Social revolutions and social reforms. The concept of social progress. social change
Choose a concept that generalizes to all the other concepts in the series below. Write down this word (phrase).
social revolution, economic reform, social progress, social dynamics, fundamental transformations.
Explanation.
Social dynamics is social change, movement, development.
A social revolution is a qualitative revolution in the entire social structure of society.
Economic reform is a restructuring that affects the economic sphere.
Social progress is development, which is characterized by a transition from the lower to the higher, from the simple to the more complex, the movement to the more perfect.
Find a concept that generalizes to all the other concepts of the series below. Write down this word (phrase).
Explanation.
Social dynamics is social change, movement, development.
Revolutionary transformations are a qualitative revolution in the entire social structure of society.
Social reform is a restructuring that affects any of the spheres of society.
Progress - development, which is characterized by a transition from the lower to the higher, from the simple to the more complex, the movement to the more perfect.
Regression - decline, rollback.
Answer: social dynamics.
Answer: social dynamics
Subject area: Man and society. The concept of social progress
1) progress, 2) structure, 3) evolution, 4) reform, 5) recession, 6) stratification.
Find two terms that “fall out” of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in response.
Explanation.
Social dynamics - the movement, change and development of society. There are different directions (progress and regress), forms and types of social dynamics (revolution and evolution).
Reform - change, transformation in any social sphere, coming from the authorities.
Answer: 26
Source: Demo version of the USE-2014 in social studies.
Find a concept that generalizes to all the other concepts in the series below. Write down this word (phrase).
social revolution, political reform, social dynamics, educational counter-reform, social progress.
Explanation.
All the concepts presented are changes in society, that is, social dynamics.
Answer: social dynamics.
Answer: social dynamics
Subject area: Man and society. The concept of social progress
1) progress
2) structure
3) evolution
4) reform
6) stratification
Find two terms that “fall out” of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in response.
Explanation.
Dynamics is change. Structure and stratification are not. These terms describe society, not change.
Answer: 26.
Answer: 26|62
Subject area: Man and society. The concept of social progress
Evgeny Zharko (Taganrog) 01.02.2013 02:06
why is stratification not a term for changing society, a manifestation of its dynamics? after all, income changes throughout life, a person’s education doubles or triples, the achievement of prestigious needs is all an indicator of dynamics, changes in society
Anastasia Smirnova (St. Petersburg)
By itself, stratification does not characterize dynamics. Its presence indicates the presence of dynamics, but nothing more.
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Reform and revolution are
1) manifestations of social dynamics
2) elements of the structure of society
3) types of social connections
4) types of social institutions
Explanation.
Social dynamics - change, development, movement of society. Social changes are the transition of certain social objects from one state to another, the emergence of new properties, functions, relationships, i.e. modifications in the social organization, social institutions, social structure, patterns of behavior established in society. Social changes leading to profound qualitative shifts are called social development.
Social structure - interconnected elements that make up the internal structure of society. They are social groups, institutions, etc.
Social institutions are a historically established stable form of organizing the joint activities of people who perform certain functions in society. The most important institutions are property, power, state, family, religion, education, science, etc.
The correct answer is number 1.
Answer: 1
Subject area: Man and society. The concept of social progress
Petr Dmitrievich Sadovsky
Social institutions - a generalizing concept, including includes political institutions.
Below are some terms. All of them, with the exception of two, characterize social dynamics. Find two terms that “fall out” of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in response.
Explanation.
Social dynamics does not include the concepts of inequality and social structure.
Answer: 2, 6.
Answer: 26|62
Subject area: Man and society. The concept of social progress
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
Reform is a transformation, which means a change, therefore it applies.
Ksenia Kondyleva 17.11.2016 09:55
And mobility is somehow related to the social. dynamics?
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
Mobility is change, means dynamics
Countries with a warm, humid climate, such as Brazil and Colombia, find it profitable to grow and supply coffee to the world market. Brazil is the leader in the production of coffee beans, so any weather disaster in this country always has a dramatic effect on the dynamics of coffee prices. Against the backdrop of the severe drought in Brazil in 2014, Arabica rose in price at the fastest pace in the last 10 years. What economic phenomena can be illustrated by this situation? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) inflation
2) competition
3) specialization
4) monopolization
5) informatization
6) humanization
Explanation.
1) inflation - no, not true, the Arabica variety has risen in price at the fastest pace in the last 10 years, but nothing is said about the dynamics of the general price level in these states.
2) competition - yes, that's right, two countries.
3) specialization - yes, that's right.
4) monopolization - no, not true, two countries.
5) informatization - no, it's not true.
6) humanization - no, not true.
Answer: 23.
Answer: 23
1) The economic development of the country is influenced by the historical and geographical conditions of its existence.
2) There are no uniform patterns for the economic development of different countries.
3) One of the indicators of the economic development of society is the sectoral structure of the economy.
4) Economic development is characterized by both positive and negative dynamics of the economy.
5) The volume of GDP per capita characterizes the economic potential of the country.
Explanation.
The economic development of a society is a multifaceted process that includes economic growth, structural changes in the economy, and an increase in the level and quality of life of the population. This process does not always follow an ascending line, it includes periods of growth and decline.
1) The economic development of the country is influenced by the historical and geographical conditions of its existence - yes, that's right.
2) There are no uniform patterns for the economic development of different countries - no, it is not true.
3) One of the indicators of the economic development of society is the sectoral structure of the economy - yes, that's right.
4) Economic development is characterized by both positive and negative dynamics of the economy - yes, that's right.
5) The volume of GDP per capita characterizes the economic potential of the country - no, it is not true.
Answer: 134.
Answer: 134
Ivan George
There are universal economic patterns that affect the development of various countries.
Athena Magerramova 23.01.2019 11:09
Please explain why 5 is wrong? Doesn't the volume of GDP determine the economic development of the country?
Ivan Ivanovich
Real GDP is a macroeconomic indicator that determines the economic growth of the state. But the statement is not about economic growth or development, but about the economic potential, that is, the total ability of the country's economy, its industries, to produce products, goods, services, meet the needs of the population, social needs, ensure the development of production and consumption.
·Below are some terms. All of them, with the exception of two, characterize social dynamics.
1) progress
2) structure
3) evolution
4) reform
5) revolution
6) system
Find two terms that "fall out" from the general series, and write them down in the numbers under which they are indicated.
Explanation.
System and structure do not belong to dynamics.
Answer: 26.
Answer: 26
BUT | B | AT | G | D |
Explanation.
Microeconomics - the activities of individual actors (enterprise). Macroeconomics is economic activity within a country. Macroeconomic indicators: GDP, inflation, unemployment, etc.
A) the dynamics of gross domestic product - macroeconomics.
B) the behavior of consumers of individual goods and services - microeconomics.
C) the conditions for business success in certain areas - microeconomics.
D) change in exchange rates - macroeconomics.
E) the causes of economic crises - macroeconomics.
Answer: 21122.
VTsIOM studied the dynamics of respondents' assessments of the degree of importance of a number of democratic institutions. The research took place from 1997 to 2010. The results of the last year of the study are presented in the table. Draw three possible conclusions from this data.
Dynamics of respondents' assessments of the degree of importance of a number of democratic institutions (in %)
Democratic institutions | 2010 |
---|---|
Multi-party system | |
Important | 41 |
Doesn't matter | 39 |
Difficult to answer | 20 |
Presence of representative authorities (Federation Council, State Duma, etc.) |
|
Important | 47 |
Doesn't matter | 29 |
Difficult to answer | 24 |
Freedom of enterprise | |
Important | 65 |
Doesn't matter | 15 |
Difficult to answer | 20 |
Freedom of speech and media | |
Important | 75 |
Doesn't matter | 11 |
Difficult to answer | 14 |
Freedom to travel abroad | |
Important | 61 |
Doesn't matter | 23 |
Difficult to answer | 16 |
Election of authorities | |
Important | 75 |
Doesn't matter | 10 |
Difficult to answer | 15 |
Source: monitoring studies of IS RAS.
Explanation.
The correct answer should contain the following conclusions, for example:
The most significant institutions in the opinion of Russians are the election of bodies and freedom of speech and the media;
Less than half of the respondents appreciated the importance of a multi-party system;
Every fourth person found it difficult to assess the presence of representative bodies of power.
Elements of the answer can be given in a different form that is close in meaning.
HISTORICAL TYPES OF SOCIETIES
Explanation.
Types of society: traditional, industrial, post-industrial (information).
Answer: traditional.
Answer: traditional | agricultural
Subject area: Man and society. Multivariance of social development (Types of societies)
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
You can say, but on the exam this answer will be counted as incorrect.
Anastasia Bychkova 02.07.2017 20:27
why the answer "agrarian" will be counted as an error? Because this word is mentioned in the text?
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
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Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
“In the broadest sense, culture is the process and product of ______ (A) society. Culture as __________(B) is represented by a set of institutions, areas, norms and principles. Fundamental principles, samples, _______ (B) are stably preserved in the dynamics of culture and are characteristic of all cultural forms. This allows us to consider culture as a specific mechanism for the succession of various ________ (D) developments of society. Then the individual acts as a link between various elements of society. Outside the cultural environment, neither interpersonal communication, nor socialization, nor the very existence of __________ (D) is possible.
The widespread division into material and spiritual culture, upon closer examination, reveals its _________ (E). Culture is an inseparable unity of material and ideal, subjective and objective aspects.
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once.
Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.
A | B | AT | G | D | E |
Explanation.
Based on the context, the sequence 964875 is the only correct answer. Indirect clues are the gender, number and case of words.
Answer: 9, 6, 4, 8, 7, 5.
Answer: 964875
Subject area: Man and society. The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture
Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. main wave. Ural. Option 6.
The diagram shows the dynamics of marriage, divorce and poverty rates in country Z in 2005–2007.
Find in the list of conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) During the indicated period, the decrease in the level of poverty was accompanied by a decrease in the level of divorce.
2) In the indicated period, the divorce rate in absolute terms changed less than the poverty rate and the marriage rate.
3) During the specified period, the increase in the level of marriage was accompanied by an increase in the level of divorce.
4) During this period, the decline in poverty was accompanied by an increase in the marriage rate.
5) During this period, the number of married couples with incomes below the poverty level increased.
Explanation.
1) During this period, the decrease in the level of poverty was accompanied by a decrease in the level of divorce - no, not true, the growth of one and the fall of the other.
2) During this period, the divorce rate in absolute terms has changed less than the poverty rate and the marriage rate - yes, that's right.
3) During this period, an increase in the marriage rate was accompanied by an increase in the divorce rate - yes, that's right.
4) During this period, the decline in poverty was accompanied by an increase in the marriage rate - yes, that's right.
5) During the indicated period, the number of married couples with incomes below the poverty level increased - no, it is not true, such a conclusion cannot be drawn from these data.
Answer: 234.
Answer: 234
The dynamics of the GDP of country Z in 2014 is reflected in the segment AB in the presented graph. In what phase of the economic cycle was the economy of country Z in 2014? name three character traits this phase of the business cycle.
Explanation.
The correct answer must include the following items:
1) phase of the economic cycle: recession;
2) three characteristic features of this phase, for example:
Rising unemployment;
Reduction of production volumes;
Decrease in business and investment activity.
Other traits may be named.
Ivan George
The graph shows the dynamics of real GDP for a certain period. The market economy develops cyclically, as can be seen from the graph. It is necessary to know the stages of the economic cycle: expansion (rise, from the beginning of the chart to A, A1 to A2), recession (decline, A to B), stagnation (stagnation, from B to B1), recovery (rise to the peak of the previous cycle, after which starts a new cycle, from B1 to A1). Each stage corresponds to certain characteristics (see Ivanov's textbook on economics, par. 13.1).
PS: on the exam, the task of level 27 goes without a picture, this task is recommended to be used to work out the topic of the economic cycle.
Read the text below with a number of words missing.
The norms contained in various ____ (A) laws, as well as legal relations that develop on the basis of norms, are designed to cause the behavior of people desired by the legislator. For this prescription, ____ (B) must pass through the will and consciousness of people. The formation of ____ (B) consciousness is carried out throughout a person's life. First, children get an idea of what is good and what is bad. Later, this knowledge is transformed into life principles. The family influences the formation of legal consciousness. Human relationships in the family are a prototype of relationships in ____ (D). Then the environment in which the children are located leaves an imprint on the development of legal consciousness. Legal consciousness affects ____ (D) people. For most individuals, ____ (E) behavior is precisely legal consciousness, since they do not know specific legal regulations.
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once.
Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
BUT | B | AT | G | D | E |
CHARACTERISTICS OF UNEMPLOYMENT | TYPE OF UNEMPLOYMENT | ||||
A) arises as a result of economic B) is associated with the time spent on searching new work C) occurs when you first look for a job youth D) reveals the state of the economic conjuncture reflecting the dynamics market economy D) due to voluntary dismissal worker | 1) friction 2) cyclic |
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
BUT | B | AT | G | D |
One of the most important problems of sociology is the problem of social changes, their mechanisms, their main forms and orientation. The concept of "social change" is the most general. social change is the transition of social systems, communities, institutions and organizations from one state to another. Changes are inherent in all elements of the social structure of society and manifest themselves at all stages of its existence. Interacting with each other, they seem to determine each other: some changes cause others, their accumulation leads first to imperceptible, and then to more significant transformations. The process of social development is carried out on the basis of changes.
The concept of "social development" specifies the concept of "social change". social development- irreversible, directed change in social systems, communities, institutions and organizations. Development involves the transition from simple to complex, from lower to higher, and so on. In turn, the concept of "social development" is specified in sociology by such qualitative characteristics as "social progress" and "social regression".
Social progress is a special type of development of society, in which society as a whole or its individual elements move to a higher stage, the stage of maturity in accordance with objective criteria. Accordingly, social regression means the downward movement of social systems from more developed to less developed.
Sociologists put different content into the concepts of "social progress" and "social regression". Often these concepts characterize the progressive or downward movement of society. Progress seen as synonymous with development. If the sum of the positive consequences of large-scale changes in society exceeds the sum of the negative ones, then we speak of the progress of society. If the sum of negative changes exceeds the sum of positive ones, then it is considered that there is a regression.
However, the concept of "social progress" is most often used to assess the direction of social development. social progress in this sense, the global, world-historical process of the ascent of human society from the lower levels to the highest (from the state of savagery to the heights of civilization with a civilizational approach and from a primitive communal formation to a communist one with a formational approach) is called.
Objective indicators of social progress are associated with the improvement of tools of labor - other means of production, constantly increasing the productive power of man as a generic being.
In this case, the concept "social regression" cannot be considered as fully correlative to the concept of "social progress". The fact is that most sociologists believe that regression can only be inherent in certain areas. public life. It can cover individual spheres of public life: industrial, political, etc., hit individual states, entire civilizations and formations. But covering individual social structures of society, regress cannot spread to society as a whole, since society as a whole, humanity in its movement, despite all the zigzags, declines and destructive moments, continues to develop in an ascending line. In other words, society always has room for improvement, and no ideal state of it can be considered as its final goal.
There are gradual and spasmodic types of social progress. The first is called reformist, the second revolutionary.
Reforms and revolutions differ in scale, subject of implementation and their historical significance. reforms- partial improvements in any spheres of public life, a number of gradual transformations that do not affect the foundations of the existing social system.
The subject of social reforms the ruling strata of this or that society act.
Revolution- this is a complex change in all aspects of social life, transforming the foundations of the existing system. Reforms are called social if they relate to transformations in those areas of public life that are directly related to people, are reflected in their level and way of life, to social benefits. An example of economic reforms is the famous Stolypin reform of agriculture (1905-1910), aimed at significantly limiting communal and feudal land ownership and developing market relations in agriculture.
The broad masses of the people are the subjects of social revolutions. Revolutions are spasmodic in nature and represent a form of transition of society from one qualitative state to another.
Reforms and revolutions are different instruments of social change, but there is no impassable abyss between them. Reforms, as a rule, are conceived by the ruling elite as a single act or a series of successive actions that introduce some kind of innovation into public life. They begin with some kind of legislative act and provide for a series of organizational measures by the executive authorities. But if these innovations are of a serious nature, then the entire society is involved in the reform process. At some stage, the ruling elite, and the government in particular, may lose control of the social process, and reforms gradually turn into revolutions. The initial partial changes acquire a ubiquitous character, capture all spheres of public life and turn into a revolution.
Modern Western sociology recognizes modernization as one of the instruments for moving society along the path of social progress based on a combination of reforms and revolution. Term "modernization" does not refer to the entire period of social progress, but only to one of its stages - the modern one. Translated from English, "modernization" means modernizing. Since the modern period "New Time" in human history dates from the moment of the birth and flourishing of capitalism, the essence of modernization is associated with the spread of social relations and values of capitalism throughout the globe.
Modernization- this is a revolutionary transition from a pre-industrial to an industrial or capitalist society, carried out through complex reforms, it implies a radical change in social institutions and the way of life of people, covering all spheres of society. Modernization theory aims to explain how latecomers in their development can reach the modern stage and solve internal problems without breaking the order of stages.
Sociologists distinguish between two types of modernization: organic and inorganic. Organic modernization is a moment of the country's own development and has been prepared by the entire course of previous development. It occurs as a natural process of progressive development of social life during the transition from feudalism to capitalism. Such modernization begins not with the economy, but with culture, and with a change in public consciousness. The process of natural modernization has now gone through the developed capitalist countries: England, France, the USA, and others.
Inorganic Modernization occurs as a response to an external challenge from more developed countries. It is a method of "catching up" development, undertaken by the ruling circles of a particular country, with the aim of overcoming historical backwardness and avoiding foreign dependence. Inorganic modernization does not begin with culture, but with economics and politics. Inorganic modernization is carried out by borrowing foreign experience, acquiring advanced equipment and technology, inviting specialists, studying abroad, restructuring forms government controlled and norms of cultural life on the model of advanced ("advanced") countries.
An example of the policy of modernization is the activity of the ruling elites of Russia, Germany, Japan, and others at various stages of historical development. As a vivid manifestation of the policy of modernization, one can regard the Peter the Great reforms of the 18th century, the abolition of serfdom and the processes that followed it in the second half.
XIX - early XX century, Stalin's industrialization of the 30s of the XX century, Gorbachev's perestroika of 1985-1991, economic reforms of the 90s of the XX century.
organic modernization goes naturally, "from below". Therefore, it usually always gives a positive result. Inorganic modernization starts "from the top". In order for this policy to lead to positive results, it must be supported by broad sections of the population. In Japan, after the Second World War, this policy was favorably received by the population. As a result, over 20 years, based on foreign investment and borrowing advanced technology, Japan has managed to catch up and overtake the advanced capitalist countries. The main condition of the "Japanese miracle" is that its ruling elite and people managed to organically link the traditional culture of the people with the values of modern civilization, on the basis of this linkage, in a short time, inorganic modernization was replaced by organic.
In Russia, such a linkage has not been achieved for 200 years. Therefore, modernization policies have never had strong social support.
Ways of development of society is an evolutionary, revolutionary and reforming way. Let's consider each of them.
Evolution - it is (from the Latin evolutio - “deployment”) the process of natural change in society, in which a social form of development of society arises, which differs from the previous one. The evolutionary path of development is smooth, gradual changes that occur in society in specific historical conditions.
For the first time a sociologist spoke about social evolution Spencer g.
The modern Russian historian highly appreciated the evolutionary path of development Volobuev P. He named positive aspects of evolution:
- Ensures the continuity of development, preserving all the accumulated wealth
- It is accompanied by positive qualitative changes, and in all spheres of society.
- Evolution uses reforms, is able to provide and support social progress, to give it a civilized form.
Revolution- (from lat. revolutio - turn, transformation) these are root, spasmodic, significant changes in society, which lead to the transition of society from one qualitative state to another.
Types of revolutions
By run time:
- Short-term (for example, the February Revolution in Russia in 1917)
- Long-term (for example, the Neolithic, that is, the transition from an appropriating to a producing type of economy, lasted about 3 thousand years; the industrial revolution, that is, the transition from manual labor to machine labor, lasted about 200 years, this is 18-19 centuries).
By areas of flow
- technical (Neolithic, industrial, scientific and technical)
- cultural
- social (with change of power)
According to the scale of flow:
- in a separate country
- in a number of countries
- global
Assessments of social revolutions
K. Marx:“Revolution is the locomotive of history”, “the driving force of society”
Berdyaev N.: “All revolutions ended in reactions. It's inevitable. This is the law. And the more violent and furious the revolutions were, the stronger were the reactions.
Most sociologists see revolution as an undesirable deviation from the natural course of history, because any revolution is always violence, death of people, impoverishment of people.
Reform- (from lat. reformo transformation) is a change in society carried out from above by the government, power. This happens through the adoption of laws, regulations and other authoritative prescriptions. Reforms can take place in one area or in several at once. However, there are no significant, fundamental changes in the state (in the system, phenomenon, structure).
Types of reforms
Influence on the course of historical development
- progressive, that is, leading to improvement in any area of society (reform of education, health care. Recall the reforms of Alexander II - peasant, zemstvo, judicial, military - all of them significantly improved social relations.
- Regressive - leading to a backward movement, worsening something in society. So counter-reform Alexander III led to increased reaction, conservatism in management.
By area of society:
- Economic(conversions to economic activity countries)
- Social(creation of conditions for a decent life for people)
- Political(changes in political sphere e.g. the adoption of a constitution, a new electoral law, etc.)
New types of revolutions of the 20th and 21st centuries:
- "green" revolution - a set of changes in agriculture that occurred in developing countries in the 1940s-1970s of the 20th century. These include: introduction of more productive plant varieties; expansion of irrigation, that is irrigation systems; improvement of agricultural machinery; the use of fertilizers, pesticides, chemicals for pest and weed control . Target this revolution - a significant increase in agricultural production, access to the world market.
- "velvet" revolution is a process of bloodless reform of the social regime. For the first time the term arose in connection with the events in Czechoslovakia in November-December 1989. In these revolutions, the leading role is played by elite groups that compete with the same elite, but in power.
- "orange" revolution is a company of rallies, protests, strikes, pickets and other acts of civil disobedience, the purpose of which is to solve pressing problems. The term first appeared in connection with the events in Ukraine in 2004, when supporters of Yushchenko and Yanukovych opposed.
Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna
A social revolution is a way of moving from a historically obsolete era to a more progressive one; a radical qualitative revolution in the entire social structure of society. The question of the role of revolutions in social development is the subject of a sharp ideological struggle. Many representatives of the "sociology of revolution" argue that the revolution as a form of social development is inefficient and fruitless, associated with enormous costs and inferior to evolutionary forms of development in all respects. Representatives of Marxism, on the contrary, call social revolutions "the locomotive of history." They insist that social progress takes place only in revolutionary epochs. Thus, in Marxism the progressive role of social revolutions is emphasized in every possible way:
- 1) social revolutions resolve numerous contradictions that slowly accumulate during the period of evolutionary development, open up more scope for the progress of productive forces and society as a whole;
- 2) lead to a revolutionary emancipation of the forces of the people, raise the masses of the people to a new level of activity and development;
- 3) liberate the personality, stimulate its spiritual and moral development, increase the degree of its freedom;
- 4) they discard the obsolete, keep everything progressive from the old, thus social revolutions are a solid foundation for the successful progressive development of society.
In real development processes, evolution and revolution are equally necessary components and form a contradictory unity. When describing a social revolution, two most characteristic features stand out:
- 1) social revolution as a break in gradualness, as a qualitative transition to the next stage of development, as a manifestation of the creativity of the masses and revolutionary elites (the Marxist doctrine of social revolution as a qualitative leap in the transition of society to a higher stage of development);
- 2) social revolution as rapid and large-scale transformations in society (here the revolution is opposed to reforms).
In social life, the term "reform" is added to the concepts of evolution and revolution.
Reform (from lat. - transformation) - change, reorganization of any aspect of social life, which does not destroy the foundations of the existing social structure. From a formal point of view, reform means innovation of any content, but in practice, reform is usually understood as a progressive transformation.
Social (public) progress. Majority sociological theories XIX century were influenced by the concept of social progress. The idea that changes in the world occur in a certain direction arose in ancient times. At the same time, progress was opposed to regress - in the sense that the progressive movement is characterized as a transition from the lower to the higher, from the simple to the complex, from the less perfect to the more perfect. Attempts have been made to find the underlying laws of evolution. G. Spencer and other supporters of social Darwinism considered social evolution as an analogy of biological evolution. At the same time, evolution was interpreted as a unidirectional transition of society from homogeneous and simple structures to more and more diverse and interdependent. Darwin's "struggle for existence" and "survival of the fittest" were considered the basic laws of the development of society. These laws of nature were likened to the laws of free competition.
So social progress means an ascent to a higher complex forms public life. As applied to the topic under discussion, this means the growth of progressive social changes: the improvement of living conditions, the development of science, technology and education, the emergence of more rights and freedoms, etc. However, it is difficult to talk about progress in relation to many social phenomena, since the development of some phenomena of social life is non-linear. For example, within the framework of art, religion and some other social phenomena, the highest models of development were created already several centuries or even millennia ago. At the same time, in relation to such phenomena as technique, technology, etc. can be quite unequivocally spoken of as constantly progressing phenomena. Therefore, social progress is spoken of as a trinity of several tendencies (progressiveness, regressivity, movement in a circle). It all depends on which of these trends (as applied to a particular social phenomenon) prevails.
social change It is the transition of society from one state to another. A change in which an irreversible complication of the social structure occurs is called social development . Distinguish between evolutionary and revolutionary paths of development.
The concept of social evolution is associated with:
- gradual accumulation of changes;
- the naturally conditioned nature of these changes;
- · the organic nature of the processes, which determines the development of all processes on the basis of natural functional relationships.
The concept of social revolution is associated with:
- Relatively fast change
- subjectively directed changes based on knowledge;
- the inorganic nature of these processes.
- 1. The development of society has a linear ascending character. It is assumed that society goes through a number of successive stages of development, each of which uses special methods of accumulating and transferring knowledge, communication, obtaining means of subsistence, as well as different degrees of complexity of society's structures.
One of the most famous sociological concepts of this type is the scheme of the development of society, which he tried to build
K. Marx, who relied in his reflections on Hegel's concept of history. He proposed to identify several successive socio-economic formations, and the basis for this was the level of development of the productive forces and production relations. In accordance with this, primitive, slave-owning, feudal, capitalist and communist formations were described. Another textbook example of this way of looking at social, as well as all other changes, is the idea of evolutionism, which in the science of society has been called "social Darwinism".
This type of explanation, or rather, the description and presentation of social processes, has deep roots in Christian tradition, according to which the world was created by God and subsequently - after the Last Judgment - will cease to exist.
The main provision of such approaches to the description of the development of society is the statement about the presence of gradual global changes which all social systems undergo. Hence, this is a unique question that knows no exceptions. There are several directions in which such changes are taking place: social revolution society
-- changing the ways of accumulation and transfer of social experience:
from this point of view, one can distinguish between pre-written and written methods (sometimes this list is supplemented by electronic technologies);
- -- changes in livelihoods: here we distinguish between societies that provide life: a) by hunting and gathering,
- b) cattle breeding and agriculture, c) industrial production,
- d) high technologies that are characteristic of the so-called post-industrial society; the term "post-industrial society" was proposed by the sociologist D. Bell;
- -- level of societal complexity.
The supporters of this approach to the description of social changes were G. Spencer, E. Durkheim, F. Tennis, A. Toffler, D. Bell and others.
G. Spencer, E. Durkheim considered the development of society as a gradual transition from an undeveloped state, characterized by the absence of significant differentiation within subsystems, to more complex differentiated systems. Currently, the concept of an industrial society is extremely popular among sociologists. It assumes that by now society has gone through three stages: pre-industrial (agrarian), industrial and post-industrial (that is, the stage at which we are now). If an industrial society is characterized by advanced automation and mechanization, then in a post-industrial society, information, intellect, and knowledge acquire the greatest value. The authors of this concept are R. Aron and W. Rostow.
2. The development of society is cyclical, repetitive.
In this case, the model describing the development of society and its changes is based on the analogy between society and nature, in which cyclic processes are very common (change of day and night, seasons, birth and death, etc.).
The cycles in the life of society are distinguished accordingly. So, for example, a period of social stability is replaced by a period of decline, and a period of decline is replaced by a period of social stability, etc.
Progress(movement forward, success) is a type or direction of development characterized by a transition from lower to higher, from less perfect to more perfect. We can talk about progress in relation to the system as a whole, to its individual elements, to the structure and other parameters of a developing object.
The idea that changes in the world occur in a certain direction arose in ancient times. However, for most ancient authors, the development of history is a simple sequence of events, a cyclical cycle repeating the same stages (Plato, Aristotle), a process going in a certain direction, towards some unknown goal.
The philosophy of the bourgeoisie, reflecting the real acceleration of social development, is filled with confidence that it is progress, for example, that determines the breaking of feudal relations.
Progress is not some kind of independent essence or an unknown goal of historical development. The concept of progress makes sense only in relation to a certain historical process or a phenomenon, such as progress in industry.
Opposite in meaning and content to the concept of "progress" is the concept "regression"(in Latin -regressus - return, backward movement), i.e. the type of development, which is characterized by a transition from higher to lower, characterized by degradation processes, lowering the level of management organization, loss of the ability to perform certain functions. The concept of "regression" also includes elements of stagnation, a return to obsolete forms and structures.
The concept of revolution is in close logical connection with the concept of evolution. Evolution and revolution have only relatively recently been recognized by people as important concepts. In inorganic nature, they correspond to a gradual change (graduality) and an abrupt change (jump). Evolution and revolution are processes that cover complex organic changes in the process of development.
Human history is, in a sense, a continuation of the history of living nature. As in the history of living nature, there is room for evolution and revolution in it. A revolution is such a change in the form of society (social system), which leads to a transition from a lower to a higher one.
Revolution- (BES) deep qualitative changes in the development of any phenomena of nature, society or knowledge (for example, a social revolution, as well as a geological, industrial, scientific, technological, cultural revolution, a revolution in physics, in philosophy, etc.) .
Evolution(from lat. evolutio - deployment), in a broad sense - a synonym for development; processes of change (primarily irreversible, occurring in living and inanimate nature as well as in social systems. E. can lead to complication, differentiation, an increase in the level of organization of the system (progress) or, conversely, to a decrease in this level (regression). In a narrow sense, the concept of E. includes only gradual quantitative changes, opposing it to development as a qualitative shift, that is, revolution. In real processes of development, revolution and economics (in the narrow sense) serve equally as necessary components and form a contradictory unity.