Dictatorship can correspond to the following type of power. The meaning of the word dictatorship. What is a dictatorship
Dictatorship - a form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of one person, a group of persons, a clique or a party that monopolizes it. Its essence is already reflected in the very term "dictatorship", which comes from the Latin. dictatorship, which means "unlimited power".
In the broad sense of the word, dictatorship means a rigid authoritarian or totalitarian government that is not responsible to the citizens of a given state. Dictatorship is a monocracy, which in the most important aspects of the political self-organization of society is the antipode of democracy. Dictatorships, for all their differences, are united in their rejection of the constitutional and pluralistic principles of democracy.
Preventing or significantly limiting the opposition, they reject fair elections based on the principle of competition between various political forces, or replace them with plebiscitary elections with one non-alternative candidate, where the results are known in advance. They are characterized by the absence of guarantees of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen - the separation of powers, the real representation of the people in government bodies and other democratic principles and norms of the state system.
Dictatorship, like democracy, comes into existence in various forms and can be found in all civilizations and historical epochs. Since ancient times, both in the East and in the West, there have been various forms of it, such as the ancient Eastern despotisms, the tyrannies of ancient Greece, the absolute monarchies of the Middle Ages, autocracy in Russia, etc. In Marxism-Leninism, which served as the ideological basis of the political regime in the USSR, the concept of "dictatorship of the proletariat" was used to designate the form of power of the Soviet state.
Today, dictatorial political systems exist in two forms: authoritarianism and totalitarianism. While possessing the most important characteristics of a dictatorship, in a number of aspects they differ significantly from each other. Authoritarianism is characterized by the dominance of the state over society, the primacy of the executive over the legislative and judicial branches. But here such dominance does not acquire the rigidity and inclusiveness that are characteristic of totalitarianism.
Authoritarianism takes advantage of the weakness and underdevelopment of civil society, but, unlike totalitarianism, does not destroy it. It can coexist and be combined with both the state and the market economy. In some cases, the parliament and political parties formally function, but their activities are under strict control of the state. In the most "liberal" authoritarian regimes, "dosed" dissent is allowed, class, class, clan, tribal differences are preserved.
There are many types of authoritarian regimes. They are mainly distributed in the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, less often in capitalist countries (Spain, Portugal, Greece until the anti-dictatorial uprisings of the mid-1970s), which lag behind the main industrial countries in their development.
Authoritarianism is established as a result of promotion to dominant positions national comprador bourgeoisie, which establishes close ties with the military. Typical examples of this type are the regimes of Cameroon, Tunisia, Algeria, etc.
In most cases, the main support of the regime is the army. In developing countries, there is a widespread military dictatorship, when power is seized, usually through military coups. This type is represented, for example, by the military dictatorship of A. Pinochet in Chile, established in September 1971, and by the regime of "black colonels" in Greece in the mid-1960s, which existed until the mid-1970s.
AT modern world there are also regimes that are monarchical in form and authoritarian in content. These are the so-called absolute monarchies, characterized by the legal and actual concentration of the fullness of state (legislative, executive, judicial), and sometimes spiritual (religious) power in the hands of the monarch. They are based on the principle of inheritance of power in the absence of any legal means to deprive the ruler of power. Such regimes predominate in the Islamic states of the Greater Middle East.
You can also select modes with greater or lesser rigidity, or "liberalism", in the organization of the power vertical. For example, the military-political dictatorship of A. Pinochet in Chile differed from the authoritarian regime of Choi Doo-hwan in South Korea (he served as president of the republic in 1980-1988) in a more open reliance on the repressive apparatus, a greater intensity of terror and suppression, etc.
In a number of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, the developmental authoritarianism. In this case, political modernization with an emphasis on professionalization, democratization, separation of powers, etc. progresses slowly and with some difficulty. Here "authoritarianism of development" gradually evolves towards parliamentarism and democracy.
There are a kind hybrid regimes in which elements of both totalitarianism and authoritarianism are organically combined. These, as a rule, include the Francoist regime in Spain and the Salazar regime in Portugal, which existed from the 1930s. 20th century before the democratic revolutions of the mid-70s. Some authors (for example, M. Duverger) called them not without reason pseudo-fascist.
In the XX century. the most important features political system dictatorial type manifested itself in a purely totalitarian regimes. In the political system of the totalitarian type, fascist and national socialist regimes are distinguished, respectively, in Italy and Germany on the right flank of the ideological and political spectrum, as well as the Bolshevik regime in the USSR, on its left flank (at least during the period of Stalinism).
Fagiism (ital. fascismo, from fascio – bunch, bundle, association) is one of the main currents of socio-political thought and socio-political movement, which became widespread in Europe in the 20-40s. 20th century The main role in the development, dissemination and implementation of the ideas, principles and values of fascism was made by Count J. A. de Gobineau, X. Chamberlain, G. d "Annunzio, J. Gentile, A. Rosenberg, J. Goebbels and, of course, B. Mussolini and A. Hitler.
These ideas and concepts received their most complete expression in Italian fascism and German National Socialism, which were embodied in the respective political regimes, first in Italy and then in Germany. Between them were the transitional or hybrid regimes of General Franco in Spain, Salazar in Portugal, Horthy in Hungary.
In fascism, the peculiarly interpreted idea of the nation, or nationalism, is used as the main theoretical and analytical tool for interpreting world history, which in the German version of fascism is national socialism – took on the form of racism. It achieved a merger of extreme forms of nationalism with separate uniquely interpreted elements of socialism, which gave A. Hitler and his associates grounds to talk about National Socialism.
From the very beginning, fascism considered the nation as a kind of synthesis of all material and spiritual values without exception, and as such enjoying priority over the individual, groups, strata, classes. As Hitler argued, "the implementation of the will of the nation is of decisive importance, for only this will can be the starting point for political speeches." In contrast to the "bourgeois and Marxist-Jewish outlook," he confided, the idea of the National Socialist "people's state" assesses "the meaning of humanity in its basic racial terms." This attitude found its most complete expression in anti-Semitism.
Fascists rejected any restrictions on the power of the state. It is integral and total in its essence, within its framework there is no place for the private apart from the public. This idea found doctrinal expression in Mussolini's following aphorism: "Everything is within the state, nothing is outside the state, and nothing is against the state."
Fascism and Bolshevism have both conceptual and typological points of contact, as well as serious differences. The initial incompatibility of their ideologies is striking. Here it is enough to mention such dichotomous pairs as internationalism - nationalism, the theory of class struggle - the national-racial idea, materialism - idealism, with the help of which the opposition of Marxism-Leninism and fascism is determined.
If in Marxism-Leninism the class was taken as the main theoretical and analytical tool for interpreting world history, then in fascism the nation served as such. The first gave moral and theoretical priority to the concept of class, and the second to the concept of nation and even race. As a result, the place of the Marxist concepts of "surplus value" and "class struggle" in National Socialism was taken by the concepts of "blood" and "race".
Fascists and National Socialists, both in theory and in practice, assigned a decisive role to politics and ideology, they retained private ownership of the means of production and market mechanisms for the functioning of the economy. The Bolsheviks, who in theory assigned the decisive role to the basis, or economy, took the path of complete socialization of the means of production. If the Bolsheviks destroyed the market, then the National Socialists saddled it, tamed it.
Marxism-Leninism was guided in theory by the communist ideal of building a perfect and just social order. However, the problem is that ruthless, inhumane means were adopted to achieve the set goal. In this context, the greatest mistake of the Bolsheviks was that they discredited the great communist ideal.
For all that, the fact of proximity and a certain relationship between fascism and Bolshevism in a number of parameters is indisputable. This is, in particular, a single, all-encompassing goal (although it differs significantly in its content); domination by a single revolutionary party of a new type; mono-ideology that rejects other ideologies; similar means and methods for achieving ideal goals; merging into a single whole of the party, state and society; politicization of all spheres of life without exception; physical and moral terror, etc.
It is these characteristics that make it possible to evaluate both fascism in its various variants, and Marxism-Leninism in its Bolshevik interpretation as two opposite manifestations or two alternative (right and left) variants of a special socio-historical phenomenon - totalitarianism.
At the same time, we must not forget that the totalitarian regimes themselves were subject to certain changes. In the Soviet Union, it seems correct to speak of a more or less purely totalitarian regime in relation to the Stalinist regime, covering the period from the late 1920s to the first half of the 1950s. In subsequent years, there was a gradual liberalization of the regime in terms of abandoning the most severe forms of control over the minds of the people, as well as explicit terror.
Dictatorship(lat. dictatorship) - a form of government in which all the fullness of state power belongs to only one political position - the ruler (dictator), the ruling party, the ruling group of persons, the ruling union or the ruling social class.
From the point of view of political science, dictatorship is a form of exercise of power in which ruling group, regardless of the form of power, regardless of the form of attitude to power, exercises its rule in a direct, directive way. The independence of this form of exercise of power from the form of power and the form of attitude to power clearly shows the example of the political system that arose as a result of the French Revolution: the form of power is a republic, the form of attitude to power is democracy, the form of exercise of power is dictatorship.
The functioning of a dictatorial regime is accompanied by radical or repressive measures against political opponents and the harsh suppression or elimination of those rights and freedoms of citizens that in one way or another contradict the position of this regime.
The effectiveness and optimality of this form of exercising power depends on many factors, including the objective situation, society's perception of the need for this particular form of exercising power, the form of the relationship between society and power, the form of ideological justification for power.
At present, the concept of dictatorship is distorted in a negative direction. Today, dictatorship, as a rule, refers to the regime of power of one person or group of people (as opposed to the people), not limited by the norms of legislation and not restrained by any public or political institutions. Despite the fact that individual democratic institutions are often preserved under the conditions of such a dictatorship, their real influence on politics is reduced to a minimum.
Supporters of the dictatorship usually indicate the following Benefits dictatorship as a form of government:
§ Dictatorship ensures the unity and, as a result, the strength of the system of power;
§ Under a one-man dictatorship, the dictator, by virtue of his position, is above any political party (including his own) and therefore is an unbiased political figure;
§ Under a dictatorship, it is more possible to carry out any long-term (not limited by the term of election) transformations in the life of the state;
§ Under a dictatorship, there is more opportunity to implement fundamental changes that are necessary in the long term, but unpopular in the short term;
Compared with a monarchy, the following advantages of a one-man dictatorship are distinguished:
§ A person with organizational and other abilities, will and knowledge usually comes to dictatorial power. At the same time, under a monarchy, the replacement of power takes place not according to the abilities of the candidate, but by chance of birth, as a result of which a person who is completely unprepared to perform such duties can receive the supreme state power;
§ The dictator is usually better informed than the monarch about real life about the problems and aspirations of the people.
Among shortcomings Dictatorships are commonly referred to as the following:
§ Under a one-man dictatorship, dictators are usually less confident in the strength of their power, so they are often prone to massive political repression;
§ After the death of a dictator, there may be a risk of political upheaval;
§ Great is the possibility of penetration into the power of people for whom power is an end in itself.
Compared with the republic, the following disadvantages are also distinguished:
§ Under a dictatorship, there is more theoretical possibility for the emergence of a monarchy;
§ Under a one-man dictatorship, the dictator is not legally responsible to anyone for his rule, which can lead to decisions that are objectively not in the interests of the state;
§ Under dictatorship, pluralism of opinions is completely absent or weakened;
§ Under a one-man dictatorship, there is no legal possibility to change the dictator if his policy turned out to be contrary to the interests of the people.
Compared with the monarchy, the following disadvantages are also distinguished:
§ Dictatorship is not usually considered a "charitable" form of government.
§ Unlike a dictator, the monarch, as a rule, is brought up from childhood, taking into account the fact that in the future he will become the supreme ruler of the state. This allows him to early years develop the qualities required for such a position.
Concept of dictatorship
Definition 1
Dictatorship is a form of exercising state power, in which all the full power of the state is concentrated in the hands of a single political position that belongs either to one person, that is, a dictator, or to a ruling group of persons, that is, a union, party, class, etc.
From the side of political science, dictatorship is a form of exercising power, in which the ruler or the ruling group, regardless of the form of power, regardless of the form of attitude to power, implements its own management in a direct, directive way. Independence of this form of realization of power from the form of power and the form of attitude to power vividly reflects an example of a political system that arose as a result of the French Revolution: the form of power is represented by the republic, the form of attitude to power is democracy, the form of exercise of power is represented by dictatorship.
The functioning of the dictatorial regime is accompanied by repressive or radical measures directed against political opponents, and severe pressure or the elimination of any rights and freedoms of citizens, in any way contrary to the positions of such a regime.
The optimality and effectiveness of this form of exercise of power depends on many factors, including:
- acceptance by society of the need for this particular form of exercise of power;
- objective situation;
- forms of relations between power and society;
- forms of ideological justification of power.
Today, dictatorship is traditionally called the power regime of a single person or a group of people in opposition to the people, who are not limited by legislative norms, not restrained by any political or public institutions. Although some institutions of democracy are often preserved under this dictatorship, their real impact on politics is minimized.
Forms and types of dictatorship
At present, the main forms in which dictatorial systems of politics can manifest themselves are represented by authoritarianism and totalitarianism. The last of these has the most historical significance, we attribute it mainly to specific regimes of the mid-late 20th century, while the first is actively used to characterize modern countries with highly centralized governance, which are mainly associated with the third world. Without focusing on the presence of common features that are dictated by tribal proximity, these two forms also have a number of differences that do not allow them to be confused with each other.
Remark 1
If, within the boundaries of a totalitarian system, the country, its governing bodies, economy, society, ideology and other elements of society create a single entity, then authoritarianism is characterized by the least degree of suppression of various aspects of society.
For example, the state, although it takes advantage of the inability of civil society to resist the authorities, nevertheless does not apply any measures that would be directed to the termination of its existence.
Some freedom of action has been preserved in the sphere of the economy, in the field of personal convictions, that is, "dosed dissent", class distinctions are allowed in a certain way, an alternative party and parliament can carry out the activities.
In addition, if under totalitarianism power is concentrated in the hands of a specific organization or group, for example, a political party, then the core of the powers of power under an authoritarian form is the state itself as such. In view of the foregoing, the change of a political authoritarian regime to a democratic form of society does not necessarily entail radical changes in the entire system of society as a whole, while at the moment when democratizing a totalitarian form of society, such modifications are inevitable.
- powers of power belong to the grouping of the wealthiest in the financial plan families that control both the politics and the economy of the country. Such variants are not uncommon in Latin America;
- leadership contains the national bourgeoisie as a class of "new oligarchy", which quite often acts in conjunction with the military structures. This model most often observed in African states;
- head of state - the monarch, who transfers power in a hereditary way; formally, the state is a monarchy, but in fact there are grounds for classifying it as an authoritarian regime. This is not uncommon in the Middle East; depending on certain specifics, the monarch can simultaneously be a religious leader;
- authoritarian states are sometimes divided on the basis of how rigidly or, conversely, how loosely the vertical of power is arranged;
- military dictatorship, which is characteristic of a number of developing states, is also singled out as a separate form.
Sometimes there are cases when talking about the unambiguous correspondence of the structure of society to any other type is not possible for some reason - for example, due to the fact that the state is in the process of transition, has not yet reached a specific systemic stage in its development. In these cases, the mode can be defined as mixed or intermediate; depending on the specific relationship, the terms "democratic authoritarianism" or "authoritarian democracy" are used.
Despite the general dictatorial inclinations, including the use of force, such a regime allows for private property, seeks to rely on specific strata of society in which it seeks support; there are liberal components in the country, and the structure of the economy of society sets the conditions for their subsequent development: the more actively the economy is modernized, the more strongly the tendencies towards democracy develop.
The historical aspect provides for the existence of hybrid regimes that combine some features of totalitarianism and authoritarianism, an example of this is the Franco regime in Spain in the 30s of the 20th century.
Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language
Dictatorship
anarchy
Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary
Dictatorship
'power'
Syn: fascism, fascist
Ant: democracy, republic, self-government
encyclopedic Dictionary
Dictatorship
(lat. dictatura - unlimited power), the exercise of power in the state by non-democratic methods; authoritarian political regime. (e.g. personal dictatorship).
Dictionary of Efremova
Dictatorship
- and.
- :
- Powers, the power of a dictator (1) in Ancient Rome.
- The reign of a dictator.
- Unlimited state power, based on the strength of the ruling class.
- Power, power.
- :
Political Science: Dictionary-Reference
Dictatorship
(lat. dictatura unlimited power)
1) unlimited power, most important way the implementation of which is armed violence;
2) exercise of power in the state by non-democratic methods; authoritarian political regime. (e.g. personal dictatorship).
Ozhegov's dictionary
DICTAT At RA, s, and.
1. State power, ensuring the complete political domination of a certain class, party, group. Fascist d.d. of the proletariat (in Russia: the power of the working class proclaimed by the Bolshevik Party).
2. Unlimited power based on direct violence. Military d.
Terminological dictionary of a librarian on socio-economic topics
Dictatorship
the term characterizing the system of exercising power in the state means:
The essence of the state power, providing political domination to one class or another (for example, the democracy of the proletariat);
The method of implementation of the state. authorities, political regime (for example, personal D.);
In ancient Rome, the powers, power or time of the reign of a dictator;
Unlimited, not constrained by any laws, power based on force, expressing the interests of dominions. class. State form. management, in which the power of dominance. forces (classes, subjects, etc.) relies on force and is not limited by laws.
see also
Dictionary Ushakov
Dictatorship
dictatorship of ra, dictatorships, female (lat. dictatura) ( polit.).
1. Unlimited state power, based on the strength of the ruling class. - Dictatorship means ... Unlimited power, based on force, not on law. "During a civil war, any victorious power can only be a dictatorship." Lenin. "Either dictatorship ( those. iron power) of the landowners and capitalists, or the dictatorship of the working class. Lenin. "The dictatorship of the proletariat is 1) violence unrestricted by law against the capitalists and landlords, 2) the leadership of the proletariat against the peasantry, and 3) the building of socialism against the whole of society." Stalin. The dictatorship of capital.
Philosophical Dictionary (Comte-Sponville)
Dictatorship
Dictatorship
♦ Dictate
In a broad and vague sense, which has spread in modern times, it means any power based on force. In a narrow and historical sense - an authoritarian or military power that restricts not only the personal and group freedoms of people, but also the normal functioning of the state, as a rule, for a certain time and in the general interest. Dictatorship differs from despotism by a less pronounced monarchical principle (collective and even democratic dictatorship is possible), from tyranny by the absence of obvious disregard for the interests of the broad masses of people. Unlike tyranny, dictatorship can be established democratically, politically justified, and morally permissible. Among the ancient Romans, for example, dictatorship was the exclusive form of government established by law for a period of six months in order to save the republic. According to Marx and Lenin, the dictatorship of the proletariat should last much longer, but its goal is much higher - the salvation of not just the republic, but of all mankind. In both cases, the introduction of dictatorship led to the establishment of tyranny or despotism. And the concept of dictatorship as a result of all this has lost its positive meaning.
Y, well. 1. Unlimited state power, based on the strength of the ruling class. military dictatorship. 2. In ancient Rome: the authority, power or time of the dictator's reign. Small Academic Dictionary