Sports message. Definition of sport, its types and differences from physical culture The history of the development of sports in Russia
Sport is a system of education that takes place through physical activity in the form of competitions or preparation for them, in which a person’s capabilities are assessed.
The main part of sport is its competitive activity. The structure of rivalry is a basic condition in sports. Competitive play revives vitality, increases interest and causes the hormone of happiness in a person. With the help of competitions, human functionality moves to a new level, the effect of training and exercises increases.
History of sports development in Russia
For example: in the writings of Russia it was said about the battles held during the holidays. In the old days, a physically developed person was considered successful. In Russia, competitions were often held in order to find the best athlete.
Recently, in the modern world, sports are gaining popularity with great speed. It is the guarantee of health and happiness for many years.
Strength in sports
An active life position gives a person self-confidence, vivacity, and also strengthens health, and provides a balance of mind and body.
For some, physical activity is daily exhausting work, while for others it is entertainment and relaxation.
With the help of exercises, you can feel the lightness and flexibility in the body, muscles, abs. But the benefits of sports are not only in exercise. It gives a good mood for the whole day.
It is better to start sports training in the complex:
- diet;
- balanced diet;
- hardening;
- physical exercises.
Sport contributes to physical and psycho-emotional development, and also contributes to the unity of the family or team. It is a powerful factor in preserving the strength and potential of a person. Physical exercise is recommended for both young and old, as it has a positive effect on immunity and protects against many diseases.
Leading a healthy lifestyle is very beneficial.
Thanks to sports, the following changes occur in the human body:
- adjusts pressure;
- oxygen saturation;
- normalizes the work of the heart;
- improves intestinal motility;
- prevents premature aging;
- rejuvenates the body.
With the help of physical exercises, willpower is formed, the urge to laziness is overcome and some personal records are made.
Any person wants to be healthy, strong and always have good health for this, it is just worth playing sports.
Sport is life, energy, strength!
- Country Austria - report message
The Republic of Austria is located in Central Europe on the border with the Federal Republic of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), Switzerland, Slovakia, Liechtenstein, Italy, the Czech Republic and Hungary. The country is governed by a president elected for a term of 6 years.
Who are bears and what can they do. Bears are not as kind as they seem at first glance. Bears are predators. They are from the family of mammals. Bears are predators by nature and habitat.
Artistic gymnastics, athletics, skiing, skating, swimming, rowing, cycling, wrestling, boxing, weight lifting are main sports. Each of them has its own characteristics, consisting mainly in the effect it has on the body. When choosing, one should be guided by these features and take into account the individual inclinations of the person starting to play sports. However, you should always remember that the healing effect mainly depends on the methods of training, that is, on how much and how one or another sport is practiced.
Characteristics of the main sports
Briefly describe main sports:. The so-called basic gymnastics, which includes both morning hygiene and general developmental gymnastic exercises used by athletes of various sports specialties, aims to maintain health and general physical development. Sports, or shell, gymnastics on the crossbar, uneven bars, rings and other shells brings motor abilities of a person to a high perfection. The movements become precise, smooth, the muscles are well developed. However, the presence of a large number breath holding exercises can have an adverse effect on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in cases where the gymnast does not combine gymnastics with track and field exercises in running, walking, skiing, skating, swimming. - this is walking, running, jumping and throwing the discus, javelins and shots. These natural movements are especially well dosed and can be widely used by beginners in sports.
In adolescence and youth, sprinting is recommended (from 60 to 100 meters). At the age of over 40, when speed qualities deteriorate, endurance running exercises are mainly recommended. Athletics classes held all year round in the fresh air, extremely beneficial effect on the body: nervous system, heart, lungs, blood. This allows us to recommend athletics even to people who have some deviations in their health.
is one of the most popular and affordable types of exercise. When skiing, they are involved in work large muscle groups, respiration, blood circulation is activated. The winter landscape has a beneficial effect on the nervous system. Learning to ski is relatively easy. Once the movements are mastered, you can gradually increase the dosage of walking, mainly due to distance. The age range for skiing is very large. Skiing can be recommended for children from 5-6 years of age. Sports activities are practiced from the age of 12. Skating
Lessons speed skating also have a beneficial effect on the body, like skiing. Ice skating is a fun form active rest both for schoolchildren and older people. Sliding on ice reduces the effort spent on movement during normal running, and this allows you to use speed skating, even with pronounced deviations in health. Speed skating can be recommended in middle and even old age with a particularly gradual increase in load. Hygienic value swimming very large. A person experiences a whole range of influences here: - water affects the skin
- air procedures,
- sunbathing.
The difference in temperature at the entrance and exit from the water hardens the body, accustoms it to proper thermoregulation. Overcoming water resistance by active movements is breathing exercises. The chest at the same time becomes convex, which creates the most favorable conditions for the work of the lungs. The work of the heart during swimming due to the difficulty of inhalation is increased more than in other sports. Therefore, in order to avoid negative influence on the cardiovascular system, it is necessary, first of all, practice proper breathing, and only then move on to speed swimming. Children can to swim from the age of 6-7 years. At the age of 12, they can go in for sports swimming and participate in competitions.
- one of the most tiring types of physical activity. All muscles of the body are involved in the work - arms, legs, back, abdominals. Therefore, rowing requires a good preliminary general physical preparation. Rowing, as a sport, cannot be recommended for people with deviations in the state of the cardiovascular system. You can learn rowing from the age of 10, and go in for rowing from the age of 14, and very gradually increasing the load and under the guidance of experienced teachers. When rowing, as well as swimming, an important healing element is the natural breathing exercises. It is impossible not to note rowing as the most effective means of strengthening the abdominal muscles. Despite a very intense load, with systematic training and rowing, you can practice until old age.
has some features that make it very careful to treat this type of physical activity. The long bent position of the cyclist, the work of the legs with a motionless torso create not entirely favorable conditions for blood circulation and respiration. Therefore, the cyclist should especially remember the need for versatile physical activity: systematic exercises general developmental gymnastics, running and so on. Only in this case, cycling will bring the proper healing effect. Using a bicycle for walking, you need to gradually increase the distance only, without bringing yourself to clear signs of fatigue in the first weeks. Riding a two-wheeled bicycle can be taught to children 8–9 years of age. At 11–12 years old, they can be allowed 30–40-minute bike rides, and at 13–14 years old, cycling.
lifting weights, or weight-lifting, is very popular among the population due to the visual and quick effect of practicing it. Indeed, weightlifting exercises with a barbell, kettlebells perfectly developbody muscles, muscles of the arms, torso, chest. However, the effect on the nervous system, respiratory organs and blood circulation with one-sided passion for lifting weights may be negative, because associated with breath holding. Success in this sport can only be achieved by long-term general physical training: gymnastic exercises in combination with other types of physical exercises and sports. And even when you start exercising with a barbell, you need to systematically include in your workout running, skiing, ice skating and so on. This sport is allowed for people who do not have significant deviations in health, starting from the age of 16.
is one of the oldest sports. There are many types of national wrestling. Classical or Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling is the most widespread. The impact on the body of all types of wrestling is very high. Resistance exercises are good for developing muscles and intensely affect the internal organs. However, one-sided training in a struggle saturated with elements of tension can, like lifting weights, lead to overstrain. nervous and cardiovascular systems. Required here careful preparatory work and combination with other types of physical training of the track and field type(jogging, skiing and hiking). You can engage in wrestling from the age of 14, but the first 2-3 years of training should be preparatory in nature, general developmental exercises and the study of technical and tactical techniques. In middle and old age, one can only continue wrestling, begun in youth. Starting wrestling after the age of 40 is not recommended, as this can negatively affect the cardiovascular system.
belongs to the so-called speed-strength sports. The combination of the alternating movement of the arms, torso with the work of the legs contributes to a good muscle development. In the process of preparing for the fight in the ring, boxers must use athletics exercises - running, throwing, jumping, general developmental gymnastics. The boxing match itself is replete with various situational moments that bring up speed reactions, agility, determination, endurance and other moral and volitional qualities. With proper training management, boxing does not cause negative changes in the state of health and perfectly strengthens the body. Classes in the boxing section are allowed from the age of 13. From a brief review of the health-improving value of the main sports, it can be seen that all of them are good in their own way and the result of practicing them mainly depends on the correct organization of the training process in accordance with age, health status, physical fitness and the regularity of classes. Only systematic sports give lasting health-improving effect, provide sports success, significantly prolong working capacity.
Introduction
1. Computer technology in educational process physical education and sports
2. The concept of creating computer programs
3. The concept of using computer programs in the educational process of physical culture and sports
4. Characteristics of a number of computer programs
Conclusion
List of sources used
Introduction
Information Technology are a mixture of devices, methods and tools that allow you to manipulate information outside the human brain. These are computers and software, peripheral devices and communication systems up to satellite.
One of the trends of modern society is the ever-increasing role and value of information and information technology (IT).
IT is also used in the field of physical culture and sports (PKiS). However, here mainly general-purpose systems and software are used: computers, office equipment, system software, application packages for mathematical statistics, etc. Attempts to solve specific tasks for the field of physical culture and sports with the use of IT are made very rarely.
As an illustration of the above, we can cite the training program for students of the RGAFK on the course “Computer Technologies”. Its author, as an example of PC-specific computer programs, cites only the trainer's diary. As they say, comments are superfluous. Where are the programs used to manage the industry, the training process, planning the training load, sports events, diagnostic systems for mathematical modeling of human movements, etc.? We are far from thinking of accusing the compilers of this training program of incompetence. The fact is that at present there are practically no software tools on the above issues that have been tested and have the documentation necessary for operation.
The question arises: what is the reason for the relatively insignificant use of IT to solve specific problems in the field of physical culture and sports? In general, it can be characterized as the unpreparedness of the FKiS sphere for the use of IT.
However, in last years a significant number of publications have been published on computer programs created for FKiS. However, in these publications there is no description of such stages of development as conceptualization and identification, formalization and algorithmization (the content of these stages will be given by us below), without which their scientific value is practically zero and the works are of an advertising and informational nature. Often, such works exploit the "fetishization" of the computer, which grows on the basis of computer illiteracy, and the very fact of using computer technology is presented as a scientific achievement, even if it is used as a typewriter. But it is the process of reducing the problem being solved to a mathematical one and its solution that are of the greatest interest for this class of developments, since math modeling becomes a method of research and allows you to get new results.
1. Computer technologies in the educational process of physical culture and sports
Computer technologies as part of information technologies form a fundamentally different style of work, which turns out to be more psychologically acceptable, comfortable, mobilizing creative possibilities and intellectual potential of a person.
The creation of new computer technology is not an end in itself; first of all, it is aimed at the use of computer technologies in scientific research, production, everyday life, sports, for the implementation of educational and other socially significant tasks. Providing the educational process with computer programs has always accompanied the development of theoretical and practical thought on their effective use in pedagogical activity. In this regard, the development of the theory and practice of using computer technologies in the educational process is of scientific interest.
The main requirement for automated learning systems should be their organic compliance with psychophysiological models of activity and learning.
With regard to the practical use of computer programs (CP) in the educational process, this means:
carefully worked out motivation for learning not only of a “compulsory” nature (assessment), but also personal interest and satisfaction with the educational process;
evaluation by the end result, wide freedom of choice, encouragement of intelligent creativity in the learning process;
individual approach to the learner and his adaptation in the learning process.
The technology of computer learning is considered as learning, taking into account the final results of students' activities, and it is given the character of a stable, purposeful and effective learning process.
The use of computer technology (CT) in education is a kind of cognitive activity management process.
When developing a theory of controlling cognitive activity with the help of CP, one should not take a simplified point of view, believing that the technical tool itself controls complex psychological processes, one of which is human learning. CT is only a means and an intermediary between the teacher and the student, and the management of cognitive activity occurs only within the model chosen by the teacher at the stages of the formation of the training course and the conduct of classes.
The teacher's choice of the nature of the control actions depends both on the learning objectives and on the existing restrictions. It is necessary to rationally allocate funds between different types of the learning process and, on this basis, ensure the optimal behavior of students in the “knowledge space”, despite their possible negative reactions.
Computer technologies as technical teaching aids are developing within the framework of the existing educational process, therefore, they should be more or less compatible with this process in terms of control actions, but at the same time, the created or created CT can actively influence changes not only in teaching methods, but also on the entire technology of the educational process.
The implementation of new types of control actions in the context of the use of CT is greatly simplified due to the individualization of training and the ability to quickly control knowledge of both new material and any passed.
Under the conditions of the existing organization of the educational process, which is taken as the basis for its consistent improvement and improvement of the quality of training of specialists, it is necessary to identify the criteria for the need, possibility and expediency of using CT.
The need for CT arises when the methods, methods, techniques used do not ensure the achievement of the pedagogical goal in the shortest possible time.
The possibility of using CT appears in the case when the tasks performed by the teacher and the student can be sufficiently formalized and adequately reproduced using technical means, provided that the requirements for the quality of the result achieved are met.
The fundamental difference between CT and any other learning system is that it requires unconditional and sufficient activity of the controlled subject. The student, receiving information from the training program, enters new information in the form of answers, questions and requests for help.
Learning management includes two interrelated processes: the organization of student activities and control over this activity. These processes continuously interact: the result of control affects the content of control actions, i.e. for further organization of activities. In turn, the organization of a certain activity requires both a certain form of control and a specific method of registering this activity. Combinations of these processes and transitions from one to another are possible. This or a similar approach is recommended when creating programs not only for higher, but also for secondary schools. Let's consider some examples.
Teachers of the Uzbek GIFK developed training CPs for the educational process of their university: “ Math statistics”, “Sports metrology”, “Biomechanics”, “Control of students' knowledge”.
A whole complex of CPs was developed at the RGAFK. Thus, a model has been created that imitates urgent adaptation processes in the body of athletes, CP "ISOTONE" for isotone, shaping, aerobics, bodybuilding.
At the University. N.E. Bauman created an information and methodological system that operates in an interactive mode. KP solves three main tasks:
- control and management of the educational process;
– creation and maintenance of methodological and informational documents in the form of a database;
- searching and reading information.
A group of specialists prepared a computer system for the operational planning of training for middle-distance runners for a period of up to two months for the general preparatory and precompetitive stages of training.
At the St. Petersburg State Technical University (Interuniversity Center for Physical Culture -) and at the Samara State Aerospace University. S.P. Koroleva () for several years, CPs have been created for use in the educational process in the discipline "Physical Education". So, in the Interuniversity Center for Physical Culture in 2001 it is planned to complete the computerization of all theoretical material in the discipline "Physical Education", which will include theoretical and methodological materials, static illustrations, CP, video loops and video clips.
Solution convenient storage the results of pedagogical diagnostics with the assessment of the introduced indicators, with the possibility of comparing individual indicators in dynamics or between different athletes using the example of gymnastics, was undertaken in the RSAFK. In fact, this is an information program, but with elements of evaluation.
Another area of physical culture is devoted to the works of G.I. Para and S.Ya. Chimaev, in which, within the framework of sports and recreation complexes, a system of computer modeling of the process of health rehabilitation and rehabilitation measures for workers in construction and shipbuilding professions was substantiated, which allows using an individual approach based on taking into account the morphological and functional characteristics of the human body.
In sports activities, CT began to be used much earlier than in the educational process in physical education. In a number of sports, computers have firmly entered the process of training athletes.
So, with the help of CT in the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, control and training in rowing technique is carried out. This program can also be used as a selection system. Also for the selection system, but not in a specific sport, but in almost all types, there is an automated control system for a standardized assessment of the level of development of motor functions.
The problem of using a tensoplatform in combination with a computer is the subject of the Tenzo automated system, developed at NIIFK (St. Petersburg) more than ten years ago to assess the level of manifestation of special qualities by athletes in jumps, squats, and jerks. Approximately at the same time, similar systems were created at St. Petersburg State Technical University and ChGIFK for recording the biomechanical characteristics of the technique of cross-country skiers when moving on roller skis. The MSAFK, widely known for its developments in weightlifting, has created a CP that allows you to analyze the technique of performing various sports movements in this sport. RGAFK created a software and hardware video complex, combined with a computer, to create optimized models of equipment, the parameters of which can be compared with individual models. In the Khabarovsk GIFK S.S. Dobrovolsky developed a simulator (inertial track), successfully combined with a computer, for dosed and automated regulation of power capabilities. It allows you to quickly evaluate the effectiveness of various training factors and techniques, determine the level of development of physical qualities.
In the Krasnodar GIFK, a computerized complex has been developed and created to support the training process in athletics. It includes a system for measuring instantaneous speed, a system for measuring the rhythmic characteristics of a running step, a system for measuring speed at control sections of running distances, a tensometric system for assessing support reactions, a system for quickly assessing heart rate, and a system for assessing electrical muscle activity.
For use in the training of qualified shooters, a CP has been developed for calculating the structural and functional units of the load in shooting, which allows you to select the necessary load parameters for building the training process. The authors did not stop at the creation of this calculation program and developed a computer training program “Simulation of a training session in sports shooting”.
UralGAFK created an automated system "Reaction", designed to study the basic properties of the human nervous system and identify sensory deviations. Automated system"Reaction" is a computer implementation of instrumental psychophysiological and psychophysical techniques.
CT is widely used to help hold competitions of various levels in various types sports. The systems make it possible to automate the work of the secretariat at competitions.
A large number of works are devoted to the creation of systems for monitoring, evaluating and accumulating information on the level of physical fitness, the state of health of schoolchildren, students, cadets, athletes, etc.
A number of programs, systems, complexes have been created to ensure the work of specialists in fields related or combined with physical culture and sports activities: in medicine, physiology, biochemistry, sociology. So, back in 1978, V.D. Goncharov suggested using computers in the sociology of sports.
One of the first to systematize the CP in physical culture was V.V. Zaitsev and V.D. Sonkin. The structure of a typical computer health program is also shown here, and as an example, the CP “personal trainer” is presented, one of the most important tasks of which is the assessment of adaptive potential of cardio-vascular system with the presentation of a health passport.
Specialists of VNIIFK and the Research Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents have created a CP that helps a person during independent studies: it evaluates (but does not measure) heart rate indicators, determines the amount of work done and the energy cost of the exercises performed.
The analysis of existing scientific developments allows us to evaluate the approximate completeness of the use of CT and develop concepts for the creation and use of CP in physical culture, in which a considerable merit belongs to the teacher - system analyst.
2. The concept of creating computer programs.
At the stage of setting the didactic task for the development of the CP, the goals and content of training are determined, achieved through the use of the CP.
It is necessary to divide the learning goal into subgoals with the definition of their hierarchy, the nature of the relationship, exercising their control and adjustment. The focus of individual classes, which step by step lead to the final goal, are implemented through educational procedures: understanding of knowledge, control of knowledge, development of skills, control of skills.
CP Creation Algorithms
When creating a CP, in addition to the educational (training) component, it is necessary to provide for the social characteristics of the group of people for which this program is intended, and the technical capabilities for the implementation of the plan.
Considering all this, the teacher - a system analyst - independently creates a draft version of the CP according to the following algorithm:
1) determines the need to create a CP for a specific educational material;
2) finds an intended place for the future program in the ongoing learning process;
3) formulates learning goals to be achieved when working with this program and suggests the possible effect of its use in the learning process;
4) determines the initial level of knowledge of students;
5) prepares students to work on a computer;
6) determine the structure of the program and the content of individual elements;
7) takes into account the optimal feedback (control, correction) and the overall assessment of the student's work with the program;
8) represents the script (draft version) of the CP, available for implementation on the corresponding computer.
At the next stage, the programmer, teachers and students are included in the work as experts.
The design of the CP scenario is of great importance in the technology of its development and comes down to the creation of the macrostructure of the student's dialogue with the system and the microstructure of the screens. At this stage, dialogue texts are developed and screens are designed using a logical approach.
The implementation of the CP scenario means entering the developed scenario into the computer memory and debugging it.
Approbation of the CP in the educational process involves its examination and, if necessary, correction with experimental implementation in the educational process.
Development of problems that contribute to the prevention of errors, primarily didactic, in the preparation of the CP.
When working on the creation of complex CPs, primarily for training programs, it is necessary to keep in mind the solution of some specific problems that students may encounter in the process of working with programs. These problems include: loss of orientation when working in hypertext programs, lack of consideration of the general patterns of forecasting and finding technological limits.
Loss of orientation. To reduce the possibility of loss of orientation when working in hypertext programs, a number of methods are used, such as:
– material filtration;
- the ability to set an individual algorithm before starting or while working with the program;
– use of bookmarks that allow you to return to the marked node the next time you access the program;
– use of artificial intelligence methods.
Technological limits, forecasting The technological limit is a key section of forecasting scientific developments, state dynamics, etc. Limit states are an integral part of our business and personal life. Whatever we do or produce, we hit a limit. And we cannot get around it, therefore, approaching the limit, it is necessary to change the direction of movement, and the sooner the better, otherwise - inadequate spending, stagnation.
The ability to recognize limits is critical in determining success or failure, for the limit is the surest clue to when to use a new technology.
The creation of a new generation of CPs using artificial intelligence systems, expert systems can come to a standstill if the general patterns of forecasting and the theory of technological limits are not taken into account when preparing programs.
3. The concept of using computer programs in the educational process of physical culture and sports
The concept considers the components of the process of cognition, exploring it in connection with the possibilities of strengthening the autonomy of learning. The concept of computerization of the learning process is based on a set of subjective desires, prerequisites and objective possibilities for organizing a rational process of cognition using the intellectual components of CT.
The concept of using CP in the educational process includes:
– CP classification;
- a schematic diagram of a permanent process of improving the educational process with the help of a computer;
– principles of using CT in the educational process;
– complex use of information technologies.
The essence of the proposed concept of learning is the systematic use of CP in combination with other information technologies necessary to create an individual algorithm for human learning. The computer is directly integrated into the information technology of education and becomes such a desirable element of the educational system that, in its absence, a certain discomfort arises for both the student and the teacher.
The technology of computer learning, based on the information provided by the concept, considers learning taking into account the final results of students' activities, giving it the character of a sustainable, purposeful and effective learning process.
KP classification
CPs can be classified according to their content orientation, features of use, method of presenting the material (Fig. 1).
The classification of CP by direction is based on the main purpose of this CP, contained in the name itself: teaching - for learning; controlling - for control; information - to get information. Such a division, of course, is rough and not absolute, since almost every training program is both controlling and, to some extent, informational. Similar examples can be given for other programs, although there are programs that work, as it were, autonomously - for only one type. To streamline the CP, we propose to attribute them to one or another type according to the main task solved by this program.
Training CPs are divided into electronic textbooks and electronic manuals. KP includes, as a rule, various types of illustrative representation of the material: static type, planar animation and in the form of computer video animation, or complex - multimedia (various combinations of audio, video, animation, etc.).
Controlling KP can be conditionally divided into three areas:
- managerial;
– knowledge control;
– status control individual systems organism.
Information CPs can be either built into training or control programs, or stand-alone. Information computer programs can be subdivided as follows:
– reference and bibliographic;
- encyclopedic;
- narrow topics, etc.
According to the method of access, programs are open or closed. For the owners, or more precisely the developers, of these programs, they are usually open, and for users they can be both open and closed.
Most of the CPs developed for the educational process can be used both in the educational and non-educational process, although there are exceptions.
Schematic diagram of the permanent process of improving the educational process with the help of computers.
According to the concept of using computers in the educational process, the improvement of teaching methods using computers can go in two ways:
a) improving the technology of computer programs in the educational process;
b) improvement of programming technology.
A prerequisite for the functioning of the presented scheme is the presence of double feedback, which allows timely adjustments to the pedagogical process, and to the technology of using the CP, and to the programming technology.
Principles of using CT in the educational process
The effectiveness of the use of CTs largely depends on their place in the pedagogical process and on the way they are presented.
Each of these areas includes the following principles for the use of CT in the educational process:
- the principle of innovation, when special training courses contain materials on the study of various aspects and possibilities of using computer technology both in the educational process and in work in the intended specialty;
- the principle of modeling is the use of special training courses that combine theoretical familiarization with the practical use of the results in training sessions;
- the principle of support - the use of teaching methods for theoretical and practical sections using CT;
- monitoring principle - the use of CP to monitor the level of knowledge, skills and state various systems organism;
- principle information support- Obtaining the necessary information with the help of specialized information CP.
Integrated use of information technology
Information means in physical culture include computer, audio and video programs, printed materials. Information tools, the procedure and features of their use, the availability of feedback that allows you to adjust the curriculum, are combined under the general term information technology.
When applying information technologies, it is necessary to pay attention to the possibility of their integrated use, i.e. to compose, find or create thematic complexes.
The optimal situation is when a teacher or a student has the opportunity to choose any information technology tools on a specific topic of the program for use in the educational process.
Information thematic complexes may include methodological developments, purposefully created for a specific task, or methodological developments for complex purposes.
Examples of some information thematic complexes developed at the Interuniversity Center for Physical Culture.
Complex “Flexibility”
The information thematic complex “Flexibility” includes information materials that help the study of theoretical aspects and the practical development of technology for the development of flexibility. The complex is designed for use in educational and non-educational processes, with independent studies of students. It includes:
- printed tutorial“Technology for the development of flexibility”.
- Educational video film “Technology of development of flexibility”.
The developments included in the complex complement each other well, revealing each of its individual aspects. Thus, the printed textbook “Technology for the development of flexibility” allows you to study theoretical materials on the terminology, structure and features of the functioning of the joints, control and self-control over the level of development of flexibility, regulation physical activity. It also presents an illustrated set of exercises to develop flexibility. The direct continuation of this manual is the educational video film “Technology for the Development of Flexibility”. The film shows and tells about the sequence of selection of exercises for the development of flexibility, special attention is paid to exercises that are quite methodologically complex, depending on the type of exercise, the number of performers is selected (from one to four).
Complex “Athletic training”
The information thematic complex includes the following developments on the use of athletic training in educational and non-educational processes:
- printed guidelines: "Organization and methods of conducting physical exercises with the use of training equipment", "Methods of athleticism."
- Training video “Training in gym”.
- Training KP "Athlete".
The printed materials deal with the problems of organizing classes with the use of simulators; given general provisions methods of strength development with a description of the most common training methods and regulation of approaches, repetitions, rest and pace of execution; the technique of control and self-control at the lessons of athletic training is described.
The main and connecting development in this thematic complex is the training CP “Athlete”. It, in fact, serves as a computer tutorial on the athletic training of students, it includes both theoretical sections and guidelines to perform both individual exercises and the educational process as a whole, from one lesson to several years of preparation. The educational video film “Training in the gym” serves as an addition to the entire thematic complex. It shows the features of working on typical simulators, which practically develop all muscle groups, in the course of the film it tells about the methodological features of conducting training sessions.
Complex “Aerobics, shaping…”
When implementing the principles of humanization and humanitarization in the pedagogical process of physical education of students, we paid attention to the natural interest of girls in everything related to their figure, physique, posture, and this section of the discipline “physical culture” is one of the most important for many. Based on this interest, or rather on its provision, we prepared the thematic complex “Aerobics, Shaping”, which included four developments:
- Printed tutorial “Learn to model your figure”.
- KP "Mini-shaping".
- KP "Grace".
- KP "Grace-competition".
The printed textbook “Learn to model your figure” contains the basis of theoretical knowledge necessary for organizing shaping classes with students in the framework of educational, extracurricular and self-study classes. The manual includes sections on computer modeling, nutrition, control, sets of exercises.
Specially for use in the educational process, the CP "Mini-shaping" has been developed, which allows solving four main tasks. The first one is an educational beginning, it stimulates students to further independent acquaintance with various methodological materials on this issue. The second is the determination of the individual range of norms according to the measurements taken (weight, circumference, diameters, indicators of body composition, physical fitness, etc.). The third is the acquisition of knowledge and skills to carry out measurement procedures and correlate the obtained data with model values. The fourth is the definition for each student of real tasks for body shaping and physical fitness for the next 3-4 months.
More details about the CP "Grace" and "Grace - competition" will be discussed below.
4. Characteristics of a number of computer programs
One of the main methodological tasks of using CT is to provide a person with maximum opportunities in mastering educational material, taking into account his individual characteristics and inclinations.
Computer program "Athlete"
KP "Athlete" - training and developed on the principle of network presentation of material (hypertext system).
The Athlete program does not have a data model that would serve as a framework for storing information, i.e. there is no rigid text scrolling algorithm. A student or teacher, working with this program, establishes those connections, the sequence that he considers necessary, which allows him to make the most of an individual approach to learning. The program is developed on 4 levels, which facilitates orientation when working with it, but at the same time allows the student to choose the level of knowledge acquisition that he personally wants.
The Athlete program includes both planar animation (Fig. 3) and screens with video animation clips.
Evaluation of the assimilation of theoretical material allows the student or teacher to identify the degree of assimilation of the acquired knowledge in the course "Athletic training" as a percentage (100% is taken as the absence of errors when answering control questions).
Computer program “Grenade throwing technique”
The CP “Grenade Throwing Technique” is prepared for a detailed study of the features of throwing a grenade from the knee and allows you to view the performance of this sports movement from three different sides at any speed.
This type of demonstration of movement technique compares favorably with video filming in that all minor objects are eliminated and when performing a movement, attention is focused on the main elements.
Computer program “Fitness”
At present, the principle of the health-improving orientation of physical culture is becoming more and more relevant. Human health is one of global problems modernity, in which there is the greatest aggravation of contradictions: the costs of civilization could not but negatively affect the state of health of modern man.
One of the most promising areas that can significantly increase the effectiveness of physical culture and health-improving activities is the personal interest of each person in strengthening their health. And the task of specialists working in the field of health-improving physical culture is to awaken interest in the formation of a healthy lifestyle. In solving this problem, electronic computers can and do provide great assistance.
Teachers, sports doctors, when assessing the physical condition of students, face a number of problems: heterogeneity of units of measurement of test results, a large variety of test programs, a low level of motivation among both students and teachers, insufficient preparation of a teacher for testing, etc.
The issue of arming a doctor and a teacher with tools and knowledge that allows using the means and methods of physical culture for the rehabilitation and health improvement of people of different ages remains topical.
We have developed the “Fitness” CP, which allows, on the basis of the knowledge of specialist experts, to obtain objective data on the state of health, physical development, fitness and functioning of the main life support systems in a short period of time with the issuance of a formalized conclusion and scientifically based recommendations (Fig. 5 and 6). The program offers a large number of tests to be performed, but only a number of indicators of physical development are required, and in physical and functional readiness- for any one test.
The developed evaluation computer program is intended for men and women aged 18-45. The goal of the program is to evaluate and model a healthy lifestyle.
The computer program “Fitness” consists of 4 blocks
Computer program "Grace".
Creating the program "Grace", we identified, clarified and grouped the problems that girls are most interested in solving when doing shaping and aerobics. Ways to solve each of these problems are proposed. The block for assessing the physical condition and fitness allows you to control the dynamics of these indicators to make appropriate adjustments to the training process.
A) I.P. - groaning on his knees, emphasis on the forearms, one leg raised and bent at the knee. Swing up with a bent leg. Don't lower your hips. B) I.P. - moan Sideways to the wall, holding on to it. Mahi with the right (left) foot back, do not tilt the body forward. B) I.P. - groan on your knees, emphasis on the forearms, stretch one leg, trying to keep it not parallel to the floor, but a little higher. Bend and unbend the leg at the knee.
The program "Grace" is primarily aimed at solving methodological problems in accordance with the individual wishes of those involved in physical culture and orients students towards independent studies.
Computer program "Grace - competition"
One of the directions in attracting people to aerobics and shaping is the organization and holding of small, within the framework of one or several universities, competitions-competitions.
With this in mind, a CP was created, which allows holding competitive competitions at a fairly high level.
The competition program includes four sections:
- Figure assessment (basic parameters are assessed: weight, waist, hips).
- Assessment of physical indicators (strength, flexibility).
- Evaluation of the performance of the dance program.
- Assessment of knowledge (questions on nutrition, training and daily routine).
The results of the competition are summed up by summing up the points (taking into account the weight coefficients obtained by the expert) for all sections of the program. The ranking of all participants is carried out depending on the total points scored with a printout of the final protocol.
KP allows you to quickly and efficiently conduct competitions. The organization and holding of mini-competitions is certainly a good incentive for regular attendance at classes, conducting self-study, optimizing the diet, work and rest.
Computer distance course in the discipline "Physical culture"
Employees of the Interuniversity Center for Physical Culture have begun to develop a remote computer course in the discipline "Physical Culture". The goal is to create a computer-oriented educational and methodological complex that contributes to the study of the theoretical section of the curriculum. The distance course corresponds to the state educational standard higher professional education. Several topics have been prepared for today.
The distance course includes theoretical and methodological materials, static illustrations, computer programs, video loops and videos, animations.
The distance course is aimed at the formation of physical culture in the general cultural training of students, reveals the socio-biological foundations of physical culture, the foundations of a healthy lifestyle and lifestyle, the degree of professionally applied physical fitness of students.
Conclusion
The computer contributes to the effectiveness of intellectual activity in the process of educational and extracurricular processes. By analogy with sports, where high-quality sports equipment allows you to show the best results, the computer enhances and diversifies mental activity.
Computer programs, computer technologies as technical teaching aids develop within the framework of the existing learning process, therefore, they must be more or less compatible with this process in terms of control actions. At the same time, these programs can actively influence and influence changes not only in individual teaching methods, but also in the entire educational process.
List of sources used
1. Yashkina E.N. Improving the process of teaching the subject "Informatics" at the Institute of Physical Culture: //Teor. and pract. physical cult. , No. 12.
2. Krasovsky A.A. In: Simulators and computerization of professional training /Tr. 3rd All-Union Scientific and Technical Conference. Pushkin, 1993.
3. Volkov V.Yu. Computer technologies in the educational process in physical culture at the university: Monograph. – SPb.: SPbGTU, 1997.
4. Livitsky A.N., Faktorovich L.M. On some aspects of computerization of sports universities / / Teor. and pract. physical cult. 1994, no. 3/4.
5. Shestakov M.P. et al. Modern computer technologies in the development of sports science //Teor. and pract. physical cult. 1996, no. 8.
6. Bogdanov V.M., Ponomarev V.S., Solovov A.V. The use of modern information technologies in the theoretical and methodical-practical training of students in physical education / Mater. all-Russian scientific-practical conf. SPb., 2000.
7. Bogdanov V.M., Ponomarev V.S., Solovov A.V. The use of modern information technologies in the theoretical and methodical-practical training of students in physical education / Mater. all-Russian scientific-practical conf. SPb., 2000.
8. Volkov V.Yu. Computer technologies in the educational process in physical culture at the university: Monograph. – SPb.: SPbGTU, 1997.
9. Volkov V.Yu., Volkova L.M. Computer distance course in the discipline "Physical culture" / Mater. all-Russian scientific-practical. conf. SPb., 2000.
10. Dobrovolsky S.S. Optimization of the intensive technology for improving the motor actions of sprinters using technical means//Teor. and pract. physical cult. 1993.
11. Zaitseva V.V., Sonkin V.D. Computer consultations on health-improving physical education//Teor. and pract. physical cult. 1990, no. 7.
Abstract on the topic “Information technologies in sports” updated: June 13, 2018 by: Scientific Articles.Ru
Sport. Just one word, but how much it means! Going in for sports is a certain type of human activity aimed at achieving a given result in the physical development of a person.
Sports - component physical culture, in which the main emphasis is on the self physical development human health and well-being.
Professional sport is that part of it in which athletes participate, aimed precisely at achieving a certain result in their physical activity, at achieving victory and new sports records. Sports competitions, among which the Olympics, Championships and Tournaments bring out the best athletes. Of course, the dream of every athlete is to win Olympic Games ah, the largest world competitions that originated in ancient Greece, and subsequently gathered participants from all over the world.
During its history of development, and the history of sports extends far, far into the past, starting almost from the Stone Age, a large number of sports have arisen in which everyone can realize their most outstanding abilities. Training in sports is carried out by various sports organizationsspecializing in certain sports.
The development, promotion and popularization of sports is carried out by various Sports Federations, Associations and Unions, although the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation plays the main role in this.
Sport surrounds us almost from birth, in kindergarten, school, institute. Many choose it as their profession. And this is greatly facilitated by the huge and ever-increasing popularity of sports and sports lifestyles.
The whole world is watching. Athletes, skiers, racers and many other professionals spend all their time and energy on endless training, proper nutrition and preparing for new competitions. It's safe to say that for most people, sports activities are an important part of life, whether it's watching television broadcasts from competitions or doing physical education on your own.
But what is sport? The definition of this term has been rewritten many times, since today the boundaries of sports cultures are so blurred that even championships are organized computer games. And eSports has already been included in the list of competitions in the Olympic Games.
Meaning of the word
The definition of "sport" appeared in the Russian language quite a long time ago. It is no secret that it is an analogue of the English word sport. However, few people know that in a foreign language it has been changed. Initially, the British said disport, which in translation meant “game”, “entertainment”.
If we talk about today's definition of sport in Russian, then this word means playing competitive activity and preparation for it. Quite logical. The sport itself is based on the use of physical exercises, and its main goal is to achieve the best results in a particular industry. In addition, the word implies the disclosure of a person’s sports potential, an increase in physical activity.
If to speak plain language, the definition of sport would be competition, specialization, spectacle, and focus on excellence. That is, for many years the meaning of this concept has not changed, innovations have only affected the list of cultures that are sports.
Sports
According to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation, the definition of a sport is a separate sphere of public relations based on special rules. This activity environment uses certain sports equipment or equipment that does not require the use of personal protective equipment.
Again, in simple terms, a sport is its specific direction.
There are many types of sporting events. Consider:
- Game individual (badminton, tennis, squash, golf, chess and others).
- Cyclic (biking, swimming, speed skating).
- Game team (basketball, football, paintball, hockey, etc.).
- Combat sports (boxing, aikido, fencing, capoeira).
- Power (bodybuilding, weightlifting, arm wrestling).
- Complex coordination (figure skating, trampolining and gymnastics).
- Extreme (boking, kiting, base jumping, snowboarding, kayaking and others).
- Technical (aeronautics, rally, archery, drone control).
- Applied (yachting, sailing and equestrian sports).
Also today there is cheerleading, zorbing and e-sports. All these areas can be attributed to the definition of "sport".
The origin of sports
This direction appeared long before our era. The very first competitions were held in ancient Babylon. Then such sports competitions were dedicated to the worship of the gods. Marduk was the patron saint of Babylon, so sometimes very bloody competitions were held in his honor.
A few centuries later, the first Olympiad opened in Greece. It is believed that it was the Greeks who came up with the definition of sport. Initially, they only competed in archery, swordsmanship, chariot racing, belt wrestling, and javelin throwing. Later, the list of sports cultures was expanded.
Sports in various historical times
In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church, dominating society, decided to ban the cult of the body and all sporting events. However, fencing, swimming and long jump still remained very popular. All competitions were held not to demonstrate the physical development of athletes, but purely for the sake of spectacle.
Mind sports appeared in the Renaissance, and at the end of the 19th century the Olympic Games, known to this day, were revived.
Physical culture and sports: different definitions
These concepts are often confused. In fact, sport implies a competitive moment. An athlete or gymnast will always compare his performance with that of his opponent. The same goes for the Olympic Games - it's a sporting event. The winner receives a medal, and the loser goes to improve their skills.
If he talks about physical culture, then there is no competition component in it. It is aimed solely at improving health and improving your body. A person running through the park in sneakers is not necessarily an athlete. However, he takes care of his health and wants his body to be beautiful. Accordingly, he is engaged in physical culture.
Goals and objectives of mass sports
As can be seen from all of the above, the word "sport" is very multifaceted. It does not imply specific activities. Knowing the definition and concepts of sports, it will also be useful to learn about such a phenomenon as mass competitions.
The tasks of such events fully coincide with the goals of Mass sports - this is a great opportunity for a huge number of people to bring their health and physical fitness back to normal. In this type of exercise, there is also no competitive component. The main goal and task is to strengthen your health, but at the same time bringing yourself to nervous exhaustion. This includes proper nutrition, good sleep and rest.