What is functional training. Determination of the functional readiness of students on control tests. Indicators of functional readiness
In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that sports training, the ultimate goal of which is to achieve the highest sports result, is aimed at developing the level of functional capabilities of the athlete's body, capable of providing this result. The statement of N.G. Ozolin (1970) is quite remarkable: “Characterizing the system of sports training as a whole, we can say that this is a long-term, year-round, specially organized process of education, training, development, increasing the functional capabilities of an athlete ...”.
Based on the foregoing, it is very important to understand functional readiness as such. At the same time, to date there is no clear, unified interpretation of the concept of "functional state", "functional readiness" of an athlete. In most cases, this term, which, by the way, is used very widely, is understood to have a very limited content. Basically, it all comes down to the body's ability to produce energy to perform muscle work and the ability to provide this process from the cardiorespiratory system.
For example, V.S. Mishchenko (1990) considers aerobic performance as functional capabilities (functional readiness), and considers the “complex of functional physiological properties” (qualitative characteristics of the functioning of systems - the power of systems, their efficiency, stability, mobility and the ability to realize the potential of the system) as structural elements of the functional preparedness (V.S. Mishchenko, 1990).
It is hardly worth agreeing with this, since these properties are not components. V.S. Gorozhanin (1984) rightly refers to the concepts of "power", "stability" and "economical" as characteristics of functioning.
The concept of functional readiness, of course, is much broader, it is very complex and multifaceted. Each property, ability or motor quality is based on certain functional capabilities of the organism, and they are based on specific functional processes and physiological mechanisms. For example, such a motor quality as endurance, and all its varieties, will be mainly determined and limited by the level of development of energy supply mechanisms - anaerobic and aerobic productivity, as well as the degree of "functional stability", the ability to maintain a high level of functioning of the body in conditions of shifts in homeostasis.
If we consider each type of athlete's training, traditionally distinguished in the training of an athlete in general, then we can say that, at their core, all these types contain the process of improving certain mechanisms and functions of certain body systems.
Technical training, i.e. the formation of a motor skill and its improvement is the formation of a certain level of functioning of the central nervous and neuromuscular systems, and then the improvement of the mechanisms of their functioning.
Tactical training is based on the improvement of the functions of the central nervous system and its higher departments, the development of their main functions - perception, analysis, synthesis, response, decision making.
Psychological (mental) training - the development of the functions of the higher parts of the central nervous system. This type of training closely merges with tactical training, they are based on many common properties and mechanisms.
Physical preparation (it would be more correct to say motor preparation) - the development and improvement of the functions of the central nervous system, the neuromuscular apparatus and autonomic systems that provide this motor activity.
It can be seen that the level of functioning of various body systems is the basis for all types of training, which are distinguished in the theory of sports, by the way, very conditionally (L.P. Matveev, 1977, 1997).
Considering the concept of "functional preparedness", it is inevitable to refer to its structure. It should be noted that the issue of structuring the functional fitness of athletes is still far from a complete solution.
In this regard, the presentations of the Bulgarian specialist F.Genov (1971) on the issues of preparedness of athletes are very interesting. In sports readiness, with all its integrity, he singled out the following main aspects (substructures of its integral structure):
- physiological readiness, determined by adaptive changes that occur in the athlete's body as a result of training in this sport.
- psychological readiness, characterized by adaptive changes that occur in the human psyche in connection with specific activities in this sport.
- technical readiness, is determined by the level of development of the athlete's ability to perform motional actions corresponding in form and intensity.
- social readiness, determined by the motives of the sports activity performed (the unifying link).
At the same time, the physiological fitness of athletes includes the following components:
Adaptation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems,
Adaptation of the musculoskeletal system,
Central nervous system and other organs and systems to the requirements of this sports activity.
Somewhat later, V.S. Fomin (1984) considered the functional readiness of athletes as the level of coherence of interaction (mutual assistance) of four components:
- mental (perception, attention, operational analysis of the situation, forecasting, choice and decision making, speed and accuracy of reaction, speed of information processing, other functions of higher nervous activity);
- neurodynamic (excitability, mobility and stability, tension and stability of autonomic regulation);
- energy (aerobic and anaerobic performance of the body);
- motor (strength, speed, flexibility and coordination abilities (agility).
The scheme proposed by V.S. Fomin can be taken as a basis for appropriate integration with other constructions.
For example, if we compare the components of functional fitness according to V.S. Fomin with the traditionally distinguished types of athletes' fitness, then it is quite possible to combine the motor component with physical fitness, and consider the mental component similar to psychofunctional (mental) fitness.
Going further, differentiation of the component by levels is quite justified (IN Solopov, AI Shamardin, 2003). Then the first level is a basic level of functional readiness” should be energy and neurodynamic components, as non-specific components. The second one is “special-basic level of functional readiness should consist of motor (physical readiness) and mental (psycho-functional readiness) components. The third - "special level of functional readiness" is made up of technical and tactical readiness, as integral manifestations of functional capabilities, determined by the development of the properties and qualities of the components of the first and second levels, in a specific motor function.
The components of functional readiness are in a certain interaction (mutual assistance). The architecture of these relationships, in our opinion, is subject to a certain hierarchy, which in turn can be the basis for the conditional division of components and functions into global (integral) and auxiliary (private).
The global components may include: "information function", "regulatory function", "energy production function" and "motor function". Auxiliary or private functions are constituents of global functions.
It should be noted that the above scheme is rather conditional and looks unnecessarily generalized. Perhaps the private functions for each global component should have been more specific. It could be supplemented with qualitative characteristics in accordance with the criteria identified by V.S. Mishchenko (1990) - power, mobility, efficiency, stability of operation and implementation of functional capabilities. At the same time, unlike V.S. Mishchenko (1990), these fundamental properties should be considered not as components of functional readiness, but as characteristics and properties of certain components of functional readiness.
At the moment, we consider functional readiness as a physiological basis, the basis of all other types of readiness. Probably, we should talk about the functional component in each type of special-technical preparedness - technical, physical, tactical and mental.
In this regard, it is worth recalling the statement of F. Genov (1971), who noted that “physiological fitness” is the basis of all sports activities, and especially those that require the flow of a number of physiological functions of the athlete’s body at the maximum level.”
What ultimately constitutes the essence of functional readiness? If the essence, for example, of physical fitness is the level of development of motor abilities and qualities and their external manifestation, then the essence of functional fitness should be recognized as the level of perfection of physiological mechanisms, their readiness to provide at the moment, the manifestation of all the qualities necessary for sports activities.
Thus, bearing in mind all of the above, in our opinion, the functional fitness of athletes is a basic, complex, multicomponent property of the body, the essence of which is the level of perfection of physiological mechanisms, their readiness to provide at the moment, the manifestations of all the qualities necessary for sports activities, which determines, directly or indirectly, muscle activity, physical performance within the framework of a specific regulated motor act.
The structure of the functional fitness of athletes can be represented as the following components at different levels:
- information-emotional component, includes the processes of sensory perception, memory and emotional manifestations;
- regulatory component, combines the mechanisms of the motor, vegetative, humoral and cortical circuits of regulation;
- motor component includes the functions of the musculoskeletal system;
- energy component reflects the power, mobility, capacity and efficiency of the aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy production;
- mental component manifested in the level of development of mental qualities, the level of mental state and mental performance.
Information-emotional, regulatory and energy components make up the “basic level of functional readiness”. At the same time, the information-emotional and regulatory components provide the control function.
The motor and mental components make up a “special-basic level of functional readiness.
"Special level of preparedness" is a superstructure over functional preparedness, includes physical, technical and tactical types of preparedness, through which the functional capabilities are integrally manifested, determined by the development of the properties and qualities of the components of the first and second levels, in the form of a specific motor function.
Of particular note is the very important role of such characteristics that apply to all components, such as functional capacity, mobilization, sustainability, economization and specialization.
The perfection of the physiological mechanisms underlying the functional capabilities to a large extent depends on their functional properties - power, mobilization, efficiency and stability (V.S. Mishchenko, 1990), acting as qualitative characteristics of the functioning of physiological systems, to a large extent determining a high level of physical working capacity, acting as an integral indicator of functional readiness (V.N. Platonov, 1984; I.N. Solopov, 2001, I.N. Solopov, A.I. Shamardin, 2003). Functional characteristics (functional properties) of the factors that determine the functional capabilities of the body, allow the most complete and adequate reflection of the functional readiness of the body (V.S. Mishchenko, 1990).
Considering each functional property (characteristic) separately, it can be noted that power is the upper limit of the functioning of physiological systems (V.S. Mishchenko, 1990), or even groups of systems that make up certain structural components of functional readiness. The functioning power of all mechanisms that ensure physical performance is considered as a specific characteristic determined by the level of energy production and energy consumption required to perform mechanical work in movements of various kinds. The quantitative measure of functional power is the speed, first of all, of energy consumption, associated with the performance of mechanical work by the muscles of the body and the achievement of the desired effect (V.S. Gorozhanin, 1984). The most informative indicators of functional power include the values of maximum aerobic productivity and the maximum power of short-term muscle load (V.S. Mishchenko, 1990). However, it is noted that high power is not an unconditional characteristic. high level functionality (V.S. Mishchenko, 1990).
According to literary sources, the characteristics of the morphofunctional status of the body, as well as the indicators of physiological systems, recorded at maximum muscle loads and reflecting the maximum power of the body's functioning, are considered as power factors (V.S. Gorozhanin, 1984; S.P. Kuchkin, 1986; V. S. Mishchenko, 1990; D.V. Medvedev, 2007). The complex of indicators of morphofunctional power, characterizing the characteristics of the somatotype, determines the physical performance and the level of age development of a person, as well as the characteristics of mental activity, metabolism, compensatory reactions of the body (V.L. Karpman, 1987). In this regard, it is noted that for some sports specializations, the decisive factor in performance is the total size of the body, for others - the proportions of its separate parts, for the third - the degree of development and specificity of the distribution of muscle mass and adipose tissue, as well as the functional features of physiological systems - heart volume, lung volume, total blood volume, hemoglobin amount, maximum oxygen consumption (V.L. Karpman, 1987).
Functional power indicators have specific features determined by the nature of habitual muscular activity. Moreover, these features are manifested both in conditions of muscle rest and in reactions to extreme physical loads, which can later be used to determine the model qualitative characteristics of the functional fitness of athletes of various specializations.
One of key points adaptation development is an increase in mobilization capabilities or "functional mobilization", which is expressed in a faster exit of functional systems to the required level of changes at the beginning of physical activity, an increase in the limiting capabilities of the body in the process of specific muscle activity, an increase in the body's ability to maintain a high level of intensification of functions, acceleration and increasing the efficiency of the course of recovery processes (S.N. Kuchkin, 1986; V.M. Volkov, 1990; T.I. Gulbiani, 1991; A.S. Solodkov, 1995).
Functional mobilization in general determines functional changes during training at a constant power of the performed muscular work and the limit of these changes, in the case of increasing or maximum power of physical activity (A.N. Korzhenevsky et al., 1993).
The high speed of response to the load, the rapid mobilization of functions in the initial part of the load and the same rapid recovery are extremely important for the functional capabilities of the body under conditions of transient regimes of physical activity intensity (V.S. Mishchenko, 1990).
Mobilization of functional reserves of the organism in extreme conditions of sports activity is realized at all levels of organization of adaptive activity and is influenced by a number of factors (S.N. Kuchkin, 1986; V.M. Volkov, 1990).
It is noted that different levels of sports qualification (fitness) are characterized by a peculiar factorial structure of indicators, reflecting the mobilization of the body's functional reserves during muscular activity. If for athletes of a low class the main factors are indicators of aerobic-anaerobic performance, then as skill grows, indicators characterizing the efficiency of mobilization of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems first acquire greater factorial significance, and later on the cost-effectiveness of mobilizing adaptation reserves (S.N. Kuchkin , 1986, 1999; D. N. Davydenko, 1988; V. M. Volkov, A. V. Romashov, 1991).
Functional stability is considered as one of the conditions for the optimal functioning of the main physiological systems in the process of performing specific motor tasks in a given framework of external conditions, i.e. – high physical performance (R.T. Withers et al., 1982; S.Yu. Tyulenkov, 1986, 1998; V.S. Mishchenko, 1986; V.E. Borilkevich, 1986; V.N. Artamonov, 1989; M.A. .Abrikosova, 1982).
In turn, Viru A.A. (1982) points out that the performance of an athlete largely depends on functional stability, which is understood as the body's ability to maintain a sufficiently high functional activity of various systems for a long time to perform motor tasks and maintain vital constants of the body's internal environment.
Directly during the performance of muscular work, functional stability is considered as a reflection of the ability to maintain high levels of energy processes and the formation of body systems in conditions of extreme intensity. physical activity characteristic of competitive activity in sports (V.S. Mishchenko, 1990), as well as the body's ability to effectively carry out specific motor activity (solve a motor task) under conditions of significant changes in homeostasis and under the influence of external and internal interference.
Functional stability is a multicomponent property of the body, which includes, according to the structural components of functional readiness, a set of factors that determine: 1) the stability of the functioning of body systems (function effectively) and the maximum shifts in the parameters of the internal environment (V.S. Mishchenko, 1990); 2) emotional stability and noise immunity (I.A. Klesov, 1993; A.V. Ivoilov, 1987); 3) stability of mental and psychomotor functions (A.P. Gerasimenko, 1974; Konopkin et al., 1988).
The functional stability of physiological systems is a general multicomponent property that ensures the effective functioning of the body under conditions of significant shifts in homeostasis, is systemic in nature and has specific features of structure and manifestation depending on the nature and intensity of physical activity and individual typological properties of the body, is characterized and conditioned by the heterochronous inclusion of polymodal multilevel physiological mechanisms during the growth of adaptation to muscle loads.
Functional stability, as a general property, has the following main features: 1. multi-level manifestation and conditionality; 2. multicomponent; 3. systematic manifestation and conditioning; 4. specificity of manifestation and conditionality; 5. heterochronism of conditioning; 6. trainability (E.P. Gorbaneva et al., 2008).
The most important factor that determines and reflects the level of functional fitness of an athlete is the high economization of the functioning of the body, which is characteristic of most sports (S.P. Letunov, 1967; F.Ch. Tkhan, 1970; O.M. Gulida, 1986). The efficiency of work depends on the capabilities of a number of functional systems and mechanisms, the perfection of the technique of movements.
In sports, the economization of functions as a process is considered in several directions: the improvement of sports equipment, the formation of an effective structure of movements are referred to as technical (or biomechanical) economization, the development of adaptation processes of individual functional systems and the body as a whole is called functional (physiological) economization. In addition, anthropometric efficiency is also important, which is associated with a number of physique features, such as body weight and length, muscle mass, body fat percentage, etc. (J. Tanner, 1979; V.S. Gorozhanin, 1984; V. M. Volkov, 1990).
Biomechanical economization involves increasing the efficiency of movements in two ways: 1) by reducing the amount of energy consumption in each cycle (for example, in each step); 2) energy recovery - the conversion of kinetic energy into potential energy and its reverse transition into kinetic energy (D.D. Donskoy, V.M. Zatsiorsky, 1979).
Functional economization is manifested in the formation of three adaptive devices. Firstly, in a faster strengthening of functions at the beginning of work, which increases the share of beneficial aerobic processes in its energy supply. Secondly, in reducing functional shifts and reducing energy costs during exercise. And thirdly, in the acceleration of recovery processes (V.M. Volkov, 1990; I.N. Solopov, A.I. Shamardin, 2003).
To some extent, a person’s sports activity, no matter what qualitative form of performance it requires, is carried out by the same set of muscle groups that he has, is realized by the same central and peripheral mechanisms, is functionally and energetically provided by the same physiological systems. organism (Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1988).
However, depending on the sport, a physical exercise (result) will have specific characteristics, which will accordingly be provided by a specific ratio of the role (contribution) of various components of the body's functional capabilities. The value of certain components (components) of functional capabilities will be determined, in addition to the specifics of physical exercise (the main factor in structuring the functional potential), also by age, gender, morphological and many other features of the body. External conditions will also have a certain value.
One of the characteristics that ensure the level of mastery in modern sports is precisely the specificity of the adaptive processes that occur in the body of an athlete in response to the use of certain means and methods of training influence. Proceeding from this, it should be noted that, in the process of competition, the functional reserves of the body can be successfully implemented in two cases: 1) if they were the result of the use of specific means of training influence characteristic of this sport; 2) if they were acquired in the process of non-specific exercises for this sport, but at the subsequent stages of training, with the help of a complex of special preparations, they were converted into specific changes that meet the requirements of a particular sport.
The specificity of adaptive reactions is characteristic not only for the manifestation of physical qualities and capabilities of the autonomic nervous system, but also for mental manifestations, in particular, for volitional stimulation of working capacity when performing intense muscular work.
The performance of any physical exercise imposes on the activity of the body as a whole, its individual organs, functional systems and mechanisms regulating them certain, characteristic, specific for this exercise functional requests (requirements, loads). According to these specific requests, a set of specific reactions (changes) arises in the activity of the organism as a whole and, above all, in its leading functional systems and mechanisms that carry out the implementation of this (specific) exercise. Performing various exercises requires the manifestation of different physical motor qualities - strength, speed-strength (power), endurance. However, for each exercise, it is necessary to single out the leading (specific) physical motor quality, the level of development of which determines the success of this exercise (sports result). Each of the exercises can also be characterized in terms of the leading (specific) energy system. In addition, the performance of any exercise is associated with the (specific) coordination of movements characteristic only for this exercise, the composition and degree of participation of active muscle groups.
Based on the above, the structure of the functional readiness of athletes can be represented as a diagram shown in Fig. 1. This structuring, to a certain extent, integrates the construction of the structure of the functional fitness of athletes proposed earlier, both by us and by other authors. It reflects ideas about the different levels of components and properties, the specificity of functional items, their interconnection and interdependence.
Our scheme reflects the understanding of functional readiness as a basic general property of the body, which is the basis for a specific motor function, manifested in the form of a sports and technical result, which is realized through the manifestation of the physical, technical and tactical readiness of an athlete. These types of preparedness are considered by us precisely as sports and technical parameters of the manifestation of a specific motor function.
Rice. 1. The structure of the functional readiness of athletes and its qualitative characteristics
At the same time, the structure of functional readiness, the presence of all its components - information-emotional, regulatory, mental, energy and motor, will be mandatory for all types of activity, but the role, significance of certain components, the perfection of certain mechanisms, the level of development of functional properties and characteristics, their combination and interdependence will be very specific for each specific type of activity, moreover, even for a specific specialization within the sport (role, distance, etc.). And of course, they will differ at different stages of adaptation to it (V.S. Mishchenko, 1990; I.N. Solopov, 2007).
However, many aspects remain unclear. For example, how do various components interact, what is the degree of mutual compensation of qualities, properties, mechanisms, which, of course, takes place.
CHAPTER 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPONENTS OF FUNCTIONAL FITNESS OF ATHLETES
It was noted above that specific muscular activity in sports, regardless of the qualitative form of performance, is ensured by the inclusion of all the main components of the body's functional capabilities. At the same time, the role of these components, their significance for the performance of a particular activity is largely determined primarily by the specifics of motor activity, with a certain influence of such factors as age, sex, morphological and other features of the organism.
In this regard, the creation of portraits of model levels of the functional fitness of the body of athletes in various types of specific sports activities is an extremely important task, the solution of which is of great practical importance. At the same time, initially it is necessary to have an idea about the characteristics of all the main components of functional readiness.
In the previous chapter, we briefly described the main components of the functional readiness of the body, where we designated the processes of sensory perception, memory and emotional manifestations as an information-emotional component; mechanisms of motor, vegetative, humoral and cortical regulation circuits as a regulatory component; functions of the musculoskeletal system as a motor component; power, mobility, capacity and efficiency of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy production as an energy component; and, finally, the level of development of mental qualities, the level of mental state and mental performance, as a mental component.
In contrast to the classification of V.S. Fomin (1984), we do not single out the neurodynamic component, which, in his opinion, combines the processes of excitability, mobility and stability, tension and stability of autonomic regulation, since we believe that these processes are quite legitimately related immediately to the three components we distinguish: mental (excitability, mobility), information-emotional (level of neuro-emotional stress) and regulatory components (stability, tension and stability of autonomic regulation).
2.1. Information-emotional component of athletes' functional readiness
The effectiveness of performing sports exercises largely depends on the processes of perception and processing of sensory information. These processes determine both the most rational organization of motor acts and the perfection of the athlete's tactical thinking. Perception of space and spatial orientation of movements are provided by the functioning of visual, auditory, vestibular, kinesthetic reception. Estimation of time intervals and control of time parameters of movements are based on proprioceptive and auditory sensations. Vestibular irritations during turns, rotations, tilts, etc. noticeably affect the coordination of movements and the manifestation of physical qualities, especially with low stability of the vestibular apparatus. At the same time, in each sport there are the most important - the leading sensory systems, on the activity of which the success of the athlete's performances depends to the greatest extent (V.G. Tkachuk et al., 1988; A.S. Solodkov, E.B. Sologub, 2005; I.N. Solopov, 2007).
The quick and correct orientation of athletes in complex and sometimes changing environments is critical to the success of specific activities.
First of all, athletes improve their visual analyzer, through which about 80% of information comes. Athletes increase the speed of information processing during simple and complex motor reactions, improve the ability to assess the depth of the visible, and also expand the field of view.
The success of an athlete's orientation is determined, first of all, by how quickly and accurately he perceives everything that happens in the largest possible space in which actions are currently unfolding. The volume of the field of view, i.e. the volume of space throughout which the fixed eye can distinguish objects depends not only on anatomical factors - the structure of the back of the nose and orbit, the distribution of rods and cones in the retina of the eye: it is also determined by the state of excitability of the nerve endings that carry out the primary, elementary analysis of those affecting them irritants.
Functional limitations of the visual field in athletes may be due to insufficient training and lack of necessary experience. Since the highest analysis and synthesis is carried out by the cerebral cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, the volume of the visual field is largely determined by the state of excitability of the cortex and the presence of temporary neural connections developed in the process of individual experience of distinguishing stimuli affecting the peripheral parts of the retina.
Special studies (VV Vasilyeva, 1956) showed that athletes with high technical and tactical skills have an increase in the volume of the field of vision. This is due to an increase in the excitability of the peripheral elements of the retina and the corresponding nerve centers of the cerebral cortex under the influence of training and competition.
It should be noted that the boundaries of the field of view of achromatic colors are much higher than the boundaries of the perception of objects that have a chromatic color. It was found that the smallest field of view is observed in athletes when perceiving green color, a little more - for red, and blue-colored objects are most clearly perceived by peripheral vision. It is noted that the field of view is not the same when distinguishing the shape of objects.
The perception of distances is carried out by the so-called deep vision, which is based on a conditioned reflex mechanism and therefore can develop.
Along with a large volume of the field of view and a high development of deep vision great importance for athletes it also has the speed and accuracy of perception of the location of objects in space.
Studies of the visual perception of athletes show that skilled athletes in most sports, especially gaming, have a large amount of field of vision, accuracy of perception of distances (deep vision) and speed and accuracy of perception of the location of objects in space.
These features of visual perceptions develop in the process of training sessions. The effectiveness of their development can be increased by introducing into training special exercises, requiring from those involved in the widespread use of peripheral vision, speed and accurate perception of distances and the location of objects in space.
Positive shifts are noted in the functioning of other analyzers. Especially significant changes associated with the activity of the vestibular apparatus. Rapid movements of athletes in space, sharp turns, and blows, and other movements, almost continuously irritate the receptors of this sensory system. With its insufficient stability, there are violations of the accuracy of motor actions, as well as various unfavorable vegetative reactions (Yu.G. Galochkin, 1986).
It is also very important that the ability to perceive shifts in locomotor and vegetative functions can be used to indicate the depth of physiological load during specific activities in sports, can act as an indicator of the level of self-regulation, a criterion of the functional state and readiness to perform a competitive exercise (Yu. K. Demyanenko, 1963; I. M. Denisov, 1967; B. A. Dushkov, 1969; L. N. Tishina, N. M. Peisakhov, 1972; V. S. Fomin, 1984; O. M. Shelkov, V.A. Bulkin, 1997).
Many works indicate that for sports activities, especially competitive ones, it is very important to develop specific sensations - “sense of water”, “sense of the ball”, “sense of time”, “sense of distance”, etc. It is noted that in the process of sports improvement in athletes on the basis of various sensory information, these peculiar synthetic sensations - “feelings” are formed (IN Solopov, 2007). These “feelings”, sensations are especially aggravated in athletes who are in good sports shape (V.V. Medvedev, 1972; L.P. Matveev, 1977; V.N. Platonov, 1984, 1997; Yu.G. Galochkin, 1986 etc.) The skill of athletes of various specializations is largely determined by the development of all those types of sensitivity that allow you to feel the slightest changes in the position of the body, in the amplitude, direction, speed, pace and rhythm of the movements performed, in the applied efforts and in the resistance of the material, in changes the environment and the state of the internal environment (S.G. Gellerstein, 1958; Yu.B. Nikiforov, 1973). Specialized perceptions are complex functional characteristics fitness of athletes and are among the most important components of sportsmanship (A.R. Grin, 1978). This ability is a necessary condition for effective human control of specific movements, actions, activities in general. Management consists in changing various components of motor activity in terms of amplitude, direction, intensity, rhythm, tempo, acceleration, as well as in determining the moment of beginning and termination of activity, i.e. regulatory function (M.D. Bashkeev, 1995; I.N. Solopov, 1996, 1998, 2007).
In this regard, the role of muscle sensations is especially great for sports activities. It is noted that all sports, which are active motor activities, require a highly developed ability to correctly assess the spatial conditions of action (the distance when interacting with other athletes, the distance to the target, the size of the site, obstacles, etc.) and accurately measure the efforts with them ( L.P. Matveev, 1977; A.V. Kovalik, 1978; Yu.G. Galochkin, 1986; I.N. Solopov, 2007).
Very important for sports activities and "sense of time". There is almost no sport that would not require the ability to accurately assess time intervals, to determine the duration of pauses, the pace and rhythm of movements well (S.G. Gellerstein, 1958; L.N. Tishina, N.M. Peisakhov, 1972; A F. Grinshtein, 1978; G. I. Savenkov, 1988; T. N. Bratus et al., 1988) At present, and this applies to sports more than anything else, a person must be able to accurately distribute his time, to navigate well in it and to accurately differentiate, perceive and evaluate the temporal characteristics of signals (N.D. Bagrova, 1980).
As the analysis of the literature shows, the study of specific perceptions associated with the spatio-temporal and power parameters of the motor function in various sports has been carried out for a long time and widely, and, accordingly, the results of such studies are widely presented in publications (A.R. Grin , 1978; G.S. Butorin, I.V. Demin, 1988; I.N. Solopov, S.A. Bakulin, 1996; I.A. Mishchenko, 2001; I.N. Solopov, 2007, etc.) .
A completely different situation has developed with the study of perception, differentiation and evaluation of the parameters of vegetative functions during sports activities. Research in this direction is not numerous (A.B. Gandelsman, N.B. Prokopovich, 1962; A.B. Gandelsman, Yu.N. Verkhalo, 1966; A.B. Gandelsman et al., 1966), although interest in this issue is increasing. Recently, more and more reports have appeared in the literature about the fundamental possibility of using in the training process information based on self-perceptions of shifts in the autonomic systems of the body. There is literature that describes attempts to use various options for self-assessment of the most diverse shifts on the part of the functional systems of the body to control the training process. Thus, the study by G.Borg (1982) showed the ability of athletes to feel tension and pain of various types in the legs, heart rate and blood lactate concentration during work. In the work of W.E. Sime (1985) an attempt was made to use physiological sensations to optimize training in marathon runners, and in the work of G. Geisl (1985) - in runners for long and medium distances based on self-assessment of lactate concentration at the level of anaerobic threshold.
At the same time, the vegetative component of specific perceptions is just as important for practice as the motor component. The ability to evaluate shifts in the parameters of the autonomic function, ways to improve this ability is of particular importance, since without it it is impossible to implement application programs for their arbitrary control (IN Solopov, 1998, 2007).
Very important feature sports activity is its high emotionality.
Emotions are reflex reactions of the body to external and internal stimuli, characterized by a pronounced subjective coloring, including almost all types of sensitivity.
Emotion is a specific state of the mental sphere, one of the forms of a holistic behavioral response that involves many physiological systems and is determined both by certain motives, the needs of the body, and the level of their possible satisfaction.
Emotional reactions include motor, autonomic and endocrine manifestations. changes in respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, activity of skeletal and facial muscles, release of hormones - pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone, adrenaline, norepinephrine and corticoids. secreted by the adrenal glands.
Emotions should be considered as an additional mechanism for active adaptation, adaptation of the organism to the environment with a lack of accurate information about the ways to achieve its goals. The adaptability of emotional reactions is confirmed by the fact that they involve in increased activity only those organs and systems that provide better interaction between the organism and environment. The same circumstance is indicated by a sharp activation during emotional reactions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which provides the adaptive-trophic functions of the body. In the emotional state, there is a significant increase in the intensity of oxidative and energy processes in the body (V.M. Pokrovsky, G.F. Korotko, 1997).
Emotions, according to the theory of functional systems, are the most important component of the systemic organization of purposeful behavior. “Continuously “coloring” various key systemic stages of behavior, emotions mobilize the body to meet the leading biological or social needs” (P.K. Anokhin, 1968).
The neurophysiological nature of emotions is associated with ideas about the functional organization of the adaptive actions of animals and humans based on the concept of an "action acceptor". The signal for the organization and functioning of the nervous apparatus of negative emotions is the fact that the "acceptor of action" - the afferent model of expected results - is inconsistent with the afferentation about the real results of the adaptive act.
The main link in the mechanism of emotions is the thalamus, which, “coming into action under the influence of sensory signals or impulses from the cerebral cortex, causes both somatic reactions and emotional experiences, which are an epiphenomenon of the activity of the central nervous system” (T. Cox, 1981).
Being an important form of adaptive reactions of the body, emotional states play a large role in a more effective adaptation of a person to environmental conditions. During training, the activation of the mechanisms of general adaptation leads to changes in hormonal activity, which ensures the mobilization of not only energy, but also plastic reserves of the body (A.A. Viru, 1982).
Due to the high emotionality, vegetative changes in the athlete's body significantly exceed the changes that could be expected taking into account only energy costs on the motor actions of the athlete. It should be noted that the emotionality of sports activity significantly increases the severity of the body's vegetative reactions to the motor load (Yu.G.Galochkin, 1986).
Even under conditions of training, at the beginning of the exercise, the entire apparatus of the body's emotional response is activated (IN Solopov, A.P. Gerasimenko, 1998). And during the competition, the athlete can experience a variety of very strong feelings. The emotions experienced by an athlete can have a great influence on his actions and their results. This is due to their close connection with a change in the activity of the vegetative systems and endocrine glands, and with it a change in working capacity, which increases with active, sthenic emotions and decreases with passive, asthenic emotions, and optimization of the functional state of other body systems (K. V. Sudakov et al., 1997).
As a result of research, it was found that emotional states have a direct impact on the flow of energy processes in the body. It is shown that 66-73% of athletes carry out training work in the preparatory period (against the background of positive emotions) at the expense of aerobic energy sources. In the competitive period after intense competitions, mainly aerobic energy sources were suppressed (by 5-15%). After the competition (against the background of negative emotions), there was a decrease in glycolytic (by 29-54%) and creatine phosphate (by 12-31%) energy sources (L.R. Kudashova et al., 1988).
An increase in functional activity, as a rule, is accompanied by such feelings as joy, emotional uplift, "sports anger", etc. These emotional states have positive influence on sports activities of athletes and their results. It is believed that there is reason to believe that for qualified athletes, the increased emotional tension caused by the confrontation of the competing parties contributes to an increase in target accuracy and acts as a stimulator that sets the athlete to achieve high results (A.V. Ivoilov, 1987).
A decrease in the activity of vegetative functions is accompanied by such emotional states as sadness, uncertainty, timidity, apathy, etc. These states have a negative impact on actions and performance.
The emotional coloring of excitation (positive or negative) is the result of the reciprocal interaction of nervous processes that determine the specificity of activity. At the same time, under the same conditions, with the same levels of excitation, the actions of an athlete can be different due to their specific motivational coloring. This is what determines the need in the preparation process to model adequate competitive influences that will contribute to the development of the adaptability of the athlete's body in accordance with its functional needs in conditions of intense competition (V.S. Keller, 1982; I.N. Solopov, A.P. Gerasimenko, 1998) .
As a rule, an athlete begins to experience specific emotional states some time before the start, which are called pre-start states.
Depending on the responsibility of the competition, the degree of preparedness of the player, the characteristics of his nervous system, these states manifest themselves with different strengths and differ in nature. Emotional states in connection with the upcoming start may occur in athletes a day or two before the competition.
It has long been established that the pre-start states of athletes are based on a conditioned reflex mechanism and are largely determined by the functional preparation of the body for the upcoming sports action. The resulting physiological changes are adaptive reactions that ensure the mobilization of the body's reserves to perform the upcoming sports activities (A.N. Krestovnikov, 1951; Ya.B. Lekhtman, 1953; V.V. Vasilyeva, 1955). At the same time, it is noted that the more trained the athlete, the more clearly these adaptive reactions are expressed in him. They are overlaid with complex reactions to secondary signal stimuli related to the athlete's attitude to the upcoming competition, his assessment of his strengths and the strengths of other participants in the competition, the assumption of possible results, etc.
In athletes, the pre-start conditions are quite clearly expressed (A.I. Ismailov et al., 2001). There are three main types of prelaunch states:
1. The state of "combat readiness", characterized by optimal excitement, the presence of positive emotions.
2. The state of overexcitation ("starting fever"), characterized by very strong excitement, instability of emotional states, disorganization of attention, weakening of memory, chaotic thinking processes and impaired accuracy of movements.
3. A state of depression ("apathy"), characterized by the presence of negative emotions, lack of confidence in one's abilities, unwillingness to take part in the competition.
Both the state of overexcitation and the state of depression have a negative impact on the performance of the athlete.
In well-trained athletes, pre-launch conditions usually have the character of “combat readiness”. Depending on their individual characteristics, athletes experience more or less excitement and emotional excitement before the start.
The severity of the emotional states of athletes is determined not only by their individual characteristics, but also by the importance of the competition. The more responsible, sharper and more intense the competition, the more intense the emotional state of the athlete. The most intense emotional states occur at moments that decide the outcome of a responsible competition (G.I. Gagaeva, 1960; A.I. Ismailov et al., 2001).
Under training conditions, and to a greater extent during competitions, the athlete's emotional shifts come close to a typical stress response.
G. Selye (1972) defined stress as a stress response, a non-specific response of the body to the action of extreme, unfavorable environmental factors - stressors, which are pathogenic agents, toxic and foreign substances, physical factors and other influences. At the same time, stress was considered as a predominant activation in the body of the axis: the pituitary gland - the adrenal cortex; and only domestic researchers paid attention to the fact that under stress, the functions of the central nervous system are primarily impaired.
The intensity of sports activity determines the nonspecific activation of the corresponding emotional structures of the brain. Non-specific characteristics of stress can activate the adaptive capabilities of the body or lead to a breakdown in adaptation (V.S. Keller, 1982).
Despite the fact that emotional stress underlies adaptive physiological responses that allow the body to counteract extreme conditions due to the mobilization of reserve capabilities (M.D. Dybov, V.A. Momont, 2000), under certain conditions, it can cause various dysfunctions.
Any activity causes the mobilization of the physiological and mental functions of a person, which may or may not correspond to the situation (G. Selye, 1960, 1972). However, in a number of cases, the activation of physiological functions that provide emotional arousal of a person turns out to be inadequate to the socially significant activity performed.
With psychological stress, the reaction occurs indirectly, through emotional and mental reactions in response to a stressful situation. These reactions serve as a trigger mechanism for neurophysiological changes underlying homeostatic processes (KV Sudakov, 1996).
With prolonged and continuous emotional stress, “a breakthrough of a weak link can occur, and the mechanisms of self-regulation of a certain functional system are disrupted, as a result of which a persistent violation of one or another function occurs, which first manifests itself in a violation of the leading biorhythms, especially the rhythms of heart contractions, breathing and sleep, in a disorder hormonal regulation, reduced immunity, and finally, in changing the degree of tension of the regulatory mechanisms of the corresponding functional systems ”(V.G. Zilov, 1996; F.Z. Meyerson, M.G. Pshennikova, 1988; S.R. Kunz Ebrecht et al., 2003 ; J.A.Herd et al., 2003).
Reactions to emotional stress and its consequences in a particular person are strictly individual. It is shown that differences in response to stress and in the level of stress tolerance in introverts and extroverts. Other researchers noted the preservation of normal regulatory relationships between hemodynamic parameters (minute volume of the heart and total peripheral resistance) in stress-resistant individuals under stress, and in those predisposed to stress, fluctuations in blood pressure mainly due to changes in total peripheral resistance (L.S. Ulyaninsky, 1990; C. B. Brunckhorst et al., 2003). Systemic mechanisms of optimization and adaptation of human cardiohemodynamics are also described (L.B. Osadshaya, 1997).
Thus, emotional stress underlies adaptive physiological reactions that allow the body to overcome conflict situations by mobilizing reserve capabilities. However, under certain conditions, emotional stress can cause various dysfunctions, which makes it fundamentally important to prevent it, to identify new ways in the implementation of rehabilitation measures aimed at preventing the negative consequences of stressful conflict situations (V.V. Aksenov, 1986; N.N. .Sentyabrev, 2004).
Memory processes are very important for sports activity. The concept of memory combines the general biological property of fixing, storing and reproducing information. Memory as the basis of learning and thinking processes includes four closely related processes: memorization, storage, recognition, reproduction (D. Adam, 1983; A. N. Lebedev, 1985).
The physiological mechanisms of memory are based on the laws of higher nervous activity and are determined by the formation, preservation and constant renewal of temporary connections (conditioned reflexes) in the cerebral cortex. The temporary connections that have arisen in the brain reflect the objective relationships that exist between objects and phenomena of the surrounding world.
Types of memory are classified according to the form of manifestation (figurative, emotional, logical, or verbal-logical), according to a temporal characteristic, or duration (instant, short-term, long-term).
At the same time, despite some noticeable differences in the physiological and biochemical mechanisms responsible for the formation and manifestation of short-term and long-term memory, they should be considered as successive stages of a single mechanism for fixing and strengthening trace processes occurring in nervous structures under the influence of repetitive or constantly acting signals.
Memory is not considered as something static, located strictly in one place or in a small group of cells. Memory exists in a dynamic and relatively distributed form. At the same time, the brain acts as a functional system, saturated with various connections that underlie the regulation of memory processes (V.M. Pokrovsky, G.F. Korotko, 1997).
The importance of memory processes for sports activities should be considered in several aspects. First of all, memory processes are directly involved in the formation of any functional system, the most important mechanism involved in the formation of motor skills in the training and improvement of sports equipment, and in the processes of self-regulation of the functioning of the body. In particular, deep internal processes are involved in the processes of afferent synthesis - motivation for action (motivation) and its intention, motor traces (skills) and learned tactical combinations are retrieved from memory. On their basis, a person creates a specific plan and a specific movement program. In this case, the nature of the processing of incoming signals depends on the information that is recorded in the memory apparatus of the control system.
The next aspect related to the direct participation of the memory apparatus concerns the implementation of the extrapolation mechanism.
Extrapolation (a kind of prediction of future, upcoming events on the basis of information already in the athlete's memory) is the most important mechanism for the functioning of the athlete's nervous system. The ability of an athlete to extrapolate to a large extent depends on his sports experience, the amount of his "motor" memory. More skilled athletes are more likely to predict the nature of the enemy's actions and find the necessary tactical and technical methods to counter him.
The ability to extrapolate varies from person to person and is largely determined by genetic factors. At the same time, extrapolation is being trained. The wider the range of tactical actions and techniques in training, the more extrapolation develops (Yu.G. Galochkin, 1986.). Experienced athletes have a richer pantry of "motor memory" - the images of mastered movements stored in it, the extraction of the necessary motor traces occurs faster.
It should be noted that the processes of memory and the mechanisms of its manifestation, included by us in the information-emotional component of the functional readiness of the organism, can also and should be considered as an element of the mental component.
2.2. The regulatory component of the functional
preparedness of athletes
The human body is a complex self-regulating hierarchical system that exchanges matter, energy and information with the environment.
The coordination of biophysical, biochemical and physiological processes occurring in tissues and organs, as well as the adaptation of these processes to changing environmental conditions, is carried out by the regulatory and control systems of the body: nervous and endocrine.
Regulation in physiology is understood as the active control of the functions of a biological system (up to the organism as a whole and its behavior) in order to maintain an optimal level of its vital activity and adapt the system to changing environmental conditions.
Changing the parameters of functions while maintaining them within the boundaries of homeostasis occurs at each level of the organization or in any hierarchical system due to self-regulation, i.e., mechanisms internal to the system for controlling life.
Self-regulation of physiological functions is the process of automatically maintaining any vital factor of the body at a constant level. Deviation from the constant level serves as an impetus for the immediate mobilization of devices that restore it again. Such automatic regulation is cyclic in nature and is performed using a "closed loop" with feedback (N.N. Beller et al., 1980).
PK Anokhin (1975) believes that a functional system is a specific self-regulation apparatus, that is, the interaction of central and peripheral formations that make up an active complex with certain physiological properties. Such a complex of anatomical and functional indicators is united by selective interdependence on the ways of obtaining any final adaptive effect of the organism.
To achieve a useful adaptive result in the nervous system, a group of interconnected neurons is formed - a functional system. Its activity includes the following processes: 1) processing of all signals coming from the external and internal environment of the body - the so-called afferent synthesis; 2) making a decision about the purpose and objectives of the action; 3) creating an idea of the expected result and the formation of a specific program of movements; 4) analysis of the result and introduction of corrections into the program - sensory corrections.
The physiological mechanisms of regulation of body functions, including muscle activity, have been studied quite well and described in a number of fundamental works (N.A. Bernshtein, 1966; P.K. Anokhin, 1975; V.S. Farfel, 1975 ; K. Wasserman, 1978; I. S. Breslav, V. D. Glebovsky, 1981; V. L. Karpman, B. G. Lyubina, 1982; G. G. Isaev, 1990).
As a result, when describing the regulatory component of the functional fitness of athletes, we restrict ourselves to brief description and dwell on the existing features.
In the context of our understanding of the structure of functional readiness, the regulatory component includes three interrelated and interdependent contours of the regulation of functions.
Mechanisms of regulation of movements (motor circuit of regulation), which provide an appropriate level of control of motor acts and include unconditional and conditioned reflex reactions.
In human motor activity, voluntary movements are distinguished - consciously controlled purposeful actions and involuntary movements that occur without the participation of consciousness and represent either unconditional reactions or automated motor skills.
The unconditioned motor reflexes most often encountered in sports activities and used as a basis for creating motor (sports) skills include: protective reflexes, orienting reflexes, stretching reflex, postural tonic reflexes, rhythmic motor reflex, stepping reflex, automatic coordination in movements hands, reflex, automatic coordination in joint movements of arms and legs and some others (V.S. Farfel, 1975; A.S. Solodkov, E.B. Sologub, 2005)
The control of voluntary human movements is based on two different physiological mechanisms: 1) reflex ring regulation and 2) program control according to the mechanism of central commands.
Voluntary actions are reflex in nature. This was first proved by I.M. Sechenov in his classic work “Reflexes of the Brain”. The ideas of I.M. Sechenov were further developed in the works of I.P. Pavlov, who considered voluntary movements according to the mechanism to be conditioned reflex, obeying all the laws of higher nervous activity.
All voluntary movements of a person are carried out with the participation of consciousness, the nervous substrate of which is the higher parts of the cerebral cortex - integrative (frontal lobes), second-signal, etc. (V.S. Farfel, 1975). At the same time, voluntary regulation is divorced from simpler mechanisms of regulation, classified as involuntary (conditioned reflex, unconditioned reflex).
As in any complex control system, the central nervous system has subsystems built hierarchically, subordinating. The role of such functional motion control subsystems is played by automatically operating systems, in other words, motor automata. They control involuntary movements that are not always under the control of consciousness.
Some of them represent a system of innate, inherited motor automata, i.e., unconditioned motor reflexes, others are acquired, developed in a given subject, automatic motor actions, i.e., motor skills. Each of these automatic motion control systems, as can be seen in the diagram, has a two-way connection with the motor apparatus.
Automatic systems controls are not completely autonomous, they are connected with consciousness, they can be under its control. Consciousness can be the initiator of their activity, regulate, strengthen and suppress it (V.S. Farfel, 1975).
Arbitrary regulation is multilevel and includes both higher and lower levels of management of life, behavior and human activities. According to the concept of N.A. Bernshtein (1966) about the levels of construction of movements, reflecting the unity of voluntary and involuntary mechanisms in the control of voluntary movements, movements are controlled by whole synthesized complexes, which are becoming more and more complicated from the lower levels of regulation to the upper ones. Each motor task finds, depending on the content and semantic structure, one or another level, one or another complex. The level that determines management and control in accordance with the semantic structure of the motor act is called the leading one. It implements only the most basic, conceptually decisive corrections. Under its management (control), the underlying levels, also involved in a holistic motor act, become background and serve the technical components of the movement (movement parameters - direction, amplitude, acceleration, etc.) due to the regulation of muscle tone, reciprocal inhibition, complex synergies and etc.
Lower levels of regulation (subsystems) control the automatic actions of a person, some of which are non-voluntary (a fusion of unconditioned reflexes with conditioned ones), while others are arbitrary, but automated acts. Automatic control subsystems are associated with consciousness” can be under its control. They can begin their activity under the influence of a conscious impulse, their activity can be suppressed by consciousness. On the other hand, automatically performed actions can be reflected in the human mind (be realized).
The vegetative circuit of regulation of functions consists of mechanisms that provide the necessary changes in vegetative functions in accordance with the needs of the body in all phases of motor acts (muscle work), in the period preceding them, and during recovery after physical activity.
In sports, there are many opposing approaches and ways to achieve results - and it is not always easy to figure out which one is right for you. One such case is the choice between functional training and isolated strength exercises.
Which approach will be more justified in a particular case, what are the typical mistakes made by athletes, and what should be known - but, unfortunately, not everyone knows.
Functional and isolation training: what is it?
To begin with, let's deal with the definitions themselves: it is necessary to understand what we are talking about in general. Functional and isolation training are indeed absolutely opposite to each other both in form and in the tasks they solve.
Isolated training is a set of such exercises that are aimed at training a specific small muscle group, or even one muscle at all.
For example, if you are working with a barbell on a biceps bench, this is an isolation exercise.
Functional exercises always affect the largest muscle groups - sometimes even almost the entire body at the same time. But this is not their main characteristic: this criterion is also met, for example, by barbell squats, which are not a functional exercise.
The key point in functional training is the training of not only the muscles, but also the movement of the body itself. Any such exercises are aimed not just at increasing strength or endurance, but precisely at making the body capable of performing some real actions. Pull-ups are a great example of a functional strength exercise.
Many tend to attribute to functional only those strength exercises that are performed with their own weight - pull-ups, push-ups, jumping out, and so on. However, this is not true: functional training is quite possible with the use of weights.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches?
Let's start the conversation again with isolated training. The advantage of this option is that you achieve maximum efficiency precisely at the selected point of the body: the entire load falls solely on the target muscle. Such an advantage is absolutely indispensable in the same bodybuilding, but it often comes in handy for ordinary fitness enthusiasts: it happens that you need to work out a specific muscle, set a point load on your body.
This same property of isolation exercises is also their disadvantage: a developed biceps, for example, is good in itself - but it is not enough either for a harmonious figure or for real functional strength. And here comes the time to talk about functional training.
Three main benefits of functional training
Firstly, you do not just increase the indicators of muscle strength and endurance, but accustom the body to a specific type of physical work. In life, we do not have to do something similar to the French press - but the need to pull up on our hands can easily arise.
Secondly, the effect of functional training is extremely diverse. A very large number of muscles are involved in the work at the same time. You become both stronger and more enduring, develop coordination, flexibility, balance ... the list depends on the specific exercises, but it is always extensive. For example, even banal push-ups from the floor strengthen not only the arms and chest (which are aimed primarily at), but also the abs, legs and back.
Thirdly, due to the vastness of the load, functional exercises effectively burn calories. And this means that you can combine the effect of strength and cardio training. Many athletes think that these two types of training are some kind of antagonists, however, this is not always true. It is in functional exercises that strength and cardio components coexist perfectly.
Are there any downsides to functional training? Of course there is. Two main disadvantages
First, due to the wide range of effects from such exercises, the results are less pronounced. For example, you will more effectively develop your heart on a cardio machine, and strength - with the “big three” with a barbell.
Secondly, dense functional training is poorly compatible with a set of muscle mass: too many calories are burned. If the type of the Apollo figure is closer to you than Hercules, functional training is great, but not otherwise.
You probably already guessed that it is not necessary to choose one type of training. In fact, it is quite possible to combine isolation and functional training in your program. Moreover, if it is still possible to do without isolated strength training (it, after all, serves mainly to achieve an aesthetic effect), then every athlete needs functional training to one degree or another.
Are functional training performed with the help of simulators? Of course!
For example, the free-lifts from Life Fitness are great for them. Yes, and all the possibilities for an interesting construction of training Life Fitness creates. For example, by combining a multi-station with a free-trajectory traction, a Hammer Strength training vest, and any of them, you can perform interesting exercises aimed at functional development at home!
How to combine two types of training?
There are several tips on this topic: it is possible to fully disclose it, rather, in a separate material. But here are some tips.
The main advice - do not "jump" from one exercise to another too quickly - this is a typical mistake of those who are trying to combine a lot of variety. Your body must have time to get used to a new type of load, to the rhythm of training - otherwise there is a risk of a training plateau or even injury.
Add to the usual strength exercises changing angles, twisting, tilting and other complications - use all possible planes of movement! This is possible with, and on, and with the help of a multistation. Of course, this must be done carefully, reducing the working weight. So you include more muscles in the work and make the exercises more functional.
And be sure to change the speed of the movements! This is especially convenient on traction machines that have low starting resistance: for example, all the same Life Fitness home multistation. Such technologies allow you to perform movements under heavy load very sharply - but without risk for both the joints and ligaments, and for the simulator.
There are a number of functional training methods. Basically, these are the same methods that are used in other types of training. But there are a number of special methods. These include various training methods in changed environmental conditions (in high altitude conditions, in a pressure chamber, using a bath), training methods against the background of critical states of an athlete's body (under conditions of hunger, hypothermia, increased danger, during conflicts, etc. ).
The functional readiness of an athlete cannot always be determined by external signs, such as, for example, physical. Quite often, an outwardly built non-athletic athlete can demonstrate enormous functional capabilities, and vice versa, in the mountains it is not uncommon for an athlete with a huge muscle mass to demonstrate very weak functional capabilities. In the mountains, the athlete with greater endurance, rather than an athletic physique, has an advantage. Endurance can be very difficult to determine externally by the morphological characteristics of an athlete.
The functional training of a climber must be clearly planned, since in extreme situations it is the athlete's functional capabilities, his physiological reserves that play a decisive role.
Functional training in the theory of sports is not singled out as an independent section and there is no sufficiently clear analysis of it. Apparently, therefore, this type of training is often included in the competence of physiologists, psychologists and doctors working with climbers.
In fact, physiologists and doctors should only control the functional fitness of an athlete and give practical recommendations to coaches. The planning of this section of training and the methodology for putting this plan into practice are the responsibility of the trainer.
The functional training program does not require prior preparation and is suitable for people with a low level of physical ability. Functional training is an excellent type of training to restore the body after a long absence of physical activity, after childbirth or in the post-rehabilitation period.
2.3. “KEEP BALANCE”
Functional training is carried out both as a separate training and as an addition to traditional strength training. The complication of training occurs not due to an increase in the weight of the burden, but due to the complication of movements with the help of special equipment, in particular core platforms, barefoot (rubber hemispheres), fitballs (rubber gymnastic balls), Airex Balance Pads (pillows made of soft “foamy” material) or weight machines with a free movement path.
In the work on the "Functional Training" program, one's own body weight is also used, as well as free weights, traction simulators, shock absorbers, balls. The balancing base on which the exercises are performed activates a large number of muscles, both large and small (deep postural muscles) that do not work on conventional simulators. Our efforts to maintain balance so as not to fall or slide off an unstable surface contribute to the expenditure of more energy, while our joints are reliably protected from excessive impact, since the unstable, springy surface takes on some of the shock load.
2.4. Goals of functional training.
At the initial level, this is the development of general endurance, coordination abilities (maintaining balance), strength abilities (general harmonious development of all muscle groups of the musculoskeletal system), development of flexibility.
At the middle level, this is the development of general endurance, actual strength abilities and their combination with other physical abilities (speed-strength, strength agility, strength endurance), coordination abilities, flexibility.
At an advanced level, this is the development of special physical abilities that directly determine achievements in the chosen sport.
2.5. The method of conducting Functional training on the example of circuit training.
When compiling Circular Training complexes, one should proceed from the fact that they should alternate exercises of general and selective impact, at different stages different muscle groups should be involved in the work. As a result of the complex, the load will have a dispersed character ( optimal time CT shift is 6-8 lessons).
After heavy exercise performance is not restored immediately. Therefore, if at the next stage a load is given to the muscles that worked before, then the working capacity and the training effect will decrease. With a "scattered" load on different muscle groups, repeated work is performed by less tired muscles against the background of under-recovery of the cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems.
Conclusion.
Summing up, it can be noted that the selection of exercises for CT complexes, taking into account the main criteria, as well as the observance of the provisions and principles of sports training, contributes to the activation of the training transfer and increase the training effect of training.
List of used literature
1. Ashmarin B.A. Theory and methodology of pedagogical research in physical education. -M.: Physical culture and sport, 1978.
2. Boyko V.V. Purposeful development of human motor abilities, - M .: Fizkultura and sport, 1987. - 144 p. ill. - (Science - sport; Fundamentals of training).
3. Vasilyeva V.V. Changes in the excitability of the central nervous system during intensive work. // Theory and practice physical education. 1949 - No. 6. - S. 12.
4. Volkov N.I. Influence of the value of rest intervals on the training effect caused by repeated muscular work. // Theory and practice of physical culture, - 1986 - No. 2. - P. 18.
5. Gulyants A.E. Using the methods of circuit training in the physical education of students: Diss... cand. ped. Sciences. -M., 1987 - 157s.
6. Zakharov E.N. Encyclopedia of physical training: methodological foundations for the development of physical qualities. – M.: Lenos, 1994. -368s.
7. Kruzh B.IL Circular training in the physical education of students. - M.: graduate School, 1982. - 120 s, ill.
Functional training of young swimmers in the preparatory period
S. S. Ganzei, V. B. Avdienko, V. P. Cherkashin, I. N. Solopov
The article substantiates the technology of functional training of young swimmers in the preparatory period of the macrocycle, taking into account the physiological patterns of increasing the functional capabilities of the body, which provides for the intensification of training through the use of ergogenic means that differ in the nature of the impact on those organs and body systems that require a high functional level of readiness.
Key words: functional training, young qualified swimmers, preparatory period, effectiveness of functional training, training macro- and microcycles.
Functional Training of the Young Qualified Swimmers in the Preparatory Period S. S. Ganzej, V. B. Avdiyenko, V. P. Cherkashin, I. N. Solopov
In this article, the technology of functional training of young swimmers proves the macrocycle, considering the physiological laws of increase of functionalities of the organism in the preparatory period, providing an intensification of training by the application of ergogenic means, various in character of influence on those bodies and systems of an organism from which the high functional level of readiness is required.
Key words: functional training, young qualified swimmers, the preparatory period, effectiveness of functional training, training macro- and microcycles.
Increasing the effectiveness of functional training is currently one of the urgent problems in sports, which is extremely acute in modern swimming, which is characterized by an intensification of training and competitive loads.
Thus, there is a need to search for organizational forms, methodological approaches and means that can significantly increase the effectiveness of functional training both in training macrocycles and in the main periods of the training macrocycle, and especially in the preparatory one, which is the key one. It is during this period that the formation of the necessary (planned) level of functional readiness of swimmers is carried out, serving as the basis for the development and improvement of all other types of readiness. Achieving this is carried out in stages and organizational and methodologically implemented in solving the problems of the general preparatory and special preparatory stages of the preparatory period.
The main tasks of the general preparatory stage of the preparatory period include the following: creating a solid base of physical fitness, increasing the capabilities of the body's main functional systems, improving individual qualities that decisively affect the level of sports results. Particular attention is paid to the selective impact on the ability to aerob-
nom and anaerobic resynthesis of ATP, a significant increase in the level of power, capacity, efficiency of aerobic productivity, respiratory productivity; increase in maximum muscle strength, strength endurance in aerobic and aerobic-anaerobic modes of work; development of speed-power parameters of working movements; improving the technique of movements, the efficiency of work, etc. .
At this stage, aerobic exposure loads are mainly used, as a result of which aerobic productivity increases and, as a result, swimming speed at the levels of aerobic threshold, anaerobic threshold, and maximum oxygen consumption.
At the special preparatory stage of the preparatory period, training is aimed at increasing special performance. The content of the training involves the development of a set of qualities (speed capabilities, special endurance, etc.) on the basis of the prerequisites created at the general preparatory stage.
This is achieved by the wide use of specially-preparatory exercises, close to competitive ones, and actually competitive ones. Intensive developing loads of anaerobic-aerobic and anaerobic-glycolytic nature are used with emphasis in water. On land, exercises are used to increase the level of speed-strength qualities and special strength endurance. A significant share in the total volume of training work is
is found in highly specialized means that help improve the quality of individual components of special performance.
At the specially-preparatory (precompetitive) stage of the preparatory period, the volume of loads of mixed aerobic-anaerobic orientation increases significantly. Adaptation to such loads is accompanied by an increase in special working capacity - an improvement in the mechanism of anaerobic glycolysis, an increase in swimming speed in the third and fourth intensity zones (at the same time, swimming speed at the level of the aerobic threshold decreases slightly, that is, efficiency decreases when working at low intensity).
Training in macrocycles, which begins each period, is aimed at creating a solid foundation for technical and physical fitness, primarily aerobic performance and special muscle strength of the swimmer. The emphasis in the use of volumetric concentrated loads of anaerobic-glycolytic orientation is shifted to those training periods that provide direct preparation for the main competitions of the periods.
To date, quite extensive experience has been accumulated, which makes it possible to recommend taking into account the following methodological provisions when constructing the annual cycle:
Correspondence of the direction and volume of applied loads with the goals of training, the adaptive capabilities of the swimmer, his current state;
Concentrated application of developing loads of selective orientation at individual stages of the training process in accordance with the main objectives and training strategy;
Breeding in time accents of intense loads, different in their predominant effect on certain aspects of the body;
Performing at the preparatory stage of training the main volume of specific exercises at the level of the anaerobic threshold in combination with strength training on land as an indispensable condition for the transition to concentrated loads of the 3-4-5th intensity zones at subsequent stages;
Gradual increase throughout the year (from microcycle to macrocycle) in the volume of developmental loads of the 4th and 5th zones for middleweights and sprinters, loads of the 3rd, 4th and 5th zones for runners while maintaining their proportionality with the volume of loads 1 th and 2nd zones.
There are two options for organizing loads of one predominant direction in time: distributive and concentrated. The first involves a relatively even allocation of funds within the annual cycle, the second - their concentration at certain stages of preparation.
Studies have shown that in training intermediate athletes, both options bring success; for highly qualified athletes, the second option is appropriate. Thus, it was found that among highly qualified sprinters, the distribution of glycolytic work in the annual cycle resulted in an increase in the volume of the training load, but did not increase its effectiveness. At the same time, when the amount of glycolytic work was concentrated at certain stages, a smaller amount of load was performed and more significant changes were achieved in the speed endurance of athletes.
The results of special studies have shown that the concentrated volume of a unidirectional training load provides deeper functional changes in the body and more significant progress in the level of the athlete's special preparedness.
As for the general strategy for building training work in the macrocycle in general and in the preparatory period as well, by now there are a number of progressive developments that have already been tested to a certain extent in practice, which can significantly increase the effectiveness of the training process.
According to a number of experts, an increase in the effectiveness of functional training, mostly in the preparatory period, can be achieved through a more rational organization of training effects, taking into account the physiological patterns of development of adaptation to physical activity, the duration of its phases, a certain stage and sequence of mobilizing the physiological reserves of the body and improving its functional properties.
In a number of works it is noted that the training process is not an additive formation, made up of a set of microcycles combined in one or another linear combination, but a monolithic whole. The integrity of the training process in time is due to a certain length, phase and heterochrony of development
adaptive reactions at the level of individual physiological systems of the body, as well as the objective sequence, continuity and contingency of its morphofunctional rearrangements during the transition from urgent to long-term adaptation.
On the basis of the experimental data, it can be concluded that at the beginning of the macrocycle, when the competitive exercise is performed at a moderate speed, it is expedient to selectively intensify the mode of operation of the motor apparatus by means of special physical training, which are aimed at those muscle groups that are mainly mobilized in competition conditions. After that, it is recommended to use the performance of a competitive exercise at a gradually increasing speed as an intensifying factor. It is noted that due to the preliminary morphological and functional preparation of the motor apparatus and other physiological systems of the body, this will not lead to its overstrain.
It is indicated that such a strategy for organizing loads in a macrocycle provides an increase in the intensity of the training process as a whole, carried out taking into account adaptive inertia. individual systems body and without prejudice to the systematic flow of the process of its adaptation to the conditions of a specific sports activity.
The means of special physical training should, first of all, improve the ability of the body to produce the energy necessary for the effective work of the muscles in that specific motor mode, which is predominantly inherent in this species sports. This is expressed both in the development of the power of processes that release energy for muscle work, and in an increase in the capacity of the corresponding energy sources.
The indicated structure of training loads in the macrocycle assumes, as a necessary condition, the unity of purposeful, concentrated development of local muscle endurance (complex improvement of the oxidative and contractile properties of the muscles that perform the main work), systematic and sequential improvement of the functions of the heart and vascular system and gradual intensification of work.
Based on the above positions
Yu. V. Verkhoshansky considers the training macrocycle as a unity of three relatively independent stages, united by a certain logic of consistent and successive solution of the main target task - preparing an athlete for competitions.
The preparatory stage (the general preparatory stage of the preparatory period, in traditional terminology) is aimed at increasing the motor potential of the athlete's body as an objectively necessary condition for the success of subsequent work on increasing the speed of the competitive exercise. An increase in the motor potential of an athlete occurs in accordance with certain, determined by the biological nature of the body, the laws of its adaptation to intense muscular activity and is provided mainly by means of special physical training.
The pre-competitive stage (special-preparatory stage of the preparatory period) provides for mastering the ability to perform a competitive exercise at high speed (effort power), up to the limit. For this, loads are mainly used that simulate the conditions of competitive activity.
The competitive stage (period) implies a further increase to the possible limit of the speed of the competitive exercise and the achievement of high reliability of competitive skill by the main starts.
The logic of the sequence and continuity of these stages is as follows: at the preparatory stage, the morphofunctional preparation of the body for a specific high-speed mode of operation is provided; at the pre-competitive stage, on the basis of preliminary morphological and functional training, the ability to perform a sports exercise at high speed is improved and the prerequisites for successful participation in competitions are created.
Within the framework of this concept of organizing training effects in the macrocycle, Yu. V. Verkhoshansky designates two fundamental principles - “superposition of loads with different training effects” and “antiglycolytic orientation” of training.
The principle of superposition provides for the successive imposition of more intense and more specific training effects on the adaptation traces left in the body by previous loads. During the training
At the same time, some loads are gradually replaced by others, and the previous loads prepare the functional and morphological basis for the effective impact on the body of the next ones, and the subsequent ones, solving their specific tasks, contribute to the further improvement of the previous adaptive needs of the body, but at a higher level of intensity of its functioning.
The principle of the antiglycolytic orientation of training implies such a target orientation of the process of adaptation of the body to high-speed work that requires endurance, which will allow minimizing the involvement of glycolysis for its energy supply. To do this, it is first necessary to fundamentally prepare the body for a high-speed mode of operation: the loads should be aimed at increasing the volume of the heart cavities and the formation of peripheral vascular reactions, improving the contractile properties of muscles and improving the oxidative ability of slow type I muscle fibers. Only after that can one proceed to direct work on speed and increase in the average power of the body's work at a competitive distance (loads that increase the power of the myocardium and buffer systems of the body, improve the oxidative properties of fast type II muscle fibers).
It should be noted that this strategy of organizing loads in the macrocycle and the fundamental positions underlying it are based on a number of provisions that reflect certain patterns of increasing the functional readiness and special performance of the body as its integrative exponent.
The results of scientific research show that the general direction of development of the adaptation of the organism of qualified athletes to training and competitive loads of various nature depends primarily on the following functional properties: the speed (intensity) of the deployment of physiological reactions (cardiorespiratory and metabolism), stability, economy, power and ability to implement , which integrate in their changes in the process of sports training all the key morphofunctional and metabolic changes in the athlete's body and form the basis of the factors of the body's functional readiness.
A certain staging is noted in the formation of the structure of the functional readiness of athletes. In special studies with the participation of athletes of various skill levels, it was found that physical performance, considered as an integrative indicator of functional readiness, is determined at different stages of long-term training of athletes by various factors. The change in the level of special working capacity is provided by an extensive complex of adaptive reorganizations, involving all the life support systems of the body without exception. The pace of their long-term functional improvement and the moments of accelerated development may be different. Such heterochrony of adaptive reorganizations is determined by a number of reasons: the predominant importance of certain functional systems in providing a specific direction for long-term adaptation, their different reactivity (or adaptive inertia) and, finally, the change in the role of one or another functional system at various stages of the formation of sportsmanship.
In particular, in the process of long-term adaptation, there is an increase in the level of working capacity, accompanied by a decrease specific gravity development of power and mobility against the background of increasing the level of stability, efficiency and degree of realization of the capabilities of functional systems. It was shown that at the initial stage of long-term adaptation, physical performance is mainly determined by a high level of factors that form the category of morphofunctional power. At an intermediate stage (sports improvement or in-depth specialization), along with factors of the power category, factors of mobilization or maximum power of functioning acquire significant significance in ensuring physical performance. At the same time, economic factors come into play. At the final stage of long-term training (the stage of higher sportsmanship), the factors of economy already have a leading role, while maintaining a high level of significance of mobilization factors. This concerns the long-term dynamics of the recruitment of functional reserves or categories of factors - capacity, mobilization and efficiency-economics.
However, we believe that approximately
The same stage-by-stage inclusion of various categories of functional properties (factors) is also observed in shorter time periods of training work, for example, in a one-year training cycle, and in particular at different stages of the preparatory period. This assumption is confirmed by the results of experimental studies, where a certain stage-by-stage formation of the structure of the functional fitness of athletes was shown, and it is not affected by the specifics of training in the macrocycle.
Moreover, it was shown that after the orientation of adaptive processes in the body in the annual cycle of training is focused on the economy of functions, the effectiveness of the use of means and methods to increase the level of power and mobility factors will be significantly reduced.
According to this provision, the organization of training influences of various directions, the selection of methods and means aimed at improving the functional capabilities of young qualified swimmers, should take into account the stages of development of properties and the formation of the structure of functional readiness and provide for a consistent (staged) impact on the parameters of functional power, then functional mobilization, stability and economization.
It should be noted that at present, the increase in the functional fitness of athletes is increasingly associated with the use of various extra-training means, commonly called ergogenic, which contribute to the optimal development of functional capabilities and targeted and selective improvement of their structure.
AT last years special attention is paid to the use of additional ergogenic means in training, which have become an important component of the training process. Medical and biological agents that stimulate the growth of working capacity include various pharmacological preparations, nutritional supplements-nutrients used for the purpose of an ergogenic diet, natural (in mid-mountain conditions) and artificial hypoxic training, various methods of influencing the respiratory function . More recently, such means have acted as
separate additions to the training process, and at present, for highly qualified athletes, ergogenic products are included in a single comprehensive training plan.
More and more researchers and practitioners are of the opinion that in modern conditions in the training process of athletes it is necessary to use not only physical exercises, structuring them in various ways within the framework of certain methods, but also without fail, not as additional, but as integrative components, apply the means of purposeful influence on the key functional processes, properties, functional systems for a certain specific sports activity.
Moreover, the use of additional ergogenic means is now becoming a necessary element modern technologies of the training process in sports and the further introduction of technologies for the use of ergogenic means into the practice of sports, undoubtedly, will increasingly affect the level of sports training.
The use of additional ergogenic means has been updated in view of the fact that they allow a wide range of purposeful modulation of the functional load on the body and thereby open up new opportunities for targeted management of the adaptation process and the growth of the body's functional capabilities.
In this regard, it should be especially noted that modern sports swimming is characterized by the fact that swimmers already at a young age reach significant heights of sportsmanship. As a result of this circumstance, when swimming in the training of young swimmers, the need for a constant increase in the level of functional readiness is manifested. This, in turn, is inevitably associated with an increase in the volume and intensity of training loads, which can adversely affect the health of athletes, since in childhood and adolescence, the use of extreme intensity physical loads can adversely affect the development of the body.
In this regard, a problem arises, due, on the one hand, to the need to intensify the training process, and on the other hand, to preserve the health of young athletes. Thus, the search for a compromise
expecting sparing modes of training work and its high efficiency is currently the most acute problem of youth swimming. Its solution can be found as a wide application in the training of young qualified swimmers of various ergogenic means in combination with the main types of physical activity that can excite adaptive changes in the body of athletes, accompanied by an increase in working capacity.
At the same time, the use of the entire spectrum of ergogenic agents should be differentiated depending on the direction of the physiological impact of ergogenic agents on the stimulation of the urgent, delayed and cumulative effects of training and the optimization of recovery processes. The peculiarities of the impact of various ergogenic agents on the body of athletes who are at different stages of a long-term training should be taken into account; it is important to ensure their differentiation at different periods of the training cycle and in accordance with the specifics of muscle activity.
Particular attention should be paid to the differentiated use of ergogenic agents. It is known that ergogenic means of stimulating working capacity in their various forms have both general directions of influence and certain features. These features consist in the directed effect of certain means on certain functional properties, functional systems of the body and the mechanisms of its energy supply.
At the same time, at different stages of the long-term formation of the body's adaptation to physical loads, the training process faces various tasks that are solved by a differentiated selection of methods and basic traditional means - physical exercises. In this regard, the use of additional ergogenic means must necessarily take into account such tasks, and their selection should be carried out in accordance with both the tasks facing the training and the main focus of the impact of ergogenic means. Similarly, it is necessary to differentiate ergogenic means in accordance with the tasks solved in a certain period of the training macrocycle, and even at individual stages of such periods.
A very important tactical issue is the logic of differentiated use of various ergogenic means in accordance with certain tasks of the process of formation of a specific structure of the functional fitness of athletes of various specializations. Moreover, due to the wide range of effects on the body of various functional loads created by certain ergogenic means, it is possible with their help to form a specific structure of preparedness among athletes within the same sport, for example, in football, in accordance with different game roles, or in swimming, according to a certain distance.
It is necessary to initially take into account the level of functional readiness of the body, which also determines the selection of funds. Different means in some cases are very similar in effect and depth of influence, in others they differ in the most radical way. For example, if you offer an unprepared (non-adapted) organism means with a large depth of impact, you can get the opposite effect: a breakdown in adaptation. On the contrary, an athlete with a high level of functional readiness may not have the desired effect on an agent with a mild effect.
In conclusion, it is necessary to consider the issue of specific types of ergogenic agents, which, on the one hand, would have a powerful effect, and, on the other hand, would be quite convenient to use. In this regard, various means of influencing the respiratory function are widely used, and in particular in the training of swimmers. Among such drugs that have shown their ergogenic effect, the most frequently used are a wide variety of effects: ranging from a wide range of different breathing exercises and ending with instrumental methods for creating artificial hypoxia.
The choice of the respiratory system for these purposes is by no means accidental. By controlling the parameters of respiration, it is possible to influence the state of the internal environment, creating optimal conditions for the development of adaptation, as well as to control the functional state of the organism.
Thus, the need to solve the problem of increasing the effectiveness of training effects and the need for practice in the development of new methodological approaches to increasing the functional capabilities of young
of qualified swimmers determines the relevance of developing a technology for functional training of young qualified swimmers at different stages of the preparatory period, which ensures the staging of the formation of the functional properties of special performance and the integration of basic physical loads and additional ergogenic means.
Achieving this goal should be carried out within the framework of a methodology that is optimal in terms of the structure and content of training effects; taking into account the physiological patterns of increasing the functional capabilities of the body; providing for the intensification of training by increasing anaerobic capabilities based on a high level of aerobic endurance development in combination with the use of ergogenic means, different in the nature of the impact on those organs and body systems that require a high functional level of readiness.
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As a manuscript
GIZATULLINA Chulpan Anasovna
FUNCTIONAL TRAINING OF ATHLETES
WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CIRCULATION
AND BIOENERGY
13.00.04 - Theory and methods of physical education, sports training, health-improving and adaptive physical culture
Dissertations for a degree
candidate of pedagogical sciences
Naberezhnye Chelny - 2013
The work was carried out at the Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Education and Wrestling of the Naberezhnye Chelny Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "
scientific adviser Scientific consultant |
FGBOU VPO " Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism" Doctor of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor FGBOU VPO " Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism" |
Official opponents: |
doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor FGBOU VPO " Moscow City Pedagogical University" doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor FGBOU VPO " Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after » |
Lead organization | FSBEI HPE "Volgograd State Academy of Physical Culture" |
The defense will take place on July 03, 2013 at 10 am. 00 min. at a meeting of the dissertation council D 311.015.01 at the Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, room 1 313.
The dissertation can be found in the library of the Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism.
The electronic version of the abstract is posted on the official website of the Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism. Access mode: http // www. kamgifk. en and on the VAK website http// vak2. ed. gov. en
Scientific secretary of the dissertation council, candidate of pedagogical sciences, professor |
general description of work
Relevance. Increasing competition in cross-country athletics, as well as a steady increase in the volume and intensity of training and competitive loads, determines the search for untapped reserves of the body and the further development of the training system from a beginner to an international class master of sports (, 1999, 2000; , 2000; - Ovanesyan, 2000; , 1998, 2005; , 2002; , 2007, 2012; , 2007; , 2011). The priority direction in this is the correction of sports training, taking into account the functional state of the body of athletes (, 2010; , 2010; , 2011; , 2011; , 2011; , 2011; , 2012; , 2012; , 2012; , 2012).
In modern conditions of increasing the effectiveness of sports training, the issue of changing the training of highly qualified athletes becomes relevant, while the priority tasks are to increase the effectiveness of performances and maintain health. One of the most important directions for solving this problem is focused on taking into account the individual functional and reserve capabilities of the body (, 2001; , 2002; , 2003; , 2003; , 2005). In this regard, it is relevant to take into account the typological features of the blood circulation and bioenergetics of athletes.
We found the lack of recommendations on the construction of the training process for athletes specializing in sprint, with different types of blood circulation, which would improve the efficiency of functional training, increase efficiency, maintain health for further successful continuation of sports training.
The idea of the relevance of the topic, the degree of its development in the scientific literature on the topic of dissertation research indicates the existence contradictions betweenthe need to improve the functional training of athletes specializing in sprinting, and insufficient scientific development of the problem of taking into account the typological characteristics of blood circulation and the source of energy supply for muscle activity.
Given the content of this contradiction problem our study is formulated as follows: what are the organizational and pedagogical features distribution of the main running means of training runners for short distances, differing in typological features of blood circulation and bioenergetics, on special-preparatory stages of the first and second semi-annual cycles of training, providing an increase in the efficiency of functional readiness and the effectiveness of competitive activity?
The solution to this problem determines goal of our study: theoretical and practical substantiation of the content of functional training of athletes specializing in sprint, based on the types of blood circulation and bioenergetics.
Object of study - the training process of athletes specializing in sprinting on special preparatory stages of the first and second semi-annual training cycle.
Subject of study – functional training of athletes specializing in sprint, with different types of blood circulation and bioenergetics.
Research hypothesis. It was assumed that the training of athletes specializing in sprinting would be more effective if the main volumes of the running load of various directions were distributed taking into accounttypological features of blood circulation and bioenergy, with regular monitoring of the state of the cardiovascular system during and after training.
To achieve the goal of the study, we successively solved the following tasks:
1. To identify the features of the training process of athletes at the present stage of training and to determine the degree of development of the problem of functional training of sprinters.
2. Determine the typological features of blood circulation and belonging to the bioenergetic groups of athletes specializing in sprinting, and assess their functional state.
3. Design and experimentally test the effectiveness functional training methods, which are the basis of the content of the training process of athletes specializing in sprint, based on the types of blood circulation and bioenergetics.
Theoretical and methodological bases of the research were common scientific statements and principles of theory and methodology of pedagogical research (,); the main provisions of the theory of level construction of movements (), the theory of functional systems (); theories and methods of athletics (); as well as key provisions sports training systems (,).
Research methods : analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, analysis of documentation, pedagogical testing, methods of functional diagnostics, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics.
Reliability and validity the results of the study were provided with a consistent methodological base, a logical sequence of scientific research, the adequacy of research methods to the tasks of the work, sufficient volume and representativeness of the sample, correct processing of the obtained experimental data using modern hardware and technologies.
Scientific noveltystudy results of the study is as follows:
The typological features of blood circulation and sources of energy supply of muscular activity of athletes specializing in sprinting were revealed, indicators of physical performance, aerobic productivity, central hemodynamics and the nature of recovery after loading of various power were determined;
A method of functional training of athletes specializing in sprint was developed and experimentally tested based on the types of blood circulation and bioenergetics, based on the distribution of training running means of various directions, adequate to individual typological characteristics, at the special preparatory stage of the first and second semi-annual training cycle;
It has been proven that taking into account the typological features of blood circulation in combination with the bioenergetic profile allows more efficient planning and implementation of the training process.
Theoretical significance The research consists in the fact that the results obtained supplement the theory and methodology of sports training with new scientific knowledge and ideas about the features of the use of training means and methods in the special preparatory stages of the annual training cycle of athletes specializing in sprinting, taking into account the types of blood circulation and bioenergetics.
Practical significance research is thatthe main scientific provisions and conclusions of the dissertation will optimize and improve the efficiency of the training process of athletes specializing in sprinting. The developed method of functional training of athletes based on the types of blood circulation and bioenergetics, contributes to the efficiency of the cardiovascular system, improves the functional state of the body and increases special physical performance, aerobic performance and the effectiveness of competitive activity. Practical recommendations will allow the coaching staff to more rationally plan various training loads at the special preparatory stages of the annual training cycle.
The results of the study can be used in the educational and training process of athletes in institutions of additional education for children that train the sports reserve in athletics (DYUSSH and SDYUSSHOR).
Another area of application of the results of the study are institutions of secondary and vocational education that provide professional training and advanced training for trainers.in athletics.
The main provisions for defense:
1. Athletes specializing in sprinting have identified three types of blood circulation: hyperkinetic, eukinetic and hypokenic, as well as belonging to bioenergetic groups: the first - aerobic, the second - aerobic-glycolytic, the third - aerobic-anaerobic, the fourth - anaerobic-aerobic, the fifth is anaerobic.
2. The content of the training process, which is based on the method of functional training of athletes with different types of blood circulation and bioenergetics, is pedagogically expedient and effective by changing the ratio of the main training loads of various directions. The developed methodology has the following organizational and pedagogical features: 1) ensuring pedagogical control and self-control over the functional state of the body; 2) taking into account the adaptive capabilities of the body and the training effect under loads of different power; 3) ensuring the optimal construction of training micro and mesocycles, taking into account the typological features of blood circulation and bioenergetic profile; 4) ensuring the management of the training process using modern hardware.
3. Taking into account the typological features of the blood circulation and bioenergetics of athletes contributes to an increase in their general physical performance, aerobic productivity, special physical fitness, acceleration of recovery processes and leads to functional economization of the cardiovascular system and the effectiveness of competitive activity.
Experimental research base -MAOU DOD DYUSSH "Yar Chally", Naberezhnye Chelny. The pedagogical experiment involved athletes specializing in sprint distances at the age of years. One experimental and one control group of 30 people were formed. Athletes had sports categories and titles (mass categories - 37 people, CCM - 13 people, MS - 10 people), assigned on the basis of fulfilling the norms and conditions of the unified all-Russian classification for years.
Organization of the study. The study was conducted in four interrelated stages from 2009 to 2013.
At the first stage (September 2009 - May 2010) the scientific and methodological literature on the research problem was studied and analyzed, the main directions of research were determined, the means and methods of research and the contingent of subjects were selected.
At the second stage (September 2010 - May 2011) the need for development was substantiated and a methodology was developed for training athletes specializing in sprinting, taking into account the types of blood circulation and bioenergetics.
At the third stage (September 2011 - July 2012) a pedagogical experiment was organized and conducted, aimed at substantiating the effectiveness of the methodology developed by us.
At the final fourth stage (September 2012 - April 2013) generalization and interpretation of the results of the study, the formulation of conclusions and development of scientific and practical recommendations, registration of the results of the study in the form of a dissertation and abstract, measures were taken to introduce them into pedagogical practice.
Approbation of the research results. The main results of the study are presented at international level (Belarus, Pinsk 2011, 2012; Stavropol, 2012; Kazan, 2012); all-Russian (Naberezhnye Chelny, 2009, 2010, 2013; Voronezh, 2011; Ulyanovsk, 2012; Kazan, 2011, 2012; Tyumen, 2012; Chelyabinsk, 2012; Kemerovo, 2013); interuniversity (Naberezhnye Chelny, 2011, 2012, 2013) scientific and practical conferences.14 works were published on the topic of the work, including 3 scientific articles in publications included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation. The results of the study were introduced into the training process of the MAOU DOD "Youth Sports School "Yar Chally" in Naberezhnye Chelny, the PI "Sports Complex" Shinnik "in Nizhnekamsk, the MUCH Children's and Youth School No. 1 in Elabuga, the MBEI DOD "SDYUSSHOR in LA" in Kazan and NF FSBEI HPE "Volga State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism".
MAIN CONTENT OF THE WORK
In "Introduction"the analysis of scientific and methodological literature was carried out, the problem, goal, object, subject, hypothesis, research tasks, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work were identified and substantiated, the main provisions submitted for defense were given.
The first chapter - "Theoretical aspects of the training of athletes specializing in sprint, taking into account the typological characteristics of blood circulation" - discusses modern methodological approaches to the long-term training of sprinters and ways to individualize the training process based on the typological characteristics of blood circulation, reveals the idea of rational and systematic use of sports and competitive training means, their role and place in the training process both at the level of the annual cycle and at its individual stages are determined, the effectiveness of the entire system of training athletes of various qualifications is largely determined.
In the second chapter - "Methods and organization of experimental research"- a description of research methods is given, the stages and features of the organization of experimental research are disclosed.
The third chapter - "Technology of training athletes specializing in sprinting, taking into account the typological features of blood circulation" - substantiates the methodology for training athletes specializing in sprinting, based on the types of blood circulation and bioenergetics. The analysis of scientific, methodological and special literature is presented, as well as the results of preliminary studies of such indicators as the characteristics of the types of blood circulation in athletes and bioenergetics, the reaction of the cardiovascular system to physical loads of various capacities, the features of the manifestation of physical qualities in athletes depending on their types of blood circulation.
At present, experts et al. (1986, 2005); , (2009); , (2011); S. Berthoins et al. (1986); A. Pelliccia , (2009) noted that the impact of any of the environmental factors on the human body affects the activity of the CVS, causing the process of adaptive restructuring of body systems.
Almost any changes that occur in the body under the influence of physical activity are reflected in a certain level of functioning of the circulatory system and changes in the reserve capacity of the body. To analyze the factors that affect the performance of athletes, we took the volume and nature of the distribution of fixed assets of annual training. It is noted that the greatest emphasis in the training process of athletes is placed on the use of the volume of means of a speed-strength nature and, to a lesser extent, on an aerobic running load. Athletes have an increase in running load in anaerobic mode, which reaches a peak in May. An overestimation of the volumes of the running load in the anaerobic mode in the preparatory period and a sharp jump at the special preparatory stage were noted. This indicates a violation of the sequence of application of running means of various directions. The principle of training athletes “ensuring a predictable result” is violated, as evidenced by the analysis of the training process. Functional training at the present stage of development of sprinting should become the cornerstone for the successful solution of the following tasks: health promotion, technique improvement, gradual increase in training loads. The analysis of sports diaries showed that the main physical and competitive loads of sprinters currently used in the training process are close to competitive conditions, regardless of the training periods. In the training process of the preparatory period, anaerobic and mixed loads predominate, to a lesser extent - aerobic ones. However, during the transition from the preparatory stage to the early competitive stage, there is a sharp increase in speed-strength loads.
According to (2005), all types of hemodynamics: hypokinetic, eukinetic and hyperkinetic TC (types of blood circulation) are variants of the norm and differ not only in the characteristics of the indicators of the circulatory system, but also in the mechanisms of neurohumoral regulation in its activity. Based on the above analysis of the issue under consideration, we carried out the distribution of track and field athletes specializing in sprint, taking into account their types of blood circulation (Table 1).
Table 1
Distribution of athletes specializing in running
for short distances, taking into account their types of blood circulation (number)
Type of circulation | Athletes |
||
MS | KMS | Mass ranks |
|
Eukinetic TC | |||
Hyperkinetic TC | |||
Hypokinetic TC |
Athletes with a sports qualification of MS have a predominance of hypokinetic TC - 7 people; Athletes of the levels of CMS and "mass discharges" showed a greater manifestation of hyperkinetic TC - 6 and 28 people, respectively. In athletes with a sports experience of 5 years or more, mass discharges, three types of blood circulation are detected, and in runners with a sports experience of more than 5-8 years and categories of CMS, MS, with a decrease in the proportion of eukinetic and hyperkinetic TC, the formation of a hypokinetic type of blood circulation occurs (7 people) .
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