Technological process of cargo transportation. Choice of cargo transportation technology Such planning allows
Under cargo transportation process technology is understood as a way for people to implement a specific transportation process by dividing it into a system of successive interrelated stages and operations that are performed more or less unambiguously and are aimed at achieving high transportation efficiency. Technology challenge– clear the process of cargo transportation from unnecessary operations, make it more purposeful. The essence of the technology of cargo transportation is revealed through two basic concepts - stage and operation. Stage is a set of operations by which a particular process is carried out. Operation- a homogeneous, logically indivisible part of the transportation process, aimed at achieving a specific goal, performed by one or more performers.
The technology of any process of cargo transportation is characterized by three features: the division of the transportation process, coordination and phasing, unambiguity of actions. The purpose of dividing the process of cargo transportation into stages is to determine the boundaries of immanent requirements for the subject that will work on this technology. Any operation should ensure the approximation of the control object to the goal and ensure the transition from one operation to another. The last operation of the stage should be a kind of introduction to the first operation of the next stage. The more accurately the description of the process of transportation of goods will correspond to its subjective logic, the greater the likelihood of achieving the highest effect of the activities of the people involved in it. The developed technologies must take into account the requirements of the basic economic laws and, first of all, the law of increasing the productivity of social labor.
Coordination and phasing of actions aimed at achieving the set specific goal should be based on the internal logic of the functioning and development of a certain transportation process. Technology is not created from scratch, but has a connection with the technology of the past and the future. The technology that works today must be based on principles that make it easy to remake it into the technology of the future.
Each technology should provide for the uniqueness of the implementation of the steps and operations included in it. The deviation of the execution of one operation is reflected in the entire technological chain. The more significant the deviation of the parameters from those designed by the technology, the greater the risk of disrupting the entire process of cargo transportation and obtaining a result that does not correspond to the project.
First, the technology of the entire process of cargo transportation is developed, and then the individual stages. After the development of the technology of the stages, they must be considered from the standpoint of technological unity.
There is a causal relationship between technique and technology, but technique is decisive.
The technological process was not invented today. Just as, according to Molière, people do not think about what they write and say in prose, so workers in trucking companies, using a certain technology, do not think about it. In the past, the technology of the process of transporting goods was formed in most cases intuitively. Technological processes of cargo transportation were not purposefully and consciously developed systems of stages and operations. Therefore, at present, many transportation processes are not efficient enough.
Technological schemes of the process of cargo transportation:
a - one mode of transport; b - different modes of transport.
Delivery of goods is a set of services for the movement of goods from the manufacturer to the consumer, which includes the provision of services that ensure the dispatch, transportation and receipt of goods, including the possible execution of shipping, transportation, customs and other documents necessary for the delivery of goods, storage cargo, enlargement of cargo consignments, etc.
Transportation of goods, in turn, is considered as an integral part of the process of delivery of goods. Today, most manufacturers are actively involved in the development of ways to deliver their products to end consumers, since the company's competitiveness depends on the effectiveness of its implementation. Due to the high level of competition, for example, in the food and consumer electronics markets, manufacturers are interested in promoting their products to various markets both domestically and abroad. Moreover, they (manufacturers) are interested in the fact that the price of their goods was lower than the prices of similar goods of competitors. In order to achieve these two key marketing objectives - the availability of markets with minimal transport costs - manufacturers develop delivery options or coordinate them with regional distributors. When forming the delivery option, the types of main transport are selected, which should be used taking into account the development of the transport infrastructure of the region, climatic, economic and other factors; sizes of consignments to ensure maximum loading of the rolling stock, uninterrupted satisfaction of demand, etc.; dislocation of points for the redistribution of cargo flows (regional warehouse complexes), through which goods will be delivered within the region; modes of transportation on local routes, etc.
Depending on the purpose of delivery and the transport and technological capabilities of its implementation, goods move through various elements of the product distribution system:
- ? warehouses of the manufacturer and consumer;
- ? stations (ports) of departure and destination;
- ? intermediate warehouses (as elements of a multi-cascade distribution system).
The sequence of passage of goods by individual elements of the distribution system in the process of their delivery from the manufacturer to the final consumer forms a delivery scheme. On fig. 1 shown various schemes delivery.
Rice. one.
When choosing a delivery scheme, the features of production and consumption of products, transport factors and conditions for managing inventory in the distribution system are taken into account. The selection criterion is the minimum cost for all participants in the process of cargo delivery.
Depending on the relative position of the points of departure and receipt of goods, within the framework of the formed delivery scheme, a directed movement of goods is created - a cargo flow. Freight traffic in a given section of the road is characterized by the amount of cargo transported over the period under consideration. Freight flows can be presented in the form of cartograms, diagrams and tables.
Cartogram of cargo flows is linked to the image of the territory through which cargo is delivered. On the cartogram, on a conditional scale, the value of the transported goods and the direction of their transportation are plotted in the form of the outlines of the route on the map. The forward and reverse directions of movement of goods are applied in accordance with the right-hand traffic of cars adopted in the Russian Federation (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2.
The diagram of cargo flows is built in a rectangular coordinate system: distances between delivery points are plotted on a horizontal straight line on a conditional scale (moreover, the curvilinear shape of the route is replaced by a straight line); vertically, the volumes of transported goods are also plotted on a scale (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Plot of cargo flows
The presentation of cargo flows in a tabular form makes it possible to systematize various quantitative information: traffic volumes by directions, distribution of traffic volumes by individual points (arrival, departure, transit), volume of transport work performed (see tables 1 and 2).
Table 1
table 2
The production process for the delivery of goods involves a large number of participants and is associated with the performance of numerous operations, so it should be considered comprehensively based on a single technology. In accordance with GOST 3.1109-82, the technological process is part of the production process, containing purposeful actions to change the object of labor. The essence of the technological process of cargo delivery lies in their movement through various elements of the distribution system from the manufacturer to the final consumer.
The technology of cargo delivery is a set and sequence of operations with cargo that ensures their delivery to the consumer. The set of basic operations of cargo delivery technology is shown in fig. four.
Rice. four.
The listed operations of the technological process of cargo delivery are considered as subprocesses, since they themselves are complex processes and consist of various operations. Some of them are so closely related to each other that they can be combined into sub-processes more high level, for example, loading and unloading and transportation operations are part of the transportation process.
The process of cargo delivery (Fig. 5) begins with the process of preparing cargo for transportation, which is usually carried out by the sender and includes operations: consolidation (accumulation), packaging, labeling, etc. The accumulation of cargo is necessary to form the minimum allowable volume of the consignment, which ensures the maximum use of the carrying capacity of the vehicle. Loading and unloading operations can be performed by both the sender and the freight forwarder (carrier). Further, the cargo is shipped according to the developed delivery scheme, which may include one or more distribution centers (terminals) that control the direction and power of cargo flows. Distribution centers perform operations for the consolidation, disaggregation and sorting of goods in directions, short-term and long-term storage and control over the level of stocks, loading, unloading and transshipment of goods from one mode of transport to another, as well as Additional services for the implementation of centralized settlements, packaging, labeling, customs clearance of goods, etc. The delivery process ends with the delivery of goods to direct recipients in accordance with the delivery schedule and the rules for accepting goods. Effective implementation of the process of delivery of goods is possible only if the parameters of interaction of all its participants (senders and recipients of goods, carriers, etc.) are fully coordinated, as well as the use modern technologies cargo delivery. The relationship between the participants in the delivery process and the technology for its implementation is summarized in the concept of a transport and technological system for the delivery of goods.
Rice. 5.
The transport and technological system for the delivery of goods (TTS) is a set of material elements along the entire path of product promotion (transport and handling facilities, transport equipment, infrastructure facilities, warehouses, etc.), as well as ways of interaction between them (technological operations ) that ensure the delivery of goods from producers to consumers.
The design of TTS requires the consistent development of a set of issues, in particular:
- ? development of delivery schemes, transportation routes;
- ? choice of modes of transport, types of rolling stock, packaging and equipment, handling equipment;
- ? determining the location of intermediate warehouses, calculating the volume of warehouse stocks of products;
- ? development of technological documentation for the delivery of goods;
- ? determination of methods of quality control and safety of cargo delivery.
Reducing the costs and labor intensity of work in the TTS is achieved due to the following factors: the choice of efficient vehicles; rational use of storage facilities; accelerate the delivery of goods; improvement of packaging; the use of reusable packaging (containers) and batch transportation; mechanization of loading and unloading and transport and storage operations; reduction or complete elimination of losses of transported goods, etc.
An important condition for the effective functioning of the TTS is the technological consistency of the work of transport organizations, suppliers and consumers of products and intermediate warehouses. Such coordination is achieved by organizing a single technological process.
A single technological process is a previously developed rational technology for the interaction of consignors, consignees, transport and storage organizations. The implementation of a single technological process provides for the coordination of the activities of these participants in the following areas:
- 1) coordination of the rhythm of the transport process with the rhythm of production and consumption, achieved by a comprehensive solution to the problem of optimizing the choice of vehicles and determining the volume of accumulated goods in warehouses;
- 2) coordination of the mode of operation of consignors, consignees, transport and storage organizations;
- 3) coordination of the rhythm of work of transport and handling facilities;
- 4) reducing the number of transshipment operations at points of loading and unloading through the use of package and container delivery technologies;
- 5) preliminary preparation of goods for transportation: timely picking of consignments of goods, taking into account the conditions for their accumulation, the carrying capacity of vehicles and containers, packing and packaging of packaged goods; cargo marking, etc.
The effectiveness of any TTS activity is largely determined by how fully and deeply advanced achievements of science and technology are introduced in it. This is especially true for transport services, in order to ensure that the delivery of goods and the activities of carriers are carried out rationally and at minimal cost.
Technology- a set of methods for processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties and form of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products used in the production process.
Under transport technology is understood as a set of techniques and methods that ensure the movement of goods and passengers, i.e. a certain technological process for the creation of transport products.
The technology of the production process in transport differs from other branches of material production - industry, construction, agriculture. As you know, the products of industry and other industries are produced in stationary conditions, "within the walls of the enterprise", while vehicles (cars, locomotives, sea, river and aircraft, cars, etc.), performing transportation, move throughout communication networks, sometimes over considerable distances. Due to dynamism rolling stock in transport, there is such a phenomenon unknown to other industries as empty runs vehicles and transport equipment (e.g. containers) as they may be far away from the next loading point after the carriage.
Structural divisions and other facilities of industrial enterprises are usually located in a certain geographical location, while transport enterprises are often spatially dispersed and are located on the territory of several territorial entities and even subjects of the Federation, and their activities are of a complex nature. So, for example, the Moscow Canal enterprise is the largest water transport and at the same time water management facility. It includes 240 hydraulic structures and 3842 km of waterways in 12 regions Russian Federation. Another example: one of 17 railways country - Kuibyshev, has an operational length of 4.7 thousand km, includes 336 stations and passes through the territory of ten regions and autonomous republics. Maritime merchant ships carry out cargo transportation to any point of the world's oceans, being thousands of miles from the home port.
These and other features of the organization of the production process in transport require different from other industries technological methods and managerial influences. So, on all modes of transport organized dispatch services, the main tasks of which are continuous monitoring of the state of the rolling stock, its technical readiness, compliance with the traffic schedule and timetable, and in general - ensuring the coordinated work of individual links of the transport enterprise or interacting enterprises different types transport. At the same time, the structure and organization of the dispatch service in transport differ significantly from the dispatch service in industrial enterprises. A feature of dispatching in transport is the continuous change in the operational situation on railway lines and junctions, airports, sea and river ports. Dispatch service is based on modern methods management and control using the latest tools communications, automation and computer technology.
A special place in the management of the transport process is occupied by modern communication systems. In recent decades, created, put into practice and continuously improved information networks communications and networks for positioning rolling stock and transport equipment of various types of transport: aircraft, trains, sea and river vessels, containers, etc. the main objective implementation of these systems - increasing the efficiency and safety of the transport process, Information Support management process. An example is "River information services(RIS) / River Information Services (RIS)”, which are created on the inland waterways of the European Union and other countries, including the Russian Federation, for the coordinated management of vessel traffic and transportation in the inland navigation system, including docking with coastal services and other modes of transport . RIS have the following main objectives: ensuring the safety and efficiency of transportation, as well as reducing the harmful impact on the environment.
Depending on the type of transportation (domestic, international, transit, etc.), transport enterprises in their activities are guided not only by industry normative documents, but also laws of the federal and regional levels, as well as international conventions. In addition, the specifics of the production activity of transport is also reflected in the adopted legislative acts of a general nature, such as the Tax Code, the Water Code, etc. As a result, legal support for the activities of transport enterprises is more diverse and complex than, for example, for enterprises producing industrial products.
Modern transport production is characterized by the differentiation of transport technologies into cargo and passenger. For freight transportation, one can also distinguish between technologies limited to one mode of transport and technologies designed for the use of several modes of transport.
The range of goods transported by transport includes thousands of items. Each cargo has its own technical and economic characteristics, its own requirements for the speed and safety of transportation, which predetermine the technology of its transportation. But it is almost impossible to take into account all these features. Therefore, it is necessary to group the entire range of goods into a limited number of groups and then develop its own technology for each group.
The analysis of cargo transportation technologies made it possible, despite their diversity, to group them into 3 large groups, namely transportation technologies bulk cargo, transportation technologies terminal cargo and transportation technologies other cargo.
Characteristics of transportation technologies bulk cargo connected, on the one hand, with their comparative simplicity, and on the other hand, with the absence of containers. A feature of the technology in this case is the fact that the mass of the transported cargo in the vehicle is limited by its carrying capacity. These cargoes include bulk, bulk and bulk. This category of goods does not require a high speed of delivery, and therefore they can accumulate both at the points of departure and at the points of arrival.
When transporting goods of this category using several modes of transport, it is necessary to have transshipment complexes that ensure transshipment from one type of transport to another at transshipment points.
For their transportation, as a rule, vehicles of large carrying capacity are used. In water transport, ships or large-capacity trains are used to transport these goods. In particular, tankers with a carrying capacity of up to 500 thousand tons or more are used in maritime transport for transporting oil, and ships with a carrying capacity of up to 350 thousand tons are used for bulk cargo. In inland water transport for the transportation of bulk cargo, heavy-duty trains with a carrying capacity of up to 15-18 thousand tons on the rivers of Siberia are most often used, in the USA on the Mississippi River with a carrying capacity of up to 20-25 thousand tons. The main economic effect obtained when using this technology is associated with a reduction in operating costs due to a reduction in the cost of maintaining the crew, reducing energy costs, depreciation and other expenses per 1 ton of cargo transportation.
However, it must be borne in mind that the use of large-capacity vessels of large capacity for the transportation of bulk cargoes is possible with significant concentrations of flows of these cargoes and a long distance of transportation. Otherwise, the demurrage of such vessels at the points of departure and arrival will require significant costs that will exceed the benefits provided by the use of vessels of large capacity. In these cases, it may be more efficient to use vessels of smaller carrying capacity.
The considered technologies for the transportation of bulk cargoes represent the bulk of the transportation in terms of volume by all modes of transport, but less money is spent on their transportation than on the transportation of terminal cargo. Category terminal (small batch) cargo includes science-intensive, high-cost, perishable products that require high delivery speeds and a high degree of safety during transportation.
Particular attention is paid to this category of goods because the production process itself takes about 5% of the time in the production cycle, and the remaining 95% of the cycle time, these products are in the process of transportation and in warehouses.
It is possible to increase the efficiency of transportation of this category of goods by enlarging their dispatch and using special means of enlargement for this purpose: containers, trailers, swap bodies, pallets. These funds make it possible to introduce modern non-reloading transportation technologies and transfer not the cargo itself, but the cargo unit into which it is loaded, at the points of intersection of the modes of transport.
Then the entire chain of technological operations for the delivery of the product in question from its manufacturer to the consumer can be divided into three phases:
- 1) formation of a cargo unit (container, trailer, etc.) and its delivery to the transport terminal in the production area;
- 2) transportation of the cargo unit from the transport terminal at the place of production to the transport terminal at the place of its consumption;
- 3) disbanding of the cargo unit and delivery of products to the consumer. The use of this technology allows:
- 1) reduce downtime of vehicles under cargo operations;
- 2) reduce the cost of loading and unloading operations;
- 3) reduce the cost of tare and packaging of goods;
- 4) improve the safety of transported goods.
Effective planning and coordination of production processes require accurate forecasts that enable you to allocate resources ahead of time, rather than making costly changes in capacity utilization or inventory utilization in response to changes that have already occurred. Forecasting improves the efficiency of logistics because it creates the opportunity to share information rather than inventory. Using modern technologies for integrating forecasts that meet the information needs of logistics, a procedure for making effective quantitative forecasts can be determined, in the end, the actual estimate is made up of six elements: the base value of the resource, the seasonal factor, trends over time, the cyclical factor, the incentive effect and random fluctuations. The base estimate is the average value, and the remaining elements provide correction factors.
The increase in the efficiency of transportation is associated with the technical improvement of the rolling stock of transport and handling facilities, the introduction of advanced technology, and the improvement of the organization of transportation of goods. Technical improvements make it possible to increase the speed of rolling stock, reduce downtime during loading and unloading operations, increase the volume of a consignment of transported cargo, etc. The objective of the technology is to reduce the duration and complexity of cargo transportation by reducing the number of operations and stages of the transportation process.
Under cargo transportation process technology is understood as a way to implement a specific transportation process by dividing it into a system of successive interrelated stages and operations that are performed more or less unambiguously and are aimed at achieving high transportation efficiency.
Technology challenge - clear the transportation process of unnecessary operations, make it more purposeful. The essence of the technology of cargo transportation is revealed through two main concepts - stage and operation. A stage is a set of operations by which a particular process is carried out. An operation is a homogeneous, logistically indivisible part of the transportation process, aimed at achieving a specific goal, performed by one or more performers.
The technology of any process of cargo transportation is characterized by three features: the division of the transportation process, coordination and phasing, unambiguity of actions. The division of the transportation process into stages is the definition of the boundaries of the requirements for the subject that will work on this technology. Any operation should ensure the approximation of the control object to the goal and ensure the transition from one operation to another. The last operation of the stage should be a kind of introduction to the first operation of the next stage. The more accurately the description of the process of transportation of goods will correspond to its subjective logic, the greater the likelihood of achieving the highest effect of the activities of the people involved in it. The developed technologies must take into account the requirements of the basic economic laws and, first of all, the law of increasing the productivity of social labor.
Coordination and phasing of actions aimed at achieving the set specific goal should be based on the internal logic of the functioning and development of a certain transportation process. The technology that works today must be based on principles that make it easy to transform it into the technology of the future.
Each technology should provide for the unambiguity of actions when performing the steps and operations included in it. The deviation of the execution of one operation is reflected in the entire technological chain. The greater the deviation of the parameters from the designed technologies, the greater the risk of disrupting the entire process of cargo transportation and obtaining a result that does not correspond to the project.
First, the technology of the entire process of cargo transportation is developed, and then the individual stages. After the development of stage technologies, they must be considered from the standpoint of technological unity. There is a causal relationship between technique and technology, but technique is decisive.
The transportation process can be represented as a specific subnet. The policy of control and management in such a system is modeled by the synchronization of positions at each stage (in each link). In turn, the constituent elements of transportation are characterized by certain laws inherent only to them. The operations that make up the transportation process are heterogeneous and differ greatly in their duration. Some operations, when combined, create certain stages of this process, each of which performs its own tasks. Both individual operations and stages of the transportation process are in a certain dependence on each other (before transporting the cargo, it must be loaded, etc.). Thus, this process is multi-stage and multi-operational, with a large technological, operational and economic heterogeneity of operations. Separate stages of the process of cargo transportation are often considered as independent.
On fig. 7.1 and 7.2 show diagrams of the process of transportation of goods, which have a cyclical nature. This means that the movement of goods is carried out by repetitive production cycles.
Rice. 7.1.
Rice. 7.2.
lamas following one after another. The rhythm of these cycles is determined by their frequency, which, in turn, depends on the average duration of one cycle. Each cycle is characterized by a high degree of dynamism, a continuous change of state and a change in the composition of elements. The cycles of individual transport processes fluctuate over time. However, they always have a beginning and an end. Each repetitive transportation cycle is made up of many separate stages that are closely interconnected and equally directed, since their ultimate goal is to achieve a spatial change in the position of goods. The complex of these cycles, which form the transportation cycle, creates the transportation process.
An analysis of the process diagrams shows that in any transportation process there are stages that are inherent only to the cargo (preparation of cargo for shipment, storage of cargo at the point of production and intermediate points, warehousing, forwarding operations), only to rolling stock (submission of rolling stock for loading), but there are and joint steps. The latter include the stages of loading, transportation, unloading, etc. This situation makes it difficult to unambiguously understand the concept of the transportation process. From the point of view of motor transport enterprises, when issues of improving the use of rolling stock, reducing the turnaround time of rolling stock, etc., come to the fore, in order to carry out the process of transporting cargo, it is necessary, in addition to transporting it, to load and unload it, and also to submit the rolling stock for loading, t .e. complete the transport process.
The transportation process a set of operations from the moment the cargo is prepared for dispatch to the moment it is received, associated with the movement of cargo in space without changing its geometric shapes, sizes and physical and chemical properties (stages 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 in Fig. 7.1 or stages 1- 2-3-4-
5 - 6 - 7 in fig. 7.2).
Moving process - a set of loading operations at the loading point, reloading operations at the points of transfer of cargo from one mode of transport to another, its intermediate storage, transportation and unloading operations at the unloading point (stages 2 - 3 - 4 in Fig. 7.1 or stages 2-3-4 -5-6 in Fig. 7.2).
Transport process - this is a set of loading operations at the loading and transfer points, transportation, unloading operations at the points of transfer of goods from one mode of transport to another and the point of unloading and supply of rolling stock for loading (stages 2 - 3 - 4 - 6 in Fig. 7.1 and stages 2 - 3 - 4 - 8 and 4 - 5 - 6 - 9 in Fig. 7.2).
Transport process cycle - the production process for the transportation of goods, when the stages of supplying the rolling stock for loading, transportation and unloading are performed. The completed cycle of the transport process is also called a ride (stages 2 - 3 - 4 - 6 in Figure 7.1 and stages 2 - 3 - 4 - 8 or 4 - 5 - 6 - 9 in Figure 7.2).
Move operation - part of the movement process, performed using one or a system of cooperative mechanisms or manually.
Transportation - the operation of moving cargo along a certain route from the place of loading to the place of unloading or reloading (stage 3 in Fig. 7.1 or stages 3 and 5 in Fig. 7.2).
Transport products - the mass of cargo in physical terms, delivered from the place of production to the place of consumption. Experience in the organization of transportation shows that not all cargo loaded at the point of production on the rolling stock is delivered to the place of its consumption. The reason for this is the loss of cargo, damage, natural loss, etc.
The logistical approach to the organization of road transportation determines a new methodological content, which consists in the fact that the main component of transportation should be the design of an optimal (rational) transportation process. This means the search for the best organizational and technical possible solutions, providing maximum efficiency in the transportation of goods from the place of their production to the place of consumption. It should be noted that the concept of "design", meaning literally the choice of a conceived destination, seems legitimate to refer to the process of creating not only technical means, but also transport products.
On fig. 7.3 shows a schematic diagram of the organization of cargo transportation. The following designations are accepted here: I - cargo generating point; II - load-absorbing point; III - transportation complex; №(0 - cargo flow of the transportation complex; ¥(2 - transport products; UG - the needs of the consignee; Gk - planned carrying capacity of the transportation complex; UK - actual carrying capacity of the transportation complex; O, 02, Oe - operators.
Rice. 7.3.
Under cargo generating points enterprises and organizations of all sectors of the national economy from which their products and waste are exported.
Under cargo absorbing points refers to enterprises and organizations of all sectors of the national economy, which import raw materials, fuel, materials, finished products and other goods necessary for their normal production activities.
The location of cargo generating and absorbing points is determined, on the one hand, by natural conditions, and, on the other hand, by more or less random factors.
One and the same enterprise can simultaneously be a cargo-generating and cargo-absorbing point. Thus, an enterprise exporting finished products is a cargo generating point, and an enterprise importing raw materials, components, purchased semi-finished products, spare parts is a cargo absorbing point.
In this circuit diagram two aspects can be distinguished. According to the first quantity of cargo delivered to the consignee wq, should correspond to the cargo flow of the transportation complex W(t). The difference between input and output AW= W(t) - Wq is fed through the feedback loop to the cargo generating point and through the operator 0 (changes the planned value of the carrying capacity of the transportation complex. The operator O] aligns the relationship between the cargo flow and the carrying capacity of the transportation complex. The planned value of its carrying capacity W "A, in turn, is converted to actual carrying capacity wk using the operator o2.
The second aspect reflects changes in the volume of traffic associated with the demand of the recipient for this product (cargo).
He submits his needs in the form of orders through another communication chain to the cargo generating point and the transportation complex. A change in the recipient's need for this cargo affects the actual carrying capacity, which is reflected primarily in the output of the system. This action is performed by operator 03.
The independent variables will be the productivity of the cargo generating point and the need of the recipient, which can take arbitrary values.
By appointment, the following types of transport are distinguished.
- 1. Transport serving the sphere of circulation. It continues the production process in the sphere of circulation and includes railway, sea, river, automobile, air, pipeline.
- 2. Universal transport - carries out both freight and passenger transportation. It includes rail, sea, river, road and air transport.
- 3. Special transport - designed to deliver only certain goods. Includes oil and product pipelines and universal pipelines.
- 4. Public transport - carries out transportation of goods and passengers. Includes universal and special modes of transport.
- 5. Departmental transport - belongs to certain ministries and departments, as well as their enterprises and performs the transportation necessary for these areas.
- 6. Industrial transport - transport of the intra-industrial sphere. It is divided into internal and external. Internal transport provides transportation within one enterprise, and external transport is at the junction with public transport.
- 7. City transport - complex various kinds universal public transport.
- 8. Trunk transport - universal and special public transport, connecting major cities, industrial centers and economic regions.
- 9. Transport of local importance - links of universal transport serving local transportation of goods and passengers.
As you can see, transport logistics does not cover all the problems of transportation. Thus, the organization of the movement of goods by internal industrial transport is the subject of study of intra-industrial logistics, and the problem of choosing distribution channels is solved in the field of distribution logistics.
The subject of transport logistics is a set of tasks related to the organization of the movement of goods by general-purpose transport. In this case, the following tasks of transport logistics should be highlighted:
- o choice of vehicle type;
- o choice of vehicle type;
- o joint planning of the transport process with warehouse and production processes;
- o joint planning of transport processes for different modes of transport in the case of multimodal transport;
- o ensuring the technological unity of the transport and storage process;
- o determination of rational delivery routes.
In the course of procurement and delivery material resources, as well as the distribution of finished products to consumers, the manufacturer can use various transportation options, modes of transport, as well as various logistics partners (intermediaries) in organizing the delivery of products to specific points in the logistics chain. First of all, the logistics management of the company must decide whether to create its own fleet of vehicles or use a hired one (public or private). When choosing an alternative"], they usually proceed from a certain system of criteria, which include:
- o costs for the creation and operation of its own fleet of vehicles (rent, leasing of rolling stock);
- o the cost of paying for the services of transport, forwarding companies and other logistics intermediaries in transportation;
- o speed (time) of transportation;
- o quality of transportation (delivery reliability, cargo safety, etc.).
Creating your own fleet is associated with large capital investments in rolling stock, production and technical base for the maintenance and repair of vehicles and transport infrastructure. Ultimately, it can be justified in case of obtaining a significant gain in the quality, reliability and cost of transportation with large stable volumes of transported goods. As a rule, this refers to the fleet of motor vehicles. However, in any case, the assessment of alternatives should be carried out in a comprehensive manner, taking into account possible more criteria. In most cases, manufacturing firms resort to the services of specialized transport companies, and this alternative seems to be very promising.
AT study guide a systematic analysis of modern technologies for the transportation of various types (types) of goods by water transport was carried out. The organizational features of the transportation of goods, as well as measures to prevent the occurrence of emergencies in transport and logistics systems, are considered in detail.
The glossary used in the manual not only reveals the essence of marine technical terms, but also offers their English (international) equivalent.
The textbook is intended for cadets of higher educational institutions, specializing in areas related to marine equipment and technologies of transport processes and can be used both for independent work, and as a basic publication in the discipline "Technology of transportation of goods".
Freight transport technology. Organization and structure.
Improving the efficiency of cargo transportation by sea or river transport is associated with the technical improvement of the fleet and handling equipment, the introduction of new technologies for the transportation of goods, the creation of specialized types of ships and at the same time their universalization. Technical improvements make it possible to reduce downtime during loading and unloading operations, increase the volume of the consignment transported and minimize the impact of the human factor. The task of the technology is to reduce the duration and complexity of moving cargo by reducing the number of operations performed and automating them.
The technology of the process of moving cargo is understood as a method for the implementation by people of a single transportation process by dividing it. on a chain of successive stages and operations that should lead to the maximum efficiency of transportation. The task of the technology is to remove all unnecessary or duplicated operations from this chain. The deep essence of the technology of cargo transportation is revealed through two basic concepts - stage and operation. A stage is a constructor of operations by which a particular process is carried out.
An operation is a monolithic part of the transportation process aimed at achieving a specific goal, in which one or more performers are involved.
The technology of any process of cargo transportation can be divided into three components: the division of the transportation process, coordination and stages, a strictly fixed procedure.
The division of the process of transportation of goods into stages is necessary to determine the exact boundaries of the requirements for the subject that works on this technology. Any operation should bring the control object closer to the goal and guarantee the transition from one operation to another. The last operation of any stage should smoothly flow into the first operation of the next stage. The goal of any technology developed should ultimately lead to higher productivity.
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
SECTION 1. LOADS - SUBJECT OF LABOR IN TRANSPORT
Topic 1.1. Loads. Nomenclature. Classification. Types and purpose of classification. Organization and structure of cargo transportation
Topic 1.2. Transport properties of goods. Transformation of goods in the process of transportation. Changing the transport properties of goods
Topic 1.3. Cargo flows. Principles of formation, characteristics. Classification. Freight traffic research. Formation of tonnage traffic patterns
Topic 1.4. Cargo delivery schemes. Selection and arrangement of vehicles according to the directions of transportation
SECTION 2. VEHICLES - TOOLS OF WORK IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSPORTATION
Topic 2.1. Vehicles - types. Classification
Topic 2.2. Operational - specifications Vehicle
Topic 2.3. The crew of the vehicle, its functions and principles of formation
Topic 2.4. Transport cycle and its elements
Topic 2. 5. Carrying capacity
Topic 2.6. Business - plan of operation and use of the vehicle
SECTION 3. TECHNOLOGY OF TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS AND ENSURING THE SAFETY OF CONDITIONAL PROPERTIES OF CARGOES CARRIED
Topic 3.1. Factors affecting the cargo during transportation and protecting the cargo from their influence
Topic 3.2. The microclimate of the ship's cargo spaces
SECTION 4. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF TRANSPORTATION OF GENERAL CARGO
Topic 4. 1. Types of general cargo
Topic 4. 2. Documents regulating the transportation of general cargo:
Topic 4. 3. Basic preparatory operations with general cargo
Topic 4. 4. Preparing the vessel for the carriage of general cargo
SECTION 5. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF CARGO TRANSPORTATION IN ENHANCED PLACES
Topic 5.1. Enlarged cargo places. Types and transport characteristics of means of consolidation of packages
Topic 5.2. Organizational features of the transportation of goods in enlarged places. Transport and technological systems for the delivery of goods by enlarged places
SECTION 6. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF TRANSPORTATION OF LIMITED CARGO
SECTION 7. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF TRANSPORTATION OF BULK CARGO
Topic 7.1. Types of bulk cargoes and their transport properties. Classification
Topic 7.2. Bulk Cargo Vehicles and Their Operational Characteristics
Topic 7.3. National and international regulations for the transport of bulk cargoes
Topic 7.4. Transportation of grain bulk cargoes
SECTION 8. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF CARGO CARGO TRANSPORTATION
Topic 8.1. Types of timber cargo. measurements
Topic 8.2. National and international regulations for the transport of timber deck cargo
SECTION 9. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF CARGO CARRIAGE IN BULK
SECTION 10. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF THE TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS
Topic 10. 1. Dangerous goods, their classification
Topic 10.2. Protection environment when transporting dangerous goods. Measures to prevent the occurrence and liquidation of the consequences of emergencies
SECTION 11. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
Topic 11.1. Passenger Transportation
Topic 11.2. Passenger transportation quality indicators
SECTION 12. OPERATION OF TRANSPORT; CRITERIA. REGULATIONS. INDICATORS
Topic 12.1. Criteria for the operation of transport
Topic 12.2. Transport regulations
Topic 12.3. Transport performance indicators
SECTION 13. SYSTEM OF PLANNING AND CONTROL OVER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES IN TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES
Topic 13.1. Planning of the enterprise activity is a program for the implementation of the system functions. Shipping company fleet management
Topic 13.2. Voyage and ship planning
Topic 13.3. NGRF - a system for increasing the level of optimization of the transport process. Purpose and content of the fleet schedule. Logistics as a special case of optimizing the elementary process of cargo delivery
Topic 13.4. Organization of information flows
Topic 13.5. Rationale for attracting and replenishing vehicles to expand the production of transport services
Topic 13.6. Material and technical base
Topic 13.7. Participants of the transport process and their functions
Topic 13.8. Transport and technological transportation systems
SECTION 14. TESTS FOR THE CURRENT AND FINAL CONTROL OF STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES.