Political regimes (social science). Test "political regimes"
Lecture:
Political regime
Political regime- this is a set of methods, forms and means that are used by the ruling bodies to manage society and the state.
The political regime allows us to judge the principles of the political structure of the state, it characterizes the political climate in the country. Political regimes differ:
- means and methods of exercising political power;
- the level of rights and freedoms of citizens;
- the nature of the relationship between the state and society;
- the procedure for selecting political leaders and the ruling elite;
- ways of regulating social conflicts;
- degree of political activity of the population;
- the degree of publicity of the activities of state bodies, etc.
Based on these differences, political regimes are divided into democratic and anti-democratic. In this lesson, we will consider the types of anti-democratic regimes. There are two of them: totalitarian and authoritarian.
Totalitarian regime
Signs of a totalitarian regime are:
- Full (total) control over all spheres of society (examples: under Stalin in the USSR, Hitler in Germany).
- Mandatory ideology and the only political party (examples: CPSU in the USSR, National Socialist German Workers' Party in Germany).
- The rights and freedoms of citizens are declared, but not respected, the people completely obey orders from above. There is strict censorship, dissent is suppressed, opposition is not allowed, believers are being monitored. Let's remember Stalin's regime. A person was persecuted because he stood out among others with his property. There was no freedom even in choosing the type of occupation, imagine if a guy wanted to play football, and he was forcibly sent to gymnastics. And how could total control over every citizen of a huge country be exercised? To carry out surveillance of everyone, there was a nomenclature - numerous secret workers who encouraged denunciation.
- The execution of orders is ensured by punitive measures and mass repressions (whole families and even nations were punished).
- Monopolization of the economy, state ownership of the means of production.
- Unlike a totalitarian regime, under an authoritarian regime, full control is exercised only over politics, the authorities do not interfere in other areas (examples: the regime of Peter I in Tsarist Russia, the regime of Nicholas II in the Russian Empire, the regime of Augusto Pinochet in Chile of the 1970s).
- The dictatorship of power is carried out by one person or a narrow group of people with minimal participation of the population.
- There is a formal separation of powers that is rejected or ignored.
- The political rights and freedoms of citizens are also of a formal nature.
- The management of society is carried out by command, command methods, but there are no mass repressions characteristic of a totalitarian regime.
- Opposition is banned or censored.
- The role of the army and the church is great.
Democratic regime
You can learn about the signs of a democratic regime.
Additional materials to the lesson :
Mind map in social studies No. 51
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POLITIC SYSTEM. POLITICAL REGIMES Bikmayeva Larisa Anatolyevna, teacher of history and social studies, MBOU "Secondary comprehensive school No. 27 named after A.A. Deineka"
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OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON To generalize and systematize knowledge on the topics "Political system", "Political regimes". 2. Continue to develop the skills to complete the tasks of the Unified State Examination in social studies OBJECTIVES
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What is a political system and what is its structure? Functions political system Typology of political systems What is a political regime? Criteria for identifying types of political regimes Types of political regimes and their features PLAN
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DAVID EASTON, AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENTIST The first to describe political life from a systemic perspective. In the works "Political System" (1953), "The Limit of Political Analysis" (1965), "System Analysis of Political Life" (1965), he laid the foundation for the theory of the political system.
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MAIN ASPECTS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM The system is dynamic The system has structural elements and maintains integrity
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ESTABLISH A CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE SUBSYSTEMS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM AND THEIR ELEMENTS SUBSYSTEMS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS OF THE SUBSYSTEM A) Organizational (institutional) 1) Political ideas, political psychology and ideology, political culture B) Normative 2) The state, political parties, socio-political movements, pressure groups C ) Cultural 3) The totality of connections and interactions within the political system, between the political system and society, between the political systems of different countries D) Communicative 4) Political principles, legal norms governing political life, political traditions, customs, moral norms and values
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The concept of a political system POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SOCIETY is a set of norms, institutions and organizations that together make up the self-organization of society POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SOCIETY is a mechanism through which political power in society, political processes and relations are regulated POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SOCIETY is a set of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interactions and relationships between them, in which political power is exercised
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POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SOCIETY ENVIRONMENT (economic, social, spiritual spheres of society, private life of a person) ENVIRONMENT (political systems of other countries, international institutions) POLITICAL SYSTEM
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POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SOCIETY ENVIRONMENT (economic, social, spiritual spheres of society, private life of a person) ENVIRONMENT (political systems of other countries, international institutions) POLITICAL SYSTEM requirements support "entrance"
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POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SOCIETY ENVIRONMENT (economic, social, spiritual spheres of society, private life of a person) ENVIRONMENT (political systems of other countries, international institutions) POLITICAL SYSTEM requirements support "input" decisions actions "output"
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM Goal-setting function (determining the goals, objectives and ways of development of society and the state) Integrative function (maintaining the integrity of society, coordinating the interests of various social groups) Function of mobilizing resources to achieve goals
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM Control over the implementation of laws and regulations, suppression of violations of political norms Political socialization of citizens (formation of political consciousness, familiarization with political activity) Regulatory function (development of norms of human behavior in all spheres of social life)
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM Distribution of material and spiritual values Identification, formulation and justification of the interests of various subjects of political relations The function of political communication (providing communication between various elements of the political system, as well as between the system and the environment)
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM Promotion of political ideas, creation of ideologies Promotion of political leaders, training of personnel for the state apparatus and political organizations Ensuring internal and external security and stability of the political system
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TYPES OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS according to the type of socio-economic formation: slaveholding; feudal; bourgeois; socialist in the ways of exercising political power: democratic; dictatorial (authoritarian, totalitarian);
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according to the degree of stability: conservative; transforming; by type of relationship with the environment: open; closed; according to the degree of development of civil society, differentiation of political roles: traditional; modernized. TYPES OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS
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13. Choose the right judgments about the political system of society and write down the numbers under which they are indicated 1) The political system is designed to reflect the diverse interests of social groups that directly or through their organizations and movements influence state power. 2) The political system of any society is stable and not subject to change for a long time. 3) The political system performs the function of determining the goals and directions for the development of society and the state. 4) Values, political ideologies belong to the cultural subsystem of the political system 5) The political system performs the function of nominating political leaders, training personnel for the state apparatus and political organizations Answer: 1, 3, 4, 5
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Task 28. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "The political system of society." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points. 1. The concept of the political system of society. 2. Subsystems of the political system: a) organizational; b) normative; c) communicative; d) cultural 3. Functions of the political system: a) determination of goals and ways of development of society; b) mobilization of all resources to achieve goals and programs; c) maintaining the integrity of society, preventing its collapse; d) development of norms of human behavior in all spheres of social life; e) political socialization of citizens
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4. Types of political systems: a) democratic, dictatorial; b) conservative, transforming; c) open, closed; d) traditional, modernized. Task 28. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "The political system of society." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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The concept of a political regime POLITICAL REGIME is a set of ways, forms and methods of exercising political power
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The degree of freedom of the individual in society and the state (the scope of rights and obligations) The form and degree of real participation of the individual in the life of society and the state The political regime determines the relationship between the Individual State Society
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CRITERIA FOR SELECTING THE TYPES OF POLITICAL REGIMES Degree of freedom of the individual in society and the state 1 Form and degree of real participation of the individual in the life of society 2 Presence or absence of a multi-party system 3 Role of civil society institutions Presence of separation of powers 5
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CRITERIA FOR SELECTING THE TYPES OF POLITICAL REGIMES Presence or absence of legal opposition 6 Political and legal status of the mass media 7 Degree of publicity in society 8 Dominant ideology 9 Method of resolving social and political conflicts 10
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THE CONCEPT OF TOTALITARISM TOTALITARISM is a political regime that seeks to establish complete (total) control over every person and society as a whole. The term was first used by B. Mussolini, the Italian dictator, and his critics in the 1920s. The theory of totalitarianism was developed by an American political scientist, sociologist Zbigniew Brzezinski, an American political scientist of German origin Karl Joachim Friedrich.
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Complete the task: after reading the text, name the features of a totalitarian regime. A totalitarian regime means complete control of the state over the entire life of society and over the life of every person. It is characterized by an official state ideology, binding on all citizens and not allowing the existence of other ideologies. A single mass political party has a monopoly on power. The leader of the party is endowed with supernatural features, a cult of the leader's personality is created. Strong structure exercise total police control over the entire society. The ruling party controls the media and exercises strict censorship. The economy is usually centralized. Here is how it describes distinctive features totalitarian regime I.A. Ilyin: “An ordinary state says: you have a sphere of private interest, you are free in it. The totalitarian state declares: there is only the state interest and you are bound by it.
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SIGNS OF TOTALITARISM Official state ideology, obligatory for all citizens 1 Monopoly on the power of a single mass political party, personality cult of the leader 2 Total police control over the entire society 3 Control of the ruling party over the media, severe censorship 4 Centralized economy 5
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TYPES OF TOTALITARISM Left Right USSR: Stalinism (international socialism) China: Maoism Country and name Italy: Fascism Germany: National Socialism of the Working class Priority Nations, races, ethnic groups Ideological basis Racism, nationalism, ideological theories Marxism, materialism Equality of all people Basis - positing idea Natural inequality of people, peoples, nations Class values Dominant values Nationalist values
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THE CONCEPT OF DEMOCRACY DEMOCRACY - the power of the people (from the Greek "demos" - people, "kratos" - power) DEMOCRACY - a political regime based on the method of collective decision-making with equal influence of participants on the outcome of the process or on its essential stages.
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Complete the task: after reading the text, name the features of a democratic regime. A democratic political regime is based on a system of principles and values, among which the principle of democracy occupies the first place. Democracy is realized primarily through the principle of the majority. This means that there are mechanisms for revealing the will of the majority, chief among them are elections and referendums. However, a political regime is not democratic if, along with the principle of the majority, another principle is not implemented: the right of the minority to oppose. This means that the part of society that does not support the government can create its own organizations, have its own press, criticize the policy of the authorities, and offer an alternative political course. The people have the right and opportunity to influence the development of political decisions through participation in election campaigns, appeals to government bodies, participation in rallies, demonstrations, pickets. Another integral feature of democracy is parliamentarism. This means state power, in which a significant role belongs to the people's representation (parliament). Democracy is characterized by political pluralism, which implies diversity and free competition in the struggle for power of political ideas, views, programs, political organizations, and the media.
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PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRACY People's power, which is implemented through the principle of the majority, the right of the minority to opposition 1 The right and opportunity of the people to influence the development of political decisions 2 Parliamentarism 3 Political pluralism, openness 4 The presence of a rule of law state
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TASK 2 Answer: 1 Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts of the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated. 1) democratic regime; 2) parliamentarism; 3) multi-party system; 4) competition; 5) the principle of the majority.
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THE CONCEPT OF AUTHORITARISM AUTHORITARISM is a political regime that retains a monopoly on power and control over the political life of the state, but does not claim total control over society AUTHORITARY REGIME is a political regime in which power is exercised by one force (individual, family, party, class) with minimal participation people
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SIGNS OF AUTHORITARISM A small number of holders of power (one person (absolute monarch, dictator) or a group of people (military junta, oligarchic group)) 1 Unlimited power, lack of real democratic mechanisms to control its implementation 2 The desire to use force to resolve conflict situations 3 Prevention of real political opposition and political competition 4 Relative closedness of the ruling elite
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POSSIBLE ANSWER 1) The political regime is a set of ways, forms and methods of exercising political power. 2) The criterion for dividing political regimes into democratic and non-democratic is the level of political freedom of society (the presence or absence of the possibility of political choice, the presence or absence of opposition). 3) A feature of the totalitarian regime is the desire of the state to establish absolute control over all spheres of society and over the personal life of a person (official ideology, censorship, police control, lack of pluralism).
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13. Select the correct judgments about political regimes and write down the numbers under which they are indicated 1) The features of a political regime include the selection procedures for ruling elites and political leaders. 2) The signs of a political regime include the order of distribution of power between various social forces and political organizations expressing their interests. 3) The type of political regime is determined by the state of human rights and freedoms. 4) The presence of a professional administrative apparatus (bureaucracy) distinguishes a totalitarian regime from a democratic one. 5) The political regime of any type is characterized by the implementation of the principle of separation of powers. Answer: 1, 2, 3
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HOMEWORK 1. Independently study the features of the authoritarian regime, read the comparative table "Political regimes" (after this slide) 2. Complete task 28. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Political regimes". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
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POLITICAL REGIMES Lines of comparison Types of regimes Democratic Non-democratic Totalitarian Authoritarian 1. Forms Direct and representative democracy Italian fascism, German national socialism, Soviet socialism, Chinese Maoism Bourgeois, socialist to military-dictatorial (for example, the military regime of Pinochet in Chile, the theocratic regime of the Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran) 2. Social base Reliance on the majority of the population, which consciously supports democratic values Reliance on the mass movements of the lumpenized sections of the population Reliance on traditional social institutions - the bureaucracy, the army, the church
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POLITICAL REGIMES Lines of comparison Types of regimes Democratic Non-democratic Totalitarian Authoritarian public life A traditional state that maintains public order by tightly controlling certain sectors of public life 4. Party system Multi-party system Dominance of one party The ruling party is state-owned 5. The opposition Operates legally Denied Its activities are limited by strict limits
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POLITICAL REGIMES Lines of comparison Types of regimes Democratic Non-democratic Totalitarian Authoritarian 6. Legal principle Everything that is not forbidden by law is allowed Everything that is not allowed by law is prohibited Everything related to political activity is strictly regulated by the authorities 7. Rights and freedoms of citizens A large amount of rights and freedoms of citizens which are not only proclaimed, but actually guaranteed. The law protects the rights and freedoms of citizens The rights and freedoms of citizens are only declared, people are completely defenseless against the arbitrariness of power. The law does not protect the individual, but the state Significantly limited, especially in political sphere. The law primarily stands for the protection of the interests of the state, not the individual
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POLITICAL REGIMES Lines of comparison Types of regimes Authoritarian Totalitarian Non-democratic Democratic 8. Economy Mixed economy, dominated by the private sector Centralized economy, militaristic state planning Extensive public sector can coexist with a market economy 9. Ideology Political pluralism There is only one obligatory official ideology Official ideology dominates, but other ideological currents are allowed 10. Punitive bodies Strictly obey the law Penetrate all spheres of society, virtually uncontrolled An important element of the state apparatus
Social science. Full course of preparation for the Unified State Examination Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna
4.4. Typology of political regimes
Political regime - 1) a set of methods for exercising power and achieving political goals; 2) a set of methods, techniques and forms of implementation of political relations in society, that is, the way the functioning of its political system; 3) a set of means and methods by which the ruling elites exercise economic, political and ideological power in the country.
Institutions of the political regime: the state (methods of forming the highest state power), parties, pressure groups, non-political structures (church, media, etc.).
The concept of "political regime" expresses the nature of the relationship between state power and the individual, which determines the degree of social freedom of the individual, gives an idea of the foundations of the power system.
Types of political regimes:
1) Totalitarian regime. The term "totalitarianism" was introduced into the political lexicon in the 1920s. Italian philosopher J. Gentile, then was used by the leader of the Italian fascists B. Mussolini to characterize the mode he created. In the work of the American political scientists K. Friedrich and Z. Brzezinski "Totalitarian dictatorship and autocracy" (1956), the following main features of a totalitarian regime are formulated:
– The official ideology, i.e., the complex of ideas that justifies the right of these regimes to exist, claims to cover all spheres of public and private life without exception and is universally binding. The interests and freedoms of the individual are subordinated to the interests of the state. The society operates on the principle of "everything is prohibited except what is ordered."
- Monopoly on the power of one political party, the party itself - under the rule of one charismatic leader (Fuhrer, Duce, Secretary General); leaderism, the cult of personality. There is a process of merging the ruling party with the state apparatus.
- The system of terrorist police control, which is carried out not only for "enemies of the people", but for the whole society. Individuals, entire classes, ethnic groups are controlled. The state becomes illegal.
- Party control over the media, strict censorship of any information.
- Comprehensive control over the armed forces, the militarization of society, the creation of a military camp environment, the "iron curtain".
– Centralized control of the economy and a system of bureaucratic management of economic activity; planned economy as the most rational and efficient.
Totalitarianism is characterized by the highest degree of regulation and control.
The prerequisites for totalitarianism are: industrial stage of development of society; the growth of rationality and organization in public life; the emergence of monopolies and their merging with the state (totalitarianism - a general state monopoly); statization (statization) of society, especially intensifying during wars; mass collectivist-mechanistic outlook; emotional confidence in the ability to quickly improve life with the help of rational social transformations; psychological dissatisfaction with the social alienation of the individual, his defenselessness and loneliness; acute socio-economic crisis, sharply increasing the troubles and discontent of the population; appearance of numerous marginal layers.
The authorities act as the main guarantor of ideological control over the population. The party-state organization of society is characterized by a rigid hierarchical structure. Any political opposition and the creation of any organizations without the sanction of the authorities are prohibited. Depending on the dominant ideology, totalitarianism is usually divided into communism, fascism and national socialism.
A) communism (socialism) presupposes the absolute power of the state, the complete elimination of private property and any autonomy of the individual. Despite the predominantly totalitarian forms of political organization, humane political goals are also inherent in the socialist system.
B) fascism is a right-wing extremist political movement, it was first established in Italy in 1922. Fascism claims to restore or purify the "people's soul", ensuring a collective identity on cultural or ethnic grounds. With all their national characteristics fascism expressed the interests of the most reactionary circles of capitalist society, which provided financial and political support to fascist movements, seeking to use them to suppress the revolutionary uprisings of the working masses, preserve the existing system and realize their imperial ambitions in the international arena.
C) National Socialism originated in Germany in 1933. Its goal is the world domination of the Aryan race, and the social preference is the German nation. If in communist systems aggressiveness is directed primarily against its own citizens (class enemy), then in National Socialism it is directed against other peoples.
Totalitarianism is a closed society, not adapted to qualitative renewal, taking into account the new requirements of a continuously changing world.
2) Authoritarianism- a regime characterized by a monopoly on the power of any one party, group, person or social institution; one of the forms of political dictatorship. An authoritarian political system has the following features:
- autocracy (autocracy) - a small number of power holders. They can be one person (monarch, tyrant) or a group of people (military junta, oligarchic group, etc.);
- Unlimited power, its non-control of citizens. Power can rule by laws, but it accepts them at its own discretion;
- reliance (real or potential) on force. An authoritarian regime may not resort to mass repression and be popular among the general population. However, he has sufficient power to force citizens into obedience if necessary;
– monopolization of power and politics, prevention of political opposition and competition. Under authoritarianism, the existence of a limited number of parties, trade unions and other organizations is possible, but only if they are controlled by the authorities;
- refusal of total control over society, non-interference in non-political spheres. The government is mainly concerned with providing own security, public order, defense, foreign policy, although it can also influence the strategy economic development to pursue a fairly active social policy without destroying the mechanisms of market self-government;
- characterized by unitary forms of the state with a rigid centralization of power. The rights of national minorities are limited;
- the vast public sector is strictly regulated by the state, it functions within the framework of a market economy and gets along well with private entrepreneurship. The economy can be both highly efficient and inefficient;
- censorship of the media, which is allowed to criticize certain shortcomings of public policy while maintaining loyalty to the system;
- recruitment (formation) of the political elite by introducing new members to the elective body without holding by-elections, by appointment from above, and not as a result of competitive electoral struggle.
Differences from the totalitarian political regime:
* authoritarianism allows limited pluralism if it does not harm the system; a citizen is not subject to repression if he is not an active opponent of the regime (a ritual confirmation of loyalty and the absence of a direct challenge); under authoritarianism, the central role is played not by worldview, but by the preservation of power;
* authoritarian dictatorships prefer to maintain traditional class, estate or tribal barriers, alien to totalitarianism, which breaks traditional social ties, turns "classes into masses";
a) preservation of the traditional type of society with a focus on the usual and sustainable forms of social life and authorities; b) preservation of the patriarchal and subservient types of political culture as predominant; c) significant influence of religious norms (Islam, Buddhism, Confucianism) on the political orientations of the population; d) economic backwardness; e) underdevelopment of civil society; f) high degree of conflict in developing societies.
- party regimes (monopoly power of any party or political group): forms of government of aristocratic (Morocco, Nepal) or family (Guatemala) groups; the rule of the first persons of the state with their cohesive political "teams" (Belarus);
- military-dictatorial regime (most countries of Latin America, South Korea, Portugal, Spain, Greece). Modern military regimes are characterized by the suppression of a large part of political and civil liberties, widespread corruption and internal instability; state resources are used mainly to suppress resistance, reduce the social activity of citizens;
– theocratic regime (Iran since 1979);
- national authoritarianism arises as a result of dominance in an elite grouping of a national or ethnic group (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan). In these countries, an unspoken policy of ousting foreign groups is being pursued;
- corporate regimes embody the power of bureaucratic, oligarchic or shadow (informal, criminal) groups that combine power and property and, on this basis, control the decision-making process;
- despotic regime (the supreme leader relies on arbitrariness and informal clan, family structures);
- personal tyranny (power belongs to the leader and its strong institutions are absent: S. Hussein's regime in Iraq, M. Gaddafi's regime in Libya).
The authoritarian regime has a high ability to ensure political stability and public order, to mobilize public resources to solve certain problems, to overcome the resistance of political opponents, as well as the ability to solve progressive problems related to the country's exit from the crisis. Authoritarianism contains certain reformist opportunities. Achieving economic and social efficiency, authoritarian regimes form a democratic system of values, the interest of citizens in political and civil rights and freedoms, the need for freedom of information, independence of thought, intolerance for arbitrariness and violence.
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Which reflects the relationship of power and society, the level of political freedom and the nature of political life in the country.
In many ways, these characteristics are due to specific traditions, culture, historical conditions for the development of the state, so we can say that each country has its own unique political regime. However, many regimes in different countries show similarities.
In the scientific literature there are two types of politics:
- democratic;
- antidemocratic.
Signs of a democratic regime:
- the rule of law;
- separation of powers;
- the existence of real political and social rights and freedoms of citizens;
- election of public authorities;
- existence of opposition and pluralism.
Signs of an anti-democratic regime:
- domination of lawlessness and terror;
- lack of political pluralism;
- absence of opposition parties;
The anti-democratic regime is divided into totalitarian and authoritarian. Therefore, we will consider the characteristics of three political regimes: totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.
Democratic regime based on the principles of equality and freedom; The main source of power here is the people. At authoritarian regime political power is concentrated in the hands of an individual or a group of people, but outside the sphere of politics, relative freedom remains. At totalitarian regime the government strictly controls all spheres of society.
Typology of political regimes:Characteristics of political regimes
Democratic regime(from the Greek demokratia - democracy) is based on the recognition of the people as the main source of power, on the principles of equality and freedom. The features of democracy are:
- electivity - there is an election of citizens to the bodies of state power by universal, equal and direct elections;
- separation of powers - power is divided into legislative, executive and judicial branches, independent of each other;
- civil society - citizens can influence the authorities with the help of a developed network of voluntary public organizations;
- equality - all have equal civil and political
- rights and freedoms, as well as guarantees for their protection;
- pluralism- respect for other people's opinions and ideologies, including oppositional ones, prevails, full transparency and freedom of the press from censorship are ensured;
- agreement - political and other social relations are aimed at finding a compromise, and not at a violent solution to the problem; All conflicts are resolved by legal means.
Democracy is direct and representative. At direct democracy decisions are made directly by all citizens who have the right to vote. Direct democracy was, for example, in Athens, in the Novgorod Republic, where people, gathering in the square, took common decision for every problem. Now direct democracy is implemented, as a rule, in the form of a referendum - a popular vote on draft laws and important issues. state importance. For example, the current constitution Russian Federation was adopted by referendum on December 12, 1993.
In a large area, direct democracy is too difficult to implement. Therefore, government decisions are made by special elected institutions. Such a democracy is called representative, since the elected body (for example, The State Duma) represents the people who elected him.
Authoritarian regime(from the Greek autocritas - power) occurs when power is concentrated in the hands of an individual or group of people. Usually authoritarianism is combined with dictatorship. Political opposition is impossible under authoritarianism, but in non-political spheres, for example, in the economy, culture or private life, individual autonomy and relative freedom are preserved.
Totalitarian regime(from lat. totalis - the whole, whole) occurs when all spheres of society are controlled by the authorities. Power under a totalitarian regime is monopolized (by a party, leader, dictator), a single ideology is obligatory for all citizens. The absence of any dissent is ensured by a powerful apparatus of supervision and control, police repressions, and acts of intimidation. The totalitarian regime forms a non-initiative personality prone to submission.
Totalitarian political regime
Totalitarian political regime- this is the regime of "all-consuming domination", which infinitely interferes in the life of citizens, including all their activities in the scope of its control and coercive regulation.
Signs of a totalitarian political regime:
1. Availabilitythe only mass party led by a charismatic leader, as well as the actual merger of party and state structures. This is a kind of “-”, where the central party apparatus occupies the first place in the power hierarchy, and the state acts as a means of implementing the party program;
2. Monopolizationand centralization of power when such political values as submission and loyalty to the "party-state" are primary in comparison with material, religious, aesthetic values in motivation and evaluation of human actions. Within the framework of this regime, the line between political and non-political spheres of life (“the country as a single camp”) disappears. All life activities, including the level of private, personal life, are strictly regulated. The formation of authorities at all levels is carried out through closed channels, bureaucratically;
3. "Unanimity"official ideology which, through massive and targeted indoctrination (media, education, propaganda) is imposed on society as the only true, true way of thinking. At the same time, the emphasis is not on individual, but on “cathedral” values (state, race, nation, class, clan). The spiritual atmosphere of the society is distinguished by fanatical intolerance towards dissent and "other action" on the principle of "who is not with us is against us";
4. Systemphysical and psychological terror, the regime of a police state, where the principle prevails as a basic "legal" principle: "Only what is ordered by the authorities is allowed, everything else is prohibited."
Totalitarian regimes traditionally include communist and fascist.
Authoritarian political regime
The main features of an authoritarian regime:
1. ATpower is unlimited, beyond the control of citizens character and concentrated in the hands of one person or group of people. It can be a tyrant, a military junta, a monarch, etc.;
2. Support(potential or real) for strength. An authoritarian regime may not resort to mass repression and may even be popular among the general population. However, in principle, he can afford any actions in relation to citizens in order to force them into obedience;
3. Monopolization of power and politics, prevention of political opposition, independent legal political activity. This circumstance does not exclude the existence of a limited number of parties, trade unions and some other organizations, but their activities are strictly regulated and controlled by the authorities;
4. Pthe replenishment of leading personnel is carried out by co-optation, and not by pre-election competitive struggle; there are no constitutional mechanisms for succession and transfer of power. Changes of power often occur through military coups and violence;
5. Orenunciation of total control over society, non-intervention or limited intervention in non-political spheres, and, above all, in the economy. The government deals primarily with issues of ensuring its own security, public order, defense and foreign policy, although it can also influence the strategy of economic development, pursue an active social policy without destroying the mechanisms of market self-regulation.
Authoritarian regimes can be divided into rigidly authoritarian, moderate and liberal. There are also types such as "populist authoritarianism", based on equalization oriented masses, and also "national patriotic", in which the national idea is used by the authorities to create either a totalitarian or a democratic society, etc.
Authoritarian regimes include:- absolute and dualistic monarchies;
- military dictatorships, or regimes with military rule;
- theocracy;
- personal tyranny.
Democratic political regime
Democratic regime is a regime in which power is exercised by a freely expressing majority. Democracy in Greek means literally "rule of the people" or "rule by the people."
Basic principles of the democratic regime of power:
1. Folksovereignty, i.e. The people are the primary holder of power. All power comes from the people and is delegated to them. This principle does not involve making political decisions directly by the people, as, for example, in a referendum. It only assumes that all holders of state power received their power functions thanks to the people, i.e. directly through elections (deputies of parliament or the president) or indirectly through representatives chosen by the people (a government formed and subordinated to parliament);
2. Free elections representatives of the authorities, who presuppose the existence of at least three conditions: the freedom to nominate candidates as a consequence of the freedom to form and function; freedom of suffrage, i.e. universal and equal suffrage on the principle of "one person - one vote"; freedom of voting, perceived as a means of secret voting and equality for all in obtaining information and the opportunity to carry out propaganda during the election campaign;
3. Subordination of the minority to the majority with strict observance of the rights of the minority. The main and natural duty of the majority in a democracy is respect for the opposition, its right to free criticism and the right to change, following the results of new elections, the former majority in power;
4. Implementationseparation of powers. The three branches of power - legislative, executive and judicial - have such powers and such practice that the two "corners" of this kind of "triangle" can, if necessary, block the undemocratic actions of the third "corner" that are contrary to the interests of the nation. The absence of a monopoly on power and the pluralistic nature of all political institutions - necessary condition democracy;
5. Constitutionalismand the rule of law in all spheres of life. The law prevails regardless of the person, everyone is equal before the law. Hence the "frigidity", "coldness" of democracy, i.e. she is rational. Legal principle of democracy: “Everything that is not prohibited by law,- permitted."
Democracies include:- presidential republics;
- parliamentary republics;
- parliamentary monarchies.