Educational program for elementary school. elementary school programs. Classic Primary School Program
One of the main distinguishing features of the modern Russian education system from the Soviet one is a wide variety of primary school education programs. If in Soviet schools Since all children studied using the same textbooks (respectively, according to the same program), today teachers and parents can choose for themselves how the student will receive the necessary knowledge.
One of the main distinguishing features of the modern Russian education system from the Soviet one is a wide variety of primary school curriculum. If in Soviet schools all children studied according to the same textbooks (respectively, according to one program), today teachers and parents can choose for themselves how the student will receive the necessary knowledge. Therefore, parents of future first-graders will have a difficult choice not only of the most suitable school for their child, but also the best, in their opinion, educational program.
And the choice will be really difficult, since today different educational and methodological complexes (TMC) are used even within the same educational institution. In other words, all elementary grades in the same school may follow completely different curricula. In order to make your choice at least a little easier, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with an overview of the main educational programs elementary school that exist today.
Traditional and developmental primary school programs
All modern programs primary school can be conditionally divided into traditional and developing. Please note that we did not accidentally use the word "conditionally". Despite the fact that each of the programs has its own characteristics, they are all based on a developmental-active approach to teaching a child, and the traditional program is just as concerned with the development of the child's personality as the developmental one. Naturally, you may have a reasonable question: "Why then is it necessary to classify training programs if they all solve the same problem?"
The fact is that the concept of "developing training program" appeared at a time when education was received in all schools according to one program. According to some experts, this program did not fully correspond to the age and psychological characteristics of children. Therefore, they developed their own learning systems, designed not only to provide basic knowledge, but also to develop imagination, thinking and memory in schoolchildren. As a result, all systems of education alternative to the classical program received the general name "developing".
At the same time, other specialists focused their efforts on updating the traditional program in accordance with modern requirements and trends. Thus, the traditional programs now presented in Russian schools practically do not differ from the developing ones, and in some cases even surpass them. It should be noted that both traditional and developing elementary school programs fully meet the requirements of the FGOS.
So, what are the main teaching materials now presented in Russian primary schools?
Program "School of Russia"
The National Education Program is the same program that all schoolchildren from the times of the USSR studied, albeit with minor changes. The main idea of the program is to create a school of spiritual and moral development. This EMC is based on problem-search and personality-oriented approaches, and the module of the program involves, first of all, the education of citizens. The program is aimed at developing interest in the history of their country and its significance on a global scale. The most important component of this training program is the development of a child's nature-saving "sense of home", as well as environmental ethics, aimed at the moral and spiritual self-development of the student. It is designed for the average level, so almost every child can master it.
Program "Primary School of the 21st Century"
One of the most popular educational programs, which is used in most subjects of Russia. Popularity programs Primary school of the 21st century for the most part due to the fact that the team of authors of its developers was awarded the prize of the President of the Russian Federation. Home distinctive feature This teaching method was the construction of a system of targeted pedagogical diagnostics of primary school students, which allows not only to determine the readiness of the child for school, but also to note the strength of assimilation of the acquired knowledge. The principle of teaching this program is built in accordance with the needs of children, as well as taking into account their individual features and level of socialization. It is designed for the average level, so almost every child can master it.
Program "Harmony"
A training program in which the authors combined the main traditional and developmental teaching methods. The main goal of this EMC is the comprehensive development of the student and his preparation for further education. The program is aimed at developing the skills of analysis, comparison, classification and generalization of the acquired knowledge, therefore, a large number of problematic developmental tasks are given in the classroom, which form the student's ability to think and draw independent conclusions. Designed for an above average level, so it can be mastered by most children.
Program "School 2100"
Primary school program School 2100 is a personality-oriented system aimed at the comprehensive disclosure of the child's personal qualities. UMK is designed in such a way that children have the opportunity to learn material of different levels of complexity. The study materials of the program contain a large number of additional information which the child can learn from own will. The main advantage of "School 2100" is continuity and continuity of education. In other words, the program covers all levels school education, from elementary school to graduation. Designed for high level so not all children can master it.
How the child will feel
climbing the first rung of the ladder of knowing what he will experience,
depends on his entire further path to knowledge.
V.A. Sukhomlinsky
The arrival of a child in first grade is one of the most important and exciting events in the life of every parent. Therefore, it is necessary to take this issue seriously: to choose good school Be sure to get to know the teacher. After all, it is in primary school a desire to learn and learn new things, the ability to assimilate material, the ability to find mutual language with peers, there is a further development of certain abilities (technical or humanitarian) and much more. It is very important to pay attention to another issue - a training program or an educational and methodological complex (TMC), according to which the child will study. Since, according to these textbooks and workbooks, he and, perhaps, his parents will have to master the material, receive basic knowledge. And their quality will determine how easily and quickly the child will be drawn into the learning process, and with what knowledge he will come to high school.
Currently, the order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated December 28, 2018 No. N 345 "On the federal list of textbooks recommended for use in the implementation of state-accredited educational programs of primary general, basic general, secondary general education". The federal list of textbooks (hereinafter - the list) includes textbooks recommended by the Scientific and Methodological Council for Textbooks, created by the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation, based on positive expert opinions based on the results of scientific, pedagogical, public, ethno-cultural and regional expertise and meeting certain requirements.
The federal list of textbooks includes (all or selectively) completed subject lines of textbooks that are part of the following educational and methodological complexes for elementary school:
School of Russia | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
perspective | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
Primary school of the 21st century | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
Promising Elementary School | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
planet of knowledge | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
Harmony | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
RHYTHM | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
Primary innovative school | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
School 2000 ... (mathematics L.V. Peterson) | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
System of L.V. Zankov (Developing Education Publishing House) | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
Spheres (publishing house "Enlightenment") | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
(publishing house "BINOM. Laboratory of knowledge") |
1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
The list does not include textbooks of the following teaching materials:
School 2100 | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
D.B.Elkonin-V.V.Davydov system (publishing house "VITA-PRESS") |
1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
L.V. Zankov's system (Fedorov publishing house) | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
Dialogue | 1 class | Grade 2 | 3rd grade | 4th grade |
At the same time, it should be noted that educational organizations have the right to use purchased textbooks from the federal list of textbooks approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated March 31, 2014 N 253 for three years.
feature
listed educational programs for elementary school is that they include educational and methodological kits (TMK) in all or several subjects of primary general education
(for example, Russian language, mathematics, literary reading and the world etc). Each program or training system has its own goals, objectives, principles and features, which can be found in detail in the explanatory notes. Information can be found on the official websites of elementary school programs or publishing houses that produce this or that teaching material. Each program or training system has its own supervisor, as well as a team of authors working on the creation of the teaching materials. The educational and methodical set usually includes: textbooks, workbooks, visual and didactic aids, independent and test papers, multimedia applications, guidelines and lesson plans.
In addition, there are completed textbook subject lines , which are not included in the teaching materials of the previously listed primary school systems and programs, but are also included in the federal list of recommended textbooks.
In connection with the transition of educational institutions to the new Federal State educational standard Primary general education (FGOS IEO) since the 2011/2012 academic year, all educational programs of elementary school have been finalized, textbooks have passed the State examination for compliance with the second generation of GEF.
Essential feature
of all educational programs for elementary school has become a focus on the formation of students universal training activities (UUD)
as the basis of the ability to learn, to include children in educational activities in the study of all school subjects. The main principle of modernizing textbooks is to strengthen the orientation of educational material, ways of presenting it, teaching methods for the maximum inclusion of students in educational activities. Thus, all programs and training systems are aimed at achieving the educational results defined by the Federal State Educational Standard of the IEO and the implementation "Concepts of spiritual and moral development and education of the personality of a citizen of Russia"
.
Thus, there are no "bad" and "good" programs. All of them are approved by the Ministry of Education and are designed so that children by the end of primary school have received the level of knowledge provided for by the state standard, that is, the mandatory minimum. And the developing system of education is no better and no worse than the traditional one. Moreover, today almost all elementary school programs implement the ideas of developmental education. Tasks of increased complexity, which are associated only with developing systems, are included in all sets, but are not mandatory for mastering. In fact, each learning system is designed for a certain mindset, or, in other words, a way of perceiving and mentally processing information. And these processes are individual for each child. Authorship is manifested in the ways of presenting the material, additional information, organization learning activities.
Almost all copyright educational programs have both advantages (which are actively discussed) and disadvantages (information about which is less available). If a teacher has been trained, certified, interacts with methodologists and has access to manuals, the likelihood of obtaining a quality result is higher. The programs are designed so that in four years of study the child will receive all the basic knowledge. However, the material is presented and distributed over the years in a different sequence. In addition, some programs are overloaded with materials that children (and sometimes parents) understand and master with great difficulty. And the final examinations for the quarter and for the year all write the same. And here much depends on the teacher. It is good if the school maintains program continuity between primary and secondary levels, subject teachers work together. Otherwise, having studied four grades of primary school using non-standard textbooks, the child will move to the fifth grade on standard educational "rails" and lose interest in learning.
According to article 28
Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation" "To the competence educational organization in the established field of activity include: ... determining the list of textbooks in accordance with the approved federal list of textbooks recommended for use in the implementation of state-accredited educational programs of primary general, basic general, secondary general education by organizations implementing educational activities, and teaching aids approved for use in the implementation of these educational programs by such organizations."
According to article article 47
of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education in the Russian Federation" pedagogical workers have "the right to choose textbooks, teaching aids, materials and other means of education and upbringing in accordance with the educational program and in the manner prescribed by the legislation on education."
Thus, today primary school teachers can choose not only an educational program (system), but, first of all, textbooks that create a favorable and comfortable environment for learning, instilling in children a love of learning from the first days of their stay at school. At the same time, the teacher has the right to choose the teaching materials only in accordance with the approved basic educational program of primary general education of the educational institution. Choosing a program as a basis, the teacher follows it for all four years. In the same school, elementary grades can study according to different programs. At the same time, one of the classes most often studies according to the teaching materials "School of Russia". Today it is the most widespread educational system. In addition, a variant of an educational program is possible, consisting of completed subject lines of textbooks that are not included in certain systems and programs. The main condition for the choice is that the textbooks must be included in the "Federal List of Textbooks Recommended for Use in the Implementation of State-Accredited Educational Programs for Primary General, Basic General, Secondary General Education."
A bit of history...
According to Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated October 21, 2004 No. No. 93
primary general education included:
- the traditional system of education
(programs "School of Russia", "Harmony", "School 2000...", "School 2100", "Primary School of the 21st Century", "Classical Primary School", "Perspective Primary School", "Planet of Knowledge");
- developing learning systems
(the system of L.V. Zankov and the system of D.B. Elkonin-V.V. Davydov).
However, over time, the contradictions between the traditional and developmental education systems gradually softened, and at the present stage of development of primary education, all educational and methodological sets are guided by the thesis of the child's activity in the learning process, the development of his personality, his cognitive and creative capabilities. The division of textbooks into systems (traditional or developmental) and sets (programs) in the Federal lists of recommended (approved) textbooks was removed from the 2006/2007 academic year (though then this was mentioned in the additional information of publishers for each textbook), and from 2008/2009 academic year, such information was not included in the lists.
In the Federal list of textbooks recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for use in the educational process in educational institutions, for 2011/2012 academic year
(Order of the Ministry of Education and Science Russia No. 2080 of December 24, 2010) in the section "Textbooks, the content of which corresponds to the federal state educational standard for primary general education", four systems of textbooks were identified:
- "Primary school of the XXI century"
- "Perspective"
- "School of Russia"
- "School 2100"
These systems (educational and methodological complexes - EMC) included completed subject lines of textbooks already in all subjects of primary general education: Russian language, literary reading, mathematics, computer science, the world around us, technology, music, fine arts, Physical Culture, a foreign language (English, German, French, Spanish), the foundations of the spiritual and moral culture of the peoples of Russia (grades 4-5). The peculiarity of the "system of textbooks" status was also the fact that each subject corresponded to only one completed subject line of textbooks.
The textbooks of the other programs listed above or completed subject lines are also included in the Federal List of Recommended (Admitted) Textbooks for the 2011/2012 academic year in the sections "Textbooks whose content corresponds to the federal state educational standard for primary general education" or "Textbooks whose content corresponds to the federal component of the state educational standard of general education".
In the Federal lists of textbooks recommended or approved for use in the educational process in educational institutions with state accreditation and implementing educational programs of general education, for 2012/2013 academic year(Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 2885 of December 27, 2011) the division of textbooks into systems (programs) was again absent. The textbooks belonging to the completed subject lines were grouped only in the subjects of primary general education.
Based on information posted on the official websites of publishers and software developers, and in accordance with the Federal List of Textbooks for 2013/2014 academic year(Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia No. 1067 dated December 19, 2012), the following teaching materials could be distinguished:
- "School of Russia"
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Hello dear parents! Evgenia Klimkovich is in touch. Today the idea came to continue the debriefing on the topic. Summer will fly by quickly, and together with the children we will again have to look for miracles in a sieve, add up things that, in our opinion, cannot be added, and find an explanation for the inexplicable on the Internet. It is precisely this double feeling that I have today from the contents of the various opuses of the authors, on which teachers have to work.
In my field of vision for the layout of the details, the training program of the School of Russia fell. Has it really retained the classics of education inherent in Soviet times, or has it undergone changes? If you are already familiar with it, then join the discussion and insert your “five cents”, and if not, get the information, maybe it will be useful to you.
Lesson plan:
Made in Russia and for Russia
“In Russia and for Russia” – this is exactly the main mission of creating an educational set for schoolchildren in grades 1-4 under the guidance of Andrey Pleshakov, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences. According to the author, the "School of Russia" can and should become a pillar of the spiritual and moral development of children, making educational institutions worthy for the Russian state. I think it sounds good. How are you?
This is a well-known project of domestic education in elementary school of the Prosveshchenie publishing house, in the development of which scientists V. Goretsky, L. Klimanova, A. Pleshakov, M. Moreau, V. Kanakina and others took part. One of the most popular today, it was launched in 2001 and has already gained its positive results. The program includes the entire set of subjects for study in elementary school:
- "Russian alphabet" and "Russian language";
- "Mathematics";
- "Literary reading";
- "The world";
- "Informatics" for grades 3 and 4;
- "Music";
- "Technology";
- "Physical training";
- "Art";
- "Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics", which include the study of Orthodox, Islamic, Jewish, Buddhist cultures separately, world religions in general and the foundations of secular ethics.
I like in this program that studying foreign languages takes place on several fronts:
- Spotlight - "English in focus" for grades 1-4;
- Starlight - "star English" for grades 1-4;
- advanced English in grades 2-4;
- standard English in grades 2-4;
- German for grades 2-4;
- advanced "French in perspective" for grades 2-4;
- standard "your friend is French" for grades 2-4;
- Spanish language.
Thus, parents and their young schoolchildren are given a good opportunity to receive a versatile education.
Features of education in the "School of Russia"
Pursuing the main goal of creating a working educational program - educating the personality of a Russian citizen, the authors paid attention to the main aspects:
- Maximum participation of children in the educational process, so that they learn to learn, and not just attend classes.
- Spiritual and moral development, which is sorely lacking today.
- Instilling human values and respect for traditions, which has received little attention lately.
- The focus of work on the result, and not work solely for the sake of a good mark and the approval of parents.
- Accessibility and understandability of educational materials not only to teachers, but also to parents, so that they can help their children in mastering disciplines.
As a result, children should become more responsible, independent, more tolerant and kinder.
Everywhere there are pros and cons
In general, the "School of Russia" reminds me educational process from our childhood, adapted to modern requirements. It is designed for children who did not know how to read and count before school, and there are quite a lot of such children who go to the first grade. The alphabet in elementary school starts from scratch, and mathematics is devoted to counting without logical conclusions. The traditional curriculum includes:
- explanation in the lesson of new material by the teacher, consolidation in the lesson;
- home study;
- individual check of preparation for the lesson on the topic under study at the blackboard, finalization of the topic being studied;
- conducting independent and control work to assess understanding of the topic in the context of the whole class.
I don’t know about you, but for myself, I don’t consider traditional teaching to be a negative point. At least, there is always an opportunity to help your child in what he misunderstands and has not learned from the lesson, unlike other school methods, where the teacher is often only able to deal with the difficult presentation of the material.
There is no high-speed race here when studying disciplines, everything is planned, enough time is given to the development of new material, and is not left to independent home improvement.
Teachers themselves speak well of the program, not ready to constantly experiment, leaning towards time-tested and life-experienced classical methods.
Of course, many parents, when studying at the “School of Russia”, are concerned that the program does not provide high development and is intended for the average level. Let's just say: not for geeks, like, for example, the system or. I always want to answer such critical reviews that it is better to have a basic, but strong level, which, if desired, can always be increased by additional training, than superficial knowledge with increased loading of the child's brain with often unnecessary material. In general, I tend to "titmouse in the hand", but this is purely subjective.
And how do you look at it?
And now I propose to look at public lesson in Literary Reading in the 2nd grade according to the EMC "School of Russia".
With that, I say goodbye to you for a while, awaiting comments. Let's share tips, they can be useful to someone.
All the best!
Say hello to the kids!
Always yours, Evgenia Klimkovich.
Currently, there are two systems for preparing children in primary school: traditional and developmental. Each has its own programs. Traditional programs include: "Primary School of the 21st Century", "School 2100", "School of Russia", "Harmony", "Perspective Primary School", "Classical Primary School", "Planet of Knowledge", "Perspective". Two programs belong to developing systems: L.V. Zankov and D.B. Elkonina - V.V. Davydov.
Within the same school, different programs can be applied. Regardless of the program, the student has the opportunity to receive the same knowledge, assumed by the state standard. Tasks of increased difficulty, which are associated only with developing systems, are in all programs, but are not mandatory for study.
School of Russia
The traditional program "School of Russia" (under the editorship of A. Pleshakov) has existed for decades. The school of Russia is the program by which all Soviet schoolchildren studied. Of course, there were major changes in terms of content, but the learning objectives remained the same. The most common misconception about this training program is that it is outdated. This is far from true. The program has been repeatedly updated since 2000, improved and supplemented. This program allows you to thoroughly practice the learning skills (reading, writing, numeracy) that are necessary for success in high school.
Program "Harmony"
Educational and methodical set "Harmony" (under the editorship of N.B. Istomin (mathematics), M.S. Soloveichik and N.S. Kuzmenko (Russian), O.V. Kubasov (literary reading), O.T. Poglazova (the world around), N.M. Konysheva (labor training)) is successfully practiced in many schools. This program singles out common goals and objectives for all academic subjects, defines priority teaching methods and forms of organizing educational activities.
Benefits of this program:
there is advanced learning, the textbooks included in the kit contain a methodological part, with the help of which parents can study and explain the missed topic to the child. The program uses new learning technologies that allow you to develop the child's ability to think logically. It is also noteworthy that the set offers tasks designed for children of different levels of preparedness. But there are also disadvantages: in mathematics, problem solving begins only in the second grade, and tests are offered the same for all classes.
Primary school XXI century
Primary school XXI century, edited by N.F. Vinogradova. This kit deals very seriously with the problem of forming the educational activity of a younger student, and this is the only kit where there is a parallel program "Learning Activities". The material of this program is designed for strong erudite children. With what baggage of knowledge a student will go to secondary school depends on the primary school teacher. That's why main goal is to teach the child to learn. It is also important that Vinogradova’s kit implements the child’s right to their individuality: children are placed in conditions where they can independently acquire knowledge, apply it, think, fantasize, play (special notebooks are provided “Learning to think and fantasize”, “Learning to know the world around us”)
School 2100
School 2100 edited by A.A. Leontiev. This program, according to some estimates, is the most common in our region. Every year more and more teachers work under this educational program. The main advantage of this program lies in the deep continuity and continuity of education. Under this program, children can study from the age of three until they enter a university. All textbooks of the program are built taking into account the psychological specifics of age. A characteristic feature of this educational program is the following principle:educational material is offered to students to the maximum, and the student must learn the material according to the minimum standard. Thus, each child has the opportunity to take as much as he can.The program teaches children to act independently and is aimed at developing logical thinking, speech, imagination, memory.
classical elementary school
The program "Classical Primary School" is based on a holistic system of teaching younger students, built on a unified psychological and pedagogical foundations.
Why is the proposed model of teaching younger students classical? Because it is based on the classical principles of didactics, the most important theoretical provisions developed and tested by many years of practice. The classical elementary school is a holistic system of teaching younger students, built on a single psychological and pedagogical foundation. It allows you to form the knowledge, skills, abilities and even personality traits of the child, corresponding to the individual needs of each and necessary for their future life.
Promising Elementary School
The main idea of the "Perspective Primary School" program is the optimal development of each child on the basis of pedagogical support for his individuality (age, abilities, interests, inclinations, development) in the conditions of specially organized educational activities, where the student acts either as a student, or as a teacher, then as an organizer learning situation. Pedagogical support of the child's individuality during learning brings to the fore the problem of the relationship between learning and development. The system of tasks of different levels of difficulty, the combination of the child's individual educational activity with his work in small groups and participation in club work make it possible to provide conditions under which learning goes ahead of development, i.e. in the zone of proximal development of each student based on the level of his actual development and personal interests. What the student cannot do individually, he can do with the help of a classmate or in a small group. And what is difficult for a particular small group becomes understandable in the process of collective activity. A high degree of differentiation of questions and tasks and their number allow the younger student to work in the conditions of his current development and create opportunities for his individual advancement.
Program Perspective
The Perspektiva program was created on the basis that reflects modern achievements in the field of psychology and pedagogy, while maintaining a close connection with the best traditions of classical school education. The program ensures the availability of knowledge and high-quality assimilation of program material, the comprehensive development of the personality of a younger student, taking into account his age characteristics, interests and needs. Each of the subjects of EMC "Perspektiva", in addition to the direct effect of learning - the acquisition of certain knowledge, skills, contributes to the formation of universal learning skills: communication skills, including the ability to navigate in a communication situation, adequately understand a partner's speech and build one's speech statement ; the ability to use sign systems and symbols to model objects and relationships between them; the ability to perform logical actions of abstraction, comparison, finding common patterns, analysis, synthesis.
Planet of Knowledge Program
An integral part of the concept of the "Planet of Knowledge" program is subject author's concepts, which take into account modern scientific achievements in the subject area of knowledge and the result of many years of teaching practice. The main feature of this program lies in its integrity - in the unity of the structure of textbooks, in the unity of the forms of the educational process, in the unity of the educational schemes used, in the unity of through lines of standard tasks, in the unity of approaches to the organization of educational and extracurricular activities.
An important role in the formation of universal educational activities is played by the general structure of all textbooks in the set. Route sheets that precede each topic visually represent the educational tasks facing younger students. Highlighting the invariant and variable content of the material on the pages of textbooks, a multi-level system of tasks provide the possibility of organizing the educational process, taking into account the contingent of students, creating individual educational trajectories. All the structural components of the "Planet of Knowledge" kit allow, first of all, to form in students such general educational skills and abilities as: the ability to solve creative problems at the level of combinations and improvisations; work with educational, artistic and popular science texts; master the initial skills of searching for the necessary information; independently establish a sequence of actions to solve a learning problem; determine ways to monitor and evaluate activities; determine the causes of emerging difficulties and ways to eliminate them; the ability to negotiate, distribute work, evaluate the overall result of activities and their contribution to it.
Zankov system
The Zankov system relies on the independence of the student, his creative comprehension of the material. The teacher does not give the schoolchildren the truth, but makes them "dig" for themselves. The scheme here is the opposite of the traditional one. First, examples are given, and students themselves must draw theoretical conclusions. Learned material is also reinforced practical tasks. The new didactic principles of this system are the rapid mastering of the material, a high level of difficulty, the leading role of theoretical knowledge, the passage of educational material "in a spiral". For example, already in the first year of study, schoolchildren are introduced to the concept of "Parts of Speech", and they must come to an understanding of these concepts on their own.The task of education is to give a general picture of the world on the basis of science, literature, and art. The program is aimed at the comprehensive development of the child, it teaches children to extract information themselves, and not to receive ready-made information.
The system of D. B. Elkonin - V. V. Davydov
In this program, a special place is given to theoretical knowledge and the logical side of learning. The level of subjects taught is extremely difficult. The Elkonin-Davydov education system involves the formation of a large set of skills in primary school graduates. The child must learn to look for missing information when faced with a new task, to test their own hypotheses. Moreover, the system assumes that the younger student will independently organize interaction with the teacher and other students, analyze and critically evaluate own actions and partners' points of view. This system is suitable for those who want to develop in a child not so much the ability to analyze, but the ability to think unusually, deeply. In this system, however, the lack of marks can scare away. But experts assure that everything is under control: teachers report everything necessary recommendations and wishes to parents and collect a kind of portfolio creative works students. It also serves as a performance indicator instead of the usual diary.
In the Elkonin-Davydov system, the emphasis is not on the result - the acquired knowledge, but on the ways to comprehend them. In other words, the student may not remember something, but he must know where and how, if necessary, to fill this gap. Another feature: children learn not only that twice two is four, but also why exactly four, and not seven, eight, nine or twelve.In the class, the principles of building a language, the origin and structure of numbers, etc. are studied. Knowledge of the rules based on an understanding of their causes, of course, is kept in the head more firmly.
For parents, the question logically arises - which program to choose for their child? All existing programs are approved and recommended by the Ministry of Education and tested in practice. Moreover, the learning outcomes for any of the programs are focused on a single educational standard. This means that the list of knowledge and skills that a primary school graduate should have is common to everyone - regardless of which program the child studied.
IN traditional programs educational material is presented in such a way that the child follows the path “from simple to complex”. This material is fixed with a large number tasks of the same type, arranged page by page in the textbook. Solving them, the child remembers the way to solve problems of this type and confidently uses it. It is this teaching methodology that is criticized for the fact that many children as a result do not know how to apply knowledge in non-standard conditions. If the text of the task is formulated atypically, the child cannot use the existing skill. However, no one doubts the many years of experience and the effectiveness of training in traditional programs.
Learning systems L.V. Zankov and D.B. Elkonina - V.V. Davydov still raises many questions and discussions. There are usually two reasons for this. The first is in most modern schools it is impossible to create conditions in which these learning systems will work as the authors intended. The second is that there are few enthusiastic teachers who are ready to comply with the teaching technology, and without this it is impossible to achieve good results. The structure of these programs does not imply a clear division into topics, there is no usual selection of rules that need to be learned, there are no tasks of the same type arranged in a row. These training programs are completely new approach to the learning process - more creative, requiring activity and curiosity from children. The teacher acts not as a mentor, but as a friend and assistant, guiding the train of thought of children. The purpose of these programs is to teach the child to think outside the box. A common drawback of the Zankov and Elkonin-Davydov systems is that they do not receive a worthy continuation at higher levels of school education. And if you choose one of them, be prepared that after elementary school your child will still have to adjust to traditional teaching, and this can create problems for him at first.
Before choosing a school, you need to know everything about it. In Russian schools, from April 1 to August 30, comprehensive interviews are held, which are jointly conducted by: teachers, psychologists, speech therapists. Specialists help parents not only decide on the choice of a particular model of education, but also identify gaps in preschool education and prepare the child for school.