Paralympic Games. History of the Summer Paralympic Games. Russian Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. Peculiarities
Winter competitions in 2014 of this magnitude are the first in the history of our country. Russia won this right in a difficult struggle from five countries: South Korea, Spain, Austria, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Bulgaria. In addition to Sochi, such cities as Pyeongchang, Khaka, Salzburg, Alma-Ata, Borjomi and Sofia fought for this. The Games have become a very spectacular sporting event, followed by a huge number of people around the world.
Games in Sochi - a symbol of the new Russia
Not only the performance of athletes at the Olympics, but also the work of all technical services delighted millions of people around the world. The indisputable victory of our athletes was reliably supported by the responsible work of thousands of talented experts who ensured the smooth functioning of the Olympic venues. The success of the Games is due to the huge number of service personnel and volunteers.
The opening and closing ceremonies of the Sochi 2014 Games were among the most innovative in the history of events of this magnitude. The original scenery, capable of moving with the help of a rather complex suspension system, delighted millions of spectators and the athletes themselves. Great organization Olympic Games for a long time will remain in the memory of the witnesses of everything that happens.
Russian Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. Peculiarities
What time did the events take place? The Olympic Games were held in February 2014, the Paralympic Games - March 7-19, 2014 in Krasnodar Territory in the city of Sochi.
The Russians, of course, are especially partial to winter sports, but the real picture is more impressive. The citizens of the country are consciously and seriously about everything related to sports, and especially the Olympics, sports ideals and symbols.
Until now, witnesses of the Olympics-80, which took place back in Soviet times, have tears in their eyes when they remember it. These are memories of the wonderful spirit and atmosphere of the event itself, of the magnificent symbolism and great achievements of that Olympics, of farewell to the Olympic symbol - Misha. In this regard, the Russians were united by a great desire to achieve the holding of the Winter Games in Russia.
This Winter Paralympic Games in Sochi showed the world, not for the first time, that human possibilities are limitless. Will, desire and striving always lead to victory.
History of the Paralympic Games
In 1944, the neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttmann expressed the remarkable idea that disability is not a reason to exclude a person from normal normal life. After that, games for people with disabilities became an integral part of competitions for sports achievements.
As a result, for more than 50 years, such games have been a symbol of courage, courage, greatness, determination and self-sacrifice, characteristic of people who have received seemingly insurmountable obstacles in their lives. And it is the Paralympic Games that help such people overcome the disease, believe in themselves and live a full life. And for people who witness accomplishments and victories, such competitions inspire pride, compassion, understanding, admiration, hope and love.
The role of mascots in the Olympic Games
As a rule, the Olympic talisman must accurately and faithfully embody the spirit and traditions of the host country. It should inspire athletes and fans to an undeniable victory and bring good luck to everyone. Usually the Olympic mascot should be associated with the host country.
Bear cub Misha of the 80s is an indispensable and eternal symbol. It is worth recalling those surprisingly touching and enthusiastic moments of the Summer Olympics in Moscow associated with him. It is impossible to erase from memory the days filled with the atmosphere of friendship between peoples, bright unforgettable impressions, records unthinkable at that time and general enthusiasm.
The Paralympic Games are a special kind of competition. Even their talismans carry a special, more important load: they must emphasize the features of just such a sport and embody the qualities peculiar only to it.
The origin of the mascots of the Sochi Olympics
The Paralympic Winter Games in Sochi are also notable for the fact that when choosing a mascot for the first time in the existence of the Olympic movement, the opinion of society was taken into account - a nationwide vote was held.
The polar bear cub, Bunny and Leopard are the symbols of the Olympic Games, and the Ray and the Snowflake are the symbols of the Paralympic Games in 2014. It is symbolic that the last two were chosen by the Paralympic athletes themselves. This also distinguishes the last Winter Paralympic Games.
There is even a legend associated with these two characters: they came to us from another world to tell all earthlings about the hidden fantastic opportunities that are confirmed by the Paralympic competitions.
Types of competitions of the Olympics in Sochi
According to the classification of the International Olympic Committee, winter sports include ice hockey, figure skating, bobsleigh, short track, ice skating, skeleton, speed skating and luge. Ski types include the following competitions: alpine skiing, freestyle, Nordic combined, cross-country skiing, biathlon, freestyle, ski jumping.
At the Paralympic Games in Sochi, competitions were held in six types: hockey, cross-country skiing, curling, alpine skiing, biathlon and para-snowboarding. A total of 72 sets of awards were drawn among 750 participants from over 45 countries.
The Paralympic Games demonstrated the amazing resilience and perseverance of athletes as an example to all people.
Winners of the games “Sochi-2014”
The Winter Sochi Games ended with an undeniable victory for the Russian team. Athletes won a record number of awards - 30 gold medals, 28 silver and 22 bronze. This is undoubtedly a worthy example for many athletes around the world.
Paralympic champions:
Roman Petushkov won six gold medals in biathlon competitions.
Alena Kaufman is a three-time Olympic champion in cross-country skiing in biathlon.
Alexander Pronkov - leader in cross-country skiing (10 km).
Alexandra Frantseva - twice champion in alpine skiing competitions.
Vladislav Lekomtsev twice won gold in cross-country skiing.
Alexey Bugaev won the slalom competition.
Svetlana Konovalova won two top medals in alpine skiing for the national team.
Elena Remizova - the best results in cross-country skiing (15 km and 5 km) and relay.
Anna Milenina won two first places in cross-country skiing.
Nikolai Polukhin - biathlete, two-time champion.
Mikhalina Lysova is a three-time sprint champion in biathlon and cross-country skiing.
Rushan Minnegulov - skier, won two medals of the highest standard.
Valery Redkozubov - gold medalist in slalom and super combined.
Azat Karachurin is the winner in biathlon competitions.
Kirill Mikhailov won the sprint race (1 km).
Grigory Murygin brought the Russian national team a gold medal in cross-country skiing.
Results of the Olympics
Considerable resources were used to create the proper conditions for Paralympic athletes. The holding of the Games had a positive impact on the quality of life of Sochi residents, on their business activity, economic environment throughout the Krasnodar Territory.
For seven years, in the process of preparing for the Olympics, a modern transport and hotel infrastructure has been created in the beautiful resort, a large number of sports facilities have been built using the latest technologies.
The Paralympic Games in Sochi have turned the city into a world-famous prestigious resort and a high-class modern sports center. He is a role model for other regions of the country. All positive innovations will be applied throughout Russia.
The Olympic and Paralympic Games have absorbed all the best and necessary from the previous Paralympic Games to create all the amenities and accessibility.
Sochi 2014 implemented the Paralympic Awareness Program. Its goal is to popularize Paralympic values and significant change perceptions of people with disabilities and attitudes towards them in society.
From the history of the Paralympic Games
The Paralympics - the Olympic Games for the Disabled - is considered in the world to be almost as outstanding an event as the Olympics itself.
The emergence of sports in which disabled people can participate is associated with the name of the English neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttmann, who, overcoming age-old stereotypes in relation to people with physical disabilities, introduced sports into the process of rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. He proved in practice that sport for people with physical disabilities creates conditions for successful life, restores mental balance, and allows you to return to a full life, regardless of physical disabilities.
During World War II, Ludwig Guttmann founded the Spinal Injury Center at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, England, where the first wheelchair archery competitions were held. It happened on July 28, 1948 - a group of disabled people, which consisted of 16 paralyzed men and women, former military personnel, took up sports equipment for the first time in the history of sports.
In 1952, former Dutch military personnel joined the movement and founded the International Sports Federation for People with Musculoskeletal Disabilities.
In 1956, Ludwig Guttmann developed an athlete's charter, formed the foundations on which the sport of the disabled developed in the future.
In 1960, under the auspices of the World Federation of Military Personnel, the International working group, which studied the problems of sports for the disabled.
In 1960, the first International Competition for the Disabled was held in Rome. They were attended by 400 athletes with disabilities from 23 countries.
In 1964, the International Sports Organization for the Disabled was created, to which 16 countries joined.
In 1964, in Tokyo, competitions were held in 7 sports, and it was then that the flag was officially raised for the first time, the anthem was played and the official emblem of the games was made public. The red, blue and green hemispheres, which symbolize the mind, body, unbroken spirit, have become a graphic symbol of the world Paralympic movement.
In 1972, more than a thousand disabled people from 44 countries took part in the competition in Toronto. Only disabled athletes in wheelchairs participated, and since 1976, athletes with spinal injuries have been joined by athletes of other groups of injuries - visually impaired and people who have undergone amputation of limbs.
With each subsequent game, the number of participants increased, the geography of countries expanded, and the number of sports increased. And in 1982, a body appeared that contributed to the expansion of the Paralympic Games - the International Coordinating Committee of the World Organization for Sports for the Disabled. Ten years later, in 1992, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) became its successor. Now the International Paralympic Committee includes 162 countries.
The sport of the disabled has gained worldwide importance. The achievements of athletes with physical disabilities are amazing. Sometimes they came close to Olympic records. In fact, there is not a single sport left, from the famous and popular ones, in which disabled athletes did not take part. The number of Paralympic disciplines is steadily expanding.
In 1988, at the Seoul Games, disabled athletes received the right to access the sports facilities of the host city of the Olympics. It was from that time that competitions began to be held in the same arenas in which healthy Olympians compete, regularly every four years, after the Olympic Games.
Paralympic sports
(According to the site http://www.paralympic.ru)
Archery. The first organized competitions were held in 1948 in England in the city of Mandeville. Today, the traditions of these games have been continued in regular competitions, in which wheelchair users also take part. Women's and men's sports categories have been introduced in this type of martial arts. The outstanding results achieved by athletes with disabilities in this sport indicate the significant potential of this kind of competition. The program of the International Paralympic Games includes singles, doubles and team competitions, and the judging and scoring procedures are identical to those used in the Olympic Games.
Athletics. The athletics program of the Paralympic Games includes a wide range of competitions. It entered the program of the International Paralympic Games in 1960. Athletes with a wide variety of health disorders take part in athletics competitions. There are competitions for wheelchair users, prosthetists, and the blind. Moreover, the latter act in conjunction with the leading one. As a rule, an athletics program includes a track, a throw, jumps, a pentathlon and a marathon. Athletes compete according to their functional classifications.
Cycling. This sport is one of the newest in the history of Paralympism. In the early eighties, for the first time, competitions were held in which athletes with visual impairments took part. However, already in 1984, paralyzed athletes and amputees also competed at the International Games for the Disabled. Until 1992, the Paralympic cycling competitions were held for each of the listed groups separately. At the Paralympic Games in Barcelona, cyclists of all three groups competed on a special track and also on the track. Competitions of cyclists can be both individual and group (a group of three cyclists from one country). Athletes with mental disabilities compete using standard racing bikes and, in some classes, tricycles. Athletes with visual impairments compete on tandem bikes paired with a seeing teammate. They also race on the track. Finally, amputees and cyclists with motor disabilities compete in individual competitions on specially prepared bicycles.
Dressage. Equestrian competitions are open to the paralyzed, amputee, blind and visually impaired, mentally retarded. This type of competition is held at the Summer Games. Equestrian competitions are held only in the individual class. Athletes demonstrate their skills in the passage of a short segment, in which the pace and direction of movement alternate. At the Paralympic Games, athletes are grouped according to a separate classification. Within these groups, the winners with the best results are determined.
Fencing. All athletes compete in wheelchairs that are fixed to the floor. However, these chairs leave fencers with considerable freedom of movement, and their actions are as fast-paced as in traditional competitions. The founder of wheelchair fencing is Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who formulated the concept of this sport in 1953. Fencing entered the program of the Paralympic Games in 1960. Since then, the rules have been improved - they were amended to require wheelchairs to be attached to the floor.
Judo. The only difference between Paralympic judo and traditional judo is the different textures on the mats that indicate the competition area and zones. Paralympic judoists compete for the main prize - a gold medal, and the rules of the game are identical to those of the International Judo Federation. Judo was included in the program of the 1988 Paralympic Games. Four years later, at the games in Barcelona, 53 athletes representing 16 countries of the world took part in this type of competition.
Weightlifting (powerlifting). The starting point for the development of this Paralympic sport is the 1992 Paralympic Games in Barcelona. Then 25 countries presented their sports delegations to weightlifting competitions. Their number more than doubled in 1996 at the Atlanta Games. 58 participating countries were registered. Since 1996, the number of participating countries has steadily increased, today 109 countries on five continents take part in the Paralympic weightlifting program. Today, the Paralympic weightlifting program includes the participation of all groups of disabled people who compete in 10 weight categories both male and female. For the first time, women took part in these competitions in 2000 at the Paralympic Games in Sydney. Then women represented 48 countries of the world.
Shooting. Shooting competitions are divided into rifle and pistol classes. Rules for handicapped competitions are established by the International Handicapped Shooting Committee. These rules take into account the differences that exist between the capabilities of a healthy person and a disabled person at the level of using a functional classification system that allows athletes with different health conditions to compete in team and individual competitions.
Football. The main prize of these competitions is a gold medal, and only men's teams take part in them. FIFA rules apply with some restrictions, taking into account the health of athletes. For example, the offside rule does not apply, the field itself and the goal are smaller than in traditional football, and a throw-in from the touchline can be done with one hand. Teams must have a minimum of 11 players.
Swimming. This sports program comes from the tradition of physiotherapy and rehabilitation of the disabled. Swimming is available to disabled people of all groups of functional limitations, the only condition is a ban on the use of prostheses and other assistive devices.
Table tennis. In this sport, the players, first of all, require a proven technique and a quick reaction. Therefore, athletes use generally accepted methods of play, despite their physical limitations. Table tennis competitions at the Paralympic Games are held in two types - in wheelchair competitions and in traditional form. The program includes both individual and team competitions for men and women. Classification by this species sport consists of 10 functional groups, which include athletes with various limitations. Paralympic table tennis competitions are governed by rules from the International Table Tennis Federation, with minor changes.
Wheelchair basketball. The main governing body in this sport is the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF), which develops classifications for players of various degrees of disability. The IWBF rules govern the judging and basket heights, which are similar to the traditional game. Although wheelchair basketball has much in common with traditional basketball, it has its own unique style of play: defense and offense must be played in accordance with the principles of support and mutual assistance. Unique dribbling rules that allow you to organize the movement of wheelchairs across the field give the attack a special unique style. So two attackers and three defenders can participate in it at once, which gives it great speed. Unlike the traditional game, where the main style of play is "back to the basket", in wheelchair basketball, the forwards play "facing the basket", constantly moving forward.
Wheelchair rugby. Wheelchair rugby combines elements of basketball, football and ice hockey, and is played on a basketball court. Teams consist of 4 players, plus up to eight substitutes are allowed. The classification of players is based on their physical abilities, on the basis of which, each is assigned a certain number of points from 0.5 to 3.5. The total number of points in a team must not exceed 8.0. The game uses a volleyball that can be carried, passed by hand. The ball must not be held for more than 10 seconds. Points are scored after hitting the opponent's goal line. The game consists of four periods, each 8 minutes long.
Wheelchair tennis. Wheelchair tennis first appeared on the Paralympic program in 1992. The sport itself originated in the United States in the early 1970s and these days continues to improve. The rules of the game are essentially the same as those of traditional tennis and, of course, require similar skills from athletes. The only difference is that players are allowed two outs, with the first being within the boundaries of the court. In order to access the game, the athlete must be medically diagnosed with mobility restrictions. The program of the Paralympic Games includes singles and doubles events. In addition to the Paralympic Games, tennis players compete in numerous national tournaments. At the end of each calendar year, the International Tennis Federation reviews NEC quotes, national quotes and other pertinent information to identify contenders for the championship title.
Volleyball. Paralympic championships in volleyball are held in two categories: sitting and standing. Thus, athletes with all functional limitations can take part in the Paralympic Games. The high level of teamwork, skill, strategy and intensity is undeniably evident in both competition categories. The main difference between traditional volleyball and the Paralympic version of the game is the smaller court size and lower net position.
Ski cross. Skiers compete in classic or freestyle riding, as well as in individual and team competitions at distances from 2.5 to 20 km. Depending on their functional limitations, competitors use either traditional skis or a chair equipped with a pair of skis. Blind athletes ride in conjunction with a sighted guide.
Hockey. The Paralympic version of ice hockey debuted on the program of the Games in 1994 and has since become one of the most spectacular sporting events in their program. As in traditional ice hockey, six players (including the goalkeeper) from each team are on the field at a time. The sled is equipped with skate blades and the players move around the field using iron-tipped sticks. The game consists of three periods of 15 minutes each.
Paralympic sports include a host of traditional disciplines designed to be played by people with disabilities. These games represent the culmination of a four-year sports cycle among all athletes, as well as other participants in this movement. Paralympic sports comprise the most prestigious competitions for people with disabilities and are selected through a range of regional, national and international competitions.
Olympic and Paralympic Games
In 2000, it was signed between the Olympic and Paralympic International Committees, which fixed the basic principles of the relationship. Already in 2002, it was decided to use the "one application - one city" technology. In other words, the application from the country extended immediately to the Paralympic sports, and the competitions themselves were held in the same facilities with the support of a single organizing committee. At the same time, the beginning of these tournaments is carried out with an interval of two weeks.
Initially, the term "Paralympic Games" was encountered during the games in Tokyo in 1964, but this name was officially confirmed only in 1988, when the Winter Games were held in Austria, and before that they were called "Stoke Mandeville" (this name was given in honor of the place where they were held for the first time for combat veterans).
Origin story
Paralympic sports are largely due to a neurosurgeon named Ludwig Guttmann who had the idea. In 1939, the doctor emigrated to England from Germany, where, on behalf of the British government, he opened his own Spinal Injury Center, based at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury.
Already four years after the opening, he decided to organize the first games for people suffering from injuries of the musculoskeletal system, calling them the "National Stoke Mandeville Games for the Disabled". It is worth noting that even then they began in parallel with the opening ceremony of the 1948 Olympic Games, which at that time were held in London, and the competitions themselves gathered a large number of former military personnel who were injured during the hostilities. We can say that it was then that the first Paralympic sports appeared. Winter, summer and other groups appeared later, when they began to acquire a more official status.
The name itself was originally associated with the term parapledgia, which means paralysis. lower extremities, since the first regular competitions were held among people suffering from various diseases of the spine. Together with the beginning of participation in such games of athletes who had other types of injuries, it was decided to rethink this term somewhat and further interpret it as “next to, outside the Olympics”, that is, to merge the Greek preposition Para, meaning “nearby”, together with the word Olympics. Such an updated interpretation should speak of holding various competitions among people with disabilities together and on an equal footing with the Olympics.
Already in 1960, the IX International Annual Stoke Mandeville Games were held in Rome. In this case, the summer Paralympic sports were included in the competition program:
- wheelchair basketball;
- Athletics;
- wheelchair fencing;
- archery;
- table tennis;
- darts;
- billiards;
- swimming.
More than 400 athletes with disabilities took part in these competitions, who came from 23 countries, and for the first time in history, not only people who were injured in the course of various hostilities began to be allowed to participate. In 1984, the IOC decided to formally designate such competitions as the First Games for Athletes with Disabilities.
In 1976, competitions began for the first time, in which Paralympic sports (winter) were combined. These competitions were held in Ornskoldsvik, and only two disciplines were declared in the program - alpine skiing and cross-country skiing. 250 athletes out of 17 decided to take part in such competitions. different countries, and people with visual impairments, as well as those with amputated limbs, have already participated.
An association
Starting in 1992, athletes for whom Paralympic sports (summer and winter) were created began to compete with each other in the same cities in which the Olympic Games were held. With the development of the movement, various organizations gradually began to be created for athletes with different types disability. Thus, there were Paralympic sports for the visually impaired and many others. Also founded in 1960, the International Stoke Mandeville Games Committee subsequently became the so-called International Federation of Stoke Mandeville Games.
Committee work
The first General Assembly held by the International Sports Organizations for the Disabled is the most important event in the history of the development of Paralympic sports. The Summer and Winter Games began to be held under the leadership of the International Committee, which, as a non-profit international organization, began to lead this movement around the world. Its appearance was dictated by the ever-increasing need to expand the national representation, as well as the creation of such a movement, which could mainly focus on the sport of people with different forms disability.
Thus, these games initially set themselves the goal of rehabilitation and treatment of the disabled, and over time they turned into a full-fledged sporting event. top level owing to which it needed its own governing body. For this reason, in 1982, the ICC, the Coordinating Council of Sports Organizations for People with Different Forms of Disabilities, appeared, and the IPC, known as the International Paralympic Committee, to which the powers of the coordinating council were fully transferred, appeared only seven years later.
Correct writing
It is worth noting the fact that the spelling of the term "Paralympic" is fixed in the Russian spelling dictionary, as well as in many other technical literature. At the same time, another spelling can be found much more often - “Paralympic Games”. and summer) are rarely called like this, since this name is non-normative and is not indicated in dictionaries, although it is actively used in official documents of modern government bodies, which is a tracing paper from the official name with of English language, which is spelled Paralympic Games.
In accordance with federal legislation, a single concept is established that should be used in the laws of the Russian Federation, as well as all phrases that are formed on their basis. Therefore, Paralympic sports for the blind and visually impaired, as well as for other categories of athletes, are called that way.
In the current laws, the spelling of these words is given in accordance with the rules established by sports international organizations, and the rejection of the original term is dictated by the fact that the use of the word "Olympic", as well as any of its derivatives in marketing or some other commercial purposes should always be agreed with the IOC, which would be rather inconvenient.
International Committee
The International Paralympic Committee is a non-profit organization whose responsibilities include the preparation and subsequent holding of various winter and summer games, world championships and many other international competitions for people with disabilities.
The supreme body of the IPC is the General Assembly, which meets every two years, and absolutely all members of this organization take part in it. As the main consolidated document, in accordance with which the regulation of the issues of the Paralympic movement is carried out, it is customary to use the IPC Code of Rules.
The Committee is not only involved in regulating the issues of already existing disciplines - new Paralympic sports are also emerging, the list of which is constantly updated. Since 2001, Sir Philip Cravan (English), who is a member of the management team of the British Olympic Association, has been the president of this organization. It is worth noting that this man is a world champion, and also twice became a two-time European champion in wheelchair basketball, and in his discipline he served as president of the International Federation for a long time.
Under the leadership of Philippe Cravan, the strategic objectives and the basic structures and systems of government in the IPC began to be revised. Ultimately, the use of this innovative approach allowed the development of a whole package of proposals, as well as a new vision and mission for the entire movement, as a result of which the IPC Constitution was adopted in 2004, which is still in force today.
It is worth noting that the USSR national team first turned its attention to the Paralympic sport "boccia" and others only in 1984, having arrived in Austria for these competitions. The team started its debut with two bronze medals won by a visually impaired team. In the summer competitions, Soviet athletes were able to make their debut only in the games in Seoul, which were held in 1988 - where they competed in athletics and swimming, eventually managing to take 55 medals with them, of which 21 were gold.
Symbolism
For the first time under the emblem in 2006, competitions were held, to which each winter Paralympic sport belonged. Athletics, swimming and other summer disciplines began to be held under this emblem only later, but it itself remains unchanged to this day. This logo includes hemispheres of green, red and blue, which are located around the center. This symbol is intended to reflect the core role of the IPC in bringing together athletes with disabilities who delight and inspire people around the world with their achievements. To date, the colors of this emblem are widely represented in various national flags of various countries of the world, and they symbolize the Body, Mind and Spirit.
The Games also carry the Paralympic flag, which displays the IPC emblem on a white background, and can only be used at official events that have been previously authorized by the IPC.
The anthem is an orchestral piece Hymn de l'Avenir, and was written by a famous French composer named Thierry Darny back in 1996, and it was approved by the IPC Board almost immediately.
The Paralympic motto sounds like “Spirit in Motion”, and it also conveys the main visions of this direction in the most vivid and concise way - providing an opportunity for any athlete with a disability to delight and inspire the world with their achievements, regardless of the origin of the person and his state of health.
Game types
The Paralympic Games (sports) are divided into several categories.
- Summer. They include off-season and summer Paralympic Games (sports), held at intervals of four years under the control of the IOC. This includes, in addition to the games already listed, relatively young sports such as goalball and others.
- Winter. At first, this included exclusively skiing, but over time, sledge hockey and wheelchair curling were added. At the moment, the Winter Games are held in only 5 main disciplines.
fire relay
As you know, the standard fire is lit in Olympia, and only then does the relay race begin, during which it is delivered directly to the capital city of the games being held. Olympic and Paralympic sports differ in this regard, and here the route does not start from Olympia - the organizers themselves determine the city where this procession will begin, and the path of fire to the capital, of course, is always somewhat shorter.
For example, in 2014 the relay race lasted for 10 days, and during this time the torch was carried by 1,700 people from Russia and other countries, including 35% of people with disabilities. Special attention should be paid to the fact that four thousand volunteers also took part in this relay, and the fire was carried through 46 cities in different regions of Russia. In addition, for the first time in the process of holding one of the stages of this relay, it was held in Stoke Mandeville, that is, exactly where the Paralympic Games were first held, although not yet on an official basis. Starting from 2014, fire will pass through this city constantly.
A kind of biathlon
Paralympic athletes take part in competitions in twenty different summer disciplines and only five winter disciplines - these are sledge hockey, biathlon, wheelchair curling and cross-country skiing. There are practically no fundamental differences in the basic rules for holding such competitions, but there are some specific features.
Thus, Paralympic biathlon provides for a reduced distance to the target, and it is only 10 meters, while standard biathlon provides for the target to be located 50 meters from the shooter. Also, athletes with visual impairments shoot from specialized rifles equipped with an optronic system that works while aiming. This system involves the use of electro-acoustic goggles, which begin to emit loud beeps when the athlete's sight approaches the center of the target, which allows him to better navigate for accurate shots at the target.
also in various types sports, a number of other assistive conditions and specialized technologies are used that simplify the performance of certain actions for athletes with disabilities, so they cannot be compared with standard sports, although they are quite similar in many respects.
The Paralympic Games have a lot of differences from the Olympic Games, but, one way or another, they pursue the same goals - to inspire the conquest of new heights. For all the people who watch these competitions, disabled people who did not give up are definitely a worthy example to follow.
Paralympic Winter Games- the largest international competitions in winter sports, in which athletes with limited physical abilities take part. The Paralympic Winter Games are held every four years after the Olympic winter games in the same cities and at the same sports venues where the Olympic Games took place before. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) manages the preparation and conduct of the Winter Paralympic Games. Gold medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third are awarded in each event, following the tradition established at the third Olympic Games in 1904.
Encyclopedic YouTube
1 / 5
✪ 10 INCREDIBLE PARALYMPIANS IN SPORT
✪ Paralympic sports: Alpine skiing
✪ Paralympic Sports: Sledge Ice Hockey
✪ Winter Paralympic Games 2002 Salt Lake City
✪ XI Winter Paralympic Games Sledge Hockey Final Russia USA
Subtitles
Story
The history of the Paralympic Winter Games is similar to that of the Summer Paralympic Games. Wounded soldiers returning from World War II practiced various sports as a means to heal from illness and return to a fulfilling life. Organized by the English neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttmann, sports competitions between convalescents in British hospitals began in 1948 and continued until 1960. In 1960, in parallel with the Summer Olympics, which took place in Rome, the first Paralympic Games were held.
The Austrian alpine skier Sepp Zwicknagel, who had both legs amputated, was a pioneer in winter sports for athletes with disabilities. He began experimenting with the use of prostheses for skiing. His work contributed to new technological advances for people with disabilities who wanted to participate in winter sports.
The first official world championship among people with disabilities in skiing (in alpine and flat skiing) was held in 1974. The first Winter Paralympic Games were held from 21 to 28 February 1976 in the Swedish city of Örnsköldsvik. Competitions were held in ski disciplines. Ice and sleigh competitions were presented in the form of demonstrations. 198 athletes from 16 countries participated in the competition: visually impaired and with disabilities as a result of amputation of limbs, but athletes in wheelchairs did not participate.
Gradually, the program of the Paralympic Winter Games expanded and they eventually turned into the largest international competitions after the Winter Olympic Games.
Since 1988, the Paralympic Summer Games have been held in the same cities as the Olympic Games. This was the result of an agreement reached between the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The 1992 Paralympic Winter Games were the first Winter Games to host the Winter Paralympics in host cities of the Olympic Winter Games.
List of Winter Paralympics
Year | Sequence number of games | Location | Country of Games | Number of participating athletes | Number of participating countries | Total number of medals (including men and women) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Ernskoldsvik | Sweden Sweden | 198 | 16 | 198 (161 m and 37 w.) | |
II | Geilo | Norway Norway | 350 | 18 | 299 (229 m and 70 w.) | |
III | Innsbruck | Austria Austria | 350 | 22 | 419 (325 m and 94 w.) | |
IV | Innsbruck | Austria Austria | 397 | 22 | 377 (300 m and 77 w.) | |
V | Tignes - Albertville | France France | 350 | 22 | 365 (288 m and 77 w.) | |
VI | Lillehammer | Norway Norway | 512 | 31 | 471 (381 m and 90 w.) | |
VII | Nagano | Japan Japan | 571 | 32 | 562 (440 m and 122 w.) | |
VIII | Salt Lake City | USA USA | 416 | 36 | 416 (329 m and 87 w.) | |
IX | Turin | Italy Italy | 486 | 39 | 474 (375 m and 99 w.) | |
X | Vancouver | Canada Canada | 515 | 44 | 502 (381 m and 121 w.) | |
XI | Sochi | Russia Russia | 547 | 45 | 538 (410 m and 128 w.) | |
XII | Pyeongchang | The Republic of Korea The Republic of Korea | ||||
XIII | Beijing | China China |
List of sports
AT different years The official program of the Winter Paralympics included various sports for the disabled.
This color indicates sports for which competitions are no longer held.
|
Categories of athletes with disabilities
Categories of disability
The IPC identifies six categories of disability that apply to both the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games. Athletes with one of these disability categories are eligible to compete in the Summer or Winter Paralympic Games, although not every sport is eligible for athletes with each of these disability categories.
MOSCOW, September 7 - R-Sport. The 15th Summer Paralympic Games, which will be held in Rio de Janeiro, will open on the night of Wednesday to Thursday Moscow time.
The Paralympic Games will be held without Russian athletes. The head of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), Philip Craven, announced on August 7 that the committee had made a unanimous decision to remove the Russians from the 2016 Paralympics and deprive the Russian Paralympic Committee (RPC) of membership in the organization. On August 15, the RCC filed an appeal with the Sports court of Arbitration(), which rejected it on August 23.
"R-Sport" refused to participate in the Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro >>>
Below is a summary of the history of the Summer Paralympics.
The Paralympic Games are the second largest and most important - after the Olympic Games - the world sports forum.
The forerunners of the modern Paralympic Games were the Stoke Mandeville Games for the Disabled, founded by physician Ludwig Guttmann in the UK. In 1948, they took place simultaneously with the Olympic Games.
The ninth international Stoke Mandeville Games, held in 1960 in Rome (Italy) a few weeks after the Olympic Games, began to be considered the first Paralympic Games.
The Paralympic Games are sports competitions in various types of programs among the disabled, an analogue of the Olympic Games, are held every four years. The term "Paralympic Games" was officially introduced in 1964. The origin of the name is not related to the participation of persons with paraplegia, but emphasizes the fact that the Paralympic Games are held on the same facilities and under the same conditions as the Olympic Games (from the Greek para - near, near). However, from 1968 to 1994 the Paralympic Games were held outside the venues of the Games of the Olympiad for various reasons.
The 1st Summer Paralympic Games were held in Rome (Italy) on September 18-25, 1960. The games were attended by 209 athletes from 18 countries. 113 sets of medals were played in eight sports. The program of the Games included archery, athletics, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair fencing, table tennis, swimming, darts (throwing darts) and billiards (snooker). Only wheelchair athletes who had sustained a spinal cord injury competed in the Games. The largest number medals were won by the Italian team - 80 medals (29 gold, 28 silver, 23 bronze). The UK team is in second place with 55 awards (20 gold, 15 silver, 20 bronze). Third place was taken by Germany - 30 awards (15 gold, 6 silver, 9 bronze).
The II Summer Paralympic Games were held in Tokyo (Japan) on November 8-12, 1964. The games were attended by 236 athletes from 20 countries. 143 sets of medals were played in nine sports. Weightlifting was included in the program of the Games. The US team won with 123 medals (50 gold, 41 silver, 32 bronze). The UK team is in second place with 61 awards (18 gold, 23 silver, 20 bronze). Third place was taken by Italy - 45 awards (14 gold, 15 silver, 16 bronze).
The III Summer Paralympic Games were held in Tel Aviv (Israel) on November 5-14, 1968. The games were attended by 774 athletes from 28 countries. 188 sets of medals were played in ten sports. The program of the Games included the game of bowls (lawn bowl, sport game into balls). The first place was taken by the US team - 99 awards (33 gold, 27 silver, 39 bronze), the UK team was in second place - 69 awards (29 gold, 20 silver, 20 bronze), the Israeli team was third - 62 awards (18 gold, 21 silver, 23 bronze).
IV Summer Paralympic Games were held in Heidelberg (Germany) on August 2-11, 1972. 922 athletes from 42 countries participated in the games. 188 sets of medals were played in ten sports. For the first time, athletes with visual impairments participated. The winner was the German team - 67 medals (28 gold, 17 silver, 22 bronze), the US team was in second place - 75 medals (17 gold, 27 silver, 31 bronze), the UK was in third place - 52 awards (16 gold, 15 silver). , 21 bronze).
The V Summer Paralympic Games were held in Toronto (Canada) on August 4-12, 1976. 1271 athletes from 41 countries participated in the games. 448 sets of medals were played in 13 sports. For the first time the program of the Games included volleyball, goalball and shooting. For the first time, athletes with amputations took part in the Paralympic Games. In the team standings, the Americans won - 155 medals (66 gold, 44 silver, 45 bronze), the Netherlands team was in second place - 84 medals (45 gold, 25 silver, 14 bronze), Israel was in third place - 69 medals (40 gold, 13 silver, 16 bronze).
The VI Summer Paralympic Games were held in Arnhem (Netherlands) on June 22 - July 1, 1980. 1647 athletes from 42 countries participated in the games. 590 sets of medals were played in 13 sports. The program of the Games included wrestling, snooker competitions were not held. The first place was taken by the US team - 195 medals (75 gold, 66 silver, 54 bronze), the Polish team was in second place - 177 awards (75 gold, 50 silver, 52 bronze), the German team was in third place - 162 awards (68 gold, 48 silver, 46 bronze).
VII Summer Games passed in parallel in Stoke Mandeville (Great Britain) and New York (USA) on June 17 - August 1, 1984. In New York, athletes of all categories competed, in Stoke Mandeville only wheelchair athletes competed. 2093 athletes from 54 countries participated in the games. 975 sets of medals were played in 18 sports. The program of the Games included equestrian sports, cycling, powerlifting, 7x7 football (for athletes with cerebral palsy) and boccia (a sports game for accuracy with a ball), snooker competitions were again held. In the team standings, the Americans won - 397 medals (137 gold, 131 silver, 129 bronze), the UK team was in second place - 331 awards (107 gold, 112 silver, 112 bronze), the Canadian team was in third place - 238 medals (87 gold, 82 silver, 69 bronze).
The VIII Summer Paralympic Games were held in Seoul (South Korea) on October 16-25, 1988. 3044 athletes from 60 countries participated in the games. For the first time, Soviet Paralympic athletes took part in the Games, who competed only in athletics and swimming. 733 sets of medals were played in 18 sports. Wheelchair tennis (as a demonstration) and judo were presented in the program, equestrian sports and wrestling competitions were not held. The first place was taken by the US team - 269 medals (91 gold, 90 silver, 88 bronze), the German team was in second place - 193 medals (76 gold, 66 silver, 51 bronze), the UK team was in third place - 184 medals (65 gold, 65 silver, 54 bronze). The debutant of the Games - the USSR national team with 56 medals (21 of them gold) took 12th place.
The IX Summer Paralympic Games were held in Barcelona (Spain) on September 5-16, 1992. 2999 athletes from 83 countries participated in the games. 489 sets of medals were played in 16 sports. Wheelchair tennis became an official sport, and there were no snooker or bowls competitions. The first place was taken by the US team - 175 medals (75 gold, 52 silver, 48 bronze), the German team was in second place - 171 medals (61 gold, 51 silver, 59 bronze), the UK team was in third place - 128 medals (40 gold, 47 silver, 41 bronze). Russia played as part of the unified CIS team, which took eighth place.
X Summer Paralympic Games were held in Atlanta (USA) on August 16-25, 1996. 3255 athletes from 104 countries participated in the games. 519 sets of medals were played in 19 sports. Sailing, racquetball and wheelchair rugby were presented as demonstration sports, bowls competitions were again held. The first place was taken by the US team - 157 medals (46 gold, 46 silver, 65 bronze), the Australian team was in second place - 106 medals (42 gold, 37 silver, 27 bronze), the German team was in third place - 149 medals (40 gold, 58 silver, 51 bronze). The Russian team in the medal standings is located on the 16th place.
The XI Summer Paralympic Games were held in Sydney (Australia) on October 23-31, 2000. 3879 athletes from 123 countries participated in the Games. 550 sets of medals were played in 19 sports. The Australian team won with 149 medals (63 gold, 39 silver, 47 bronze). The UK team is in second place with 131 awards (41 gold, 43 silver, 47 bronze). Canada came in third with 96 awards (38 gold, 33 silver, 25 bronze). The Russian team took 14th place.
XII Summer Paralympic Games were held in Athens (Greece) September 23 - October 4, 2004. 3808 athletes from 135 countries participated in the games. 519 sets of medals were played in 19 sports. The program of the Games included football 5x5 (for athletes with visual impairments), bowls competitions were not held. The winner was the Chinese team - 141 medals (63 gold, 46 silver, 32 bronze), the UK team was in second place - 94 medals (35 gold, 30 silver, 29 bronze), Canada was third - 72 awards (28 gold, 19 silver). , 25 bronze). Russia took 11th place.
XIII Summer Paralympic Games were held in Beijing (China) on September 6-17, 2008. 4011 athletes from 146 countries participated in the games. 472 sets of medals were played in 20 sports. Rowing was included in the program of the Games. The Chinese team was again the winner - 211 medals (89 gold, 70 silver, 52 bronze), the UK team was in second place - 102 medals (42 gold, 29 silver, 31 bronze), the United States was third - 99 awards (36 gold, 35 silver, 28 bronze). Representatives of the Russian team took part in no more than 40 percent of the competitive program and won 63 medals. In the unofficial team standings, the Russian team took eighth place.
XIV Summer Paralympic Games were held in London (Great Britain) on August 30 - September 10, 2012. 4302 athletes from 164 countries participated in the games. 503 sets of medals were played in 20 sports. The first place was taken by the Chinese team - 231 medals (95 gold, 71 silver, 65 bronze), the Russian team was in second place - 102 medals (36 gold, 38 silver, 28 bronze), the UK was third - 120 medals (34 gold, 43 silver, 43 bronze).
- Dignities and clothes of Orthodox priests and monasticism
- Healers and fortune tellers - why do people go to them?
- During confession. Preparing for confession. List of sins for confession. How to dress for confession
- Praise of the Most Holy Theotokos Praise of the Mother of God with an akathist what they pray for