Solid brick foundation. How to make a brick foundation with your own hands. Instructions for the construction of a strip-brick foundation with your own hands
When planning the construction of a structure on a backyard territory, each owner acquires raw materials based on his capabilities, the functional purpose of the structure. But the main criterion is the long service life and reliability of the future building.
A brick foundation is an affordable option that you can build yourself. Although its installation will require a lot of effort, time and patience, the result will be impressive.
Let us consider in more detail the aspects of creating such a foundation.
Thematic material:
All the pros and cons of a brick base
Among the main advantages of such a foundation, it is worth highlighting:
- Formwork installation is not required.
- Possibility of laying by hand.
- Choice of tape shapes.
- Reducing the consumption of concrete, which means saving money.
- Compatibility with other types of materials.
- Easily repairable.
- No need to involve special equipment, a team of workers.
- Good level of thermal insulation.
- If you perform high-quality waterproofing, then in terms of service life it will not be inferior to a concrete tape or monolith.
But it is worth considering the cons:
- Great labor intensity of work. Hand laying bricks takes a lot of time and effort.
- Mandatory reinforcement required. Otherwise, its service life is reduced significantly.
- At the brick high level hygroscopicity. Due to this, its frost resistance is reduced.
In addition, this type of foundation can only be built on a stable piece of land with a low level of groundwater.
In some cases, it can be installed on moving soil, but on condition that a reinforced concrete foundation is prepared under the bottom.
For which buildings can or cannot be used
Depending on the complexity of the design, a columnar or tape type is used.
It is impossible to lay such a foundation under two-story, three-story houses, where the walls will be made of brick or monolithic concrete.
There are no restrictions on the choice of material for cladding the facade of a building.
Choosing the right types of bricks
Best suited red burnt full-bodied (ceramic). If we are talking about the construction of a furnace, then fireclay (refractory).
Most often, these types of raw materials are taken, because they:
- have a clay base;
- resistant to moisture;
- durable;
- durable.
They have no obvious shortcomings.
But it is important to pay attention to the quality of the purchased material. If the raw material is burnt out or has not survived the allotted time, it will take on a dull scarlet color and will be with concave edges, and will begin to crumble over time, which will lead to the destruction of the foundation belt.
Clinker is suitable for facade cladding. It is resistant to any manifestations of the external environment, has been serving for decades, but its price is quite high.
White silicate brick should be used exclusively for finishing the basement of buildings made of block, wood. Despite its strength, it has a high hygroscopicity, low level frost resistance. The situation is the same with the red hollow.
If you lay the base of silicate, then under the influence of moisture, after a few years, individual sections will begin to crack.
Sizes, brands
The required type of raw material must necessarily meet the following requirements:
- be whole, without voids;
- frost resistance level - from 35 cycles and above;
- water absorption - no more than 16%;
- compression density - 1600 kg / m 3.
Ceramics should be used brands: M150, M200, M250.
Suitable brick sizes:
- 25*12*6.5 cm - single;
- 28.8*13.8*6.5 cm - modular;
- 25*12*8.8cm;
- 28.8*13.8*8.8 cm.
We calculate the required amount of material
Initially, a drawing of the future structure is developed, which takes into account:
- land type;
- what material will the walls and ceilings be made of;
- the presence of a basement or attic;
- floor area of the building.
And already based on the load on the foundation, determine its shape (tape or pillars), width, depth, amount of material.
When calculating the material for column foundation from brick, it is important not to forget about the dimensions of the cross section of the supports. Correctly make them square with an edge of 38 cm or rectangular, 38 * 51 cm in size.
We create a brick foundation with our own hands
Having determined the purpose of the building, they decide on the construction of a tape or pillars.
But in any of the options, waterproofing is required. For this, the old proven bitumen, rolled roofing material is well suited. For additional protection against moisture, they dig a trench and lay a drainage pipe in it.
Consider step by step instructions for the creation of each type of brick foundation.
Stages of construction of a columnar base
Its strength is sufficient for light structures:
- small country houses from a log house;
- plank hozblokov;
- summer shower and toilet;
- gazebos.
It is easy to lay out such a foundation yourself, armed with guidance from experienced builders. Its price is affordable, but the blind area does not need to be done.
- For a one-story frame house, pillars with dimensions of 38 * 51 or 38 * 38 cm are enough.
- If this is a summer kitchen with an attic, then the dimensions of the supports are increased to 51 * 51 cm.
- Cement grades M400, M500 are best suited for mixing the mortar.
- The bottom of the pits must be leveled, rammed and geotextiles laid. It will become an obstacle to the penetration of moisture into the foundation, will not allow sand to go into the ground, and weeds will grow.
- From above, a pillow is formed from crushed stone and sand, roofing material is laid.
- After that, the laying of pillars begins in a proven old-fashioned way.
- Every 4 rows, it is recommended to strengthen the supports with a layer of wire mesh.
- To ensure that all columns are in the same plane, each lined row should be checked with a building level.
An important feature worth considering is that the supports under the bearing walls are made much thinner, about 25 * 38 cm.
Ribbon erection
The choice in favor of this foundation is possible if it is planned to build a building with ground floor, basement, attic on the roof. Walls can be built of stone, reinforced concrete.
According to the reviews of the masters, the tape is a reliable foundation not only on solid ground, but also on sandy, heaving loam. The main thing is to perform high-quality reinforcement.
Pouring the foundation of broken bricks
Parts of bricks sometimes remain from old buildings, which can also be used as auxiliary material when pouring the foundation. But even here it is suitable only for the base for small structures such as a bathhouse, a barn or a gazebo.
It is not worth believing that a reliable tape, a monolith for a house, will be obtained from this raw material. Even if a good layer of mortar is poured, the rubble stone will not withstand such a load.
Brick battle is an additive to concrete instead of crushed stone. Therefore, we advise you to familiarize yourself with some of the subtleties of its application:
- Raw materials should be beaten until small and uniform pieces are obtained.
- The material must be placed closer to the center of the foundation.
- It is worth using only parts of ceramic solid bricks.
- For 1 m 3 of the base, ½ battle will be required.
- The layer of concrete mortar should be 2 cm higher than the level of the coated rubble.
By choosing brick as the main material for the foundation, you will get a reliable foundation that you can make yourself, saving on the services of builders.
The practice of arranging a brick foundation is less common than a concrete foundation. But under certain conditions, the design has the right to use. Correct calculation of the load, high-quality material and strict adherence to the technological process will allow you to build a reliable brick foundation. The features of its arrangement will be discussed further.
Characteristics of a brick foundation
The use of brick support structures in construction is limited. It is allowed to install it on dry, hard ground, not prone to heaving, provided that the UZGV is low. The arrangement of a massive building is not permissible, the brick foundation is intended for lightweight structures. Basically, it is used for wooden house. This is due to the properties of the material, which is characterized by:
- high level of rigidity;
- great hygroscopicity;
- poor resistance to low temperatures;
- strength indicators at an average level.
Brick strip foundation able to serve from three to five decades, subject to all requirements during the arrangement.
Advantages of a brick support structure:
- The absence of heavy and large elements allows you to engage in construction without the involvement of special equipment or a team of workers.
- Ground movements will not provoke significant damage, the base is more flexible than a monolithic concrete belt.
- Partial damage can be easily restored by replacing the masonry in some areas.
- The arrangement of a brick structure does not require the installation of formwork, which facilitates the process of building a foundation.
However, the joyful picture is sometimes overshadowed by the shortcomings of the material:
- The brick is hygroscopic and easily absorbs moisture, which negatively affects the strength of the foundation. In winter, it freezes through, and the number of freeze and thaw cycles is limited. High-quality waterproofing and insulation are designed to extend the life of the brick base.
- The cost of the material is higher than the use of concrete, and the service life is shorter.
- Not suitable for all areas.
Important! If the soil is unstable, reinforcing the foundation will help to strengthen the reliability of the brickwork.
Materials for arranging the supporting structure
A competent approach when choosing materials for arranging the foundation is the first step towards a reliable and durable foundation.
Brick
The key function is assigned to the brick, the strength of which determines the integrity of the supporting structure and the entire building as a whole. The design of the underground part of the foundation is carried out exclusively with red ceramic bricks, high-quality burnt and necessarily full-bodied. It is characterized by high resistance to compression and less susceptibility to moisture. For the arrangement of the strip foundation, the use of hollow and silicate bricks is strictly prohibited! Part of the foundation above the ground, the plinth and floors can be made of white silicate brick. But with the condition of a dry soil layer and low UZGV.
The main parameters that you should pay attention to when arranging a brick foundation:
The calculation of the need for material consists of determining the volume of the brick support structure multiplied by the number of bricks in 1 m 3. This indicator depends on the size of the product. The size of the masonry seams is also taken into account.
Insulation and waterproofing
Warming and waterproofing of the brick base is carried out different ways, suitable for this purpose. the following types materials:
- Tiled based on expanded polystyrene.
- Rolled in the form of geotextiles.
- Coatings, where cement plays a key role.
- Sprayed with bitumen treatment.
Reinforcing products
Reinforcement is capable of strengthening the brick foundation; installation is carried out directly during the masonry process. Transverse reinforcement is performed using a wire mesh with a diameter of 4-6 mm, corrugated rods with a section of 6-8 mm are used for longitudinal strengthening of the supporting structure.
cement mortar
The arrangement of the laying of a strip foundation made of bricks, located further underground, is carried out with a high-strength concrete solution. The upper part can be decorated with a cement-lime mixture. If the UZGV is high enough, the concrete composition for the brick foundation is prepared with the addition of waterproofing agents. The proportions of the mixture depend on the characteristics of the soil.
Technology for erecting a strip base
The erection of a brick base is preceded by a load calculation to correctly determine the design parameters. The summed indicators of the mass of walls, roofs, floors and taking into account the properties of the soil will give the desired value.
Comment! The width of the brick supporting structure should exceed the parameters of the wall by half a brick. This will ensure convenient installation of the log along the inner ledge when arranging the floors.
The main stages of work are as follows:
- The trench is prepared with the expectation that along the brickwork to carry out the installation of waterproofing material. If the foundation is being built on clay soil or prone to heaving, then backfilling is carried out. To this end, the width of the ditch is increased by at least 1 m.
- The height of the sand cushion is 10-15 cm. The layer of sand is evenly distributed along the bottom of the trench, then the surface is moistened and carefully compacted. The horizon is checked by level.
- The arrangement of the brick base continues with the laying of waterproofing. The most common option is to fold several layers of roofing material with the letter “P” upside down. High-quality protection from moisture to the foundation will provide polymeric materials.
- For a brick foundation, a concrete base 10 cm high is required, which is poured into a small formwork. This measure helps to increase the bearing capacity of the brick structure. Reinforcement with steel wire or metal rods will help to enhance efficiency. This measure is not necessary for a light wooden house due to an increase in the construction estimate.
- When the cement hardens, they move on to laying the brick foundation. Work begins with the removal of corners, masonry is carried out with any standard dressing. Reinforcement with corrugated rods between the first two and last rows will help increase strength.
If plastering of the brick foundation is not provided, the seam is made flush. The outer seams of the base are filled with concrete with a recess of 10-15 mm, this contributes to high-quality adhesion of the mortar during plastering. After the laying of the brick foundation is completed, a break of 2-3 weeks is required for the complete drying of the solution.
Waterproofing and insulation of a brick base is a mandatory step technological process. Cement, bitumen or geotextiles as protection against moisture are chosen at the discretion of the developer. Insulation is carried out with XPS boards. The treatment of its surface with expanded clay concrete will help protect the material from damage by rodents.
Previously, it was said that when arranging a supporting structure on soils with a high UGW, backfilling is preliminarily carried out. Such a measure is necessary not only at the bottom of the trench, but also around the entire perimeter of the brick base. The gap between the walls of the trench and the masonry is filled with crushed stone, gravel, sand or ordinary construction waste. This layer provides accelerated drainage of water from the brick foundation during the season of snow melting or prolonged precipitation.
Advice! Effective protection brick foundation from surface moisture contributes to the arrangement of the blind area. For this purpose, the surface along the perimeter of the building is concreted with a slope to the outside.
Features of the column foundation
In addition to the strip base, the brick version of the supporting structure is used in the form of a columnar foundation. It is usually used in the arrangement of a wooden house of light construction. If the construction is carried out on rocky rock, the deepening of the columnar brick foundation is not required.
The erection of pillars is carried out using standard dressing methods. To enhance the strength of the support, the structure is made hollow. Subsequently, the voids are filled with concrete mortar and vertical reinforcement is installed.
Important! When arranging brick supports, regular monitoring of compliance with the horizontal and vertical levels is carried out.
The pillars are located at the corners of the building and along the perimeter of the outer walls with an interval of about 2 meters. The installation step is determined depending on the severity of the building and the properties of the soil. Be sure to have supports at the intersection or junction of the walls. Internal lintels also need the arrangement of a brick columnar foundation.
The design of the sand cushion, waterproofing, and backfilling is carried out similarly to the process of erecting a strip base.
Conclusion
The main theses of the information presented:
- The design of a brick foundation is acceptable on stable soils with a low groundwater level. Ideal for light buildings: garages, bathhouses, one-story houses.
- The construction process is easier than a monolithic foundation, but the financial costs are higher.
- The service life of a brick base is lower than a concrete structure.
- The main role is given to brick, so it is advisable to choose the maximum strength and frost resistance class required for this type of foundation.
- The hygroscopicity of the material requires mandatory waterproofing. Insulation of the basement helps to reduce the cost of heating the room in the future.
- Reinforcing masonry increases the strength of the base.
Compliance with the technological process at all stages of the construction of the foundation will ensure its strength and a long period of operation. You can fix the flaws later, as the following video will tell:
In order for your house to stand for a guaranteed long time, you need to choose and make a good one. For a house made of bricks, a reinforced foundation is needed. At the base of the foam block house, you can make the foundation simpler. The construction market does not stand still and now there are many materials that allow even beginners in construction to make an excellent foundation for a brick house with their own hands.
Thanks to the development modern technologies, there are many kinds of bases. They differ in design features, as well as characteristics.
There are criteria according to which the foundation option is chosen: the size and mass of the house, features, the relief on the site, the presence of groundwater, whether the soil freezes through.
A feature of a room made of brick or stone is its high mass. Average brick house on one floor, it can be much heavier than a two-story wooden house. The density of brick intended for construction is 1.5 tons per 1 kb / m. The density of pine or spruce is 500-600 kg.
ATTENTION: according to construction standards, it is not recommended to lay a shallow-buried strip or pipe foundation. These options are low bearing capacity and pipes are prone to corrosion.
The size of the building is also important. If you are going to build a house with two floors, then the foundation will have to be made more durable. When pouring the base, it is best to comply with all SNiP standards. Prepare a layout with all the calculations that are necessary for construction.
Soil characteristics
Soils are:
- Weak (clay, soils on which there are swamps) - they collect moisture, are not strong and therefore cannot hold houses with a large mass, especially if you plan to build several floors, in winter the soils become heaving. The collected moisture freezes and becomes ice, while increasing in volume. When expanding, bumps appear, deformation of the base occurs. Stilted houses are suitable for such soils.
IMPORTANT: If you decide to install piles, then make sure that they lie deeper than the ground freezes through.
- Medium are loamy soils. It is important to know at what depth groundwater runs.
- Durable - rocks or sandstone rocks. Withstand any foundation: from shallow to strip foundations. These rocks do not collect moisture, so they are not affected by frost.
Features of the occurrence of groundwater
This is an important indicator when laying the foundation foundation. The higher the groundwater is located, the greater the likelihood that heaving will occur. do not build on such soils. The best option would be a monolithic "floating" slab or piles. The disadvantage of such foundations is that it is impossible to build a large building.
When building a house with two floors, it will be necessary to greatly strengthen the foundation. You can also build drainage and make a tape base. Remember that the foundation should be placed below the level from which freezing occurs. For example, this perfect option for the south of Russia, the freezing level there is no more than 0.5-0.7 m. In the north, the freezing depth is more than 1.5 m, so it is very expensive for the price.
IMPORTANT: when laying the foundation of tapes, when the water is high, you can organize a good waterproofing. If it is not foreseen, then water will seep through the cracks and cracks into the basement, while mold and fungus will multiply. Moisture in winter will expand and destroy the foundation.
Brick as a material
A brick house has two features: they have a large shrinkage, a large mass.
The problem of shrinkage is common to all houses built from small materials. it compresses well, but when stretched or bent, it breaks easily.
The worst thing is uneven shrinkage, in which appear:
Due to the appearance of these problems, strength and reliability are significantly reduced. You should also remember about deformations that will lead to distortions:
- Large shrinkage of different parts. Most often this happens when there is a violation of the technological process or a poor study of geology. Shrinkage occurs in places of weak soil or with poor compaction.
- Buckling is the reverse process, when there is no shrinkage, but individual parts begin to rise. This is possible due to the appearance of groundwater, a small depth of the foundation base.
In these cases, it is necessary to strengthen the supports, strengthen the soil. Of course, you will have to spend a good amount of money, so choose the right option for the foundation, as well as follow the technological process.
Brick is one of the problematic materials. Only the reinforced concrete structure is more massive. Given these features, we can say that many foundations simply cannot cope with such a load.
Foundation options
If you want the foundation to stand for many years, you need to choose the most profitable option. The type of foundation will directly depend on the weight of the future building. The most profitable are pile, tile and strip foundations.
Consider options for laying foundations.
- Pit, especially if there are plans zero level or a house with a basement.
- Trench preparation if the house will have 1-2 floors and a basement is not provided.
In either case, several requirements must be met:
- - peculiarities ,
- - freezing of the soil,
- How is groundwater flowing?
- - relief features.
IMPORTANT: In order for the preparation work to be performed efficiently, it is best to contact a specialist.
If it is not possible to contact specialists, follow a few standards:
You also need to consider the type of house that will be built:
- - On monolithic and solid foundations, it is best to build simple houses.
- - On piles, houses are built with weak soil or if the plan is a large building.
- - If you want to build a house with a basement, a basement, large in size - choose a strip foundation.
NOTE: There are several rules for the depth of laying the foundation of a brick house. The depth depends on the heaving of the soil, the characteristics of freezing, as well as the presence of groundwater.
Strip foundation under the house
This is the most popular option. It can withstand massive structures, and is also easy to manufacture. Such a base is placed around the entire perimeter of the future house, as well as under the load-bearing walls. With this option, you can plan a basement or basement.
The foundation can be monolithic or prefabricated. The first option is a reinforced structure, completely filled with concrete. A very solid foundation that you can do with your own hands. The biggest disadvantage is the long time required for complete hardening.
Prefabricated - it is made of blocks (stone or concrete). It is quickly erected, but you will need special equipment and helpers. This option will not be as durable as compared to a monolithic one.
According to the load exerted on the ground, they are distinguished: shallow and buried. The first are laid to a depth of 0.5-0.7 m. Small simple buildings can be placed on them. Houses made of bricks, as we already know, are very heavy and difficult to hold their weight, because of this it is best to make a recessed version. It is made below the freezing of the soil by 0.3 m, especially if there is a basement and a basement.
The price of the foundation of a brick house also depends on the distance to the site from the city, where you can purchase all the necessary materials. So:
IMPORTANT: Lay roofing material along the bottom to make good insulation.
- Make a belt out of . It is best to take rods of 6-10 mm. Connect the rods together using a welding machine. The resulting frame is lowered into a trench, laid on brick or stone supports.
- Pour concrete in several passes. Each layer should be about 15-20 cm. With a vibrating hammer, if it is not there, then shake each layer with a shovel. Thanks to this procedure, there will be no voids left.
IMPORTANT: the concrete solution must be of medium fat content. In this case, it does not flow by itself, you need to try to distribute it.
- Leave everything until dry. The average drying time is up to 30 days. Do not forget to soak the frame with water, this will prevent drying out.
- When the concrete hardens, remove the formwork. Insulate against water. Various materials can be used for these purposes.
- Backfill the foundation, but do not disturb the waterproofing.
Pile foundation for a brick house
When the soil cannot support a large and heavy house, then it is worth considering the option of laying the foundation of piles. In this option, most of the load is transferred to the ground, which is much lower. Piles are interconnected with a mortar of concrete or reinforced concrete, on top of which walls will already be erected.
The foundation of piles can be made on any soil, this will reduce your materials and work. The main disadvantage in the construction of such a foundation is the need for special equipment that can drill a well or drive it.
There are different types of foundations of this type. The bored version with reinforced concrete piles is best suited. You can make such a base both with your own hands and using special equipment. The cost will also depend on the distance of the construction site from the city.
If you chose this option, you will need:
- We free the site, remove the top layer. We make the corners strictly straight.
- We mark the places where they will be. Under each pile, we make a small recess.
- We make wells in which piles will be located.
- To make a frame, weld reinforcement rods together. The frame should be 0.2-0.3 m above the ground.
IMPORTANT: when the piles go above the ground, the formwork can be built from metal pipes.
- We cover the bottom with sand and gravel. We have a frame of reinforcement and concrete. Don't forget to shake things up. Concrete can be purchased or made independently directly on the construction site.
- We make a frame for the grillage, connect it with piles. We install formwork.
IMPORTANT: the formwork for the grillage can be made prefabricated. It is easy to mount, and the grillage will be more durable.
- Pouring concrete solution. Don't forget to shake everything.
- We leave everything to dry, we carry out waterproofing.
Everything is ready and you can build the walls of the future house.
Slab foundation
The easiest option. This, it is located throughout the area. This foundation perfectly distributes loads, well suited for heaving, subsidence soils.
Consider the installation of a shallow tiled base. You will need reinforced concrete beams, reinforcement, and slabs that will need to be connected. Let's get started:
- We clear the area. We remove the top layer of soil. We do markup.
- We go deeper a little lower than the thickness of the foundation.
- Level and sprinkle with sand and gravel. We pass with a vibrating plate. Pour a thin layer of concrete mortar.
- We lay vinyl film, roofing felt or geotextile on the entire surface.
- We make formwork around the perimeter.
- Place a mesh of reinforcement inside the formwork.
- Pour the concrete mortar once. This will help avoid cold bridges. Work with a vibrator.
- The pillow dries up for 2-3 weeks.
How to strengthen the foundation of a brick house
Sometimes, when the foundation is ready, you have to change the material for building walls. If the foundation is not strengthened, then cracks and distortions may occur. The easiest way is to increase the base, but there are other possibilities.
- - Injection - we dig the soil around the perimeter of the basement, spray concrete mortar on the walls. This can be done with a special gun.
- - Strengthening with piles. They are installed right next to the foundation.
- - We make formwork around the circumference, lower the finished reinforcing frame and concrete.
- — Another concrete wall.
- - Expansion of the pillow, by increasing the walls by 0.5 - 1m.
You decide to build a brick house, think about what the foundation will be. From the article, you realized that a brick house is very massive, so choose the right option to avoid problems.
When planning the construction of a structure on a backyard territory, each owner acquires raw materials based on his capabilities, the functional purpose of the structure. But the main criterion is the long service life and reliability of the future building.
A brick foundation is an affordable option that you can build yourself. Although its installation will require a lot of effort, time and patience, the result will be impressive.
Let us consider in more detail the aspects of creating such a foundation.
Thematic material:
All the pros and cons of a brick base
Among the main advantages of such a foundation, it is worth highlighting:
- Formwork installation is not required.
- Possibility of laying by hand.
- Choice of tape shapes.
- Reducing the consumption of concrete, which means saving money.
- Compatibility with other types of materials.
- Easily repairable.
- No need to involve special equipment, a team of workers.
- Good level of thermal insulation.
- If you perform high-quality waterproofing, then in terms of service life it will not be inferior to a concrete tape or monolith.
But it is worth considering the cons:
- Great labor intensity of work. Hand laying bricks takes a lot of time and effort.
- Mandatory reinforcement required. Otherwise, its service life is reduced significantly.
- Brick has a high level of hygroscopicity. Due to this, its frost resistance is reduced.
In addition, this type of foundation can only be built on a stable piece of land with a low level of groundwater.
In some cases, it can be installed on moving soil, but on condition that a reinforced concrete foundation is prepared under the bottom.
For which buildings can or cannot be used
Depending on the complexity of the design, a columnar or tape type is used.
It is impossible to lay such a foundation under two-story, three-story houses, where the walls will be made of brick or monolithic concrete.
There are no restrictions on the choice of material for cladding the facade of a building.
Choosing the right types of bricks
Best suited red burnt full-bodied (ceramic). If we are talking about the construction of a furnace, then fireclay (refractory).
Most often, these types of raw materials are taken, because they:
- have a clay base;
- resistant to moisture;
- durable;
- durable.
They have no obvious shortcomings.
But it is important to pay attention to the quality of the purchased material. If the raw material is burnt out or has not survived the allotted time, it will take on a dull scarlet color and will be with concave edges, and will begin to crumble over time, which will lead to the destruction of the foundation belt.
Clinker is suitable for facade cladding. It is resistant to any manifestations of the external environment, has been serving for decades, but its price is quite high.
White silicate brick should be used exclusively for finishing the basement of buildings made of block, wood. Despite its strength, it has a high hygroscopicity, a low level of frost resistance. The situation is the same with the red hollow.
If you lay the base of silicate, then under the influence of moisture, after a few years, individual sections will begin to crack.
Sizes, brands
The required type of raw material must necessarily meet the following requirements:
- be whole, without voids;
- frost resistance level - from 35 cycles and above;
- water absorption - no more than 16%;
- compression density - 1600 kg / m 3.
Ceramics should be used brands: M150, M200, M250.
Suitable brick sizes:
- 25*12*6.5 cm - single;
- 28.8*13.8*6.5 cm - modular;
- 25*12*8.8cm;
- 28.8*13.8*8.8 cm.
We calculate the required amount of material
Initially, a drawing of the future structure is developed, which takes into account:
- land type;
- what material will the walls and ceilings be made of;
- the presence of a basement or attic;
- floor area of the building.
And already based on the load on the foundation, determine its shape (tape or pillars), width, depth, amount of material.
When calculating the material for a columnar foundation made of bricks, it is important not to forget about the cross-sectional dimensions of the supports. Correctly make them square with an edge of 38 cm or rectangular, 38 * 51 cm in size.
We create a brick foundation with our own hands
Having determined the purpose of the building, they decide on the construction of a tape or pillars.
But in any of the options, waterproofing is required. For this, the old proven bitumen, rolled roofing material is well suited. For additional protection against moisture, they dig a trench and lay a drainage pipe in it.
Consider step-by-step instructions for creating each type of brick foundation.
Stages of construction of a columnar base
Its strength is sufficient for light structures:
- small country houses from a felling;
- plank hozblokov;
- summer shower and toilet;
- gazebos.
It is easy to lay out such a foundation yourself, armed with guidance from experienced builders. Its price is affordable, but the blind area does not need to be done.
- For a one-story frame house, pillars with dimensions of 38 * 51 or 38 * 38 cm are enough.
- If this is a summer kitchen with an attic, then the dimensions of the supports are increased to 51 * 51 cm.
- Cement grades M400, M500 are best suited for mixing the mortar.
- The bottom of the pits must be leveled, rammed and geotextiles laid. It will become an obstacle to the penetration of moisture into the foundation, will not allow sand to go into the ground, and weeds will grow.
- From above, a pillow is formed from crushed stone and sand, roofing material is laid.
- After that, the laying of pillars begins in a proven old-fashioned way.
- Every 4 rows, it is recommended to strengthen the supports with a layer of wire mesh.
- To ensure that all columns are in the same plane, each lined row should be checked with a building level.
An important feature worth considering is that the supports under the bearing walls are made much thinner, about 25 * 38 cm.
Ribbon erection
The choice in favor of this foundation is possible if it is planned to build a building with a basement, a basement, an attic on the roof. Walls can be built of stone, reinforced concrete.
According to the reviews of the masters, the tape is a reliable foundation not only on solid ground, but also on sandy, heaving loam. The main thing is to perform high-quality reinforcement.
Pouring the foundation of broken bricks
Parts of bricks sometimes remain from old buildings, which can also be used as auxiliary material when pouring the foundation. But even here it is suitable only for the base for small structures such as a bathhouse, a barn or a gazebo.
It is not worth believing that a reliable tape, a monolith for a house, will be obtained from this raw material. Even if a good layer of mortar is poured, the rubble stone will not withstand such a load.
Brick battle is an additive to concrete instead of crushed stone. Therefore, we advise you to familiarize yourself with some of the subtleties of its application:
- Raw materials should be beaten until small and uniform pieces are obtained.
- The material must be placed closer to the center of the foundation.
- It is worth using only parts of ceramic solid bricks.
- For 1 m 3 of the base, ½ battle will be required.
- The layer of concrete mortar should be 2 cm higher than the level of the coated rubble.
By choosing brick as the main material for the foundation, you will get a reliable foundation that you can make yourself, saving on the services of builders.
Often, when choosing a foundation for a particular structure, a strip-type brick foundation is not considered due to its insufficient reliability. We have come across this misconception many times. The reason for it is that, tempted by the simplicity of the design, the developer sometimes does not bother with calculations and compliance with the rules for erecting the foundation - for example, with a waterproofing device. But the reliability of the foundation consists of three components - accurate calculation, competent performance of work and quality of materials.
fig.1 Foundation scheme
Characteristics of a brick foundation
- High rigidity;
- Average strength indicators;
- Low resistance to moisture and low temperatures.
In connection with such parameters, it is recommended to use in hard, dry soils that are not prone to heaving and with low groundwater.
The service life of a strip-brick foundation, subject to the rules and regulations of laying, is from 30 to 50 years.
Application area
Strip foundations (rubber concrete and brick) are best used for: stable soils and lightweight buildings.
Advantages:
- The absence of large-sized heavy structural elements makes it possible to independently build a foundation without the involvement of hired workers and special equipment.
- In the case of soil movements, there are no global destructions (the foundation is more flexible than monolithic foundations).
- A partially destroyed foundation can be easily repaired by restoring fragments of brickwork in the right places.
- The base can be given any form of tape without the use of formwork.
Flaws:
- The hygroscopicity of the brick allows moisture to easily penetrate into its structure, which negatively affects the stability of the foundation, and in winter leads to freezing. The number of freeze / thaw cycles for a brick base is limited, so reliable waterproofing is required.
- Compared to a concrete base, it has a shorter service life.
- Limited area of application (dry, non-heaving, stable soils with low groundwater are recommended). When building a foundation on unstable soil, it is necessary to increase the strength of the brickwork from mechanical loads with the help of reinforcement.
Materials for the construction of a brick foundation
To build a brick base for a private house, you will need:
- brick
- insulation;
- waterproofing materials;
- reinforcement materials (rebar, masonry mesh);
- cement mortar.
How to choose a brick for a strip foundation
Brick - the main material for the strip-brick foundation. The reliability and durability of both the foundation itself and the house or other structure as a whole will depend on its correct choice.
What kind of brick for the foundation can not be used?
Foundation construction from any (!) silicate and hollow bricks is unacceptable. I don’t look at how good your waterproofing is, you can’t create a foundation from these types of bricks.
Fig.2 Sand-lime brick Fig.3 Hollow red brick
Which brick is best for foundation?
For laying the underground part of the foundation, a full-bodied ceramic brick of red color, fired with high quality, is chosen. It is less susceptible to moisture than others and is characterized by high resistance to compression.
fig.4 Solid ceramic brick
The above-ground part of the foundation, the plinth and the upper floors can be laid out of white silicate brick. It is possible to use such a brick for an above-ground base only on a dry soil layer with a low occurrence of groundwater.
Brand of brick for the foundation
Plays a decisive role right choice material grades. It is necessary to take into account two main parameters - M (load per 1 sq. cm) and F (frost resistance - the number of freeze-thaw cycles). For the construction of the foundation, brick grades M-150, M-175, M-200, M-250 and M-300 with frost resistance F 35-100 are used. Water absorption is also important. For underground masonry, its value is in the range of 6-16%
Brick sizes
For the construction of a strip-brick foundation, you can use a standard brick of the following sizes:
- single ordinary (250 x 120 x 65 mm);
- thickened (250 x 120 x 88 mm);
- modular (288 x 138 x 65 mm);
- modular thickened (288 x 138 x 88 mm).
Brick for the foundation: issue price
To date, prices for various brands of solid ceramic bricks range from 8 to 20 rubles per piece (for 2013). The final figure depends not only on the characteristics of the material itself, but also on the size of the purchased lot. The larger it is, the lower the price. Some outlets they also offer delivery by car with a crane manipulator - free or paid. In this case, unloading is accelerated, but you will have to leave a deposit value of the pallets. (On a pallet can be placed from 200 to 450 bricks).
Example. Construction trading house "Petrovich" in St. Petersburg offers the following brick for the foundation.
Solid building brick M-150, 250x120x65 mm, Pobeda (LSR).
Designed mainly for laying external and internal walls (partitions) of buildings and structures of various heights, for laying foundations and plinths, laying in basements, as well as erecting load-bearing structures. Can be used to build fences and to create architectural highlights.
Compound: clay, sand.
Marking according to GOST: Brick KORPO 1NF/150/2.0/75 GOST 530-2007.
Marking decoding:
CORPO- a brick single ordinary corpulent.
1NF (size): 250x120x65 mm
150 (strength): M150
2.0 (medium density class): thermal insulation is weak
75 (frost resistance): 75 cycles
Water absorption (%): 6,0-8,5.
On the pallet: 256 pcs.
In 1m3: 513 pcs.
Price: RUB 15.8
Calculation of the number of bricks
The amount of bricks required for the construction of the foundation is determined based on the volume of the base. The volume is calculated taking into account the configuration and width of the tape, the depth of the bookmark and the weight of the future structure. For example, for one cubic meter of brickwork described in our example, 513 bricks will be required. But we must not forget about the solution, which usually takes about 0.25 m3 from the entire masonry. From here we get that there will be about 400 bricks in 1m3 of masonry. To calculate the total amount of material, you need to multiply the resulting volume by the number of bricks in 1 m³ of masonry.
Insulation and waterproofing for the foundation
When erecting a brick base for a house or other building, the masonry must be protected from moisture and freezing. For this purpose, hydro- and heat-insulating materials are used based on extruded polystyrene foam (tiled), geotextile (rolled), cement-based (coated) or bitumen (sprayed).
fig.5 Sprayed waterproofing fig.6 Roll waterproofing
Reinforcement and masonry mesh
Strengthening of the brick foundation is carried out directly in the process of masonry work with the help of longitudinal and / or transverse reinforcement. In the longitudinal direction, the masonry is reinforced with corrugated steel reinforcement rods (diameter 6-8 mm), in the transverse direction, the role of reinforcement is performed by a steel wire mesh (wire diameter 4-6 mm).
Fig.7 Fittings Fig. 8 Masonry grid
For laying the underground part of the strip-brick foundation, a cement-sand mortar of high strength is used, and for the above-ground part, it is permissible to use a mortar based on a cement-lime mixture with a similar ratio of cement and other materials in a ratio of 1: 3.
Fig.9 Preparing cement mortar
When building on a site with a high occurrence of groundwater, the solution must contain waterproofing additives. The formulation of the solution as a whole depends on the type of soil.
Instructions for the construction of a strip-brick foundation with your own hands
Before starting work on the site, it is necessary to develop the configuration of the foundation and calculate its volume, taking into account the upcoming load (mass of walls, ceilings, roofs) and soil properties. The width of the brick foundation should be calculated so that the tape is half a brick wider than the walls of the house. This allows you to conveniently lay the logs on the inner ledge when laying the floors.
Instructions for marking the foundation can be found in the article:.
- Execution of masonry. Work begins after the concrete has completely hardened. Masonry begins with the removal of corners and is carried out with dressing of seams of minimum thickness, in accordance with the "standards" of the rest of the brickwork.
If subsequent plastering of the foundation is not planned, the seam is flush. Otherwise normal internal seams are acceptable. Between the bricks of the foundation, the seams must be filled with mortar. The outer seams of the plinth are facing and they should not be filled with mortar to a depth equal to 10-15 mm for better adhesion of the mortar during plastering. This type of masonry is called "wasteland".
On problem soils, the masonry is reinforced. *
* How to reinforce the brickwork of the foundation
If the soils on the site where the house is being built are not stable enough, the strip-brick foundation must be reinforced. This design of the base will allow it to withstand serious mechanical loads even on problematic soils.
When carrying out work to strengthen the foundation, make sure that the reinforcement (2 belts of 2 rods each) is hidden under a layer of cement mortar at least to a depth of 2 mm. This will increase the thickness of the seam. For reinforcement, metal rods with a diameter of 6-8 mm are used. They are laid at a distance of half a brick from the side surfaces of the tape along its entire perimeter.
For transverse reinforcement, a steel wire mesh with a diameter of 2.5-6 mm is used. If a wire with a thickness of more than 5 mm is used, then a zigzag weave is performed.
From the author
Let's summarize this article. So the obvious things.
- Brick foundation takes place when it comes to stable soils with low groundwater. It is advisable to use for light structures: baths, one-story houses, garages.
- We use only ceramic solid bricks with frost resistance of at least 35 and a strength class of 150. Ideally, with maximum frost resistance and strength class.
- Brick is afraid of water, even the most waterproof. Therefore, a prerequisite for the construction of a brick foundation will be good waterproofing of the entire masonry.
- Brickwork must be reinforced with reinforcement or masonry mesh to increase its strength under mechanical stress.
- To increase the strength of the foundation, it is recommended to use a concrete pad under the brickwork. Although, as I understand it, for very light structures you can do without its use, especially in soils not subject to heaving. Nevertheless, such a pillow made of concrete is an additional expense of money.
Question: why use a brick for a strip foundation, and not make a more popular and durable strip monolithic foundation of concrete and reinforcement? After all, as they say in books, the difference can be quite noticeable, namely 150 years for a monolithic and 50 years for a brick foundation.
The first thing that should come to mind is the price, namely the cost of materials and the work itself. Let's try to count. We will not take reinforcement into account, since both concrete and brickwork are reinforced. Also, we will not take into account the labor costs themselves. We will consider them more or less equal. In brick, this is the laying process itself, the preparation of the mortar. In concrete, this is a formwork device, the creation of a reinforced frame. Under the condition, of course, that the pouring of concrete is carried out using a concrete mixer truck.
We simply calculate the cost of materials per 1m3 of the finished foundation.
Brickwork
According to the norms in 1 m3 of masonry - 400 pcs. brick (250*120*65). The consumption rate of the solution per 1 m3 will be 0.25 m3.
As a result, we get 4000 rubles. (400 bricks x 10 rubles/kir.) + 800 rubles. (cement mortar) = 4800 rubles.
If we consider that we will lay the brick on the masonry mixture, then it will be even more expensive.
Concrete
For 1m3 M-300 concrete, we need: 380 kg of cement, 0.5 m3 of sand, 0.8 m3 of crushed stone.
As a result, we get 1500 rubles. (Portland cement brand 500D0) + 800 rubles. (crushed stone) + 250 rubles. (sand) = 2550 rubles.
Comparison. The difference is exactly 2 times. By the way, if you order concrete with a concrete mixer truck, then its average cost also fluctuates around 2500 rubles / 1m3
The conclusion can be drawn as follows: a brick strip foundation is less durable and more expensive than a monolithic strip foundation.