History of running. Run. History of development, rules Development of running from the Olympic Games
Run- one of the ways of movement (locomotion) of humans and animals; It is distinguished by the presence of the so-called "flight phase" and is carried out as a result of complex coordinated activity of skeletal muscles and limbs. Running is characterized, in general, by the same cycle of movements as when walking, the same operating forces and functional muscle groups. The difference between running and walking is the absence of a phase of double support during running.
Introduction
Running provides good conditions as an aerobic exercise that increases the endurance threshold, has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, increases the body's metabolism and thus helps to control body weight. Running has a positive effect on the immune system and improves skin tone. Strengthening the muscles of the legs and improving metabolism helps prevent and eliminate cellulite.
Running allows you to establish the rhythmic work of the endocrine and nervous systems. During running, when a person constantly overcomes the earth's gravity, jumping up and down in a vertical position, the blood flow in the vessels enters into resonance with running, while previously unused capillaries are activated. Blood microcirculation activates the activity of the internal secretion organs. The flow of hormones increases and contributes to the coordination of the activities of other organs and body systems.
musculature
Basically, the muscles of the heart, thigh and lower leg are involved in running, and in the legs there are not the same nodes of the same muscles that many athletes try to load in the gym, replacing running. In the lower leg when running, not only the calf muscle is involved, which can develop when walking in heels. The flexor and extensor of the thumb and middle finger also pushes the foot, the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles develop. From this, the lower leg becomes more even or full, harmoniously developed.
Secondary muscle development is received by the rectus abdominis, mainly in the nodes near the pubis. But the development of breathing also develops the costal nodes of this muscle.
Breath
Breathing while running is based on the body's need for oxygen. Oxygen starvation causes an increased heart rate, which affects the rapidity of breathing. Breathing, in which it is easy for a runner to talk, is called aerobic, it is considered by the pulse in the amount of less than 60% of the maximum possible. Breathing that makes it difficult to speak is called oxygen starvation breathing. Artificially created oxygen hunger makes the muscles work more actively, increase the number of microcapillaries, develops an increased number of blood vessels in the lungs, which allows oxygen to be taken better from a smaller amount of air.
Food
They run on an empty stomach, planning meals in such a way that the stomach is empty by the start of training. A full stomach strains the pancreas and can contribute to side pain.
For a run that is longer in time (from 1, 2 hours), it is advisable to take quickly digestible food. People who are actively involved in running use sports nutrition.
Story
The first Olympic competitions BC were held only in running. According to legend, the first Olympic Games were organized by Hercules in 1210 BC. e. From 776 BC e. records were kept of the games of the Olympiad, which were held only in running for one stage (192 m). In 724 BC. e. Added competition in two stages. In 720 BC. e. a seven-stage race was added, and as an example to the winner, athletes began to compete naked, this was facilitated by the culture of society, which extolled tanned athletic bodies. Women of childbearing age were not allowed to play, only men competed in the race.
Running and running competitions are known in the history of a "reasonable" person at all times, on all continents, all peoples, starting from a "skillful" person. These are the physical exercises that were necessary for the girls of ancient Greece, for the birth of healthy children. (Aristotle wrote about this, criticizing legislation that does not oblige parents to play sports with girls)
Literature
- Tour Gutos. History of running. M., Text, 2011.
- Stolbov. V.V., Finogenova. L. A., Melnikova. N. Yu. Story physical culture and Sports: Textbook. M., Physical culture and sport, 2000.
- Ivanitsky M.F. Human Anatomy: Textbook for higher educational institutions of physical culture. M., Olympia, 2008/
see also
Notes
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Synonyms:See what "Running" is in other dictionaries:
run- run/ … Morphemic spelling dictionary
Ah, suggestion. about running, on the run; m. 1. to Run (1, 4 digits) and Run (1 3, 5 7, 9 digits); the speed of such movement, flow, development. Running man, horse. Running sleigh, glider. Fast run of waves, clouds. Fast paced days. Race run... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
RUN- RUN, a method of movement in which (unlike walking) both legs do not touch the ground at the same time for a single moment, so that the body is in contact with the ground with one foot or is completely off the ground. Running is one of the most common ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia
For a long distance. 1. Unfold Iron. Alimony evasion. BBI, 26. 2. Zharg. corner. Iron. Escape from exile or ITU. BBI, 26; BSRZh, 56. Running on the spot. Razg. Iron. About activities that do not bring results. BTS, 63. Give a run. Sib. Fast… … Big Dictionary Russian sayings
See gait on the run... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. gait running; stadium, diaulos, dolichodrome, cross country, quarry, steeple chase, racing, marathon, jogging, cross country,… … Synonym dictionary
Run- Run. RUNNING, sports at various distances, one of the main types of athletics. There are: smooth running (along the stadium treadmill, highway, including marathon), barrier, with obstacles (the so-called steeple chase), cross. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- "RUN", USSR, Mosfilm, 1970, color, 197 min. Drama. Based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov. The film "Running" is the first domestic film adaptation based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov. The script was based not only on the play of the same name, but also ... ... Cinema Encyclopedia
RUNNING, sports at various distances, one of the main types of athletics. There are: smooth running (along the stadium treadmill, highway, including marathon), hurdling, with obstacles (the so-called steeple chase), cross ... Modern Encyclopedia
The book by the Honored Master of Sports of the USSR Edvin Ozolin provides materials on running technique, the physiological foundations of sprinting, selection and initial training, as well as the methodology for training highly qualified athletes.
A series: Athlete's Library
* * *
The following excerpt from the book Sprint run (E. S. Ozolin, 2010) provided by our book partner - the company LitRes.
A Brief History of Sprinting
Sprinting is the oldest sport. It is known that the first Olympic Games, about which reliable records exist, took place on the territory of Ancient Hellas in 776 BC. Only one type of competition was included in the program of the first and subsequent thirteen games - running for one stage (192.28 m). The first Olympic winner in the sprint was a cook from Elida Koreb. At the fourteenth Olympic Games, the second sprint distance was introduced - dialos - running in two stages (384.54 m). Only from the XV Olympiad, that is, 60 years later, long-distance running appeared in the program of the games - stage 24, and subsequently other sports - pentathlon (pentathlon), boxing, chariot racing, wrestling.
In the western part of the Peloponnese, about 40 km from the coast of the Ionian Sea, the river Alfei forms a wide valley. There, at the foot of Mount Chronos, lies the ancient Greek capital, Olympia. Huge pine trees exuding a persistent specific aroma and covering the ground with a soft coniferous cover that runners appreciate so much, shady oaks and plane trees, groves of wild olive trees serve as a wonderful green frame for the once magnificent special facilities for training athletes. It is always warm here, the air temperature never drops below 10 °C, the sun shines more than 200 days a year, strong sea winds almost never reach this wonderful oasis. Olympia was badly damaged by an earthquake in the 6th century. AD, but the main arena of competitions has been preserved. It is a clay platform about 50 m wide and 220 m long, framed by gently sloping earthen ramparts to accommodate spectators.
In Delphi, 20 marble starting blocks have been preserved to start running. Each of them had two special recesses in which the athletes put their feet, as well as a special groove for placing hands, where the string was placed, which was held by the starter. The judge pulled it out, which served as a signal to start running.
The judges were located on special pedestals 5 m behind the starters and on the side. Athletes and members of the jury - eladonics, selected from among the most respected people, got to the starting point through a wide thirty-meter tunnel. In the niches of this structure, as if as an edification to the starters, silver cups were placed, made with the money of athletes who violated the rules of fair wrestling. The name of the winner was loudly shouted out by the herald, and the echo in a specially built echo gallery repeated it 7 times. An olive wreath of branches cut with a golden knife crowned the head of the champion. In honor of the winners, along the alley along which the athletes entered the competition, marble sculptures were installed. The winners of the modern Olympics are also honored in their countries, and a special place is still given to the fastest man on the planet. Of course, the sport has become much more difficult than it was in antiquity. If before the applicant for the olive wreath had to undergo only a month's training course in the gymnasium before the Olympics, studying the rules of the competition, training and eating according to special diet, but now for athletes the path to the Olympic start takes an average of 7-8 years.
Athletics of modern times in our country has about a century of history. In the last third of the 19th century in different countries began to hold official competitions of runners, jumpers and throwers. At first, the competitive distances were not clearly defined.
At the end of the 19th century, Russian sprinters competed in the 300-foot, quarter-verst and half-verst races. The first open club competition in athletics took place on August 6 (18), 1897. The winners of the sprint competitions showed the results: in running 300 feet (91.4 m) - 11.0 seconds, and 188.5 fathoms (402.5 m) - 60 seconds. The founder of the system of physical exercises in Russia, P.F. Lesgaft, recommended that those involved prepare as follows: “Fast running is prescribed only when long running and jumping are fully learned and performed correctly. They pass to it, gradually accelerating a simple run and bringing it successively to a speed of 22 miles per hour (about 15 seconds per 100 m) ... In no case should you allow those who exercise to severe fatigue or the appearance of any painful phenomena. Such a regime was prescribed for sprinters at the dawn of the formation of our athletics. Note that the first records of Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century were: 100 m - 12.6 sec. P. Moskvin (1900), 11.2 sec. N. Stieglitz (1908), 10.8 sec. - V. Arkhipov (1914); In the 200 m run - 26.6 seconds. P. Lidval (1900), 22.4 sec. B. Orlov (1913), 22.4 sec. V. Arkhipov (1914). The most eminent sprinter in pre-revolutionary Russia was undoubtedly Vasily Arkhipov, who at the age of 21 became the winner of the 1st Russian Olympiad in 1913 in Kyiv. In the 100m run, he won with a score of 11.4 seconds. and 200 m - 23.6 sec. A year later, at the II Olympiad in 1914, held on the sandy tracks of the Riga Hippodrome, V. Arkhipov wins at all sprint distances with very high results for that time: 100 m - 10.8 sec, 200 m - 22.4 sec. and 400 m - 51.4 sec. At that time, the trend towards a sparing training regimen is still noticeable in the methodological recommendations. The most famous sports specialist G. A. Dupperon advised sprinters: “First and foremost, training should always be only minimal effort, training during training should not act with full force ...”. A distant digression into the history of training methods in sprinting was undertaken with the sole purpose of showing that the record of that time could only be achieved through the natural talent of a person, because it is difficult to assume that, following the recommendations of P.F. Lesgaft or G.P. Dupperon, it is possible to significantly develop the speed capabilities of a runner. Thus, 10.8-11.0 sec. 100 m is the level that can be achieved through natural talent, while subsequent results are the impact on the result of an athlete of various training methods, start and distance running techniques, inventory and, of course, the knowledge and experience of the coach.
The improvement of the training methodology initially followed the path of expanding training volumes and using a variety of special training aids. As a rule, classes were held 3-4 times a week, and not all year round, and yet the records of those years were quite high. Before the first All-Union Spartakiad, which took place in 1928, the records in the sprint for men belonged to M. Podgaetsky (100 m - 11 sec. and 200 m - 22.4 sec, and for 400 m - 50.8 sec), and for women M. Shamanova 100 meters 12.9 seconds and 200 meters E. Tselovalnikova - 28.2 seconds. The 1928 Spartakiad helped to reveal bright talents, among which T. Kornienko especially stands out, who managed to defeat the recognized sprint specialists of that time N. Potanin, M. Podgaetsky, G. Puzhny. Numerous facts from the biography of T. Kornienko testify to his natural talent. A three-time winner of the first All-Union Spartakiad in the sprint, he, being a central defender, participated in football tournament in the team of the Far East region. In addition, the motor talent of this athlete allowed him to compete in boxing in the circus arena and even throw a discus to a record mark. It is impossible not to say here about our other athlete - the strongest sprinter of the pre-war period, Robert Lyulko. He was the champion of the USSR 18 times, won all sprint distances and long jumps. R. Lyulko summarized his rich practical experience in several books devoted to the preparation of sprinters. The author described the content of training sessions in different periods of athletes' training, giving recommendations for improving the technical training of sprinters.
In the twenties of the last century, a woolen thread or fabric ribbon was stretched at the finish of the sprint distances so that the judges could accurately record the finish time of the winner. The ribbon was placed at a height of 122 cm, thus, the moment of crossing the finish line with the upper body was determined.
In subsequent years, the theoretical and methodological basis of athletics is gradually taking shape. It was at this time that attempts were made to introduce year-round classes, phased periodization; General physical and special training are included in the practice of training. However, the training plans of the athletes of that time were not very diverse. In the preparatory period, preference was given to cross-country races held twice a week. Another training session included general physical training exercises. In the competitive period, sprinters also trained no more than 3 times a week. Usually the program of the training session consisted of a warm-up, several accelerations, 4-8 starts and running several segments from 20 to 150 m, as they said at that time, in 1/4 strength. Leading coaches did not recommend running at maximum speed for fear of disrupting the development of sprint technique, as well as the possible development of psychological fatigue. The first post-war year was marked by the participation of Soviet athletes in the III European Championship, held in Oslo. The international start was successful for our sprint. N. Karakulov at a distance of 200 m (21.6 sec.) and E. Sechenova - 100 m (11.9 sec) and 200 m - (25.4 sec) became European champions. The women's team in the 4 × 100 m relay race (E. Sechenova, V. Fokina, E. Gokieli, V. Vasilyeva) finished third (48.7 seconds). Foreign experts were especially struck by the performance of E. Sechenova, whom the journalists who covered the championship called "the fastest doe in Europe." Indeed, the advantage of the Soviet athlete was stunningly convincing. In the 200 m run, she won the English silver medalist V. Jorden 1.2 seconds. Since then, not a single athlete has achieved such an advantage in the championships of the continent. The training of the strongest sprinters in Europe E. Sechenova and N. Karakulov was strikingly different from the generally accepted methods in the preparation of sprinters of that time. Athletes increased the number of training sessions to 5 times a week, and for the first time two workouts per day were used. In the preparatory period, training runs with near-maximal speed were often used in a relatively large volume. For example, a training day with N. Karakulov at the end of the preparatory period consisted of two lessons of the following content. Morning workout. Warm-up (slow run 1 km, gymnastic exercises, running exercises, acceleration run 2 × 60 m), cross 1.5 km, repeated runs 3 × 100 m. Evening workout. Warm-up, starts 5–6 times, free accelerations, running 3 × 30 m (4.3 sec.), 3 × 40 m (5.2 sec.), 2 × 60 m (7.5 sec.). In the competitive period, athletes often used a control run, which was usually carried out with a handicap, which increased the emotionality of the training and, of course, the intensity of the runs.
In 1949, N. G. Ozolin's book "Training of an Athlete" was published. The author of the book, a famous pole vaulter, published this monograph during a period of active sports. From 1928 to 1950, he won the title of champion of the USSR 12 times, and his personal achievement in pole vault surpassed the European record of that time. In his work, N. G. Ozolin substantiated the main directions of development of the motor qualities of athletes, which are used in the practice of training athletes at the present time. It was noted in the work that training aimed at achieving the greatest possible speed occurs mainly on the basis of repetition of training exercises with the greatest possible speed. Training work for the development of speed should end whenever the subjective sensations of the athlete or the indications of the stopwatch indicate its decrease, then the training will already be aimed at the development of endurance. The search for optimal ways to train short-distance runners forced sports practitioners to turn to specialists who study the characteristics of human physiological processes during intense muscular work. In particular, the studies of Professor N. N. Yakovlev made it possible to more objectively reveal the system of training sprinters. The physiological substantiation of the sprint energy, the nature of biochemical changes, the study of the kinematics of the runner's movement and the dynamics of his speed determined a fairly clear system of performance factors in sprinting. The main methodological views on the practice of training athletes, taking into account physiology data, were outlined in the book by B. N. Vzorov “New in the theory and methodology of training for 100 meters”. The author justified the stages of training during the annual cycle, however, the most important conclusion from the experiments using biochemical and physiological methods was the determination of the value of rest pauses between training runs. B. N. Vozrov noted that training with a progressive decrease in rest intervals leads to an increase in glycogen stores and an improvement in the quality of speed endurance. Repeated runs with rest intervals of 5-8 minutes allow you to start certain work in the phase of increased performance and thus develop speed qualities.
The creation of methodological foundations for the training process of sprinters allowed the athletes of our country to significantly improve their achievements and reach the level of the best European achievements. In August 1950, a team of Soviet athletes took part in the European Championship for the second time. The team consisting of V. Sukharev, L. Kalyaev, L. Sanadze and N. Karakulov performed excellently in the 4 × 100 m relay, which won first place with a score of 41.5 seconds. Bronze medal in the 100m race was won by V. Sukharev (10.7 sec). In women, E. Sechenova was twice second at a distance of 100 m - 12.3 seconds. and 200 m - 24.8 seconds, the relay team (S. Malshina, 3. Duhovich, E. Gokieli, E. Sechenova) was third with a result of 47.4 seconds. In 1952, our athletes took part for the first time in the Olympic Games, which were held in Helsinki, the capital of Finland. In the finals of the 100m race, V. Sukharev took fifth place. It is interesting to note that this final was the tightest in the history of the Olympic Games, with all finalists located in the 0.1 second range. The performance of the relay team of our country, which won silver, ended sensationally, consisting of B. Tokarev, L. Kalyaev, L. Sanadze, V. Sukharev. The young Soviet athlete N. Khnykina managed with a result of 24.2 seconds. take third place in the 200m. Despite a fairly successful performance, Soviet coaches realized that our sprinters still had a lot to learn from their foreign colleagues, who surpassed our athletes in terms of training load, spent the preparatory period more specialized.
The strongest sprinter of the 50s was undoubtedly Vladimir Sukharev. His record in the 100m run - 10.3 seconds, set on September 23, 1951, lasted 11 years in the table of the highest achievements. His coach N. Karakulov tells about him this way: “I remember that at one of the Dynamo championships a young man approached me and asked for permission to train next to me. The guy diligently repeated everything that I did, carefully listened to the advice. So I became a "playing coach". And soon I had to give up my positions on the treadmill, because the student progressed too quickly. In training, Vladimir did not know how to run at half strength. All his training runs were performed only with full exertion, at maximum speed. V. Sukharev's talent was determined, first of all, by his outstanding power qualities. Without special training, this athlete showed results close to the standard of a master of sports in weightlifting.
After 1952, the coaches, who managed to get acquainted with the practice of training the strongest foreign sprinters, made serious adjustments to the methodology for training sprinters. The volume of the training load has increased due to a large number of special running exercises, general physical training and long stretches. Due to the lack of winter arenas, sprinters spent a significant part of their training work outdoors. Practical recommendations and theoretical substantiation of the progressivity of such an approach to training in the preparatory period were developed in the book by V.P. Filin "Winter Outdoor Runner Training". In practical recommendations, one can note such a methodological technique as running in spikes on ice. It is interesting to note that such accelerations were rather difficult to perform due to the problems that arise at the end of the distance, when you had to put your foot on the whole foot.
The strongest athletes in the country have significantly increased their training volumes in long distance running and weight training. For example, Yu. Konovalov during January performed a large number of exercises with a barbell and kettlebells with a total volume of 55.5 tons, did 17.7 km of special running exercises and ran 25,620 meters of segments of various lengths at maximum and near-limit speed. It is interesting to note that Yu. Konovalov started sprinting at the age of 20. Amazing hard work, high efficiency and optimism in life allowed him to achieve very good results in a few years, join the USSR national team and twice win Olympic silver medals as part of the 4x100m relay team.
In 1954, in Bern, at the next European Championship, gold medals were awarded to I. Turova (100 m - 12.0 sec.), M. Itkina (200 m - 24.3 sec.) and the women's relay team 4 × 100 m (V. Krepkin, R. Ulitkin, M. Itkin, I. Turov) - 45.8 sec. Silver medals in the 200 m run were won by A. Ignatiev - 21.1 sec and I. Turova - 24.4 sec, bronze medals were won by participants in the men's 4 × 100 m relay (B. Tokarev, V. Ryabov, L. Sanadze, L . Bartenev) - 40.9 sec.
In 1955, competition training was intensified in the training programs of sprinters. The number of starts in competitions among the leading sprinters has doubled this year. The strongest sprinter B. Tokarev started 116 times in 1955 (100 m - 45 times, 200 m - 17, in the relay race 4x100 m - 30 and in long jump - 4 times, etc.) . He managed to set the record of the Soviet Union in the 200 m run - 20.9 seconds, which was not broken for 10 years. B. Tokarev's training, especially in the competitive period, was characterized, first of all, by a very high intensity of the segments being run. The athlete tried to achieve maximum running speed in each training run and show the result at the level of his best achievement.
In 1956, the next Olympic Games were held in Australia, however, at an unusually late date for European athletics - from November 22 to December 8. The results of these games for Soviet sprinters are as follows: in the men's relay race 4 x 100 m silver medal with a result of 39.8 sec. won by L. Bartenev, B. Tokarev, Yu. Konovalov, V. Sukharev; in the finals of the 200 m race (result in 21.2 seconds), B. Tokarev was fifth.
A second meeting with the strongest sprinters in the world (US athletes) showed that Soviet sprinters lose the run already in the starting acceleration. The senior sprint coach G. V. Korobkov noted on the pages of the Athletics magazine: “...B. Morrow, E. Stenfield, L. King, A. Murchison (USA), M. Agostini (Trinidad) and G. Hogen (Australia) excelled everyone in starting acceleration. The technique of the strongest sprinters differs from the technique of our athletes by a large inclination of the torso when leaving the start, a large rise forward and upward of the knee, and a more gentle trajectory of the movement of the foot that pushed off the back block. Thus, the main direction in the system of training Soviet sprinters was the development of power in the starting run. Observation of the strongest sprinters of the USSR showed that in speed-strength tests, athletes showed rather weak results. On average for the national team, they were as follows: jumping up 73 cm, long jump from a place - 286 cm, triple from a place - 853 cm.
Objective data testifying to the low speed-strength potential of Soviet sprinters forced us to look for new means and methods of training runners. In the journal "Athletics" in 1957 there was an extensive discussion "What is the main thing in sprinting?" Basically, the experts talked about methods of increasing the maximum speed and reducing the time to achieve it. The discussion did not give a final answer to the questions raised, but the problems raised by coaches and athletes determined the direction of creative search. In the training plans of the strongest athletes, a greater number of strength exercises were introduced, mainly borrowed from the arsenal of training weightlifters. Short-distance runners began to use bench press, snatch, push, pull, squats with maximum weight not only in the preparatory period, but also at some stages of the competition.
The XVII Olympiad in Rome, against the background of the significant success of the entire athletics team, was not entirely successful for our sprinters. Only the men's 4 × 100 m relay team (G. Kasanov, L. Bartenev, Yu. Konovalov, E. Ozolin) took the already traditional second place. Twice fourth in the 100 and 200 meters was M. Itkina.
After the Olympics, another discussion began on the pages of the Athletics magazine about the place of special exercises in the system of training sprinters. When summing up the results of the discussion, it was noted that in terms of form, structure and dynamics of performance, special exercises should correspond to the technique of sprinting and correctly reproduce its individual phases, and that special exercises that develop the qualities necessary for a sprinter are certainly needed.
The training programs of the strongest foreign sprinters were subjected to serious analysis. Comparison of them with the content of the training of our athletes showed that in the preparatory period such outstanding runners as A. Hari (Germany) and L. Berruti (Italy) pay great attention to the long sprint, repeatedly running segments of 200 m or more. Such training made it possible to significantly develop the quality of speed endurance, which was reflected in the speed capabilities of the athlete in the second half of the distance, where our athletes often lost. In order to more rationally build the training process of Soviet sprinters, a new program of winter athletics competitions was developed. Such competitions were held in the form of sprint all-around, which included competitions in the 60 and 300 m runs, and for 400 m runners - 300 and 600 m. In addition to the main all-around, athletes took part in general physical training competitions, in which for a short sprint included a long jump with a running start and a run for 800 m.
The next VII and VIII European Championships did not bring any medals to the Soviet sprinters. They also performed very poorly at the Olympic Games in Tokyo and Mexico City.
The long stagnation in the performances of our athletes on the international arena was finally broken by Vyacheslav Sapeya. This talented athlete had good general physical training, starting his sports career in the wrestling section, quickly joined the USSR national team, won the European Cup and in one year managed to improve the USSR record from 10.2 to 10.0 seconds. The rapid rise of V. Sapey, apparently, was the reason for his premature departure from the treadmill. Without undergoing serious specialized training, the athlete boldly went to training loads that were too high for him - as a result, numerous injuries and a decrease in sports performance.
V. Sapey was replaced in 1969 by Valery Borzov, who achieved outstanding results in the international arena. He has won three European Championships, where he won 4 gold, 1 silver and 1 bronze medals. Participating in 8 (!) European Winter Championships, V. Borzov seven times in the shortest sprint distance, in the 60-meter run, did not leave any chances to his rivals. The result of the performance of this outstanding Soviet athlete at the Olympic Games (Munich and Montreal) is 2 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze medals.
Experts drew attention to a talented twelve-year-old boy when he managed to defeat his peers in the pioneer quadrathlon. Valery made his first steps in athletics under the guidance of Boris Ivanovich Voytas. Numerous and varied games, extensive all-round training laid a solid foundation for future Olympic success. At the age of 14, V. Borzov at the All-Union competitions in pioneer quadrathlon convincingly wins the 60-meter run, shows 5 m 28 cm in long jumps, 155 cm in height, throws the ball over 60 meters and becomes the winner in the sum of four types. At the age of 15, Valery begins to specialize in sprint and shows the result of 10.8 seconds. The next year, another 0.3 seconds is reset from the personal record. In 1968, when V. Borzov was 18 years old, he won the European Championship among juniors in the 100, 200 and 4 × 100 m relay races. In the same year, V. Borzov won the 100m race at the European Summer Championship in Athens. By this time, the athlete was not yet 20 years old. V. Borzov comprehended the highest sportsmanship under the guidance of the Honored Trainer of the USSR, Professor Valentin Vasilyevich Petrovsky, who substantiated the training system of his students in the following way: “.. the key to success lies not in a mechanical increase in volume and intensity, but in the reasonable regulation of the training fundamental regularities of the life activity of the human body, which can be laid in the basis of this regulation - the management of the training process.
V. V. Petrovsky programmed training sessions according to the following principle: “The basis for compiling weekly training cycles is the rule of purposeful training. Each lesson is devoted to only one task of improving speed, speed endurance or other qualities. Usually, Monday was a quiet work with medium loads, Tuesday was a speed workout, etc. The weekly cycle was quite flexible for us and changed depending on the indicators of control exercises and current tasks. In this regard, the indicators of the table we used served as an excellent barometer.
The use of the table helped to establish flaws in technique or a lag in the development of qualities (speed, endurance, speed endurance). Table 1 presents the results on the intermediate segments of the distance, which made it possible to correct the course of the training process.
Table 1
Evaluation of the special running training of a sprinter
When planning training sessions aimed at improving a certain motor quality, VV Petrovsky used three modes of alternating exercises with rest. Their main difference from each other was that the repetition of speed runs began at different periods of recovery in the phases of reduced or increased performance.
V. Borzov during his sports career won many indisputable victories, being the leader of the world sprint in the seventies of the twentieth century. But the most striking performance of this remarkable Ukrainian sprinter was at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, where he won the 100 meters 10.14 seconds (setting a European record of 10.07 seconds in the preliminary race) and 200 meters 20.00 seconds (also a record Europe and best time at that time at sea level), in addition, the USSR team, where Valery ran the fourth stage, took second place with a score of 38.50 sec. It is interesting to note that V. Borzov's victory in the 100 meters initially caused some rumors (they were immediately forgotten after his impressive 200 meters final). The fact is that on the eve of the Olympics, American sprinters E. Hart and R. Robinson were predicted to take first places in the short sprint (they had a result of 9.9 seconds at the qualifying competitions for the US Championship). But at the competition in Munich, both athletes unexpectedly did not appear at the start of the quarterfinals, which began at 4 o'clock local time. Later it turned out that the coach of the US national team S. Rigt was guided by the schedule 15 months ago, where the start of the quarter-finals was scheduled for 6 hours. Three American athletes appeared on the warm-up field and watched the 100m run on television with interest, assuming that it was a recording of the morning's competition. When they were informed that this was a live broadcast, they rushed to the stadium, but only R. Taylor managed to take the start in the same race as V. Borzov, who won with a result of 10.07 seconds, and the loser from the USA was second with a time of 10.16 seconds, this was his best achievement, which he could never surpass again (that's what the action of adrenaline means).
Speaking about V. Borzov, I would like to highlight those features that allowed him to become one of the strongest sprinters in the world. Much can be said about his talent (for example, at the age of twenty he showed the result in the 400-meter run of 47.6 seconds). Indeed, according to natural data, he surpassed many athletes. However, this outstanding athlete would not have achieved even half of his successes without a constant search for the most effective way in training, a thorough analysis of all competitive starts and a treadmill performance tactics planned in advance in the smallest details. A wonderful sprinter revealed the secrets of his training in several books, which describe in detail not only the technology of training, but also, which is especially interesting, the psychological nuances of sports practice. Strong character and good basic training allowed V. Borzov to occupy leading positions in the sports movement of Ukraine and international athletics even after the end of his sports career.
Soviet sprinters achieved significant success at the 1980 Olympic Games, which were held in Moscow. For the first time, L. Kondratieva won the 100 m (11.06 sec), the gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay was won by our men's team (V. Muravyov, N. Sidorov, A. Aksinin, A. Prokofiev) with a score of 38 .26 sec. The victory of L. Kondratyeva was especially honorable, since she managed to break the long-term monopoly of GDR athletes in sprinting. The significance of the victory of the Soviet athlete increases especially if we consider that she overcame the last third of the distance of the final race with a serious hip injury and only a very strong character helped her complete the race victoriously.
The boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles somewhat reduced the intensity of international starts for athletes in our country. Among the achievements of the Soviet sprinters of that time, one can note the victory of the men's quartet in the relay race at the European Championships in Athens, the first places in two winter championships of the continent by A. Evgeniev, as well as his gold medal at the first World Indoor Games in Paris in 1985. since then, athletes of our country have rarely achieved outstanding individual victories. But in the sprint relay almost always success accompanied our quartet. So, for example, in 1988 at the Olympic Games in Seoul, the quartet of the USSR national team consisting of V. Bryzgin, V. Krylov, V. Muravyov and V. Savin won a gold medal, and in 2008 in Beijing the women of the Russian national team achieved the same success (E .Polyakova, A. Fedoriva, Yu. Gushchina and Yu. Chermoshanskaya).
Modern sprint competitions abroad originate from professional competitions common in England as early as the 19th century. Usually wagers were made between two or more participants. The main problem of these competitions is the honest start of the run. At first, there were several ways to start running, but the athletes came up with various tricks that presented them with an advantage in the first steps, sometimes because of this, the start of the run was sometimes delayed up to one hour. In the end, the idea of starting to run on the shot of a gun was used.
In 1844, Adolf Nicol (Switzerland) invented a stopwatch in which the arrow returned to 0. The first results in the sprint recorded by the stopwatch were published on October 28, 1845, when D. Estman in Manchester showed a result of 22 1/2 at a distance of 220 yards in a straight line sec.
In 1878, the Swiss Loungine company developed the stopwatch that we can see today, with a division value of 1/5 sec. Such stopwatches were used at the 1896 Olympic Games in Athens. At the competition, only the time of the winner was recorded, the rest were given the distance of the lag.
The widespread use of timing began to be applied after the creation of the athletics federations of England (1880) and the USA (1888).
Recording running times was quite difficult at the time. For several decades, time was specified by half or a quarter of a second, and only then was it recorded with an accuracy of one-fifth of a second. Since at first sprinters competed in running for a distance of 100 yards (91.4 m), the first records were recorded at this distance.
The first sprinter to use running spikes was the American V. Curtis, at a competition in 1968 in the hall of New York.
The debate about who was the first to run the 100 yards in less than 10 seconds is still ongoing among sports historians. The achievement of the American D. Owen is known, who on October 11, 1890 at the AAU championship, showed the result of 9.4 / 5 sec. This time, recorded by three stopwatches, was subsequently declared the first official US record. Other sports historians claim priority for the first sprinter to run 100 yards under 10 seconds was W. Schifferstein, who clocked 9.4/5 seconds on September 9, 1888 at the St. Louis competition. At the beginning of the century, American athletes achieved the greatest achievements in the sprint; they held almost all records in sprinting. Undoubtedly, the success of the US sprinters was the result of the extremely common at the end of the 19th century. professional sprint competition. Widely advertised meetings and matches of sprinters were held by analogy with the circus tournaments of wrestlers held in Russia. A pre-planned program of wins and losses, the "unexpected" appearance of newcomers from the public and their sensational winnings - all this contributed to the growth of results and the emergence of gifted athletes.
The first official track and field book, Modem athletics (1868), describes the rules for running sprint competitions. “The track for each athlete should be limited to 60 cm posts with cables stretched between them. Each lane is 4 feet (1.22 m) wide.” This demarcation of the lanes was fixed at the Olympic Games until the 1912 Olympic Games, when the lanes were demarcated with a special plaster. However, in 1920 (Antwerp) and 1924 (Paris), the judges returned to the old version, which was subsequently not in demand.
The greatest success fell to the lot of the winner of the VII Olympiad (1920) Charles Paddock. Using newspaper advertising to attract spectators to the competition and enhance the impression of his success, Ch. Paddock consistently set world records that were quite high at intermediate distances. His records in the 20s are 90 yards (82.26 m) -8.8 seconds; 110 yards (100.54 m) - 10.2 seconds, 125 yards (114.25 m) - 12.0 seconds, 130 yards (118.82 m) - 12.4 seconds; 150 yards (137.1 m) - 14.2 seconds; 200 yards (182.8 m) - 19.0 seconds; 300 yards (274.2 m) - 30.2 seconds and 300 m - 33.2 seconds. The world record in the 100m run - 10.4 seconds, set in 1921, Ch. Paddock repeated 6 times. To emphasize his extravagance, this stocky sprinter (height 174 cm, weight 72.5 kg) ended his run with a spectacular jump up to 3 m in length to the finish line.
First, in the rules of the competition, for the first false start, they were pushed back by 1 meter, for the second by 2 meters. At the Olympic Games in St. Louis, 3 Americans in running on alternately made false starts and had to start 2 meters from the general line, but there was no such distance behind the start line and the athlete was allowed to start running only one meter from the start line.
The most famous sprinter of the 30-40s. twentieth century is undoubtedly James Cleveland Owens. He was born on September 12, 1913, was the thirteenth and last child in a poor Negro family of a cotton farmer. Jesse's introduction to sports began at school at the age of 10. The first coach of D. Owens was a school mathematics teacher Charles Riley, who taught him to run, jump, throw and play basketball. Every evening after school, the little athlete walked 13 km to the hotel, where he worked as a shoe shiner.
At the age of 13, D. Owen had already competed in 79 sprint competitions and won 75 of them. At the age of 14, his result in running for 220 yards (201.13 m) was 22.9 seconds, and at 15 years old, the results were as follows: high jump - 183 cm, long jump -7 m, 100 m run - 10 .8 sec, 110 m hurdles (barrier height 99 cm) - 13.4 sec. “I was the captain of school teams,” D. Owens said, “in basketball, baseball, American football and, of course, in athletics. It was at school that I learned what responsibility to the team is ... ". At the age of 19, completing school education, D. Owens had the following sports results: 100 yards (91.4 m) - 9.4 seconds, 220 yards (201 m) in a straight line - 20.7 seconds, 220 yards with barriers 22.7 seconds, long jump - 761 cm. A year later, he begins to train with one of the most famous American coaches, the head coach of Ohio State University in Columbus, Larry Snyder. “For Jesse, starting under a shot meant actively running at least 50 yards (45 m), wrote L. Snyder. He never ran from the start less and never slowed down, which is very important. I've always thought that training a sprinter should get him a great run at 440 yards. Jesse's longest training distance was 300 yards (274.2 m). He ran it many times in 29.5 seconds. (approximately 26.7-26.9 sec at 250m ed). He usually took easy starts, ran long stretches with 400m runners in wide free strides, jumped high (which he especially liked to do) his best result of 198 cm without much training. Jesse did a lot of reruns from the start for 75 and 180 yards (68.2 and 163.8 m) - three, four, five times. Like every runner, he liked to run many laps in a row, without any control over time, either speeding up or slowing down, and enjoyed it.
On May 25, 1935, in the small American town of Ann Arbor, D. Owens set five world records and repeated one: 200 m and 220 yards - 20.3 seconds, 200 m and 220 yards with hurdles - 22.6 seconds, long jump - 813 cm and 100 yards - 9.4 seconds, and all these results were shown within 45 minutes (!).
At the Olympic Games in 1936 in Berlin, D. Owen (his height at that time was 178 cm, weight 71 kg, stride length at the middle of the distance 221 cm) won the 100 m (10.3 sec) and 200 m ( 20.7 sec), long jump (806 cm) and relay race, winning four gold medals. A quartet of American sprinters (D. Owens, R. Metcalfe, F. Draper, F. White-coff) covered the stadium in 39.8 seconds. This result has not changed in the table of records for 20 years. D. Owens' record lasted the same amount of time in the 100 m run - 10.2 seconds, and the record long jump of 813 cm was not surpassed for 25 years.
Unfortunately, D. Owens finished early sports career, he "hung spikes on a nail" at the age of 23. Trying to take up professional sports, such as racing with horses, did not bring him any success. He was greatly dissatisfied with his position. D. Owens spoke about his fate: "In America, everyone can become famous ... But as it happened to me, a child from the poorest family suddenly got to the top of fame, and then landed again on his own feet." The discrimination that prevailed in those days in the United States had a hard impact on the fate of this outstanding athlete. For example, even after the reception in honor of his victories at the Olympics, he was forced to go up to his hotel room in a freight elevator. It was only in his old age that the US Olympic Committee awarded grants to this outstanding athlete. In 2009, at the World Championships in Athletics, which was held in Berlin at the Olympic Stadium, in memory of his outstanding victories 73 years later, the entire American team wore his initials “JO” on their jerseys.
The basic principles used in the training of American sprinters in the 1930s and 1950s were set forth by the head coach of the University of Pennsylvania, K. Daugherty, who has extensive experience in training athletes of the highest class. Here are brief recommendations from his book Modern Athletics.
1. In the preparatory period, one should at least have about six weeks of relaxed training away from the trainer and the starting pistol, with gradually increasing load applied to all the muscles of the body.
Sprinting requires explosive strength, which is only developed over many weeks of training, containing exercises with repeated short-term and rapidly increasing efforts.
2. The innumerable details of skill at the start can only be mastered through correct and repeated practice. Studying the technique of any famous sprinter shows that he has done a lot of work to improve individual elements of technique, despite the easy training plans drawn up by the coaches.
3. It is necessary to reduce the load during the competition. Two days of easy work will be enough, usually these days are Tuesday and Wednesday. Sometimes one day is enough. Thursday is light work and Friday is full rest.
4. It is necessary to properly warm up before any work for speed.
5. Full strength speed work should be done early in the workout, before fatigue sets in. Endurance work should be left at the end of the workout. Fatigue increases the possibility of damage to muscles and ligaments.
6. Sprint training is ultimately not only a physical problem but also a mental one. A sprinter with no confidence will fail before he starts running, and confidence in training can be acquired as consciously as mastery in sprinting. Many sprinters have failed hundreds of times more from lack of confidence than from overconfidence.
Thus, for the American sprinters of that time, it was characteristic, first of all, high level speed-strength training, achieved as a result of a variety of training in childhood: the system of interscholastic competitions in the United States from ancient times to the present day forces athletically gifted children to consistently school year compete in the most various types sports. Favorable impact on the future sprinter sport games especially American football and baseball. In American football, very strict requirements are imposed on each participant. Playing in special protective equipment, athletes try to break through the opponent's field with an oval ball. Naturally, only those who have excellent starting speed and powerful physique bring success to the team.
In my time in the USA, I happened to observe the training of young athletes who are preparing to enter the University of California. After two hours of special training focused on solving certain tactical challenges, the players did a real sprint job, completing 12 × 60 m repetitive runs at maximum speed. The final of the training was very interesting: the team's coach went to the stadium on a tractor, and the whole team entered into a competition with him: who will push whom from the field. And while the young, but quite powerful 18-19-year-old players did not push their mentor along with the tractor out of the site, the training did not end.
Baseball is no less dynamic. The players of each team must not only skillfully wield a heavy bat and throw the ball, but, most importantly, instantly move from one "base" to another, covering a distance of 90 feet (27.45 m), while dodging small in size, but a heavy ball.
Another important component of the preparation of American sprinters was the speed-strength orientation of preparatory and special exercises. In the preparatory period, the sprinter was strongly encouraged to use a wide variety of jumps, especially long and high jumps, as well as hurdling.
In addition, one more feature should be noted in the training of American sprinters - psychological preparation carried out during each training session. US sprinters have always been distinguished by a fierce desire to win, not losing to the enemy at any stage of the struggle. The historically established system of training sprinters and the extreme popularity of this type of track and field athletics abroad have contributed to the constant success of American sprinters in all major competitions.
For the first time, US athletes suffered a serious defeat at the XVII Olympic Games in Rome (1960). They managed to maintain the tradition only in the women's sprint, where the wonderful American athlete V. Rudolph became the winner. For her easy and fast running, sports journalists called her the “black gazelle” in their reports. Three gold medals were won by a talented black girl (100 m - 11.0 sec, 200 m - 24.0 sec, 4 × 100 m - 44.5 sec), but what is especially surprising in the sports biography of V. Rudolf (181 cm, 60 kg), is that that she was born into the poorest Negro family, where she was the 20th child in a family of 22 children. As a child, she suffered from polio, which left her left leg paralyzed and unable to walk normally until the age of ten.
In the men's sprint, the European runners inflicted a serious defeat on the American athletes. In the short sprint, the victory was won by A. Hari (Germany), who by that time had set a world record of 10.0 seconds. By the 10–15 m distance, he managed to significantly outperform his rivals, which was explained by the unusual ability of this athlete to respond to the starting signal. Laboratory studies have shown that A. Hari was ahead of his colleagues in reaction speed by 0.060.07 seconds. Such an advantage, plus the perfect technique of starting acceleration, usually already in the middle of the distance, did not leave competitors hopes for victory. Spectators have always been attracted in competitions with the participation of A. Hari by a kind of game at the start between the athlete and the starter. After the first sensational victory at the European Championships in Stockholm, where, according to journalists, the judges made a mistake at the start, the starters very closely followed A. Hari's reaction to the shot. So it was in Rome, where the Italian referee determined, just in case, a false start after the first start of the final race, however, in the second attempt, the German athlete managed to get ahead and won with a score of 10.2 seconds.
In 1960, European sprinter Livio Berruti won the 200m for the first time at the Rome Olympics. When he first made the Italian national team, his father sent a letter to the athletics federation: "I object to my son preparing for the 200 meters, it could damage his health." Fortunately, the coaches did not listen to this opinion and Livio won with a score of 20.5 seconds.
American athletes managed to take revenge on the Europeans four years later. At the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, the winner in the 100 m race R. Hayes (USA) repeated the world record of A. Hari (10.0 seconds) in the final and was far ahead of the second-placed Cuban E. Figerola. R. Hayes differed from all sprinters in his powerful physique, significant weight (height 185 cm, weight about 90 kg) and power style of running. In the finals of the relay race, according to data published in an American sports magazine, a talented black runner developed a fantastic speed, breaking 100 meters in 8.7 seconds!
The Games of the XIX Olympiad in 1968 were held in the capital of Mexico, Mexico City, located at an altitude of 2550 m above sea level. The rarefied air of the Mexican capital contributed to high results in sprinting. It is estimated that under such conditions, an athlete improves his result by 0.1 seconds compared to a flat one, therefore, very high speeds were shown in the “capital of sprint records”: D Hines’ record in the 100 m run is 9.95 seconds (this result is not been beaten for 15 years); Lee Evans in the 400m run - 43.86 seconds; "Jump to 2000" R. Beamon - 890 cm; American quartet in the relay race 4 × 400 m - 2.56.16. In the 100-meter final, the first and sixth participants were separated by only 0.15 seconds. This sixth runner was M. Pender - an American athlete - a kind of record holder in his age category. At the age of 31, already at other competitions, he managed to overcome 100 m in 10.0 seconds. The 1972 Olympics in Munich was marked by the triumph of V. Borzov, who won two Olympic disciplines - 100 and 200 m. These victories were reported earlier.
The Games in Montreal (1976) did not reveal new outstanding athletes in the sprint, and the subsequent 1980 Games in Moscow were overshadowed by political intrigues, due to which many of the world's strongest athletes did not come to the competition. The sports path of the winner in the 100 m run of the Englishman A. Wells (10.24 sec) is interesting. . The training of this talented athlete is somewhat different from the generally accepted one, so we will present some features of his training programs.
At the first stage of training, the athlete spent 6 weeks daily training sessions, which included runs of 100 m 5–6 times with gradually increasing stride length. After completing numerous flexibility exercises, 100m runs were repeated with the same task. This was followed by a series of power and fast multi-jumps of 100 m, which were replaced by exercises with a high raising of the hip, with an active and fast setting of the foot on the ground. Then a circuit training was carried out using general developmental exercises.
Preparation for the competition in the training of A. Wells took 5 weeks. The purpose of this period was to gradually get used to the tartan and protect the legs from injury. Much attention was paid to the technique of running from the start. A. Wells in training microcycles used a narrow set of training tools, the total volume of which consistently increased from one microcycle to another.
After the stage of special training, the athlete took part in competitions for 5 weeks, performing light training work in between. A. Wells calls this period "competitive holidays". Subsequently, the general preparatory phase was repeated, but the intensity of the exercises increased. In his preparation, A. Wells paid special attention to the technically correct execution of all movements. The final phase of the pre-competition preparation also took 5 weeks and corresponded in content to the previous one.
The winner of the Moscow Olympics in the 200 m race, the Italian P. Mennea (20.19 seconds), was distinguished by a very high level of speed endurance for a sprinter, which allowed him to withstand high competitive and training loads and show good results at distances from 100 to 400 m during over 13 years.
The training of the Italian sprinter was characterized by loads of very high intensity at all stages of training, including preparatory. For example, in March, one of the training sessions had the following content:
Warm-up, flexibility exercises, jumps 3 × 500 m on the left, 3 × 500 m on the right leg and 5 × 500 m from foot to foot, which are performed very quickly: timing and counting the number of jumps, sprint 10 × 60 m from a high start (6.8–6.9 sec) after 2 minutes of rest, run 150 m (19.0 sec), after 4 min walk run 250 m (30.3 sec), after 10 min walk - 150 m (17, 5 sec), after 6 minutes of walking - 250 m (30.4 sec) and after 14 minutes of walking, running 150 m (17.8 sec).
In the 1981 season, a new strongest sprinter in the world appeared in the USA - C. Lewis. He was born into a family with good sports traditions. C. Lewis's father at one time played for one of the strongest baseball teams in the country, and his mother in 1951, being a talented hurdler as part of the US national team, participated in many international competitions. Having finished active performances in big-time sports, the Lewises organized an athletics club in their hometown, where seven-year-old Karl began his sports career in 1968. At the age of 13, he managed to jump 5.51 m in long jump. After a long period devoted to general physical training, the young athlete began to specialize in sprint and long jump. Subsequently, he managed to combine these disciplines in competitions, winning with very high results.
At the Olympic Games in 1984, C. Lewis repeated the achievement of the legendary D. Owens, winning in four disciplines at once: 100 m (9.99 sec), 200 m (19.80 sec), long jump (854 cm) and as part of the 4 x 100 m relay team, which finished with a new world record (37.83 sec). C. Lewis's training is more aimed at improving in the long jump (nine jumps in competitions from 8.70 m to 8.87 m), however, in the sprint, he achieved outstanding stable achievements of 15 results in the 100-meter run from 9.86 seconds (world record in 1991) to 9.99 sec, 10 times faster than 20 sec in the 200m.
Achievements of C.Lewis for 13 years of performances in international sports are impressive: 8 gold, one silver and one bronze medal at the World Championships, and 9 gold and one silver at the Olympic Games (!).
At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, C. Lewis was declared the winner of the 100 meters final (9.92 seconds), but this happened only the next day after B. Johnson (Canada) finished first with a score of 9.79 seconds. The disqualification of B. Johnson literally blew up the world sports community. The Government of Canada conducted a special investigation, as a result of which coach C. Fresis had to admit that his student had been taking illegal drugs since 1981, which served as the IAAF’s decision to cross out history and deprive B. Johnson of the title of world record holder and winner of the world championship in Rome. B. Johnson's disqualification ended in 1991 and he tried to return to the big sprint. The widely advertised meeting of two old rivals (the prize fund was $500,000) ended with the defeat of B. Johnson with a score of 10.46 seconds (C. Lewis 10.20 seconds), after which he could no longer return to his achievements. C. Lewis continued to win in his crown disciplines - he completed the 1991 season with a victory at the World Championship in Tokyo with a score of 9.86 seconds. Let us briefly dwell on the features of the preparation of this remarkable athlete.
In the off-season, C. Lewis spends approximately 34% of his training time on speed-strength training, where a lot of attention is paid to jumps. Only 9% of an athlete's training time is spent on running (not counting the start), warm-up and final run. During this period, exercises with maximum effort are not practiced, since, according to C. Lewis, this increases the risk of injury and complicates the process of learning the technique. During the competitive season, the share of speed-strength training is reduced to 6% of the total training time, however, the amount of running work, excluding the start, warm-up and final run training, increases to 17%. Usually, C. Lewis trains with maximum effort only when working out the run.
Returning to the Seoul Olympics, one cannot but recall the amazing victories of the wonderful athlete Florence Griffith. She amazed the whole world with her victories, which were surprisingly easy for her (advantage for 100 meters of 0.29 seconds and 0.38 seconds for 200 meters), and in the 200 meters she set a world record of 21.34 seconds. The athlete was close to winning the fourth gold medal in the 4 × 400 meters relay, but at the last stage she was opposed by the Olympic champion Olga Bryzgina and the team was the USA was the second, but the result of F. Griffith 48.1 seconds at the finish stage really testifies to her outstanding abilities . The records of the remarkable athlete have not been broken so far, after they were established, she lived quite a bit and died before she was 39 years old.
We stopped only on some of the most outstanding sprinters of our time, each of them seems to have achieved "eternal" records, but time passes and a new star is lit and new fantastic achievements appear. Each of the record holders went his own way to success, which is why a modern coach needs to carefully study the experience of his predecessors in order to offer his student the best program. As the history of the sprint shows, the frequency of appearance of new world record holders is approximately 12–15 years. Now the new world record holder W. Bolt once again shocked sprint fans.
W. Bolt was born on August 21, 1986 in the small town of Trelawney, Jamaica. His parents owned a small grocery store in the countryside. As a child, young Usain spent his time outdoors playing cricket and football. Acquaintance with athletics began at school, where the future record holder had to compete in sprint. The first success in the sprint was the second place in the 200 meters at the school competition in 2001, with a result of 22.04 seconds.
At the age of 16, his talent was noted by the Prime Minister of Jamaica and W. Bolt was recommended to the University of Technology, where he was able to train with the strongest sprinters in this country. The growth of this athlete at the age of 15 was already 196 cm, apparently this explains the fairly frequent injuries that haunted him during this period. However, in three years of junior age, this athlete progressed very quickly 21.81 seconds at 15 years old and immediately 19.93 seconds at the age of 18 years! He was the first junior to trade 20 seconds in the 200m. In 2003, the strongest junior was awarded the IAAF Hope Prize and many American universities offered him sponsorship, but the athlete chose to stay in Jamaica.
table 2
The dynamics of W. Bolt's achievements from the age of 15:
An athlete from Jamaica achieved fantastic success at the Beijing Olympics. For the first time in sprint history, an athlete won both sprint distances with a world record. And in both cases, his advantage was overwhelming.
It is noted that after 50 meters (where, as they say, "men separate from the boys"), W. Bolt achieves an outstanding result, approaching a speed of 44 km / h. Moreover, some unverified results of instantaneous speed even give figures of 48 km / h. W. Bolt usually takes 41 steps at a distance, while the stride length at the middle of the distance was 2.83 m, while most of the strongest sprinters in the world of sprinters perform 44 steps in a 100-meter run. Usually sprinters slow down after 60 meters, but in Beijing, W. Bolt was amazingly moving forward and was even able to finish with his hands up 10 meters before the finish line, which caused some discussion about the real end result, which, according to some experts, should be another 0.04 seconds better. After a stunning success at the Beijing Olympics, W. Bolt was recognized as the best athlete of the year.
Season next year the athlete started with the competition in the 400 meters and showed the result of 45.54 seconds. In April, W. Bolt took part in a sports show, which took place on the streets of Manchester, where athletes competed in the 150 meters. The world record holder remained true to himself and broke another sprint record (14.35 seconds). In the first 100 meters, he showed a result of 9.90 seconds, but if we consider his result in the 50-meter run from the run (from 50 meters to the finish), then it will be 8.72 seconds!
Time segments were:
50m - 5.64 sec (in Beijing it was 5.50 sec)
100m – 9.90s (4.26s in Beijing the last 50m in the 100m was 4.19s with arms up)
150 – 14.35 sec (4.45 sec finish).
The World Championship in Berlin once again confirmed the outstanding talent of W. Bolt, he won again with world records for 100 meters - 9.58 seconds (headwind - 0.9 m / s) and 200 m - 19.19 seconds (headwind -0.3 m / s) .
It is interesting to compare the time of the final race by segments in Beijing and Berlin.
W. Bolt started ahead of the schedule of the world record with 40–50 meters of distance, and in Berlin he managed to develop a maximum speed of 12.27 m / s at 65 meters of distance.
It should be noted that M. Johnson is still the strongest 200m runner in the second half of the distance. When the world record was set by M. Johnson, the time on 100 m segments was 10.12 and 9.20, W. Bolt had such a ratio of 9.90 sec and 9.23 sec, and there is still a reserve, since the headwind speed was -0.9 m/sec. In the 200-meter run, U Bolt took 42 steps in the first half of the distance, and 38 in the second. 0.133 sec - significantly better than in Beijing. On the last day of the championship, the mayor of Berlin presented W. Bolt with a 3-meter-high part of the Berlin Wall, noting: "There are people who can overcome obstacles that were considered insurmountable." The three-ton block was flown to Jamaica and housed at the Kingston training camp.
After such a cascade of constantly improving achievements by W. Bolt, sports experts began to discuss what else this genius from Jamaica could do. First of all, everyone agrees that another sprint record is available to him in the 400 meters, especially since W. Bolt has practice in running this distance, his personal record is 45.28 seconds. But I would like to dwell on the calculations of American specialists in the possibilities of another record. First of all, they note that the great sprinters, as a rule, are the authors of outstanding achievements in the long jump (D. Owens - 10.2 sec and 8.13 m, C. Lewis 9.86 sec and 8.91 m, Marian Jones 10.65 sec and 7.31 m), therefore, why not W. Bolt try his hand at this discipline? Simple calculations show the following: M. Powell in 1991, having a maximum running speed of 11 m / s, set a world record of 8.95 m with a repulsion angle of 33.06 °. sec can be expected to achieve a result of 9.46 m (!). Theoretically, with brilliant technique and good conditions his achievement should be 10.50 m. At least the new world record holder in the sprint does not reject the idea of his performance in the long jump. He says: "I told my coach that before my career is over, I will try to do this, I am ready to jump far." Let's see.
Concluding a brief description of W. Bolt's sporting achievements, it should be noted that perhaps the secret of his success lies in the neuromuscular organization of movements and the technical organization of the running step, in particular, the maximum use of elastic energy, when when placing the foot on the surface of the track, ligaments, tendons and tense muscles adsorb energy, effectively realizing it after passing the center of gravity of the runner's body of the vertical moment
Naturally, the opinion on the preparation of the world record holder by his coach Glenn Mills, who has been working with him since 2005, is of interest. G. Mills has an excellent coaching reputation. He trained sprinters such as 1987 World Championship silver medalist Ray Stewart and 100m champion Kim Collins for major international competitions. Now he is the head coach of the High Qualification Athlete Training Center in Kingston. Due to the success of the students in Beijing, G. Mills was recognized as the "Best Coach of the Year" by the Association of Coaches of North, Central America and the Caribbean in October 2008.
His interview was published in the journal “New studies in athletics” in 2009. Here are some excerpts from it.
G. Mills said that in 2007 he wanted to prepare his student for a distance of 400 meters, but first run 200 meters several times. But W. Bolt wanted to start in the 100 meters. “I told him if he beats the Jamaican record in the 200 meters, I will let him start the 100 meters,” says G. Mills. “He ran the distance in 19.75 seconds, and then he tells me:“ You must keep your word. W. Bolt then ran 100 meters in 10.03 seconds. "After that, I didn't stop him." “Usain is an extremely gifted athlete. When I started working with him, his technique was weak. He lost his balance while running. For example, while running, the position of his body was such that the forces acted on the lower back. This contributed to frequent injuries, especially the muscles of the back of the thigh. We tried to change the mechanics of his running in order to raise the body higher and change the slope to 5-10°. We did a lot of exercises and recorded his run on video. Then we discussed running parameters together. His mistake was that he could not maintain the correct body position while running at maximum speed. Therefore, we have developed an intensive program to develop the strength of the muscles of the trunk. In Beijing, he managed to save the technique we had been working on for two years. Sprinters try to repeat their old mistakes when under stress or when running at top speed. Coaches, like actors, must learn to constantly repeat the movements in order to forget the wrong actions, and to perform the correct movements in any conditions.
The main thing is that the athlete must perform his actions very accurately. Sometimes the athlete cannot coordinate all actions and violates the integrity of the movement. The main thing is to maintain the correct position of the body, so as to be able to increase the length of the step and reduce the support time. Here, the hip flexors and trunk muscles play an important role. If the sprinter's stride length decreases, it is all the result of a wrong swing and ground phase. As a result, the speed of running slows down and the result drops. The technique of starting, starting acceleration and running at maximum speed, of course, is different. The sprinter must adjust his technique as he progresses through the course. If an athlete makes mistakes in any phase, then this is reflected in subsequent actions. Errors in the starting acceleration will invariably be reflected in the subsequent run at maximum speed. Athletes often pay the price for such mistakes.
For example, starting acceleration depends mainly on the power capabilities of the sprinter. If the athlete does not have enough strength to accelerate in the optimal forward lean, he enters the next phase of the distance run. If he is strong enough, like, for example, A. Powell, then his starting acceleration is longer. I always adjust the nature of the starting acceleration depending on the speed-strength capabilities of the runner. Establishing an exact run-up, say 25 meters long, is quite difficult, so I recommend that each athlete has his own style of starting acceleration. Good starters reach maximum speed faster, but others pick up speed gradually and achieve equally high speeds. The coach must clearly define the speed-strength capabilities of his students.
Each athlete has an individual stride length and you must take into account his natural data when starting to work with him. For example, an athlete has a height of 1.83 m, but runs with short steps, I analyze the situation and make a decision. Perhaps the athlete is underdeveloped certain muscle groups that need to be strengthened. In the preparatory season, we carry out special work of the following content: 1. We develop special strength capabilities of individual muscle groups and 2. We perform special running exercises for stride length. I use special marks on the track that allow me to run with the optimal stride length. In this case, it is necessary to observe the correct running technique.
Gradually, when the runner masters the proposed stride length, you can move on to the next increase. I believe that it is possible to increase the speed of running over a distance by lengthening the running steps. I also try to prepare athletes mentally and physically for consistent stride length, especially when fatigue occurs in the 200m. You can maintain your maximum running speed for 50-60 meters, but if you increase your stride length a little, you can show a high overall result.
Usually anthropometric data appear mainly in different phases of running. An explosive type athlete shows himself better in the first part of the distance, tall athletes look better in the second half. Most often, the advantage is with those sprinters who have a higher maximum running speed ceiling. In general, there is a certain balance between tall and short sprinters. Sprinters of short stature pick up speed faster, but they also show fatigue earlier. The coach, when working with athletes, must look for the optimum when looking for the moment when the athlete reaches maximum running speed. This work is related to the preparation of the sprinter to run 100 or 200 meters.
Strength training is the core of sprint training. I believe that there are two types of force: static and dynamic. It seems to me that many athletes get carried away with static strength, forgetting about dynamic training. Such athletes leave the gym with well-developed muscles, but more attention should be paid to plyometric work and special exercises with resistance. Strength training should be divided into two equal parts, paying attention to both static and dynamic strength.
Speed work and speed endurance work must be done at the same time. Coaches try to separate pure speed work from endurance training. You can often hear from sprinters that they can't run at top speed. Coaches should make such programs so that during a certain period the students are fresh and able to withstand a large amount of purely high-speed work, this is especially important during the preparation for important competitions.
I believe that speed training should be done no more than once or twice a week and rest should be 36 hours, and even better 48 hours. Many coaches believe that if you reduce the load, then the athlete can lose a lot, but I do not think so.
Motivation is one of the components of the training process. I talk a lot with athletes, especially during the rest period, explaining to them the tasks and possible ways to solve them. It is important not only to tell athletes about the possible prospects as a result of victory or defeat, but also to put them in difficult conditions, for example, when testing. It is especially important to avoid the possibility of fear in athletes due to the fear of losing. Generally the best way it is to develop a positive mindset so that athletes clearly know their capabilities and how to realize their potential.
First of all, you need to look at physical capabilities, his physique, the development of physical qualities and coordination. I look at the sense of rhythm in beginners. Sometimes in the middle of the race, the sprinter loses the running rhythm due to poor coordination and cannot follow the correct running pattern. All potential champions need to be carefully considered. Sometimes we do not pay attention to an athlete who lost to many during the tests, but no one noted that he was the first in the first third of the distance. In addition, it may happen that a beginner did not exercise at all and lost to his peers who have already been training for one year in other sports, this must also be taken into account. Maybe later he will become a champion. The second factor is how the young athlete pushes off the ground. If he does not put his foot on the heel and quickly completes the take-off, this athlete has a great opportunity to become a good sprinter. Next, you need to look at how aggressive the beginner is in his movements - this is also an indicator of future success.
A bit of science for those who want not only to run, but also to understand the "materiel".
Running is one of the oldest sports, it is the most natural and natural for a person. This way of movement differs from walking by the presence of the so-called "flight phase" - the moment in which a person does not touch the ground. This process is achieved by complex coordinated activity of skeletal muscles and limbs.
At first, the Olympic competitions were held only in running. According to legend, the first of them were organized in 1210 BC. e. The first records indicate that at first the competitions were held in running for one "stage" - the length of the stadium (192m). In 724 BC. e. Added competition in two stages. In 720 BC. e. added a run of seven stages; at the same time, a tradition was born, according to which athletes, imitating the winner, began to compete naked. This was facilitated by the culture of society, which extolled tanned athletic bodies.
In the middle of the XVII century. in England, competitions of professional runners became widespread, and 100 years later, the first ultra-long distance runs were made.
In the last century, athletics began to be cultivated in many countries of Europe and America. And when the Olympic Games were revived in 1896, athletics took a dominant position in them, and running, like 2500 years ago, became the main type of Olympic competition.
TYPES OF RUNING DISCIPLINES
In our time, athletics running has a lot of varieties and is carried out both outdoors and indoors.
At the stadium, competitions are held at a distance of 100 - 30000m; on the highway - from 10000m to the marathon (42 km 195m); indoors - from 30 to 3000m. The stadium also hosts competitions in hurdling 50, 60, 100m (for women and 110 for men) and steeple chase (steeplechase) for 3000m, relay races - 4x100, 4x200, 4x400, 4x800, 4x1500m. Another type of running competition is cross-country running or cross-country running.
In turn, the run is divided, depending on the length of the distance, into:
- sprint (sprint) 60, 100, 200, 400m;
- middle distance running 400 (in the hall), 600 (rare), 800, 1000, 1500, 1 mile, 2000, 3000m;
- long-distance running: 2 miles - 30,000 m;
- Extra long distances 20 km, 21 (half marathon), 25, 30 km and marathon run (42 km 195 m) are considered.
- There is also a 100km ultra-marathon run and a 24-hour run.
The history of sprinting begins with the ancient Olympic Games (776 BC). At that time, two distances were very popular - running on stages (192.27 m) and two stages. The race was held in separate lanes and consisted of races and finals, the participants in the races and lanes were distributed by lot. The run started at special team. Athletes who were ahead of time were punished with rods or sentenced to a fine. For women, the Olympic Games were held separately. They consisted of one type - running at a distance equal to 5/6 of the length of the stadium (160.22 m). Then, sprint competitions were not held for a long period of time.
Sprinting, like many types of athletics, was revived in the 19th century. The first Olympic Games of our time were held in Greece at the Athens Stadium on April 5 - 14, 1896. Sprinting at these competitions was represented by two distances - 100 and 400 m for men. T. Burke from the USA became the winner in running at both distances (12.0 and 54.2 s). At the II Olympic Games (Paris, 1900), two more sprint distances were added - 60 and 200 m. At these competitions, all sprint distances were won by US athletes (60 m - E. Krenzlein (7.0 s), 100 m - F. Jarvis (11.0 s), 200 m - D. Tewksbury (22.2 s), 400 m - M. Long (49.4 s) From the IV Olympic Games (London, 1908) 60 run m was no longer included in the competition program.Outstanding results in the sprint were achieved by the American sprinter D, Owen, winner of the XI Olympic Games in Berlin (1936) in the 100 and 200 m (10.3 and 20.7 s.). the world record in the 100 m (10.2 s) lasted 20 years.
Despite the convincing victories of American athletes in sprint, the first athlete who showed a result of 10.0 s in the 100 m run was A. Hari from Germany (1960), in the 200 m run the result was 20.0 s was shown in 1966 by T. Smith (USA). In the 400 m run, L. Evans overcame 44.0 with the first in 1968 - 43.8 s.
For the first time, women took part in the modern Olympic Games in 1928 (IX Olympic Games, Amsterdam). Women competed at a distance of 100 m. The winner in this event was an athlete from the USA E. Robinson with a score of 12.2 s. The women's 200m was included in the XIV Olympic Games (London, 1948). At these competitions, both sprint distances were won by an athlete from Holland F. Blankers-Koen, showing 11.9 s at 100 m, and 24.4 s at 200 m. In the 100m run, women competed for medals only at the XVIII Olympic Games (Tokyo, 1964). The winner in this type of program was an athlete from Australia B. Cuthbert (52.0 s).
A bright trace in sprint that the athletes left is presented below in table 1:
Table 1
In the early days of track and field athletics in America, a walking start was used, similar to the start in horse racing. Then get a high start spread as the athlete leaves one leg behind and leans forward. At the I Olympiad of our time, T. Burke first showed a low start at official competitions, although it was proposed in 1887 by the famous American coach Murphy and was first used by his compatriot Sherrill. They started from small holes dug in the ground. Appeared in the 30s. 20th century Starting blocks allowed to improve the technique of low start. The low start is still used today in sprint competitions.
In the distant past, walking and running were the most common modes of transportation. Physical development (including speed and endurance) was very important, making it easier to track animals and simplify hunting - that is, they made it possible to get their own food. With the development of civilization, large groups of people began to live side by side. Running has lost its former meaning, but remains a valuable skill, an integral part of the general physical development and military training - it is used, for example, by foot soldiers. And the competitions of runners for short, medium and long distances are among the most important athletics competitions.
The most important thing is distance.
In runners, distance is of particular importance. Short-distance races (they are called sprint races) are held on the treadmills of stadiums. At first, the athletes ran on the grass for a distance of 100 yards (91.44 m), later the international standard was set - 100 m. The first sprinters started from a "high start". Only in 1887 (1888) Ch.Kh. Sherrill from the USA dug small holes in the ground and tried to start from a low position (“low start”, which later became a common technique); and in 1937, starting blocks were introduced. Today's sprinters run at incredible speeds - some run 100m in less than 10 seconds. At the Olympic Games, athletes compete, in particular, in the 200-meter run - about the length of the track at the ancient stadium in Olympia. There are also longer distances - 400, 800, 1500, 2000 m and more. Athletes who take part in middle and long distance running have to combine speed and strength with extraordinary endurance.
Obstacles and barriers.
Around 1850, a competition was born in Oxford, reminiscent of horse racing with obstacles - the 3000 m steeple chase (originally the distance was 2 miles, that is, 3218 m). Like riders, athletes performed on the racetrack of the hippodrome and were not allowed to exceed a certain weight limit. In 1879, at the English Championship, the steeplechase switched to a regular treadmill, and in 1900 it entered the list of Olympic sports. Only men take part in races for such a distance. Women, in turn, compete in the 100m and 200m hurdles (men compete in the 110m, 200m and 400m hurdles). These competitions appeared in the 19th century in England - as a further development of running with heavy, wooden barriers. This sport was included in the program of the Olympic Games after some improvement.
Relay race.
The relay race was invented in the United States around 1880 - as a continuation and development of charity races organized by New York firefighters. Every 300 m, they passed each other a red stick 30.48 cm long (foot length) of a cylindrical shape, made of wood (later metal). The relay first appeared in the program of the Olympics in 1908.
Do you know that:
- Images of sprint competitions are found on antique Greek vases.
- Initially, running was the only item on the program of the Olympic Games. The first champion at the Games in 776 BC. became Koroibos from Elis (in the run of 192 m).
- Hurdles usually compete at distances up to 400 m.
- It is good to combine local history trips with simple forms active rest- like running.