How to choose a program for a first grader. Educational programs of elementary school. Traditional Primary School Curricula
Program "School of Russia" for elementary school - one of the most famous projects of the Prosveshchenie publishing house in the country. This is a kit for elementary school, which we all studied in the Soviet era, with some changes. Since 2001, the EMC "School of Russia" has been working as a single whole. The authors of the "School of Russia" program are scientists whose names are known to everyone who works in the primary education system: V.G. Goretsky, M.I. Moro, A.A. Pleshakov, V.P. Kanakina, L.M. Zelenina, L.F. Klimanov and others.
The main purpose of elementary school, according to the authors, is educational. Hence the tasks: the development of the child's human qualities that meet the ideas of true humanity: kindness, tolerance, responsibility, the ability to empathize, readiness to help others teach the child conscious reading, writing and counting, correct speech, instill certain labor and health-saving skills, teach the basics of safe vital activity the formation of natural motivation for learning.
The elementary school program "School of Russia" is considered traditional, most children master it without any problems.
Expert opinion
“I have been working at a school with children for many years according to the traditional School of Russia program,” says the teacher primary school middle secondary school No. 549 of Moscow Tatyana Mikhailovna Bobko. “Our parents studied under this program, as did I, and my children. All grew up quite educated people. I think that this program is needed, it was, is and will always be. The traditional program allows you to carefully practice skills learning activities(reading, writing, arithmetic) that are essential for success in high school. IN last years interesting educational kits have been published that meet modern educational requirements (mathematics - author M.I. Moro, Russian language - author T.K. Ramzaeva), which are aimed at developing the cognitive abilities of the student.
Primary school of the 21st century
Educational kit "Primary school of the XXI century"(under the editorship of N. Vinogradova) is aimed at ensuring "soft" adaptation of children to new conditions for them school life. The program was developed by a team of scientists from the Institute of Content and Teaching Methods of the Russian Academy of Education, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Russian Academy advanced training and retraining of educators, Moscow state university. Project Manager - Honored Worker of Science Russian Federation, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor Vinogradova Natalya Fedorovna. The system of teaching materials "Primary school of the XXI century" is issued by the publishing center "VENTANA-GRAF".
The main objectives of the program are: the formation of the main components of educational activity (if we discuss the position of a student, then this is the answer to the questions “why am I studying”, “what should I do to solve this educational task”, “how do I complete the educational task and how do I I do it”, “what are my successes and what I can’t do”).
The organization of the educational process is built in such a way as to provide a situation of success for each student and the opportunity to learn at an individual pace.
The basic principle of education is that the primary school should be nature-friendly, that is, meet the needs of children of this age (in cognition, communication, various productive activities), take into account typological and individual characteristics their cognitive activity and level of socialization. A schoolchild is not just a “spectator”, “listener”, but a “researcher”. Based on the principles, it can be assumed that this program will be comfortable for children who need soft adaptation to everything new for them, whether it be a team or type of activity. All courses have a long preparatory period.
Expert opinion
“I have been working on this program for the third year, I like it very much,” says Irina Vladimirovna Tyabirdina, a primary school teacher at secondary school No. 549 in Moscow. - Frankly, the material is designed for strong erudite children. With what baggage of knowledge the student will go to high school depends on the elementary teacher. That's why main goal is to teach the child to learn. It is also important that Vinogradova’s kit implements the child’s right to their individuality: children are placed in conditions where they can independently acquire knowledge, apply it, think, fantasize, play (special notebooks are provided “Learning to think and fantasize”, “Learning to learn the world»)».
Parents' opinions about the program
“We finished studying under the Vinogradova program. At first, they waited a long time for the children to really start learning. By the second grade, they realized that she was not so easy. She also has some disadvantages: a large number of notebooks, which they do not completely have time to go through. Well, we, who studied under Soviet programs, do not like everything in the current education, so we find fault with little things.
"Promising Elementary School"
"Perspective Primary School" is the result of many years of work by a team of employees of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the agro-industrial complex and the PPRO, Moscow State University, Moscow State Pedagogical University. EMC "Perspective Primary School" publishes the publishing house "Akademkniga / Textbook".
The main idea of the EMC "Promising Primary School" is the optimal development of each child on the basis of pedagogical support for his individuality (age, abilities, interests, inclinations, development) in the conditions of specially organized educational activities, where the student acts either as a student, or as a teacher, then as an organizer learning situation.
"Planet of Knowledge"
The first set of textbooks and programs for elementary school, which fully implemented the state standard - "Planet of Knowledge". Among the authors are 4 honored teachers of Russia.
The program is developed taking into account the psychological and age characteristics of younger students, based on the principle of variability, thanks to this, the possibility of teaching children with different levels of development is laid.
The task system of the set provides students with the right to choose, to make a mistake, to help, to succeed, thereby contributing to the creation of psychological comfort during learning.
Expert opinion
“The program is interesting,” comments the primary school teacher of secondary school No. A.S. Pushkin, Moscow Natalya Vladimirovna Chernosvitova. - A variety of texts on the Russian language and reading are perfectly selected. In addition to good reading texts, there are interesting questions developing tasks. The child must come up with a fairy tale, think up the text, make a drawing. Mathematics is interesting in that each task leads the student to the answer on his own. Not like in the standard program: the teacher explained - the student fulfilled. Here is a different approach. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that there is a soft transition from the Planet of Knowledge to the traditional program. For fourth grade students, we introduce tasks from the fifth grade, so, in my opinion, this program has some advantages. As for reading, everyone says in unison: "Children read well."
I note that ahead of standard program, "Planet of Knowledge" does not overload students. If we take everyone's favorite mathematics according to L.G. Peterson, it requires a physical and intellectual approach. To study under the "Program 2100" or "Harmony", the child must be already prepared. According to the "Planet of Knowledge" you can teach any children with kindergarten training, including at toddler age. Studying under this program, children are noticeably different from those who study under the classical one. These kids are creative. There is only one minus in this program - the teacher, who has worked for many years according to the traditional program, must be reorganized. Although special courses are held for such teachers in the Central District.
"RHYTHM"
A set of textbooks “Development. Individuality. Creation. Thinking” (“RITM”) is intended for grades 1-4 of educational institutions. The authors of the textbooks are well-known scientists and methodologists who have a serious influence on the formation of modern primary education. The educational and methodical set (EMC) "RITM" is published by the publishing house "Drofa".
The main principles of the program are that every child: must be successful; is included in active educational and cognitive activity; gets the opportunity to reveal their individuality; learns to think creatively and independently, meaningfully communicate with peers and adults.
"Perspective"
The author of the program is the scientific adviser, Ph.D., director of the Center for System-Activity Pedagogy "School 2000" of the AIC and PPRO, laureate of the Prize of the President of the Russian Federation in the field of education - L.G. Peterson. By the way, her personal textbooks are not included in the list of state textbooks.
The educational program "Perspective" was created on a conceptual basis that reflects modern achievements in the field of psychology and pedagogy, while maintaining a close connection with the best traditions of the classical school education Russia.
The advantage of teaching according to the Perspektiva UMC is that the system for constructing educational material allows each student to maintain and develop interest in discovering and learning new things.
In textbooks, tasks are offered in such a way that cognitive activity, cognitive interest and the child's curiosity grew into a need to learn new things, to learn independently. The student at each lesson, as it were, reveals the content of future topics.
Parent feedback
“The program is too simple, weak mathematics, little time is devoted to writing. At the school of the future first grader, they studied according to Peterson, the child learned more than in the entire first grade according to "Perspective". But it is perfect for children with whom they did not really study before school. All topics are long "chewed" by the teacher. Homework is easily done without the participation of parents, except for the outside world. According to him, reports or presentations are systematically set, which the child cannot do on his own, I have to do everything.
Development system L.V. Zankova
Program L.V. Zankova is aimed at developing the mind, will, feelings, spiritual needs of younger students, awakening their interest in understanding the broad picture of the world, dedication to learning, and the development of curiosity. The task of education is to give a general picture of the world on the basis of science, literature, and art.This program is aimed at providing conditions for self-realization, for revealing the individuality of the child, his inner world. One of the most important tasks is to educate the junior schoolchild about himself as a value. Education should be focused not so much on the whole class as a whole, but on each individual student. At the same time, the goal is not to “pull up” weak students to the level of strong ones, but to reveal the individuality and optimally develop each student, regardless of whether he is considered “strong” or “weak” in the class.
Distinctive feature Zankov's system is learning at a high level of difficulty, passing the learning material "in a spiral". When completing tasks, children learn to draw theoretical conclusions, creatively comprehend the material.
Expert opinion
“I love the L.V. system very much. Zankova, - says Nadezhda Vladimirovna Kazakova, deputy director for educational work of secondary school No. 148 in Moscow. – The children I taught under this program are now in the seventh grade. As a specialist, I see excellent results in my studies. Schoolchildren are excellent at reasoning, arguing, the development of their horizons compares favorably with their peers, they have higher working capacity.
“The program is aimed at the comprehensive development of the child, it teaches children to get information themselves, and not to receive ready-made information,” adds L.V. Zankova head methodical association teachers of elementary school No. 148 in Moscow Tatyana Vladimirovna Korsakova. “By graduating from elementary school under this system, children become more liberated, they have about three times more knowledge than their peers.”
D.B. system Elkonina - V.V. Davydov
The educational system of D. B. Elkonin-V.V. Davydov has already more than 40 years of history of existence: first in the form of developments and experiments, and in 1996, by the decision of the Board of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, the educational system of Elkonin-Davydov was recognized as one of government systems. A special place in this system is given to theoretical knowledge and the logical side of learning. The level of subjects taught is extremely difficult.
The Elkonin-Davydov education system involves the formation of a large set of skills in primary school graduates. The child must learn to look for missing information when faced with a new task, to test their own hypotheses. Moreover, the system assumes that the younger student will independently organize interaction with the teacher and other students, analyze and critically evaluate own actions and partners' points of view.
The main principle of this system is to teach children to acquire knowledge, to search for it on their own, and not to memorize school truths. The system of D. B. Elkonin - V. V. Davydov is suitable for those who want to develop in a child not so much the ability to analyze, but the ability to think unusually, deeply.
In the Elkonin-Davydov system, however, the lack of marks can scare away. But experts assure that everything is under control: teachers report everything necessary recommendations and wishes to parents and collect a kind of portfolio creative works students. It also serves as a performance indicator instead of the usual diary.
This issue is especially acute for parents of future first-graders. Everyone wants not to harm either the child or themselves. A survey of acquaintances and the study of sites begins in the hope of finding an answer to the question of interest.
Parents face a choice educational program.
But whatever the program, a lot depends on the primary school teacher: teaching style, interest, responsibility, attitude towards children and work. It is probably fair to say that in primary school"You need to go to the teacher." So it’s worth learning more about the teachers who will recruit future first graders and.
Let's start by listing the existing programs for 2017-2018 academic year in Russian schools:
It should also be noted that all curricula are developed in accordance with the CLE, which allows you to master the necessary minimum of knowledge (the invariant part of the textbooks) or that which is acceptable for the curious (the variable part).
Let's analyze the pros and cons of curriculums in elementary school:
OS "School 2100"
This program is continuous with kindergarten and up to grade 11. Covers a large amount of material. The teacher directs and controls the search activity of students. The most difficult subjects are mathematics Kozlova S. A. and the world around Vakhrusheva A. A.
At the moment, the program is limited in the use of schools, as study guides were not included in the Federal List, that is, they did not pass the examination of the Ministry of Education.
Pros: students are trained to learn and acquire knowledge. They can easily find the information they need. They write a lot of essays and presentations, essays, have a broad outlook of knowledge.
Minuses: tasks are feasible for mastering middle and high level students, requires control and help from parents. Another disadvantage is that not all middle and high school teachers are ready to continue their education in the 5th grade.
- first of all, parents of future first-graders need to focus on the level of development of their child;
- take seriously the choice of a primary school teacher, because a competent, experienced teacher will make any program interesting and useful, and the child will definitely learn it;
- it is also necessary to remember that the success of education depends not only on the teacher, but also on the desire of parents to participate in the life of the student himself, to spend their time and energy.
Parents of a future first-grader need to understand modern educational programs for elementary grades. Unlike the Soviet era, when everyone studied from the same textbooks, now teachers and parents have a choice of how the child will receive all the necessary knowledge. And it will depend on the system of education, according to which the student will study in the primary grades.
What to choose when there are definitely several schools near the house that teach children according to different systems? Even within the same school, primary school teachers themselves choose which program to work with, and children from parallel classes can study according to different educational and methodological complexes.
Currently, there are several educational systems simultaneously that meet the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standards (Federal State Educational Standards). Each of them has its own characteristics, but in general, the systems are divided into traditional and developing. Most schools choose traditional educational programs, such as "School of Russia", "Primary School of the XXI century", "School 2010", "Harmony", "Perspective Primary School", "Classical Primary School", "Planet of Knowledge", "Perspective" . But be prepared for the fact that, perhaps, your child will be offered to study under the developmental programs of Zankov or Elkonin-Davydov. Of course, one should not think that traditional programs are not involved in the development of the student, the name is rather conditional. In general terms, we can say that these types of systems differ in their approach: traditional programs offer an explanatory and illustrative approach to teaching a child, while developing ones offer an active one.
All the programs mentioned above are focused on a single educational standard, however, each system has its own way of presenting information and priorities. They differ in the curriculum itself, the degree of workload of the child, the involvement of the parent in the learning process, as well as the overall complexity. Each system offers its own educational and methodological complex, in other words, sets of textbooks, workbooks and didactic materials in all subjects.
The most popular among schools are such educational and methodological complexes as "School of Russia", "Perspektva", "School 2100", "Planet of Knowledge" and "Harmony".
"School of Russia" is considered classical program. In fact, this is the same system that, with minor changes, was taught in Soviet times. It is designed for the average level, so that every child can easily master such a program. Mathematics develops computational skills, logic and thinking in equal proportions, the Russian language is presented in a standard way: development is balanced oral and written speech and writing skills. At the same time, one can especially highlight the study of the "World Around" according to the textbooks of A. A. Pleshakov. The advantage of the course is that the development of the surrounding world is positioned as a project that the child implements together with his parents.
Another educational and methodological complex that is especially popular is "Perspective". This program is most suitable for children with a mathematical mindset. This WCU is quite complex and will require parents to actively participate in the education of the child. The main advantage of "Perspective" can be called mathematics lessons, which are built on educational materials. Mathematics is given with elements of geometry and algebra, which allows the child to smoothly move into high school.
UMK "School 2100" is built in such a way that children can learn at different levels of complexity. All study materials contain a maximum additional information that the child can learn with such a need. This program allows the teacher to adjust the level of complexity of the presentation of the material without switching to another teaching material and apply individual approach in learning.
The Planet of Knowledge program is considered quite complex, since it was originally developed and used in gymnasium classes, but it is also very popular with teachers and parents. The main advantage of this WMC is its focus on the child. His ability to reason is actively stimulated, whether it is an emphasis on logic in the study of mathematics or literary reading, which involves the emergence of a dialogue between a child and an adult. As in "School 2100", the "Planet of Knowledge" textbooks contain tasks of different levels: from basic to creative search.
The main principle of EMC "Harmony" is comfortable learning at the intersection of traditional and developing teaching methods. Children initially develop the skills of analysis, classification, comparison and generalization. At the lessons, many problematic developmental tasks are given, which form the ability of students to think, the ability to independently draw conclusions. One of the main advantages of the program is targeted preparation for a smooth transition from primary to secondary school.
You can understand the visual difference between one educational system and another by studying the teaching materials offered by the program in one place. On the site of the online bookstore "Labyrinth" there is a special section "School Guru", in which you can make a selection of goods according to the educational program, by subjects, types of educational material (textbooks, workbooks, visual aids) or by class. With the help of this section, you can both study the proposed program materials and collect the necessary set of literature when the issue of choosing an educational system has already been resolved.
It should be borne in mind that all EMC programs are regularly revised taking into account current trends, so even if you are not sending your first child to school, keep in mind that the authors of textbooks or the concept of teaching in general could have changed in a few years. The educational materials themselves can change significantly, therefore, as a rule, it becomes necessary to buy all the materials of the educational and methodological complex for the class from scratch. The teacher who is currently working on the program will be able to say with confidence how exactly the EMC looks like at the moment and what textbooks and workbooks need to be purchased for the child.
The art of learning
35 sites with which the school curriculum will become easier and more interestingIt doesn't matter whether you decide to educate your child on your own by choosing a family education, or send it to a school, lyceum or gymnasium, study assistants are never superfluous. We have selected 35 sites with which to study school curriculum will be a real holiday for both the child and the parents.
1. interneturok.ru is a real storehouse, there are video lessons, simulators and tests for all school subjects from grades 1 to 11.
2. stellarium.org - a stunningly beautiful program that simulates a planetarium. Indispensable for anyone interested in astronomy, given that this subject will soon appear in the school curriculum.
You can search for nebulae and galaxies on this site for hours.
3. slovo.ws - the site has ready-made homework in various subjects and textbooks, but sections with online versions of school textbooks and biographies of Russian writers are more valuable here.
4. study.ru - "high-speed" lessons on English language for entry level.
5. briefly.ru is 2000 works of the school curriculum in a summary.
6. lingualeo.com - an interactive service for learning English. There is free and extended paid access (the cost for a year is comparable to 2-3 lessons with a tutor).
7. gostei.ru - a large online children's library that contains the texts of program works on literature from grades 1 to 11.
On the portal you can read software works online
8. gramota.ru - a huge reference and information portal on the rules and complexities of the Russian language.
9. nashol.com - a portal that contains links to useful resources, books and texts in all subjects of the school curriculum.
On the site you can find textbooks and assignments in many school subjects.
10. learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org - an interesting service for learning English for students of varying degrees of preparation.
11. litra.ru - a site with a huge number of biographies of writers, summaries And full texts literary works and hundreds of critical articles.
12. math-prosto.ru - mathematics program from 1st to 11th grade, preparation for exams in the subject and ready-made homework.
13. loviotvet.ru - online solver and calculator with solutions of examples and equations in mathematics of varying complexity.
14. fizika.ru - textbooks, problem books, laboratory work and tests in physics for students in grades 7-9 and physics teachers.
15. nuclphys.sinp.msu.ru - project of the Department of General Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University. Lectures on physics and a separate section for schoolchildren "Popular about science".
16. chem.msu.su/rus/elibrary/ - collection of publications in chemistry, contains textbooks and workshops on the subject, developed, among other things, at Moscow State University. Lomonosov.
17. orgchem.ru - interactive multimedia textbook on organic chemistry for schoolchildren.
18. ebio.ru - electronic training course "Open Biology" with the division in the areas of "Botany", "Zoology", "Human", " General biology"and" Ecology.
19. zooclub.ru - a mega-encyclopedia about animals inhabiting the planet.
20.nsportal.ru is a national project that collects author's developments and presentations of teachers in all subjects.
21. do.gendocs.ru - an educational portal with a huge number of lectures, reports and reference books on various subjects.
22. krugosvet.ru - universal popular science online encyclopedia.
23. dic.academic.ru - universal dictionary and interdisciplinary encyclopedia.
24. bibliotekar.ru - digital library non-fiction
25. uchi.ru is an online platform where students learn school subjects in an interactive and fun way. In addition, subject Olympiads are held here and archives of already held Olympiads are stored.
26. reshi-pishi.ru - interesting quests and tasks in mathematics, logic, reading and English for children aged 5-10.
Pixelmania is one of the most interesting tasks on the site, children can do it for a long time.
27. nachalka.info - a collection of elementary school lessons from grades 1 to 4 in mathematics, the Russian language, the world around and literacy. Access is paid, but the cost for a year does not exceed a thousand rubles.
28. kvantik.com - a magazine dedicated to entertaining questions and problems in mathematics, linguistics, physics and other sciences.
29. childrenscience.ru - online courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, architecture, art history, linguistics.
30. getaclass.ru - free educational videos and lessons in physics and mathematics.
31. foxford.ru - online school from 5th to 11th grade. The resource has preparation for the OGE, USE and Olympiads.
32. metaschool.ru - Internet circles and Olympiads in foreign languages, chess, mathematics and science subjects for students in grades 1-9. Access is paid.
33. native-english.ru - a convenient and simple service for learning English.
34. math24.biz - math service for students in grades 5-11. Detailed analysis of topics and step-by-step problem solving.
35. translate.ru - online translator from a dozen languages, as well as grammar for English, German and French.
P.S. Do you want to learn about the most interesting children's books and receive discounts on the best novelties?Subscribe to our newsletter . The first letter is a gift.
Currently, there are two systems for preparing children in primary school: traditional and developmental. Each has its own programs. Traditional programs include: "Primary School of the 21st Century", "School 2100", "School of Russia", "Harmony", "Perspective Primary School", "Classical Primary School", "Planet of Knowledge", "Perspective". Two programs belong to developing systems: L.V. Zankov and D.B. Elkonina - V.V. Davydov.
Within the same school, different programs can be applied. Regardless of the program, the student has the opportunity to receive the same knowledge, supposed state standard. Tasks of increased difficulty, which are associated only with developing systems, are in all programs, but are not mandatory for study.
School of Russia
The traditional program "School of Russia" (under the editorship of A. Pleshakov) has existed for decades. The school of Russia is the program by which all Soviet schoolchildren studied. Of course, there were major changes in terms of content, but the learning objectives remained the same. The most common misconception about this training program is that it is outdated. This is far from true. The program has been repeatedly updated since 2000, improved and supplemented. This program allows you to thoroughly practice the learning skills (reading, writing, numeracy) that are necessary for success in high school.
Program "Harmony"
Educational and methodical set "Harmony" (under the editorship of N.B. Istomin (mathematics), M.S. Soloveichik and N.S. Kuzmenko (Russian), O.V. Kubasov (literary reading), O.T. Poglazova (the world around), N.M. Konysheva (labor training)) is successfully practiced in many schools. This program singles out common goals and objectives for all academic subjects, defines priority teaching methods and forms of organizing educational activities.
Benefits of this program:
there is advanced learning, the textbooks included in the kit contain a methodological part, with the help of which parents can study and explain the missed topic to the child. The program uses new learning technologies that allow you to develop the child's ability to think logically. It is also noteworthy that the set offers tasks designed for children of different levels of preparedness. But there are also disadvantages: in mathematics, problem solving begins only in the second grade, and test papers offered the same for all classes.
Primary school XXI century
Primary school XXI century, edited by N.F. Vinogradova. This kit deals very seriously with the problem of forming the educational activity of a younger student, and this is the only kit where there is a parallel program "Learning Activities". The material of this program is designed for strong erudite children. With what baggage of knowledge a student will go to secondary school depends on the primary school teacher. Therefore, the main goal is to teach the child to learn. It is also important that Vinogradova’s kit implements the child’s right to their individuality: children are placed in conditions where they can independently acquire knowledge, apply it, think, fantasize, play (special notebooks are provided “Learning to think and fantasize”, “Learning to know the world around us”)
School 2100
School 2100 edited by A.A. Leontiev. This program, according to some estimates, is the most common in our region. Every year more and more teachers work under this educational program. The main advantage of this program lies in the deep continuity and continuity of education. Under this program, children can study from the age of three until they enter a university. All textbooks of the program are built taking into account the psychological specifics of age. A characteristic feature of this educational program is the following principle:educational material is offered to students to the maximum, and the student must learn the material according to the minimum standard. Thus, each child has the opportunity to take as much as he can.The program teaches children to act independently and is aimed at developing logical thinking, speech, imagination, memory.
classical elementary school
The program "Classical Primary School" is based on a holistic system of teaching younger students, built on a unified psychological and pedagogical foundations.
Why is the proposed model of teaching younger students classical? Because it is based on the classical principles of didactics, the most important theoretical provisions developed and tested by many years of practice. The classical elementary school is a holistic system of teaching younger students, built on a single psychological and pedagogical foundation. It allows you to form the knowledge, skills, abilities and even personality traits of the child, corresponding to the individual needs of each and necessary for their future life.
Promising Elementary School
The main idea of the "Perspective Primary School" program is the optimal development of each child on the basis of pedagogical support for his individuality (age, abilities, interests, inclinations, development) in the conditions of specially organized educational activities, where the student acts either as a student, or as a teacher, then in the role of the organizer of the educational situation. Pedagogical support of the child's individuality during learning brings to the fore the problem of the relationship between learning and development. The system of tasks of different levels of difficulty, the combination of the child's individual educational activity with his work in small groups and participation in club work make it possible to provide conditions under which learning goes ahead of development, i.e. in the zone of proximal development of each student based on the level of his actual development and personal interests. What the student cannot do individually, he can do with the help of a classmate or in a small group. And what is difficult for a particular small group becomes understandable in the process of collective activity. A high degree of differentiation of questions and tasks and their number allow the younger student to work in the conditions of his current development and create opportunities for his individual advancement.
Program Perspective
The Perspektiva program was created on the basis that reflects modern achievements in the field of psychology and pedagogy, while maintaining a close connection with the best traditions of classical school education. The program ensures the availability of knowledge and high-quality assimilation of program material, the comprehensive development of the personality of a younger student, taking into account his age characteristics, interests and needs. Each of the subjects of EMC "Perspektiva", in addition to the direct effect of learning - the acquisition of certain knowledge, skills, contributes to the formation of universal learning skills: communication skills, including the ability to navigate in a communication situation, adequately understand a partner's speech and build one's speech statement ; the ability to use sign systems and symbols to model objects and relationships between them; the ability to perform logical actions of abstraction, comparison, finding common patterns, analysis, synthesis.
Planet of Knowledge Program
An integral part of the concept of the "Planet of Knowledge" program is subject author's concepts, which take into account modern scientific achievements in the subject area of knowledge and the result of many years of teaching practice. The main feature of this program lies in its integrity - in the unity of the structure of textbooks, in the unity of the forms of the educational process, in the unity of the educational schemes used, in the unity of through lines of standard tasks, in the unity of approaches to the organization of educational and extracurricular activities.
An important role in the formation of universal educational activities is played by the general structure of all textbooks in the set. Route sheets that precede each topic visually represent the educational tasks facing younger students. Highlighting the invariant and variable content of the material on the pages of textbooks, a multi-level system of tasks provide the ability to organize educational process taking into account the contingent of students, the creation of individual educational trajectories. All the structural components of the "Planet of Knowledge" kit allow, first of all, to form in students such general educational skills and abilities as: the ability to solve creative problems at the level of combinations and improvisations; work with educational, artistic and popular science texts; master the initial skills of searching for the necessary information; independently establish a sequence of actions to solve a learning problem; determine ways to monitor and evaluate activities; determine the causes of emerging difficulties and ways to eliminate them; ability to negotiate, distribute work, evaluate overall result activities and their contribution to it.
Zankov system
The Zankov system relies on the independence of the student, his creative comprehension of the material. The teacher does not give the schoolchildren the truth, but makes them "dig" for themselves. The scheme here is the opposite of the traditional one. First, examples are given, and students themselves must draw theoretical conclusions. Learned material is also reinforced practical tasks. The new didactic principles of this system are the rapid mastering of the material, high level difficulties, the leading role of theoretical knowledge, the passage of educational material "in a spiral". For example, already in the first year of study, schoolchildren are introduced to the concept of "Parts of Speech", and they must come to an understanding of these concepts on their own.The task of education is to give a general picture of the world on the basis of science, literature, and art. The program is aimed at the comprehensive development of the child, it teaches children to extract information themselves, and not to receive ready-made information.
The system of D. B. Elkonin - V. V. Davydov
In this program, a special place is given to theoretical knowledge and the logical side of learning. The level of subjects taught is extremely difficult. The Elkonin-Davydov education system involves the formation of a large set of skills in primary school graduates. The child must learn to look for missing information when faced with a new task, to test their own hypotheses. Moreover, the system assumes that the younger student will independently organize interaction with the teacher and other students, analyze and critically evaluate their own actions and partners' points of view. This system is suitable for those who want to develop in a child not so much the ability to analyze, but the ability to think unusually, deeply. In this system, however, the lack of marks can scare away. But experts assure that everything is under control: teachers communicate all the necessary recommendations and wishes to parents and collect a kind of portfolio of students' creative works. It also serves as a performance indicator instead of the usual diary.
In the Elkonin-Davydov system, the emphasis is not on the result - the acquired knowledge, but on the ways to comprehend them. In other words, the student may not remember something, but he must know where and how, if necessary, to fill this gap. Another feature: children learn not only that twice two is four, but also why exactly four, and not seven, eight, nine or twelve.In the class, the principles of building a language, the origin and structure of numbers, etc. are studied. Knowledge of the rules based on an understanding of their causes, of course, is kept in the head more firmly.
For parents, the question logically arises - which program to choose for their child? All existing programs are approved and recommended by the Ministry of Education and tested in practice. Moreover, the learning outcomes for any of the programs are focused on a single educational standard. This means that the list of knowledge and skills that a primary school graduate should have is common to everyone - regardless of which program the child studied.
In traditional programs, educational material is presented in such a way that the child follows the path “from simple to complex”. This material is fixed with a large number tasks of the same type, arranged page by page in the textbook. Solving them, the child remembers the way to solve problems of this type and confidently uses it. It is this teaching methodology that is criticized for the fact that many children as a result do not know how to apply knowledge in non-standard conditions. If the text of the task is formulated atypically, the child cannot use the existing skill. However, no one doubts the many years of experience and the effectiveness of training in traditional programs.
Learning systems L.V. Zankov and D.B. Elkonina - V.V. Davydov still raises many questions and discussions. There are usually two reasons for this. The first is in most modern schools it is impossible to create conditions in which these learning systems will work as the authors intended. The second is that there are few enthusiastic teachers who are ready to comply with the teaching technology, and without this it is impossible to achieve good results. The structure of these programs does not imply a clear division into topics, there is no usual selection of rules that need to be learned, there are no tasks of the same type arranged in a row. These training programs are completely new approach to the learning process - more creative, requiring activity and curiosity from children. The teacher acts not as a mentor, but as a friend and assistant, guiding the train of thought of children. The purpose of these programs is to teach the child to think outside the box. A common drawback of the Zankov and Elkonin-Davydov systems is that they do not receive a worthy continuation at higher levels of school education. And if you choose one of them, be prepared that after elementary school your child will still have to adjust to traditional teaching, and this can create problems for him at first.
Before choosing a school, you need to know everything about it. In Russian schools, from April 1 to August 30, comprehensive interviews are held, which are jointly conducted by: teachers, psychologists, speech therapists. Specialists help parents not only decide on the choice of a particular model of education, but also identify gaps in preschool education and prepare the child for school.