result of their albeit aggressive actions. Extremism and one of its most dangerous forms - terrorism - is changing rapidly, using more and more destructive methods. Extremists operate outside of any moral framework and morality, and often turn their criminal activities into business. Therefore, now we can talk about the economic basis of extremism and terrorism. Confirmation is the video footage of the terrorist acts themselves, religiously motivated murders and their consequences, which in turn are a report to the customer for the money provided. On the territory of modern Russia, international extremist groups that promote Islamism carry out illegal activities. This militant ideology is preached mainly through people trained in individual Arab countries. The indicated problem concerns not only the North Caucasus, but the entire territory of the Russian Federation. I would like to note the not always positive role of the media in the formation of mass consciousness. In the flow of information there is a variety of information about extreme events, terrorist acts. At the same time, on the Internet, you can come across various prohibited methods of influencing the human psyche. Related to this is the danger of drawing young people into extremist activities. At the same time, people who profess extreme views make acquaintances in social networks under the pretext of being interested in arranging their personal lives. Then, in the process of communication, extremist ideology and alien religious views are imposed. As a result, this leads to the rejection of family, friends, changes in behavior, habits. Parents, government bodies perceived as enemies. Yes, gr. Kh., a resident of the Republic of Tatarstan, met in social network with minor B., and for 3 months corresponded with her, several times came to meet in the city where the girl lived. During the next meeting, secretly from the minor's parents, they bought tickets and left in the direction of one of the republics of the North Caucasus. Subsequently, it was established that under the promise to marry, the intention of Count. H. to sell a minor into slavery in an Arab country. In connection with the problem of the spread of extremism and terrorism, the ambiguity of youth informal associations should be noted. According to official statistics, most of the members of these associations in Russia are high school students, students of professional educational organizations , unemployed teenagers. As practice shows, it is minors who willingly support various emerging movements and subcultures (emo, punks, goths, skins, etc.). Belonging to one of the groups, according to the minors themselves, increases self-esteem, helps to feel independent, and, at the same time, necessary for someone. Adhering to such movements, schoolchildren are often guided by his influence among their peers, rarely thinking about the fact that some of the ideas promoted by the supporters of this movement run counter to universal human values. For example, the skinhead movement that has gained strength preaches Nazi ideology. Their activities are directed against non-Russians and visitors and are associated with violations of public order, beatings, serious bodily harm, and murder. Unfortunately, in modern Russia, more and more young people are influenced by sects. A sect is a religious organization or a group of persons who are focused on their own interests, which do not coincide with the interests of society, are indifferent or contradictory to them. What is the danger of sects? The fact is that the main goal of the sect is to turn its members into obedient and servile people who can be easily controlled and subjected to any kind of exploitation to obtain the necessary benefits. Therefore, in sects people lose their health, property, money, and most importantly, the ability to live independently in society. Most sectarian communities, committed to the so-called "natural" life, force their followers to adhere to a strict diet, reject medical assistance. This is the Jehovah's Witnesses sect. For example, in St. Petersburg, a 3-year-old boy died in one of the hospitals. his mother, a Jehovah's Witness, refused to perform a vital blood transfusion procedure for the child. Deception, hypnosis, coding techniques and other means of mind control are used to recruit new members of the sect and further guide them. Sectarians prefer to work with children of school age, whose psyche has not yet been formed, and who are easy prey. Children are invited to come to an interesting conversation, and after a few heart-to-heart talks, they develop a state close to drug addiction. It is extremely difficult to get out of the sect, because. consciousness is completely closed from the critical perception of the world. So, if someone approached you, inviting you to come to an interesting unusual lecture or seminar, promising you any benefits (salary, study abroad, etc.) ), never give your phone number, address, exercise reasonable care, do not give in to curiosity to the detriment common sense. Remember that almost all sects have a long history of breaking laws, litigation, high-profile scandals, the destruction of destinies. As you can see, extremism is many-sided and diverse. Modern terrorism knows no boundaries in terms of space. Therefore, the correct attitude to the perceived information, the ability to analyze it and have an idea about the mechanisms and consequences of influence on the personality is of great importance. One-sided or distorted information, which is transmitted, including through the Internet, often has a great power of propaganda suggestion and, of course, needs to be considered and critically evaluated. That is why it is necessary to master media literacy and learn to analyze information, be aware of the mechanisms of manipulative influence and be able to defend one's own point of view. In addition, one should cultivate tolerance in oneself as an active moral position and psychological readiness for tolerance in the name of positive interaction with people of a different cultural, national, religious or social environment.
AT modern conditions extremist manifestations among young people have become a destabilizing factor in the development of society, a catalyst for the aggressiveness and harshness of criminal manifestations, which are affected by a number of powerful criminogenic factors. Every day we are witnessing an ever-increasing spread of norms of behavior alien to Russian spiritual ideals and unusual for us, moral and ethical guidelines in the environment in question - greed, money-grubbing and indifference, cruelty, etc. In addition, in adolescence, children are concerned about the problem of self-affirmation, which is solved in the process of interaction with other adolescents. The sense of social insecurity they experience contributes to their unification. Informal youth groups acquire more and more stable forms over time. The desire to increase one's authority among peers, the desire for material independence, age-related frivolity often contributes to the commission of crimes. The extremist activity of young people, as a rule, is also carried out in a group. It is group crime that serves as the main channel for involving adolescents and young people in committing extremist crimes. However, the identification and neutralization of such groups is inefficient.
Significant importance in the system of countering extremism, in this regard, is given to improving the organization and implementation of the prevention of extremism among adolescents and youth, which is based on its information support. Information support - This is an activity that includes a significant amount of information, the main of which should include information about extremist groups, places of their legal and illegal meetings, their views on the problems of extremist activity and, finally, about their organizers, leaders and direct participants. The array of this information should contribute to the proper organization of the preventive measures acceptance by the subjects of countering extremist activity in accordance with their competence.
Of all the information that provides a solution to the problems of preventing extremism among minors and young people, information about persons plotting, preparing, committing and committing crimes of an extremist orientation is of exceptional importance - for the possible foresight of their subsequent actions and the adoption of adequate measures.
Thanks to the information support, an optimal program should be created for the implementation of operational and preventive measures by all subjects of countering extremist activity, which, having the appropriate information, should develop measures to eliminate or neutralize criminogenic factors that contribute to the commission of extremist crimes and their prevention. Information that ensures the implementation of preventive measures to counter extremism among adolescents and young people is a kind of social information. Its purpose is to ensure activities for the prevention of extremism among minors and youth, to promote the full and timely registration of persons from this category who are prone to committing crimes of an extremist orientation, and their correction; elimination of those criminogenic factors that negatively affect them. There are a number of features of the information used in the prevention of extremism among minors and young people.
First, the means of obtaining such information, as a rule, are the forces and tools used by law enforcement agencies and operational units. In some cases, sources of information include information published in the media, on Internet sites, received from public organizations, individual citizens, etc.
Secondly, information about extremist manifestations in most cases is checked with the involvement of a number of subjects of countering extremist activity (depending on the age of the object of prevention, his social ties, his place of study or work).
Thirdly, in terms of content, preventive information can be single-use and reusable.
One-time use information should include, for example, information about the preparation or commission of an extremist crime. In this case, immediate measures should be taken to suppress criminal acts and eliminate their causes and conditions, to provide a preventive effect on persons expressing appropriate intentions. Reusable preventive information is concentrated in various analytical documents, reports, summaries and contributes to the development right decisions on the organization of the prevention of extremism among adolescents and young people in the future.
Various factors that push young people to commit extremist crimes are not static, they change over time. Therefore, those reasons and conditions that prompted to commit a crime yesterday may not become such today due to changed circumstances. In this regard, it is necessary to constantly improve the work to identify the causes and conditions that contribute to extremist activity. The most important component of the prevention of extremism among young people is the preventive activity of law enforcement officers and judges in educational institutions (schools, colleges, universities, institutes, etc.) as part of legal education and overcoming legal nihilism in the minds of the younger generation. Educational institutions act as a mirror of social relations, and therefore there is nothing surprising in the fact that initiation to extremism often occurs in them. Problems of intolerance, nationalism and xenophobia, lack of tolerance are the reality of modern school life.
Thus, the features of the object of extremism prevention under consideration require from its subjects special professional and pedagogical knowledge, skills and experience in their application, and the implementation of operational and service functions in this area requires special training in many branches of knowledge.
The general provisions for the prevention of extremism among young people are defined by the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency” dated June 24, 1999 No. 120-FZ, where the prevention of offenses and neglect should be understood as a system of social, legal, pedagogical and other measures aimed at to identify and eliminate the causes and conditions that contribute to neglect, homelessness, delinquency and antisocial actions of minors, carried out in conjunction with individual preventive work with minors and families in a socially dangerous situation. The main objectives of activities for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency are:
prevention of neglect, homelessness, offenses and antisocial actions of minors, identification and elimination of the causes and conditions that contribute to this;
ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minors;
socio-pedagogical rehabilitation of minors who are in a socially dangerous situation;
identification and suppression of cases of involvement of minors in the commission of crimes and antisocial actions.
Based on this, we can conclude that the prevention of extremism among adolescents and young people should be understood as a system of social, legal, pedagogical and other measures aimed at identifying and eliminating the causes and conditions that contribute to the implementation of extremist crimes and offenses committed by this category of persons. The main tasks of such preventive work will be:
prevention of offenses and antisocial actions of an extremist nature committed by students of schools, other educational institutions, identification and elimination of the causes and conditions conducive to such actions;
detection and suppression of cases of involvement of minors in extremist activities.
As part of the prevention of extremism, two levels of prevention should be distinguished: general social and special. The first level - general social - includes a set of preventive measures that are not specifically aimed at the causes and conditions of the crime. These are measures to improve the social climate in educational institution generally.
The formation of the foundations of a tolerant worldview of students and schoolchildren is the main task of general social prevention. Due to the fact that we are talking about the development of the worldview of the younger generation, the process of forming tolerance can be quite lengthy. Refusal of any forms of intolerance, national, ethnic, linguistic, racial, social hatred or enmity should be the platform of the whole conscious life of a young person.
Due to these circumstances, law enforcement officers are not fully able to solve this problem. Its subjects should also be family members, teaching staff of preschool and school institutions, the teaching staff of universities.
The second level - special - is focused directly on the elimination of the causes and conditions of extremist manifestations. It is at this level that speech goes already on the system of measures aimed at solving a specific problem - the prevention of crimes and offenses of an extremist nature. It is at this level that the role of law enforcement officers becomes one of the leading ones. The elements of a special warning are criminological prevention, criminal law warning, victimological prevention. Criminological prevention is divided into early, immediate prevention and prevention of relapse of crime in adolescents and young people. The object of early prevention is the factors of unfavorable formation of the personality of minors and young people, such forms of their antisocial activities that indicate the possibility of committing extremist crimes. Direct prevention is aimed at persons who are on the verge of committing a crime. Based on its focus on the object, it can be identified with the suppression of crimes. Recidivism prevention is about preventing young people from reoffending.
Operational-search prevention is a system carried out using both overt and covert forces, means, methods of operational-search measures aimed at identifying and positively influencing the determinants of extremism, persons preparing and attempting to commit extremist crimes, as well as potential victims of extremist attacks.
Two types of special prophylaxis should be mentioned - general and individual. General prevention is not personalized, it is mainly aimed at the microenvironment of criminal behavior. General prevention covers the direction of studying and positively influencing the causes of crime, the conditions that contribute to it, or the circumstances that make it objectively possible to commit crimes. The object of individual prevention is the personality of a person who can be expected to commit a crime. It includes both activities for the timely identification of persons who, judging by the reliably established facts of their illegal behavior, can be expected to commit crimes, and the impact on these persons in order to prevent crimes on their part.
Thus, the prevention of extremism among young people is a complex system of activities carried out both at the general (formation of the foundations of a tolerant worldview) and at the special (actually the prevention of extremist crimes and offenses) levels.
Senior Assistant Prosecutor A.V. Elk