Dairy farm business plan with financial calculations. How to write a step-by-step business plan for an efficient dairy farm
Milk, being an excellent nutritious product for humans, at the same time serves as a good breeding ground for the reproduction of various microorganisms, including pathogens. Therefore, during the process of obtaining milk, dairy farmers must constantly monitor to limit the entry of microbes into the milk. To do this, it is necessary to improve the ways of driving cattle to pasture, maintain the necessary order on the territory of the farm, plant trees and shrubs, keep approaches and entrances to farms in good condition, regularly update disinfection mats and disinfection barriers.
In the barn, manure should be removed in a timely manner, bedding should be changed, disinfection and whitewashing of the walls should be carried out. Cows must be cleaned, and the most contaminated parts of their bodies should be washed with water with the addition of disinfectants. If cows are milked in stalls, then rough and dusty feed should be distributed no later than one hour before milking, followed by airing the room before milking.
In the process of obtaining milk, milkmaids and operators of machine milking cows are required to strictly observe the rules of sanitation and hygiene. Before putting on the milking machines, the udder of the cows should be thoroughly washed and dried with a thoroughly wrung out hygroscopic cloth, which is constantly contained in a disinfectant solution.
The first portions of milk must be put into a separate bowl. Microorganisms located on the surface of the teat, bedding and soil, through the teat canal enter the udder. True, as a result of the bactericidal action of the tissues of the udder, a significant part of them die. However, the most resistant forms of bacteria persist. Especially a lot of them in the lower part of the nipple canal. This portion of milk (bacterial plug) must be put into a special mug with a black mesh. The mesh allows you to timely identify diseases of the mammary gland, since in this case protein flakes and mucus, sometimes blood, secreted by the inflamed udder, will linger on the mesh. In this way, it is possible to prevent the mixing of milk obtained from a sick cow with the total milk yield of the herd, since impurities of mastitic milk spoil the entire milk yield. Toxins released into milk when cows are sick are not neutralized during pasteurization and can cause human illness with tonsillitis, scarlet fever, as well as toxicosis, allergic conditions and poisoning. Of particular danger is milk from cows affected by staphylococcal mastitis. Milk contaminated with such microflora is culled.
Dairy utensils and equipment for milking, processing and storage of milk can be a significant source of bacterial contamination. Therefore, careful maintenance of equipment, use effective means for its washing and disinfection allows you to get milk High Quality with little bacterial contamination.
Farm staff must strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene. Before milking cows, a milkmaid must put on a clean dressing gown that is not used for any other work, put her hair under a scarf, wash her elbows thoroughly with warm water and soap, and then rinse with a disinfectant solution. Fingernails should be cut short, and if there are wounds and abrasions on the fingers, a moisture-proof bandage should be applied. Persons working with milk at least once a quarter must undergo a medical examination, and once a year be examined for the carriage of pathogens of intestinal infections, helminths and tuberculosis. Newly entering the farm workers should be accepted only if they provide a certificate of medical examination and a conclusion that there is no bacteriocarrier of pathogenic and toxigenic microbes.
Persons with an open form of tuberculosis, purulent open ulcers, various infectious inflammations of the eyes, etc., cannot be allowed to work with milk.
To prevent pathogenic microflora from entering the milk, if a dangerous animal disease (foot-and-mouth disease, brucellosis, leptospirosis, etc.) is detected in the herd, it should be immediately isolated from the rest of the herd and urgently reported to the veterinarian. A sick animal is milked last and in a separate bowl. The milk received from him with the total milk yield from the herd is not mixed, but used in accordance with the instructions of the veterinarian or destroyed. The dishes after draining the milk obtained from a sick animal must be thoroughly washed and disinfected. In case of mass diseases of cows with such diseases in which milk can be used as human food, it should be subjected to special heat treatment directly on the farm before being sent to the dairy plant.
Dangerous sources of bacterial contamination of milk are flies and rodents. On the body and paws of one fly there can be up to 1.5 million microbes, among which there are also pathogens. Therefore, on farms, systematic control of flies and rodents should be carried out by chemical, mechanical and biological agents.
Water used for washing cows' udders, washing hands, utensils and equipment can also serve as a source of bacterial contamination of milk. To prevent this, only drinkable water should be used. In no case should water from contaminated wells and pits located near manure storages, latrines, sewage dumps, or rain water be used on the farm.
To obtain high-quality milk, it is important to follow the rules of milking. When milking by hand, it is necessary to use fist milking, not pinching. During machine milking, overexposure of teat cups on the udder should be avoided, as this can lead to inflammation in the mammary gland. Incomplete milking entails a decrease in the fat content of milk, since part of the milk fat remains in the udder.
The instability of the vacuum regime is also one of the main causes of mastitis. In addition, violation of the regimen leads to rupture of the shells of fat globules, resulting in a decrease in the quality of milk.
The legislation prohibits any additives to milk for any purpose. Milk with the presence of preservative (formalin, hydrogen peroxide, potassium dichromate, chlorine preparations, etc.) and neutralizing (soda, alkali, etc.) substances should not be taken to milk processing enterprises. The content of antibiotics in milk is also unacceptable, since almost all of them are allergens. Heat treatment usually does not destroy them, and, therefore, does not reduce their negative effect. The indiscriminate intake of antibiotics in the human and animal body contributes to the rapid formation and spread of antibiotic-resistant races of bacteria. Therefore, in the treatment of sick animals, especially mastitis, as well as the addition of premixes containing antibiotics to feed, appropriate instructions should be followed.
Zootechnical and veterinary specialists must strictly observe the established rules, terms and methods of processing animals. In this case, you should be guided in each case by special instructions and recommendations. It is also necessary to comply with the quarantine terms for grazing and feeding grasses from meadows and pastures after processing them. chemicals.
Dairy enterprises should not accept milk with a rancid, musty taste, a pronounced smell and taste of onion, garlic and wormwood. Such milk is not suitable for the production of high quality dairy products. In this regard, from the diet of lactating cows, it is necessary to exclude feeds that adversely affect the quality and technological properties of milk. They must not be accidentally eaten by animals. It is important to carry out work to improve the botanical composition of grasses on pastures.
It is also known that when animals eat herbs of the ranunculus family, milk develops a red tint and an unpleasant taste, horsetail - a bluish color (and it quickly turns sour), sorrel sour - a sour taste, rapid clotting. The cream obtained from such milk does not churn well into butter.
When cows are kept on cultivated pastures, the quality of milk depends on soil and climatic conditions, the botanical composition of grass mixtures, the vegetation phase of plants, the dose of mineral fertilizers, irrigation and other agrotechnical measures. Legume-grass mixtures are more balanced and biologically complete for dairy cattle than cereals due to the increased content of sugar, essential amino acids, calcium, phosphorus, trace elements and other nutrients. When an increased dose of nitrogen fertilizers is applied to cereal pastures, the content of dry matter in the grass decreases. Grazing of cows on cereal pastures with an excessive dose of nitrogen fertilizer negatively affects the course of microbiological processes in the rumen, the coefficient of use of feed nitrogen for milk formation decreases, and its chemical composition and technological value. When cows are fed bean-grass, the biological value of milk increases. Therefore, the correct use of green fodder in combination with others, in particular with concentrates, contributes to the production of high-quality milk with good technological properties.
In winter, hay is a good source of nutrients for dairy cows. It helps to normalize digestion and produce high quality milk. Briquettes and granules serve as valuable feed for cows in winter. However, it should be borne in mind that an increased content of grass meal pellets or other finely ground roughage and concentrates in the diet will change the processes of ruminal digestion, lead to excessive formation of propionic acid in the rumen and a decrease in acetic acid, and this leads to a decrease in fat content and an increase in the amount of non-protein nitrogenous substances. in milk.
Dairy feeds are root and tuber crops rich in easily digestible carbohydrates (sugar and starch). However, their excess in the diet leads to a decrease in the fat content of milk, a deterioration in its taste and technological properties. Therefore, they should be fed in the recommended amounts in combination with hay, haylage and silage.
You can not feed excessive amounts of tops or silage from it, fodder cabbage, swede, turnip, otherwise the milk will acquire a specific taste, it will reduce the content of fat and protein.
It should be remembered that an excess of concentrated feed in the diet of cows (more than 400 g per 1 kg of milk) has negative influence on animal health and milk quality. Especially adversely affects the excess of cakes and meals.
The lack of energy in the diet not only reduces milk yield, but also negatively affects the content of fat and protein in milk and the quality of dairy products. An excess of non-protein substances, including synthetic nitrogenous substances (urea, etc.), is also unacceptable.
To ensure the desired mineral composition of milk, and, consequently, its good taste and technological properties in the production of cheese, condensed milk and other canned milk, the diets of cows must be balanced in terms of macro- and microelements and vitamins. Vitamin deficiency is eliminated by feeding appropriate feeds and supplements.
An important condition for obtaining high-quality milk is strict observance of the daily routine. It is also necessary to correctly use various odorous substances, lubricating oils, etc. For example, the treatment of udder teats with an antiseptic emulsion or vaseline oil can be carried out only after cows have been milked.
Milk adsorbs foreign odors and keeps them firmly. At the same time, its hygienic and technological properties are reduced. This must also be taken into account when organizing feeding and maintenance, as well as when milking and transporting milk.
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With the beginning of the development of the farming movement, high hopes were placed on it, which did not materialize, and it did not acquire a mass character. At present, there are approximately 2600 farms in the republic, they produce milk, beef, pork and eggs no more than 0.4% of their total gross production in all categories of farms. There are many reasons hindering the development of farms in the republic. First of all, there is no real price parity for industrial and agricultural products, especially for milk and beef. Therefore, almost half of the farms do not keep cattle.
In countries Western Europe equipment cost and work force often valued together as they are largely interchangeable. It is necessary to achieve an optimal combination in the use of equipment and labor in the economy. It is necessary that the increase in production per worker in the farm occurs not due to an increase in the duration and excessive increase in the intensity of labor during the working day, but through the use of the latest technologies and modern technology. Family farms need to use simple technologies and reliable technical means. Therefore, for the successful operation and development of farms, it is necessary to establish the production of small-sized equipment, a set of machines capable of working in fields and farms of various sizes. It is also important that in most cases there are no well-trained personnel capable of successfully running farms.
Before making a decision on the creation of such a farm, it is necessary to accurately choose the direction of production activity for the future, since its further functioning depends on it. It should be borne in mind that the reorientation of the existing specialization in animal husbandry is not only a long-term process, but also an expensive one and requires large investments.
The choice of the direction of specialization is determined by: climatic and soil conditions, location, location of service, procurement and processing enterprises, the state of the road network, the availability of finished production facilities, product prices, sales opportunities, qualifications, work skills and practical experience family members for breeding animals, a resource of working time. Farms specializing in milk production should be of an intensive type, they should be located near highways with guaranteed year-round traffic, as well as near product delivery points. There should be a large supply of labor (at least 2 average annual workers).
In order to avoid risk, many farmers are engaged in more than one industry, since if the production of one type of product fails, the losses are covered at the expense of other types. But this requires a reasonable combination of industries and they must contribute to the development of each other. Any farm is necessarily a commercial agricultural enterprise, and its the main objective- Receiving a profit. In Canada, the USA, in particular in the dairy state of Pennsylvania, 60% of farms have 30-40 cows, and they are efficient. From an economic point of view, in the land of Brandenburg (Germany), the most promising will be free-stall farms for 400-500 cows with a milk yield of 7800 kg of milk per cow per year. In the conditions of our republic in farms, profitable milk production can be achieved with a milk yield of 4,000 kg or more per cow per year.
Farms in the dairy direction of productivity can be either with a full or not with a full turnover of the herd. Farms with a full herd turnover keep cows, raise heifers to renew and expand the herd, raise and fatten overrepair young animals. Farms with incomplete herd turnover sell super-repair young stock at an early age.
A dairy farm in terms of productivity can be competitive under the following conditions:
Milk yield per cow per year - 4000-6000 kg with a fat content of 3.b-3.8%;
The average daily gain in live weight of replacement heifers from birth to their insemination at the age of 18-20 months. - 550-650 g;
The average daily gain of steers for growing is not less than 700 g, for fattening - not less than 900 g, when they are sold for meat in 18-20 months. live weight 450-480 kg;
Insemination of cows and heifers - artificial;
Infertility of heifers - 5%;
The age of heifers at the hotel is 27-29 months;
Live weight of first-calf heifers - 480 kg and above;
Stillborn calves - up to 2%, mortality of calves - up to 6%;
Output of calves per 100 cows - 90 heads;
Service period for cows - up to 85 days;
The period of use of cows is 5-7 calving;
Milking of cows - 2-3 times, mechanically in portable buckets or in a milk pipeline;
Distribution of feed - by mobile transport or from a hand cart;
Drinking - with the help of automatic drinkers;
Manure removal - mechanical;
Feed in winter - haylage, silage, hay, concentrates, root crops; in summer - green mass and concentrates;
Feed costs per cent of milk - 1.0-1.1 q.u.;
Labor costs per 1 and milk - 2.5-4 man-hours.
The basis of fodder production should be crops with low labor intensity, energy intensity, cheap and produced directly on the farm.
Feed prepared from the grasses of the first cut has a higher nutritional value than from the grasses of subsequent cuts. The drying rate of plants cut in the morning is about 3 times higher, and carotene is 2 times higher than those cut in the afternoon. Due to the higher drying rate of the cut grass, by the end of the same day, the starvation exchange can be completed in the plants. Due to this, nutrient losses are minimized. It should be borne in mind that the effect of rain during the mowing period of plants does not affect the course of physical and biochemical processes in them. Wetting dried green mass enhances oxidation plant cells, and nutrients are washed out of the green mass.
When ensiling fodder, it is very important to create optimal conditions for the vital activity of lactic acid bacteria. In this case, as a result of fermentation, almost all easily soluble sugars are converted into lactic and partially acetic acids. Energy loss in the form carbon dioxide and heat are 3-4%. Acidification of raw materials to a pH value of 4.0-4.2 prevents the development of bacteria, the feed is well preserved and stored for a long period of time. With good compaction and isolation of the mass from access atmospheric air cell respiration processes stop 6-8 hours after being loaded into storage.
Drying grass for haylage is not recommended below 45% humidity, as the loss of raw materials increases as a result of upholstering leaves and small shoots by the working bodies of forage harvesting equipment. Optimal timing haylage laying - 3 days with continuous mass compaction. 1 kg of dry matter of hay from a clover-cereal mixture harvested during the budding period contains 130-150 g of carotene, 250-276 g of fiber, and at the end of flowering - 80-90 and 350-360 g, respectively. Protein digestibility is reduced from 65 to 48%, and fiber - from 64 to 56%.
For the green conveyor, 5-7 crops are selected, of which 2-3 types are perennial, 1-2 are annual grasses and 2 are root crops. Livestock grazing on cultivated pastures begins in the spring with grass grazing of 10-15 cm and a green mass reserve of 25-40 c/ha.
When organizing a pasture conveyor in farms, it is necessary to create heterogeneous cereal and legume-grass herbage: early-ripening - with a predominance of hedgehogs - 15-20% of the pasture area, mid-ripening legume-cereals based on meadow fescue - 50-55% and late-ripening - with a predominance of timothy grass meadow - 25-35%.
Feed preparation for feeding should be cost-effective, justified in terms of energy intensity, the mechanism of influence on physiological processes and animal productivity. For example, when whole grains are used in feeding animals, the efficiency is reduced by 20%. The optimal grinding for adult cattle is 1.5-2.0 mm. When grain feeds are yeasted, they are enriched with protein (1.5-2 times), which contributes to saving concentrated feeds up to 25%. Feeding grain fodder in an unenriched form, compared with scientifically based norms, leads to overspending of feed by 30-40%.
The cost of feed prepared on the farm from its own harvest is 50-60% lower compared to feed purchased at state-owned enterprises. When preparing straw for feeding, the simplest, most affordable, more economical and less energy-intensive are silage and its treatment with anhydrous ammonia. With all other methods of straw processing, the costs are not compensated by the return on their use.
For farms engaged in cattle breeding, so far a limited amount of equipment has been manufactured. Feed crushers DKR-2, rotary grain grinder IZR-0.5 and bladed grain grinder IZL-0.3 are produced for grinding feed grain. For grinding roughage, green mass, root crops, corn cobs, an ISK-1 chopper-mixer is made. For machine milking of cows, mobile individual milking units UID-1 P and individual milking units AID-1 and AID-2 are used.
- Purchase of cattle
- Production and sales
- Financial expenses
- Employee salary
- Purchasing feed
- Veterinary service
- Plot rental
- Repair work
The organization of a mini-dairy farm for most start-up entrepreneurs is seen as much more preferable than the launch of a classic project in this industry. There are reasons for this. Firstly, a mini-farm requires much smaller production areas. Secondly, the entrance ticket to the business has been significantly reduced. Thirdly, a mini-farm requires much lower maintenance costs and in most cases all work is carried out by one family, which owns the farm. In addition, a small economy allows you to run in without much risk new technology and New Product and reach a new level of business without serious financial losses...
The land plot is the beginning of the beginning
Business begins with the search for land. Even a small farm needs land plot from 1000m2. On such territory there will be a hangar for keeping cattle, a summer corral for livestock, a warehouse for storing feed and a room for placing equipment and households. inventory. It is desirable that the site is located as close as possible to the natural forage base (meadows, pastures). Otherwise, forage harvesting will be very expensive. For the purchase or lease of land, you must contact the district administration.
How much money do you need to start a business like opening a dairy farm
The amount of investment to open a dairy farm depends on many factors. The first and main one is the scale of production or, in other words, the volume of production. It is logical to assume that the cost of building a dairy farm for 100 heads of cattle will be higher than building a farm for 50 heads. In Russia, there are companies offering turnkey construction of mini dairy farms. A typical farm project for 50 heads will cost the entrepreneur 7-8 million rubles. The price includes delivery and installation of a hangar for keeping animals with an area of about 1000m2. The construction of premises according to your own project can somewhat reduce investments, but you cannot count on an amount of less than 3 million rubles.
The farmer's costs do not end there. Next, you need to bring communications to the structure (hangar). It is no secret that this is not an easy procedure for a Russian entrepreneur. You will need to connect electricity, water and gas. These procedures, depending on the promptness of the entrepreneur and the pliability of the network companies, can take up to 6 months. The cost of this stage will cost a businessman 300 - 400 thousand rubles.
What equipment is needed for a dairy farm
The premises have been built, communications have been connected - then it is necessary to equip the dairy complex and purchase equipment. It will be necessary to equip stall places, install drinkers, floor coverings, fences and partitions, brushes, ventilation curtains, milk coolers, install a maternity ward, and so on. It is possible that funds will be required to insulate the hangar. This is the least expensive part of the project. In order to fully equip the hangar for keeping 50 dairy cows, it is necessary to invest at least 2.5 - 3.5 million rubles.
The next item is the purchase of special equipment and households. inventory. In any normal economy, it is necessary to have at least one tractor - it is commonplace to bring feed (hay, haylage, compound feed), remove garbage, organic waste, if necessary, mow the grass, and so on. MTZ-80 copes with such tasks perfectly with attachments in the form of mowers, ploughs, harrows, cultivators and seeders. Not required to buy new technology, it is possible and supported, the main thing is to be “on the go” and not be repaired more than it went. Another 500-900 thousand rubles will need to be allocated for this cost item.
Purchase of cattle
And finally, the last and most "living" part of the costs is the purchase of farm animals. And here the costs can vary dramatically. What kind of animals will you take: dairy cows or heifers. A cash cow (calving 2-3) will cost at least 60 thousand rubles, a heifer from 3 months old will cost 10-15 thousand rubles, but it still needs to be grown. Thus, in order to purchase 50 dairy cows ready to immediately bring milk, it will be necessary to invest at least 3 million rubles. Buying young animals in the same quantity will help save money by 5-6 times, but the receipt of finished products will have to be postponed for at least 10-12 months.
Thus, the total investment in a dairy farm for 50 head of cattle will be from 8 to 14 million rubles.
Which taxation system to choose for registering a dairy farm
The next step is business registration. A small dairy farm can be registered as a peasant farm. This legal form is ideal for a family business. One person from the family is registered as the head of the household, and the rest - as members of the household. The registration process itself costs "penny" (no more than 1000 rubles) and takes 5 working days from the date of submission of documents to the tax office.
As a system of taxation, it is advisable to use the single agricultural tax (USHT). For farming, this is the most profitable option. The farmer has to pay only 6% of the farm's profit.
Production and sales
Even before opening a dairy farm, it is necessary to determine potential marketing channels for products. This is such a well-known business postulate that neglecting it can destroy any project even at its start. Small wholesale dealers and shops are certainly good, but you should not count on constant demand from them. In addition, many small clients will want to work under the implementation or with a deferred payment, which also causes a lot of problems. The real customer are processors who buy milk in large quantities and without any delay. Having acquired one or two such clients, you can greatly simplify your life and think about high prospects.
It is possible to increase the income of a dairy farm by installing an additional milk processing workshop. For example, dairy shop KOLAKS-501, with which you can produce cottage cheese, sour cream, cheese, kefir and whey. The advantage of processing is that the price of the final product increases several times, and due to the use of its own raw materials, that is, milk, the cost of finished products is significantly reduced.
Of course, you can not bother and deal only with milk. Moreover, processing requires additional investments, which a novice farmer cannot always afford.
How much can you earn on a dairy farm
Dairy farm income will depend primarily on the productivity of the dairy herd and on the selling price of milk. The average milk yield per cow is 5,000 liters per year. Yes, there are more successful farms that manage to increase this figure to 10,000 liters, but it is better to focus on average values. It turns out that 50 cows will bring about 250,000 liters of milk to the farm. The average wholesale price of 1 liter of milk in the regions is 25 rubles (2019). From here, the revenue of the dairy farm will be: 250,000 x 25 = 6,250,000 rubles.
Financial expenses
Employee salary
With income, everything is clear, they are calculated simply. Another thing is the planning of business expenses. The first, and, perhaps, the main item of fixed costs of a dairy farm is the payment wages employees. The wages of four workers (this number is enough to serve 50 dairy cows) will be from 60 thousand rubles per month, respectively, per year - 720 thousand rubles. The official employment of workers will require the payment of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund and the Social Insurance Fund. Each employee must be paid monthly 30% of their salary (in 2014). Thus, another 216 thousand rubles of insurance will have to be paid for the year.
Purchasing feed
Another significant cost item is the purchase of feed. According to statistical observations, one cow eats feed for 15 thousand rubles a year. This is not accurate data, since it all depends on where and how much food is bought. Rather, it is some average which you can rely on when planning a business. Thus, the cost of feed for 50 animals will amount to 750 thousand rubles a year.
Veterinary service
In addition to the cost of feed, the obligatory expenses of a dairy farm should include the cost of veterinary care, since without this it will not be possible to sell products. Annual veterinary care will cost about 1000 - 2000 rubles per head, 50 - 100 thousand rubles will be required for 50 heads.
Plot rental
In addition, the cost of renting a site should be taken into account. Everything here is very individual, and largely depends on the rental rates of local authorities. Renting 1-2 hectares of land can cost from 50 thousand rubles a year. Next - utility bills for electricity and water. The maintenance of 50 heads of cattle can take from 80-100 thousand rubles a year.
Repair work
Other expenses include the cost of fuel and lubricants, minor repairs of the premises, equipment and machinery, as well as force majeure. It would not be wrong to allocate about 150 thousand rubles a year to this article.
Hence, the total annual expenses of the farm for the maintenance of 50 cows will be about 2,036,000 rubles.
Profit before tax will be equal to 1,714,000 rubles. Excluding taxes (Unified Agricultural Tax, 6%), the net profit of the dairy farm will be 1,611,160 rubles. With such calculations, the return on investment will come in 4-5 years, which is a good indicator for such a business.
State support for farming - how to get a subsidy
AT last years the state pays more and more attention to the development of farming in the countryside. In some regions, subsidies are provided annually to beginner farmers. Subsidies are gratuitous financial assistance, do not confuse subsidies with loans. For example, in the Ulyanovsk region, within the framework of the Beginner Farmer program, an entrepreneur can receive a free subsidy of up to 1.8 million rubles for the development of his own farm. Financial support is provided on a competitive basis and in priority - just farms for growing and breeding cattle. Any novice farmer can take part in the competition, from the moment state registration which is less than 3 years old. This amount is enough to purchase 25-30 adult cows at the start and start a full-fledged farming business.
Step by step plan to open a mini dairy farm. Where to begin
In order to open a mini-dairy farm, you need desire, money, land and livestock. The main difference between a mini-farm and a regular one is the size, which means that the cost of maintaining it will be less. As a rule, all the necessary work is performed by no more than 5 workers. First you need to register an individual entrepreneur and collect all the necessary documents. After that, it is advisable to proceed with the construction of the barn. It is desirable that it contain several compartments for various purposes, as well as be equipped with the necessary communications. Next, we buy equipment, feed and, finally, livestock. The number of livestock in such farms usually does not exceed 30 cows.
What OKVED to indicate when registering a mini-dairy farm
To register a dairy farm, you must select the OKVED code 01.21 - allowing you to breed cattle. And also 15.51 - implying milk processing and cheese production, 51.33.1 and 52.27.11 - trade in dairy products (wholesale and retail).
What documents are needed to open a mini-dairy farm
To open a mini-dairy farm, the following documents are required:
- Land lease agreement.
- Permission from fire inspectors.
- RPN permission.
- IP registration application.
- Quality certificates for goods that, without fail, are subject to veterinary examination.
Do I need permission to open a mini-dairy farm
Permission will be required from the veterinary service, and it will also be necessary to undergo periodic checks to obtain a certificate of the quality of the products produced. If you plan to supply your products to retail outlets, you must obtain a permit indicating its quality.
Technology for the production of dairy products on a mini-farm
The concept of technology includes such components as care, feeding, breeding, keeping animals. With the proper implementation of all elements of the technology, the result will be the maximum possible amount of production with minimal labor costs. The production technology is divided into three types:
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Demand for raw milk in Russia exceeds supply. The profitability of production in the southern regions of the country reaches 37% in 3-5 years after the start of the farm and the repayment of loans.
For a long time, milk production in Russia was considered profitable only for large agricultural complexes. The constant shortage of raw materials has forced processors to pay attention to small producers, moreover, they offer goods at competitive prices and of higher quality. A dairy farm as a business for small entrepreneurs and peasant farms has become especially attractive after the introduction of state support.
To assess the prospects of investing forces and resources in this labor-intensive and difficult production, consider:
- product demand, market trends;
- FEO of opening a dairy farm;
- manufacturer support programs;
- examples of successfully operating peasant farms.
Brief overview: how much milk you need and where to get it
Milk is included in the list of the Doctrine of National Food Security, it belongs to strategically important products. Its consumption in 2015 amounted to 230 kg per person, which is 2 times less than the recommended norm. According to the Russian Food Market magazine, its sales in 2015 grew by 7%, and in general, dairy products increase by 2.5% every year, despite prices.
Almost the only importer today is Belarus, and the total share of imports last year was about 16%. According to Soyuzmoloko, processing capacities are only 60-70% loaded.
Economists always compare current figures with the level of "pre-perestroika" 1990. By comparison, milk consumption fell steadily until 2000, when it reached an all-time high of just 51% of per capita consumption in 1990. After that, the trend has changed, and there is a constant increase. If there is enough milk in stores, then the same cannot be said about other products derived from it. The production of domestic cheese already in 2011 was 65% of the level of the base year 1990, and butter - only 26%.
The bulk of milk for processing is produced by agricultural organizations. Households receive about the same amount of it, it is also consumed there, a small part is sold on the market. The share of peasant farms and small farms is only about 7%, but it is steadily increasing from year to year. In 2015, farmers overtook agricultural enterprises in all indicators: the increase in the herd, its productivity, marketability of products (Fig. 1). The average number of cows is 40 in peasant farms, and about 300 in organizations.
By region, milk production is very uneven (Fig. 2). The leaders are Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Altai and Krasnodar Territory, Rostov region. In total, 15 regions of the country provide 50% of the production. In 2015, 91.5% of the planned volume in the country was produced, while the deficit is about 30%.
The distribution of commercial milk is very different from the general picture, for example, in Siberian District it's only half the size. The distribution of state subsidies occurs depending on this indicator. Who received the most public money in 2015 can be seen from the diagram - in these regions there are more chances to receive real support (Fig. 3).
How Much Does a Dairy Farm Cost: Financial and Economic Case
When organizing a business, you need to focus on modern technologies maintenance and feeding of livestock, new means of mechanization. Good profitability is shown by farms that use high quality rough and succulent fodder, robotic installations that provide accounting for milk yield, automatic filtering, cooling. Such machines are equipped with a washing and disinfection system, which allows you to get high-grade milk. Here are two investment calculations. They are compiled for completely different regions of the country, however, the main indicators are very similar.
Basic expenses, rub. | Source of funds, rub. |
||
---|---|---|---|
Purchase of cows | 3,000,000 (50 heads) | Credit funds (Rosselkhozbank, 13% for 3 years) | |
Purchase of milking equipment, mechanization | Subsidy under the program of the Vologda Oblast | ||
Premises construction | Own contribution | ||
Sales of products | Delivery to the processing plant |
||
Loan repayment | 2 223 800 per year |
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Total profit | |||
Profitability | |||
Profit after taxes |
Indicators | Expenses, rub. | Attachment Source |
|
---|---|---|---|
Acquisition of livestock | 1,600,000 (30 heads) | Grant of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic | |
Buying a feed truck | Rosselkhozbank loan (14% per annum) | ||
Homemade barn construction | Own funds | ||
Sales directions | Retail: markets, individuals |
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Planned revenue per year | |||
Net profit | |||
Payback period and profitability | 48 months |
The level of investment in dairy production is high, so a well-thought-out business plan is needed. It is required for both subsidies and concessional loans. The advantages of small farms are that they produce environmentally friendly products, providing a relatively low cost due to labor efficiency. Profitability increases many times if the entrepreneur himself is engaged in milk processing.
Support and lending to milk producers
1. Programs of the Ministry of Agriculture.
The main types of assistance are provided under the state subprogram "Development of dairy farming".
- Subsidy per liter of commercial milk sold. Provided to all producers, since 2015 only the highest grade is subsidized. It is determined by the processor. Regional authorities can introduce their own conditions: the number of calves, the percentage of fat and others. To receive a subsidy, you need to apply with an application to the local administration department, head of agrarian issues.
- Subsidized interest on loans. Support is provided through accredited banks. The state repays part of the interest in the amount of 100% of the refinancing rate, regional authorities up to 3% of the amount taken. Due to this, banks reduce interest for agricultural producers, and the loan is cheaper.
- Reimbursement of part of the costs of business projects. The application is made through the administration of the district, region. Provides a refund on new investment projects, expenses for modernization and re-equipment - up to 40%, for the purchase of highly productive dairy breeds - up to 50%. The money is transferred to the account of the commodity producer not earlier than 2 years after the start of the project, provided that it reaches its design capacity. When buying animals - not earlier than the 5th year.
Three examples of successful work of "dairy" peasant farms
In 2002, he organized his own farm, took a loan from the Russian Agricultural Bank, in 2012 he registered a peasant farm and received a grant for development. Now he keeps 70 cows, cultivates 150 hectares of land, delivers 150 tons of marketable milk per year for processing. In comparison with a large farm located in the neighborhood, the cost of milk is several times lower due to complete autonomy (own feed), labor efficiency (2 people).
Alexander is only 25 years old. He set up his business in 2012. There are 38 dairy cows on the farm, 100 hectares of land are leased. Milk is sold fresh through its own outlets in the markets of the city of Abakan. He receives 300 liters per month from one cow, and 3,900 in revenue. He dreams of changing the herd, buying a Simmental breed of cows, and dramatically increasing milk yield. He believes that without his own feed base, milk production will be unprofitable.
Established in 1992, in 2004 there were 50 heads of cattle, now there are 122 cows on the farm. In 2006, they reconstructed the farm, purchased German milking machines, a mini milk processing plant. They produce 10 tons of milk per day, packaged on their own equipment, deliver to stores in their city and Yekaterinburg, supply the plant Catering, schools, kindergartens.
findings
There is a demand for milk, it is growing, and exceeds the supply. Especially, given the course to increase the production of their cheeses and butter. Accordingly, a dairy farm as a business looks like a profitable business in the long run.
The risks are also high: crop failures leading to feed shortages, rising prices for seeds, breeding animals, seasonality in milk production, delays in subsidies - they must be taken into account when planning.
Own business on the basis of a dairy processing enterprise is a difficult, but interesting and profitable business. You can start it with small volumes of production.
Dairy products - cottage cheese, sour cream, kefir are used as start-ups and produced on inexpensive equipment for milk processing. Over time, production is modernized, expanding the range.
The opening of a turnkey milk processing plant starts from the calculation of how much milk per day you are ready to process and what products to produce.
Dairy production is around the clock, so it is loaded at full capacity. The assortment is chosen so that all raw materials are consumed, with maximum output. Therefore, products with a different percentage of fat content are selected, as well as whole milk and sour-milk products.
Equipment necessary for processing
When choosing and ordering equipment, it is important to choose the right manufacturer. It must be an experienced supplier with completed ongoing projects.
Polish and Chinese manufacturers are leaders in the equipment supplier market. But preference should be given to Russian ones for reasons of value for money.
If the supplier's proposal meets the above requirements, then a supply contract is concluded with him:
- Individual project, based on customer requirements.
- Timely delivery.
- Availability of certificates.
- Installation services.
- Staff training.
- Trial production.
- Warranty service.
The low-capacity processing complex is designed to produce milk and sour cream.
The minimum set of equipment includes:
- capacity for receiving raw materials;
- separator;
- vat for pasteurization;
- digester;
- heating equipment;
- the other - pumps, filters, bottling and packaging lines, refrigeration equipment.
Two people serve this installation.
When expanding the range, increasing production volumes, additional units will be needed for the packaging line - a homogenizer, a butter churn, containers for cottage cheese, condensed milk, processed cheese.
For packaging - vacuum installation, conveyor belt, etc.
Milk processing equipment is designed for placement in special boxes. According to technology and sanitary requirements, there are at least three of them. Required area- from 45 m2.
The modular milk processing plant is a ready-made production, which is sold on a turnkey basis and is designed for volumes from 500 to 10,000 kg of milk per day.
The complex includes:
The set of mini-plants is supplied with a set of communications for connecting heat, electricity, and water supply. It is possible to install a microclimate maintenance system.
The finished milk processing complex complies with SanPiNam and the requirements of fire, electrical safety and labor protection standards.
Modern equipment is made to order, energy efficient, easy to use, and low cost.
Installation, start-up and adjustment works, personnel training take place for an additional fee.
What matters is how much a standard package of milk processing equipment costs. The price depends on the power. For a factory designed to process 500 liters per day, pay a million, maximum two. A production with a turnover of 20,000 liters costs 20-30 million and more.
Raw materials and manufactured products
Milk from farms is tested for quality already at the stage of receipt for processing. Ask the supplier for veterinary confirmation (certificate) that the herd is healthy.
If milk is infected, for example, with leukemia, you will have to lose the entire batch of products, and at the same time the reputation of a conscientious manufacturer.
Force majeure happens. If you are not sure that one farm will be able to provide production capacity, it is better to conclude contracts with two or more suppliers.
Ideally, breed your own dairy cattle. Then the problem of quality control, delivery time and cost of raw materials will be solved.
They start with milk and cream, which do not need sophisticated equipment and financial costs. Then the assortment is expanded, including the production of sour cream and cottage cheese. To do this, get a separator.
Profitable equipment for powdered milk and cream. This product is in demand among wholesale buyers. Condensed milk is made on the same line. Yogurts with fillers, curd cheeses, ice cream are in demand on the market.
Quality requirements and permits
Every food production is controlled. One of the first places in terms of the severity of requirements is occupied by milk processing plants, since milk is a perishable product.
The condition of the premises, equipment, product quality are checked for compliance state standards, sanitary rules and regulations.
Here is a list of required documents:
- Documentation for the construction and supply of communications.
- Permission to transport raw materials.
- Information about the quality of purchased milk.
- Veterinary certificate for production.
- Goods quality certificates.
- Results of laboratory researches.
- Permission to conduct wholesale and retail trade.
- Documentation on fire, electrical safety and compliance with labor protection.
- Each package is marked with the date of manufacture and expiry date.
This list is not exhaustive, new details will surely come to light in the process of work, and the legislation on quality control does not stand still.
Room selection
The construction of a mini milk processing workshop contributes to the success of the upcoming business. From the choice of location, permits, approvals depends on the amount of investment and payback in the future.
Some of these problems are solved by the installation of modular structures. They are adapted for the installation of equipment and guarantee compliance with SanPiNs. You just have to choose the right place in terms of logistics.
Pay close attention to the reliability of the power supply. Power surges, power outages disable expensive equipment. It will be impossible to save raw materials and products in the event of an emergency power outage for 3-5 hours.
It is important how far the farms are located where you buy raw materials. Shipping costs affect the cost of the final product. From the moment of receipt to the beginning of processing, 36 hours are allotted for storage of raw milk, provided that the temperature regime is kept within the range from -4 to + 20C.
Staff
At least two people can service the equipment of one workshop. Modular plants of a wide profile involve up to eight people per shift. Considering that the production works in a continuous cycle, it will be necessary to use three shifts.
A laboratory assistant, a technologist are involved in the work. How to organize accounting, commercial, logistical components of the project, the owners decide on their own or by attracting people on a contractual basis.
Employees must have a health book and regularly undergo medical examinations. Give preference to those applicants who have a specialized education and experience in the industry.
Payback
Equipment for milk processing for farms pays off from one to three years. Provided that the level of profitability is 15%.
It depends on the volumes of the enterprise, the higher they are, the shorter the period for which the plant will go into the "plus". A stable sales market means a lot. If the number of products is large, it is better to pay attention to wholesale bases, chain stores, large retail outlets. So you can predict the supply plan in advance.
Transportation of dairy products
The products of milk processing shops arrive at retail outlets early in the morning in order to sell them in a day. Milk is a perishable product with a short shelf life, so the time of its delivery to the consumer should be minimal. The freshness parameter is affected by the time of year; in the summer, in the heat, dairy products deteriorate faster.
Milk processing at home
The question of milk conservation has arisen since the moment when man tamed ungulates. During heat treatment or fermentation, products are stored longer, and their nutritional value does not decrease.
Having even one cow, you have to process the milk at home. The sales market is limited to the circle of neighbors and acquaintances. But even such a small family business brings a steady income to the owners.
Recipes and equipment for milk processing at home
The first way to preserve milk at home is by boiling. Evaporating milk with sugar, get homemade condensed milk. Milk stewed in earthenware in an oven or oven for one and a half to two hours acquires a creamy color and becomes melted.
An equally popular option is to obtain lactic acid products (yogurt, kefir, yogurt). To do this, use special starter cultures, milk fungi. Live fermentation products from the store are also suitable.
If your family runs a personal subsidiary farm and keeps cows, the question of purchasing equipment for milk processing at home will certainly arise.
These are separators designed for processing from 30 to 100 liters, oil churns with manual or electric drive.
A family that adheres to the principles of a healthy diet will not regret purchasing a yogurt maker. A natural breakfast without preservatives with your favorite fillers will delight children and adults.
Goat cheese is extremely popular and healthy. It is expensive and is considered a dietary product.
Ecological and gastronomic tourism in Russia is gaining more and more fans. We can give more than one example of successful farming projects, when on the basis of a family business, places to attract tourists are created with contact zoo farms, excursions to a mini-cheese factory, tasting and a visit to a pizzeria cafe.
Food companies will always make a profit. So dairy production is a profitable investment of effort and money.