Secrets of Indonesian Muslims. Muslim family: life by roles
A Muslim woman will not allow herself to go out into the street inappropriately dressed: with open arms above her hands, legs above her feet, with a cleavage or bare back. According to the norms of Islam, the body must be completely closed so as not to cause carnal desires in outsiders and thereby not humiliate the dignity of the faithful. But even wearing a hijab has its own nuances. Its fabric should not be flashy, too bright, embroidered with pearls, etc. This is a sign of immorality and a desire for luxury.
A special requirement is the observance of cleanliness in all senses. A Muslim woman cannot afford to marry a non-virgin woman. In this case, a terrible shame awaits her with the most tragic consequences. According to Deuteronomy 22:13-21, such a woman should be stoned to death.
A Muslim woman cannot afford to walk in dirty and sloppy clothes, because Allah bequeathed to observe bodily cleanliness. A woman will not even listen to dirty speeches, thereby risking defiling her hearing and thoughts. In Islam, impure thoughts and intentions (niyat) are as serious a sin as impure actions.
A Muslim woman will also not allow herself to drink alcohol. It is forbidden by the Quran. A devout Muslim woman will not sit at the same table with her husband and his friends. Women in Islam take food and during the day are usually in the female half of the house.
Also, ladies do not allow themselves to walk around the city unaccompanied and never enter establishments intended for men (all kinds of tea houses, cafes, etc.). A true Muslim woman strictly adheres to the requirements of chastity, purity, fear of God, modesty and controls not only her behavior, but also her thoughts.
Family in the UAE is in first place. Arab woman being the keeper of the family hearth and respected by Arab men. It is believed that a family is happier the more children it has.
OFFICEPLANKTON I traced how a husband and wife actually live in an Arab family, how family responsibilities are distributed, whether a husband has many wives, and how family life goes in Arab countries.
Acquaintance
The decision to marry is made primarily by the groom's family. The rights of women in Muslim countries are equivalent to men's, so the potential bride has the right to refuse the proposal if she does not like the groom.
Arab women they almost never marry Europeans - for marrying an infidel, she will simply be expelled from the country forever. Men from the UAE sometimes marry girls from Europe - but even here everything is built in such a way that marriage does not benefit anyone except the man. For a woman, this marriage will not become a pass for obtaining citizenship; children, if family life does not work out, will be taken away and left in the country.
True, the very marriage with a rich Emirati is a pleasant thing in many ways, while it lasts. Indeed, according to the law, even if the wife is the second, third or fourth, each has her own separate house, generous maintenance, and the share of attention should be equal to each of the “beloved” women.
Today, not every Arab can afford polygamy. Although Islam allows up to four wives, the main reason for this monogamy is the lack of funds to maintain a harem. Therefore, the classic UAE family, consisting of one husband, several wives and a harem, is the privilege of sheikhs and wealthy people.
Wedding
If for European newlyweds a marriage contract is only now beginning to come into fashion, then for Arab countries such an agreement is an indispensable element of a wedding. The marriage contract is signed instead of the bride by her two relatives.
The very same wedding celebration after the signing can take place within a year - before that, the groom can see his future wife only in the presence of her relatives. For the bride, the groom's family pays a dowry, which can reach several hundred thousand dollars, so giving birth to girls is profitable.
An Arab wedding is a truly grandiose spectacle. The table is bursting with treats, which are constantly updated in order to show the guests their hospitality and abundance. Since Islam forbids alcohol, there is nothing stronger than coffee on the festive table. But this does not prohibit walking the wedding up to seven days.
Family way
The conventional wisdom about discrimination against Arab women is, in fact, somewhat exaggerated. In any Arab family, a woman must obey her husband, but she always takes part in solving important issues.
The fact that married women in the Emirates live like in prison is a myth.
Yes, they are almost invisible on the street. Those that are - in black.
In fact, a married woman can wear whatever she wants: a miniskirt, jeans, and shorts (they are generally big fashionistas there, they can spend hours in stores choosing ultra-modern outfits and fabrics), but she must wear black on top. a silk cape to the toes, and cover her face with a black scarf. Only fingers, feet and eyes are visible. And then, black capes are rare. Today on the streets you can see an Arab woman in jeans and a tunic, but the only thing that is still adhered to is a head covering. Here's someone you rarely see, so it's a woman without a scarf on her head.
Older women cover their faces with a copper mask. The young, of course, are more liberated, but all the beauty is for the husband.
By the way, emirate women they get quite a decent education, the best universities in the world are open for them, but scholarship remains unclaimed. Having married, the girl can no longer work: either she is forbidden, or she does not want to herself, tired of frequent pregnancies and childbirth. (Although, of course, young people are more progressive in this regard. And many girls, having received education in Europe, remain there to make a career. Arab families those living outside the Muslim world seldom seriously adhere to centuries-old traditions).
Once an Arab husband could at any time say to his wife: “Talak, talak, talak” (“go away”) - and this meant that he was divorcing her, and she should immediately get out of his house, taking with her only what what she was wearing. Therefore, women - just in case - wore all the gold presented to them. Now, of course, this is an anachronism.
But women still wear kilograms of gold (for example, the daughter of a sheikh at her wedding was adorned with 16 kilograms of gold. Newspapers described each piece of jewelry in detail and published photographs indicating the exact price). And men give gold instead of flowers. The more the gift weighs, the stronger the love. According to the local saying, woman without gold - naked.
And for those who are worried about the "oppression" of Arab wives by their Muslim husbands, you can say: a woman in the UAE can file for divorce in two cases.
1) If there is a fact of infidelity on the part of the spouse. But this article is obviously "dead", because. Polygamy is legal in the UAE. And if the husband did sin, the wife prefers to keep quiet. No one will marry such a “scandalist” again, and a train of gossip will follow her all her life. Again, children in a divorce stay with their father.
2) If the husband does not provide enough for his missus. Well, there, she doesn’t go to restaurants (true), she doesn’t buy gold (true), she builds a house worse for her than other wives, etc. The court considers such petitions very carefully and, sometimes, satisfies them. After all, a rich Emirati can afford several wives, but everyone should be treated equally. A clear schedule of visits is established, a separate villa is built for the new wife (not cheaper, but not more expensive than the previous one), the money is distributed in equal proportions, and in general - the wives should be happy with everything. If something is wrong, this is not the wife’s problem, but the husband’s, who failed to “resolve” the situation.
Kinship support in an Arab family has tremendous power. For example, if a woman is widowed, her husband's brother considers it his duty to marry her and protect her.
On November 21, the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Belarus will elect a new mufti and chairman of the administration. This event promises to be a historic event - Nurmukhamet hazrat who has held office for a quarter of a century may not be re-elected for the first time.
First Deputy Spiritual Board of Muslims of the Republic of Belarus Ainur Arslanov on the eve of the event, he told how the Muslim Ummah lives today, what problems the newly elected mufti will have to solve, and who, according to his forecasts, can apply for this post.
- Ainur-khazrat, I will ask first of all about the sore point - about the construction of the Ar-Rahim mosque on Salavat Yulaev Avenue. The implementation of this ambitious project has been incredibly delayed. How is the issue resolved?
The work of religious leaders is to take care of the spiritual health of their people and educate the younger generation in the right direction. The construction of new mosques is an indicator of the ongoing resurgence of Islam in the region. Today, more than 150 mosques are under construction in the republic. And everywhere help is provided by authorities, sponsors, various organizations and enterprises. This is done exclusively in a peaceful and constructive way, without the involvement of commercial structures - intermediaries.
The construction of the mosque along Salavat Yulaev Avenue, indeed, has not been carried out for several years. Unfortunately, the construction process is accompanied by scandals and negative statements in the media. There are constant accusations against the leadership of the DUM RB. I hope that after the next congress of the Spiritual Muslim Board of the Republic of Belarus, where the election of a new mufti will take place, the situation will change.
Around the Muslim Ummah of Bashkortostan, a lot of events have been taking place lately, which are presented in the media in a very ambiguous way. I would like to understand how the Muslims of the republic actually live and what problems the clergy face?
Today, the Spiritual Administration includes more than 700 communities that exist in every region of the republic. Among the Muslim Ummah of the country, the status of our republic is special. It is due to the fact that Ufa has been the historical center of Russian Islam for many years. So, back in the 18th century, by decree of Catherine II, we created the Spiritual Assembly of the Mohammedan law. Just one of these days, the Central Spiritual Directorate of Music of Russia will celebrate the 230th anniversary of its foundation. Taking this opportunity, I consider it my duty to congratulate our brothers.
Islam in our republic is characterized by moderation and benevolence. The work of imams in mosques is primarily to convey to people the principles of kindness, mutual understanding, tolerance and respect for representatives of other faiths, nationalities and worldviews.
But, as in any business, there are undesirable exceptions. In recent years, cases of negative actions on the part of people who cover up their aggression and dishonesty with the bright name of Islam are increasingly being revealed. Such radical manifestations must be fought. First of all - to focus the efforts of the clergy and authorities on the development of the education system.
"Don't be afraid to prepare "competitors"
- How is the education system organized in the DUM RB?
There are three madrasahs in the administration. Two of them are in Ufa, and one acts as a refresher course for working imams, and another one is in Sterlitamak. This is clearly not enough. Now the issue of resuming the construction of a madrasah in Sibay, which is needed there like air, is being decided. More than a hundred young people from the Trans-Urals, where almost half of the parishes of the SAM RB are concentrated, are studying the basics of Islam in Orenburg, Tatarstan, Chelyabinsk and other regions. And then they stay there to work. While almost a hundred mosques in the republic do not have hazrats.
Another problem is the age of our respected imams. We respect them very much and thank them for the fact that, despite the difficulties, they work in mosques and bring light to people. However, I believe that every imam should send at least one young man to study in our madrasahs at least once a year, without fear that he is preparing a "competitor" for himself. Enough work for everyone. And this work should be supervised by the DUM RB.
- How do you feel about the fact that many people leave to receive Islamic education abroad?
The desire to get a broader education is commendable, but I think you first need to lay the foundation at home. The second advice for those wishing to go to study abroad is to learn a foreign language. From my own experience I know: without it there is nothing to do there. In addition, it is necessary to send abroad according to the recommendations of the Spiritual Administration, which must also control the process itself. And upon the return of the guys from abroad - not to lose contact with them, to help in finding employment after passing the necessary certification - testing their knowledge.
Speaking about religious education, I want to thank our colleagues from Akmulla Belarusian State Pedagogical University and Bashkir State University for their cooperation. These higher education institutions help in conducting advanced training courses for imam-khatib, are engaged in the development of Islamic theology, religious studies, oriental studies, teaching the Arabic language. BashSU trains students in the specialty "Theology".
The trouble is that both those who take advanced training courses and those studying in secular universities often do not plan in advance to work locally as imams. And in Muslim parishes there are problems with personnel.
Of course, neophytes are not expelled from mosques. However, they are treated with distrust: people who have no idea about traditions can be a source of big problems. Taking advantage of this situation, some people are trying to teach believers some of their ideas about Islam, even trying to open their own educational institutions for this. At the same time, they are not embarrassed by either the illegality of their actions, or the lack of religious education, or special permits.
I think that the training of future imams should take place only in official madrasas, which are subordinate to the spiritual administrations. So we can control both the quality and content of their education.
"The position of a mufti is a huge responsibility"
Recently, publications and video messages have appeared that negatively evaluate the work of the youth department of the SAM RB, up to attempts to associate it with the activities of organized criminal groups. Can you comment on this?
You can say anything. But what is it really? The work of the youth department of the Spiritual Muslim Spiritual Directorate is in front of the eyes of the whole republic, it is covered in detail in the media, on websites, in social networks. And it receives positive feedback from Muslims and the population of the region. So, the republican spiritual action "Islam - against extremism!" became a pilot project, which was adopted by many regions of the country. Our youth forums have acquired the status of interreligious ones, and we now hold many actions together with our Orthodox brothers. This is the main and objective evaluation of our work.
By the way, the man who so diligently poured mud on Muslim youth in front of the camera was expelled from the ranks of the youth department for being addicted to drugs and trying to distribute them among young people. Allah is his judge!
At the last plenum of the Spiritual Muslim Board of the Republic of Belarus, four candidates for the post of mufti were nominated. You, despite the expectations of many Muslims, were not among them. Why?
Firstly, the position of the mufti and chairman of the Spiritual Muslim Board of the Republic of Belarus is a huge responsibility to Muslims and the Almighty. I understand this very clearly and clearly.
Secondly, in addition to an impeccable reputation, purity of thoughts and authority among the population and Muslims of the republic, a person holding this position must have very great authority, experience and high knowledge in the field of secular and Islamic sciences.
I have great respect for all candidates for the post of mufti, but I think that these two criteria are worth considering for some candidates, especially those who have developed a vigorous campaigning activity on social networks.
My opinion is that the Muslim ummah of the republic should be headed by a wise aksakal who has extensive experience, who has brought up more than one generation of spiritual leaders and who has all the advantages listed above. It faces huge tasks and a number of problems that have accumulated over the years and require immediate solutions.
I think that for today the most suitable candidate is Aglyametdin-Khazrat Gazizov who did a lot for the development of the Muslim Ummah. And I know that many imams are of the same opinion. I think everyone will make the right choice.
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Muslims consider Sharia as the main code of their life. in Islamic legal terms, it regulates all aspects of Muslim life: financial, marriage issues, up to the rules of eating and wearing clothes.
You can’t meet women on the streets. If a guy meets a woman, it will be considered an insult to the family. Acquaintance between a man and a woman in Islam can only be at the behest of her guardians. No other way. In Islam, a man's house is divided into two parts: salal and haram, respectively, the permitted half and the forbidden half. The woman lives in the forbidden part.
In Islam, women are required to cover their faces. However, there are exceptions. For example, Iran is a democratic country, where the hands and faces of women are open, women participate in elections and study at universities. This is not the case in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. There, the women's faces are covered with veils. It can be a veil, a veil, a niqab (a black veil with slits for the eyes). If a woman goes without a headdress at all, this will be regarded as an insult. In addition, a woman should not go out alone: either accompanied by an older friend or accompanied by her husband.
There is no concept of "single woman" in Arab countries. Women live either with relatives or in the families of their husbands. In the mosque, women pray in a separate room. In some countries, women are not allowed into the mosque at all, so as not to distract the men. If you are a friend of a Muslim, in no case should you ask him about the health and life of his wife - this is a reason for jealousy. Why on earth am I interested in another man's wife? A Muslim woman should ideally not marry a non-Muslim. A Muslim man, on the other hand, is free to marry a non-Muslim woman.
The Koran says that it is unacceptable to portray something that you cannot give life to (animals, buildings, especially people). Only Allah can give life. Therefore, cinema, theater and any entertainment were banned until the 1950s. After this time, the situation has changed. To allow cinema, Iran issued a special decree allowing going to the cinema.
The next section deals with theft. If a person stole for the first time, then, depending on the size, 4 fingers of the right hand are cut off. For the second theft, they cut off the left foot to half, for the third theft they imprison until the end of days, and if you steal something there, they kill you. The most serious crime is considered gosab - deprivation by deception of the right of ownership of another person, that is, fraud.
In the early years, Islamic strictness was common. Bans on entertainment and music were strictly enforced. For example, one singer was in the company of caliphs, they asked him to sing to relax. The singer sang, they praised him and cut off his head. In the Middle Ages, music was popular in Arab countries, although sometimes persecution was announced against musicians. There was a singer Aziza, she sang well, but she was declared witchcraft and they wanted to execute her. But the caliph's nephew stood up for Aziza. In the modern Arab world, music is not sinful, but secretly artists are condemned.
The situation is complicated with prohibitions in the field of natural sciences and medicine. The Arab world has good medicine, but some prohibitions still exist. For example, autopsies cannot be performed, corpses cannot be contacted at all, they must be buried on the same day. Ideally, gender separation is observed everywhere: men are treated by men, and women by women. If there is no male doctor, and the woman is sick, then it is advisable to limit yourself to a visual examination. But this is ideal, in practice this is not applied everywhere.
Arabs are good scientists. Avicenna, for example. By the way, why are Arabic numerals called Arabic? They were invented by the Indians, but made public by the Arabs.
But the best and most detailed Sharia regulates financial issues and trade issues. The main occupation of the early Muslims was trade. There are several trading rules. As a rule, the owners of goods like to bargain. So in all eastern countries. If I haven't bargained, I'm not worthy of the discount and respect. One of the rules of the trade is to never be harsh on customers. You can not forcefully involve in a trade transaction. The morality police are watching this, but they will not take the side of foreigners. You can't joke in trading: if you shake hands in a deal, you can't joke, you have to pay in full. If the transaction is large, most likely, a contract will be concluded. It is impossible to make transactions with minors or impelled. The guardians of the child must come and make the purchase themselves. And, of course, you can not single out non-Muslims in trade.
A transaction can only be canceled under certain circumstances. For example, if the product is of poor quality, or if it belongs not only to the seller, but also to someone else, and that second one does not agree to the deal. Or if the delay in delivery of the goods exceeds the specified.
If the product is replaced, I can also return the money and refuse the product. It is also important that the buyer and seller do not leave the place of the transaction. To say: “Please put the goods aside for me” is impossible.
The funeral rite is simple. It consists of a ritual threefold ablution. First, they wash with water with cedar powder, then with water with camphor, and then with pure water. Then the person is wrapped in a shroud and buried. Ideally, this place should be marked, and Muslim cemeteries are very luxurious. The most famous Muslim tomb is the Taj Mahal. However, the Wahhabis strongly protest against the graves. In early Islam it was not allowed to build graves, it is haraam.
There are prohibitions regarding eating and behavior at the table. For example, you can not blow on food and drink. You can not drink water with noise. Bread is only broken and not cut with a knife. Ideally eat with your hands. You can't chew bones. You can not remove the peel from those fruits that can be eaten with it. Adultery is punishable on both sides: a man and a woman are entitled to 100 lashes for the first time, 200 for the second time, and 300 for the third time. Homosexuality is prohibited.
In Islam, there is a concept that women are secondary to men. It is based on economic findings. A woman depends on a man for everything. Qur'an: "Husbands are superior to their wives, because Allah has given one an advantage over the other." This position goes back to early Islam, because. among the nomads, the man was engaged in grazing and raising livestock, and the woman was a replaceable frame that ran the household. The Koran openly says that recalcitrant women should be thrown on a bed and beaten. Mohammed said: “Treat women well, because they are like your prisoners. They have no will in everything that concerns them." A Muslim must be obedient to God, and a Muslim woman must be submissive to her husband. In secular Muslim countries, women scientists and women politicians are very rare. The birth of a boy in Muslim families is welcomed, and the birth of a girl is mourned. Some Arab peoples had a custom to kill newborn girls, the Koran forbade this. In the distribution of property, women always get half as much as men. The custom of polygyny (polygamy) led to an interesting effect - to a large increase in the male population. Although it was dangerous to have multiple sons in the Middle Ages, they could fight over inheritances.
Of course, polygy was encouraged by the Koran. The Koran allowed to marry 4 wives, and to have an unlimited number of concubines. Turkish caliphs did not marry their wives at all, considering it below their dignity.
Modern countries of Islam are brought up in the spirit of the early community. Now women themselves are refusing the gains of democracy: in Egypt, women themselves began to wear a veil.
How do Muslims live many thousands of kilometers away from us, on the other hemisphere of the planet? What do they ask the Almighty for in their innermost duas? What goals do they set for themselves? What disturbs their hearts, and what makes them rejoice? What are they like, Muslims living on islands washed by two oceans, where dizzying beauty borders on mortal danger? Fahd al-Antoroh will tell us about this.
Born and raised in Indonesia, he now works for one of Turkey's largest charities. Fahd sincerely hopes that someday Muslims around the world will learn mutual understanding, because we know how to tell each other about the most important thing, about faith in the One God. Today Fahd al-Antoroh will tell us how Muslims live in the country of paradise islands and fire-breathing volcanoes and what they think about Russia.
- Fahd, as-salamu alaykum! Please tell us a little about how the religion of Monotheism - Islam - came to Indonesia.
- Wa alaikum salam! According to scientists, the first acquaintance of the population of Indonesia with the Muslim religion began in the middle of the 7th century. This took place in two stages. From the 7th to the 13th centuries, our ancestors learned the Muslim religion. And starting from the 13th century, Indonesians began to massively accept Islam.
All this led to the fact that from the XIII century on the Malay archipelago Muslim state formations began to take shape. This process began from the northeastern coast of the island of Sumatra (the principality of Samudra - Pasey, Pedir, Perlak, Aru).
– Now Indonesia attracts tourists and thrill-seekers from all over the world. They rest on your islands, often promoting values that are contrary to Islam. Does your youth fall under their influence? How does Indonesia manage to be open to the world, but at the same time live according to the laws of God?
- - one of the most densely populated countries in the world, where about 24 million people live. 87% of the population of Indonesia are Muslims, and the rest are Christians, Hindus, Catholics, Buddhists. In a certain part of our country where the majority of people are non-Muslims, such as Bali (the most popular international tourist destination in Indonesia), people do not live according to the Muslim society. But even there there are those believers who, in spite of everything, live according to the norms of Islam. As I said, parents try to teach their children Islamic sciences. Then they go to schools, higher educational institutions. By the time they encounter the surrounding reality, they already have enough spiritual knowledge, have a moral core to resist all the temptations of this world.
– How acute are the problems in Indonesia that are relevant for teenagers all over the world: disobedience to parents, drug addiction, alcoholism? Or maybe these problems do not exist in Indonesia?
– Please tell us about the province of Aceh: how does it differ from the rest of Indonesia?
May Allah grant that the Muslims of Russia and Indonesia get to know each other better and better! And may the Lord help us in our good deeds!
Interviewed by Safiya Fokina
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