Dynamics of branches of operating credit institutions. The current state of the banking system of the Russian Federation. Bank rating
commercial bank loan capital
Registration and Licensing Information credit institutions presented on the website of the Bank of Russia.
If we analyze the dynamics of changes in the number of credit institutions in Russian Federation over the past 5 years (Appendix 1), it can be concluded that their number is steadily falling (Fig. 1). At the same time, the number of non-bank credit organizations increased by 11 over 3 years. The number of banks with 100% participation in the capital in the total share of all banks for approximately this period is 7%.
The reason for the decrease in the number of credit institutions is the federal legislation of the country, especially this process is influenced by the Federal Law of December 2, 1990 N 395-1 (as amended of September 30, 2013) “On Banks and Banking Activity”:
- · They unite with the aim of increasing and preserving capital, i.е. there is a merger of capital;
- · Large banks buy smaller banks, ie. absorption occurs.
- · They are closed due to bankruptcy or due to the inability of small banks to comply with the requirements of the Central Bank in terms of work and the size of the authorized capital, i.е. self-liquidation or liquidation by a court decision
- · The processes of mergers, acquisitions or closures of banks are ongoing, but after the Bank of Russia raises the bar on the minimum amount of authorized capital, the number of such processes will increase dramatically.
Fig.1.
Besides banks are closed and in connection with infringements of laws. According to the forecasts of a number of analysts, the reduction in the number of operating banks in Russia, which began during the financial crisis, will continue. Many experts expect a significant reduction in the number of operating banks (up to 500), but no one can say for sure how many banks will actually remain, and whether this will be good or bad for Russia will be seen after some time.
The reorganization of some credit institutions is in full swing, which also reduces the total number of banks in Russia. For example:
- On October 22, 2013, the Bank of Russia announced that, in accordance with the requirements of Part 5 of Article 23 of the Federal Law of December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 "On Banks and Banking Activity", the procedure for reorganizing the Open Joint Stock Company "BINBANK" in the form of merger to him Innovative Construction Bank "Bashinvest" Closed Joint Stock Company. After the completion of the reorganization, out of 2 banks, 1 will be obtained.
- · On January 14, 2014, the Bank of Russia announced that, in accordance with the requirements of Article 23 of Federal Law No. 395-1 dated 02.12.1990, the reorganization procedure for the Joint Stock Commercial Bank Absolut Bank (open joint stock company) was initiated in the form of merger with KIT Finance Investment Bank (Open Joint Stock Company).
World experience, however, shows that if a bank has found and steadily occupied a certain niche in banking services, then it does not matter whether it is a large or small bank, the main thing is that it can work without violating laws and regulations. The example of small Switzerland, where large and small banks peacefully coexist, and there are so many "indecent" banks that there is nowhere for an apple to fall - is indicative. Everyone has a job there, and every bank is needed and appropriate. And according to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), there were 6,891 banks operating in the United States at the end of the third quarter of 2013.
Of course, it is very bad when, instead of high-quality control and effective regulation of the activities of banks, we rush from one extreme to another. It would be wiser not to close small banks, and especially in the regions, but limit their maximum amounts of loans issued to one hand and limit the acceptance of deposits from one depositor to certain parameters, linking all this with the amount of capital i.e. focusing on serving small businesses and individuals and let them work.
RREDIT ORGANIZATION / BANKING SYSTEM / BANK PAYMENTS / EFFICIENCY OF BANKS/ CREDIT ORGANIZATION / BANKING SYSTEM / BANKING PAYMENTS / EFFICIENCY OF BANKSannotation scientific article on economics and business, author of scientific work - Grishina T.V.
Credit organizations are the most important link in monetary relations, which largely affects the development Russian economy. IN last years there are changes in the structure banking system, and in the profitability of operations carried out by banks. An analysis of the functioning of the system shows a decrease in the role of banking indicators in the formation of Russian GDP. The processes of credit expansion have been halted. To determine the vectors of development of credit institutions, it is not enough to conduct traditional statistical studies of the dynamics of the institutional structure banking system, because one can draw erroneous conclusions about the effectiveness of the functioning of banks in the economy. It is necessary to take into account a wider set of indicators, the evaluation of which allows drawing more accurate conclusions about the vectors of changes taking place in the banking business as a whole. By comparing the levels of time series, the article analyzes structural shifts in the activities of Russian credit institutions. The territorial distribution of credit institutions is considered, regions with the maximum activity of credit institutions and regions where the potential for the development of the banking sector is not fully realized are identified. The considered trends in the work of banks indicate a shift in the vectors of business development from credit expansion towards commission transactions. The decrease in the profitability of foreign exchange transactions and the interest margin increases competition for customers, which banks can win only by providing the widest possible range of services with the possibility of remote access. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions are drawn about the continuation of the trend of reducing the number of credit institutions as the volume of payments made by bank customers using electronic orders grows. A positive assessment is given to the proposed transition to the gradation of banks with basic and universal licenses, which will allow achieving variability of supervision for small and medium-sized banks in their competition with major credit institutions.
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Credit organizations are a crucial part of the credit-monetary relations, greatly infl uencing the development of the Russian economy. In recent years, changes in the structure of the banking system and the profitability of operations conducted by banks. Analysis of the functioning of the system shows a reduced role of banking indicators in the formation of the Russian GDP. The process of credit expansion stopped. To determine the vectors of development of credit institutions is not enough to conduct traditional statistical studies of the dynamics of the institutional structure of the banking system, since it is possible to obtain erroneous conclusions regarding the efficiency of banks in the economy. You must take into account a broader set of indicators, which allows to make more accurate conclusions about the vectors of change in the banking business in General. By mapping levels of the time series in the article the analysis of structural shifts in the activities of Russian credit organizations. Examines the spatial distribution of the credit institutions, are allocated in the highest activity of credit institutions regions and regions where the development potential of the banking sector is implemented is not enough. The tendencies in the banks talking about displacement vectors of business development from the credit expansion in the direction of the Commission operations. The decline of profitability of foreign exchange transactions and interest margin increases competition for customers, winning banks which can only support the broadest range of services with the possibility of remote access. According to the analysis conclusions are made about the continuation of the trend of reducing the number of credit institutions with the growth of volumes of payments made by Bank customers through electronic orders. Given the positive assessment of the prospective transition to a gradation of banks with basic and universal licenses, which will enable the variability of the supervision for small and medium-sized banks in their competition with the largest credit organizations.
The text of the scientific work on the topic "Key indicators of credit institutions of the Russian Federation: vectors of change"
T.V. Grishina
PJSC Interregional Industrial and Construction Bank,
Saransk, Russia
UDC: 336.7; 519.23
Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2017-2-14-20
Main indicators of credit institutions of the Russian Federation: vectors of changes
Credit institutions represent the most important link in monetary relations, which largely influences the development of the Russian economy. In recent years, there have been changes both in the structure of the banking system and in the profitability of operations conducted by banks. An analysis of the functioning of the system shows a decrease in the role of banking indicators in the formation of Russian GDP. The processes of credit expansion have been halted. To determine the vectors of development of credit institutions, it is not enough to conduct traditional statistical studies of the dynamics of the institutional structure of the banking system, because one can draw erroneous conclusions about the effectiveness of the functioning of banks in the economy. It is necessary to take into account a wider set of indicators, the evaluation of which allows drawing more accurate conclusions about the vectors of changes taking place in the banking business as a whole. By comparing the levels of time series, the article analyzes structural shifts in the activities of Russian credit institutions. The territorial distribution of credit institutions is considered,
regions with the maximum activity of credit institutions and regions where the potential for the development of the banking sector has not been sufficiently realized. The considered trends in the work of banks indicate a shift in the vectors of business development from credit expansion towards commission transactions. The decrease in the profitability of foreign exchange transactions and the interest margin increases competition for customers, which banks can win only by providing the widest possible range of services with the possibility of remote access. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions are drawn about the continuation of the trend of reducing the number of credit institutions as the volume of payments made by bank customers using electronic orders grows. A positive assessment is given to the proposed transition to the gradation of banks with basic and universal licenses, which will make it possible to achieve variability in supervision for small and medium-sized banks in their competition with the largest credit institutions.
Key words: credit institution, banking system, bank payments, bank efficiency.
Tatyana V. Grishina
Public joint-stock company "Interregional Industrial and Construction Bank", Saransk, Russia
Main indicators of the credit organizations of the Russian Federation: vectors of changes
Credit organizations are a crucial part of the credit-monetary relations, greatly influencing the development of the Russian economy. In recent years, changes in the .structure of the banking system and the profitability ofoperations conducted by banks. Analysis of the functioning of the system shows a reduced role of banking indicators in the formation of the Russian GDP. The process of credit expansion stopped. To determine the vectors of development of credit institutions is not enough to conduct traditional statistical studies of the dynamics of the institutional structure of the banking system, since it is possible to obtain erroneous conclusions regarding the efficiency of banks in the economy. You must take into account a broader set of indicators, which allows to make more accurate conclusions about the vectors of change in the banking business in General. By mapping levels of the time series in the article the analysis of structural shifts in the activities of Russian credit organizations. Examines the spatial distribution of the credit institutions, are allocated in the highest activity of credit institutions regions and regions where the development potential
of the banking sector implemented is not enough. The tendencies in the banks talking about displacement vectors of business development from the credit expansion in the direction of the Commission operations. The decline of profitability of foreign exchange transactions and interest margin increases competition for customers, winning banks which can only support the broadest range of services with the possibility of remote access. According to the analysis conclusions are made about the continuation of the trend of reducing the number of credit institutions with the growth of volumes of payments made by Bank customers through electronic orders. Given the positive assessment of the prospective transition to a gradation of banks with basic and universal licenses, which will enable the variability of the supervision for small and medium-sized banks in their competition with the largest credit organizations.
Keywords: credit organization, banking system, banking payments, efficiency of banks.
Introduction
The Russian banking system is undergoing serious structural changes, the significance of which is comparable to the construction of a new system following the 1998 crisis. On the one hand, there is an obvious reduction in statistical indicators for structural units and subdivisions of the system as a whole throughout the country. On the other hand, there is an explosive growth of online banking, when the possibility of remote provision of banking services accelerates the processes of optimizing the presence of banks in the regions.
Obviously, a new model for the development of modern banking business will require not only a restructuring of the banking organization with the use of new service technologies, but also qualitative changes in all business processes.
Together with the tightening of supervisory requirements and the exhaustion of the points of growth of the banking system of the Russian Federation, typical for the period from 1999 to 2013, it is necessary to realize a new “virtual reality” that has embraced banking services. It is necessary to determine the place of modern banks in the structure of the economy of the future. Analysis of statistical trends helps answer the question about vectors modern development systems.
Economic development presupposes a qualitatively new level of monetary relations and their main subjects - credit institutions. Credit organizations, primarily banks, form the basis of the national banking system. Progressive dynamics of key indicators of the domestic banking sector is one of the stability factors economic growth. But at the present time it is necessary to pay attention to the
changes occurring in payment systems, to find business growth points in the course of settlement transactions.
The state of the banking system largely determines the development potential of the economy and society as a whole. As a result, maintaining the stability of the banking system, which fully provides lending to the real sector of the economy, is a priority for the state.
In recent years, the Russian banking system has undergone significant changes since its inception. Let's determine the directions and evaluate the scale of these changes on the basis of official statistical information for a five-year period based on the statistical characteristics of changes in the levels of time series, selecting key indicators for this.
Analysis of basic statistical indicators of credit institutions
The banking system is formed and transformed under the influence of many different factors, both external and internal.
External factors include macrofactors, or factors
environmental tori, subdivided by most researchers into economic, political, legal, social and force majeure. They have the strongest influence on the nature of the development of the banking sector.
Internal factors are formed directly by the subjects of the banking system: the central bank, commercial banks, banking associations. Internal factors are determined by the role and authority of the Bank of Russia, the competence of the heads of commercial banks and the qualifications of bank employees, the level and nature of interbank competition, the degree of awareness by the banking community of its role in the economy and the goals of the development of the banking system, the prevailing banking rules and customs.
International sanctions, recession in the economy, low consumer demand had a negative impact not only on the country's macroeconomic indicators, but also on the financial indicators of the banking system. The dynamics of the most important indicators of the banking sector reflects its role in the economy. If credit growth outpaces GDP growth, then there is credit
Rice. 1. Assets and loans of the banking sector in relation to the GDP of the Russian Federation, in %
Table 1
number of credit institutions of the Russian Federation by types of licenses (permits), at the beginning of the year
Indicator 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Credit institutions entitled to carry out banking operations - total 956,923,834,733,623
including:
Banks 897 859 783 681 575
Non-bank credit institutions 59 64 51 52 48
Credit institutions holding licenses (permits) granting the right to:
Attracting household deposits 784 756 690 609 515
Operations in foreign currency 648 623 554 482 404
General licenses 270 270 256 232 205
Operations with precious metals 211 209 203 183 157
naya expansion. In this case, as a rule, the profit of banks grows and there is a potential for accelerating the growth of the economy. If the volume of credit in the economy is reduced, then the importance of the banking sector is reduced, so credit institutions have to look for new niches for the development and restructuring of their activities. On fig. 1 obviously the credit crunch of the last two years.
The weakness of the outlook for the banking sector is confirmed by the steady decline in the number of active credit institutions. By the beginning of 2017, over the past 5 years, this segment has decreased by 34.8%. The average annual rate of reduction of the indicator was 10.2%. At the same time, the banking sector suffered the maximum losses, in which the number of licenses decreased by 35.9%. On average, the indicator decreased by 10.5% per year. Non-bank credit organizations lost 18.6% of their number (Table 1).
A similar trend can be traced in terms of types of licenses and permits. Permits for operations in foreign currency experienced the maximum decrease, which decreased by 37.7%. Number of credit institutions
cations with licenses to attract deposits from the population decreased by 34.3%, operations with precious metals - by 25.6%, general licenses - 24.1%. In average annual terms, the indicators decreased by 11.1%, 10.0%, 7.1% and 6.78%, respectively.
The uneven distribution of credit institutions across federal districts is obvious. More than half of them are located in the Central Federal District. At the same time, 87.7% of the district's credit institutions are located in Moscow. A similar situation is observed in the Northwestern Federal
district, where 67.3% of credit institutions are located in St. Petersburg. In the North Caucasian and Far Eastern federal districts, this indicator has minimal values (Fig. 2).
The number of branches of a credit organization is one of the most important quantitative criteria, reflecting both the scale of the organization's commercial activities and its sustainability in the modern world. financial market. An extensive branch network is an indisputable competitive advantage and, often, the main source of income for a credit institution. However, the scope of the branch network is not always of decisive importance, since the coordinated and effective work of branches with the head office is important.
As of the beginning of 2013, there were 2349 branches of credit institutions in the Russian Federation, at the beginning of 2017 there were already 1098. Thus, there is more than a twofold reduction in the branch network of domestic credit institutions. At the same time, the number of branches of the largest domestic bank, PJSC Sberbank of Russia, decreased over
Rice. 2. Distribution of the number of credit institutions by federal districts of the Russian Federation, at the beginning of 2017
Rice. 3. Distribution of branches of credit institutions by federal districts of the Russian Federation, at the beginning of 2017
financial performance of credit institutions in the Russian Federation
Indicator 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Profit volume, million rubles 1011889 993585 589141 191965 929662
Volume of profit by profitable organizations, mln. rub. 1 021 250 1 012252 853 240 735 803 1291868
Share of organizations with profit, % 94.2 90.5 84.9 75.4 71.4
The volume of losses for unprofitable organizations, million rubles 9 361 18 668 264098 543838 362205
Share of organizations with losses, % 5.8 9.5 15.1 24.6 28.6
Profit used, million rubles 210230 192178 177032 125 480 343434
five years by 2.5 times. This is a consequence of the bank's long-term strategy aimed at optimizing financial and economic activities.
The distribution of branches across federal districts is generally quite even. At the same time, the branch network is most widely represented in the Central, Volga and Northwestern federal districts, where more than half of the branches of Russian credit institutions are located. It is noteworthy that 18.5% of all branches are located in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Lagging significantly behind
table 2
This indicator corresponds to the Far East and North Caucasus districts (Fig. 3). This confirms the thesis that banks go where there are prospects for the development of the region's economy and leave territories that do not have positive prospects.
Structural changes in indicators
efficiency of banks
Taking into account the findings of the study, according to the results of which “no statistically significant correlation was found
the relationship between the share of regional bank offices and such indicators of the socio-economic development of regions as the gross regional product and the volume of investment in fixed capital per capita, the level of officially registered unemployment”, we will analyze the structural changes taking place in the system. Most convenient option research on this issue - an analysis of the effectiveness of the groups of banks and the types of operations they conduct.
The dynamics of the financial performance of credit institutions over the period under review has a multidirectional character. The total profit of the sector for five years decreased only by 8.1% and in 2016 amounted to 930 billion rubles. The average annual absolute increase amounted to -20,556.8 million rubles, the growth rate of the indicator was fixed at the level of -2.1% (Table 2). These data in the whole system look stable. But on closer examination, there is an outpacing growth in losses for unprofitable organizations compared to the growth in profits for profitable organizations. Losses increased by 38.7 times, and profit - by 1.3 times. There is also a decrease specific gravity organizations that had a profit, while a significant increase in the proportion of unprofitable credit institutions.
As for the components of balance sheet profit, a steady increase in the importance of profit from commission transactions is noticeable, which indicates a shift in emphasis towards earning by banks on commissions while the level of interest margin stagnates (Fig. 4).
In general, the presented results indicate a decrease in the efficiency of the majority of Russian credit institutions. But many researchers
Rice. 4. Structure of individual profit indicators of the banking system of the Russian Federation, billion rubles
argue that the banking system should become a driver for the restructuring of the economy, as well as "the most important tool for implementing the state policy of accelerated growth and modernization of the economy" .
In our opinion, at the present time, credit institutions cannot be the driver of the growth of the Russian economy. Most medium and small credit institutions are struggling to maintain their existing client base against the backdrop of strict regulation by the Bank of Russia and expansion into the regions of federal banks from the top ten.
Clients in the regions justifiably worry about the safety of their funds and sometimes choose a larger federal bank, even to the detriment of the quality of services and long-term partnerships with regional credit institutions. “In recent years, there has been an opinion in Russia that the larger the bank, the more reliable it is. As confirmation of this thesis, the "cleansing policy" of the banking sector has become widespread. However, the rejection of small and medium-sized banks led to a decrease in competition in the market
banking services and exacerbated the territorial disproportions of the banking network in the country as a whole. The value of reliability in banking is extremely high, but the nervousness created in the segment of regional, medium and small banks has a negative impact on the development of the entire sector. Can regional banks seriously compete with federal banks under such conditions? Maybe regional banks work more efficiently than federal ones?
The article “noted that no confirmation was found
hypothesis about the relatively higher efficiency of regional banks”. In our opinion, the efficiency of regional banks may even be lower than federal ones due to the higher cost of funding in the interbank credit market, as well as due to the unsatisfactory state of their client base due to the continued practice of “sweeping the sector” by the mega-regulator.
The decrease in the number of credit institutions and their branches cannot be explained in terms of the unprofitability of banking business. There is a shift in the development vector towards the virtualization of the services provided. On fig. Figure 6 shows the synchronization of the processes of changing the number of operating institutions of credit institutions with the volume of payments, the order for which is accepted in the traditional "paper" way.
These trends will determine the reduction in the number of credit institutions in the near future. Banks will continue to optimize the network of branches and additional offices, while expanding the possibilities for online services.
Rice. 5. Annual increase in the number of credit institutions, their structural divisions and dynamics of open customer accounts, %
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
] Volume of payment orders submitted on paper, trillion rubles (right scale)
> Annual increase in the volume of payment orders submitted on paper
Annual increase in the number of institutions of credit organizations
Rice. 6. Annual increase in the number of credit institutions, their structural divisions and dynamics of open customer accounts, %
In our opinion, the situation in the banking sector will stabilize later than 2018 following the results of the division of banks by types of licenses (basic and universal) with different levels of supervisory requirements.
The ability to change the type of license will allow many regional banks to maneuver with the range of their operations. The rigidity of requirements on the part of the mega-regulator can be reduced by moving to the status of a bank with a basic license, while refusing, first of all, cross-border operations and operations with securities with low level reliability.
Bankers, both federal and regional, will have a choice in financial business development strategies with a more variable set of regulations, which can only be welcomed.
Conclusion
The analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators of credit institutions of the Russian Federation allows
draw a number of conclusions about the trends in their change over the past five years:
The number of credit institutions is steadily declining, which is mainly due to the reduction of banking institutions;
The territorial structure of credit institutions by federal districts is generally stable, so there are no significant regional disproportions in the development of banking;
The distribution of credit institutions by federal districts remains uneven: more than half of the organizations are located in the Central Federal District, but the number of Moscow and regional banks is decreasing simultaneously;
There is a more than twofold reduction in the branch network of domestic credit institutions, which indicates a change in business development priorities from credit expansion towards online banking;
The sector's total profit declined due to outperforming
growth of losses in unprofitable organizations compared to the growth of profits of profitable organizations, but these trends do not threaten the state of the system as a whole, but rather, on the contrary, confirm the processes of concentration of capital in the largest banks;
The growth rate of attraction of funds exceeds the growth rate of placement, which confirms the shift of business priorities towards settlement operations and stagnation in the field of credit and deposit services;
The reduction in the number of credit institutions was caused by two processes: the “cleansing” of the banking sector by the regulator, which created an unfavorable high-risk environment for bank customers who do not have protection in the deposit insurance system, and an objective decrease in the profitability of credit and deposit operations due to increased credit risks and high interest rates;
A number of the considered tendencies can negatively influence the formation of sustainable economic growth. At the same time, we consider the expected variability expected in the supervisory practice of the Bank of Russia to be promising after the division of credit institutions into banks with basic and universal licenses. Over time, the risks of revocation of banking licenses will weaken, and regional banks with a basic license, while maintaining their client base, will be able to compete on equal terms with large banks, using more adequate requirements for their own financial condition.
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Tatyana Viktorovna Grishina
PJSC Interregional Industrial and Construction Bank, Saransk, Russia mail: [email protected]
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Information about the author
Tatiana V. Grishina
PJSC "Interregional Industrial and Construction Bank", Saransk, Russia E-mail: [email protected]
- CREDIT
- CREDIT ORGANISATION
- LOAN OPERATION
- BANKING SYSTEM
The article discusses the dynamics of banking institutions, the dynamics of loans issued by banks, as well as interest rates on loans.
- Analysis of indicators of financial and economic activity of the enterprise
- Creditworthiness assessment of borrowers as a method of reducing credit risk
- Problems and prospects of investing in agriculture
The level of provision of the population with commercial banks and branches in Russia is currently quite high, although Russia lags far behind most developed countries.
Decline in the growth rate of the banking system of the Russian Federation in 2015-2017 noticeable by the decrease in the number of registered and operating credit institutions (hereinafter CIs). Let's take a closer look at the dynamics of changes over three years in Table 1.
Table 1. Dynamics of the number of registered and operating credit institutions (pieces)
Credit organizations |
Change |
||||||
CI registered by the Bank of Russia or based on its decision by an authorized registering body, total Including: |
|||||||
Non-banking KOs |
|||||||
Operating CIs entitled to carry out banking operations, total Including: |
|||||||
Non-banking KOs |
Source: based on materials
Thus, Table 1 generally reflects the negative dynamics in the number of credit institutions registered by the Bank of Russia and operating. At the end of 2017, the number of registered credit institutions decreased by 2.7% compared to the previous reporting period (that is, their number decreased by 28 institutions). At the same time, the downward trend is noticeable only in the number of registered banks. In turn, non-bank credit institutions increased in their number both at the end of 2016 and at the end of 2017, but only by 1.4% (per one credit institution).
It follows from this that the dynamics of the number of operating credit institutions that have the right to carry out banking operations is also negative. At the end of 2016, the number of operating banks decreased by 8.8% (by 76 organizations). At the end of 2017, the downward trend in the number of operating banks continued, thus, at the reporting date, this number was already 13% (in absolute terms, the number decreased by 102 banks). The number of non-bank credit institutions at the end of 2016 also decreased by 20.3% (by 13 units), but already at the reporting date of the next period, their number increased by 1.9% (by one institution).
Credit operations are the most important income-generating item in the activities of Russian banks. This source forms the main part of the net profit allocated to reserve funds and used to pay dividends to the bank's shareholders. At the same time, bank loans serve as the main source of replenishment of working capital for enterprises in the real sector of the economy. Credit operations, playing an important role in the development of banks and other organizations, determine the efficiency of the country's economy as a whole.
Recently, the population has become more and more often apply to the bank for credit transactions.
In order to trace the dynamics of issued loans, it is necessary to compare the banks that are included in the "Top 10 banks by assets" for 2015-2017.
Table 2. Dynamics of loans issued by leading banks for 2015-2017, million rubles
From the data presented, it can be concluded that Sberbank of Russia has been made the most loans. VTB Bank consistently occupies the second position. In 2017, compared to the previous year, all banks showed positive growth, except for FC Otkritie and Alfa-Bank.
For clarity, let's consider loans issued to the population by districts.
Table 3. Dynamics of loans issued by commercial banks in the Russian Federation to individuals and legal entities for 2014-2016 by districts, million rubles
Phys. faces |
Legal. faces |
Phys. faces |
Legal. faces |
Phys. faces |
Legal. faces |
||
Central Federal District |
|||||||
Northwestern Federal District |
|||||||
North Caucasian Federal District |
|||||||
Privolzhsky Federal District |
|||||||
Ural Federal District |
|||||||
Siberian Federal District |
|||||||
Far Eastern Federal District |
|||||||
Crimean Federal District |
Source:
From the presented data, we can conclude that the Central Federal District occupies the leading position in terms of the volume of loans issued. The second place is occupied by the Volga Federal District in terms of the volume of loans issued - 15,724,661 million rubles. They are followed by the Northwestern Federal District - 12,531,819 million rubles.
The smallest amount of loans issued by commercial banks in the Russian Federation to individuals and legal entities in 2015-2017. in the Crimean Federal District - 104,926 million rubles.
Consider the dynamics of loans provided directly to individuals in table 8.
Table 4. Dynamics of loans granted to individuals (million rubles)
Source: based on materials
Based on the data in Table 4, it can be seen that in 2016 there was a tendency to reduce the number of loans issued to individuals in rubles, that is, the amount of loans issued decreased by 151,116 million rubles. (1.8%). At the same time, the amount of loans issued in foreign currency and precious metals increased in absolute terms by 2,675 million rubles. (1.6%). At the end of 2017, a sharp deterioration in the situation is visible, both in terms of loans issued in foreign currency and precious metals, and in rubles. Thus, the amount of loans issued to individuals in rubles decreased by 31.9% or by 2,695,666 million rubles, while the amount of loans in foreign currency and precious metals decreased by 43.2% or by 72,706 million rubles. in absolute terms. The reason for this was the collapse of the national currency, since even stressful business plans were not drawn up for the current value of the national currency.
One of the reasons why people stop taking loans is the loss of distrust in banks due to the current situation in the banking sector. But the main reason is the increase in the cost of loans issued by banks, that is, an increase in interest rates.
Consider the weighted average interest rates on loans granted by credit institutions to individuals in rubles.
Table 5. Average weighted interest rates on loans provided by credit institutions to individuals in rubles, % per annum
The number of banks in Russia has been constantly decreasing in recent years. This confirms the conclusions of experts who have been saying for a long time that about 500 banks will remain in Russia in the coming years. Indeed, analysts' forecasts on the number of banks turned out to be quite realistic. To verify this, it is worth looking at the number of banks in the light of recent changes in the legislation on the size of the authorized capital.
So, how many banks and non-banking TOs are there in Russia, and how many of them are small banks? In accordance with the data of the Bank of the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2018, the number of commercial banks and non-banking organizations in Russia is 561, of which 230 (41%) can be attributed to large banks. And as of January 1, 2017, the number of commercial banks and non-banking organizations in Russia was 623, of which 246 (39.5%) can be firmly attributed to large and relevant requirements in terms of the amount of authorized capital.
Of the total number of banks and non-bank credit institutions at the beginning of 2018, 277, or 49.4%, are registered and have a head office in Moscow. With so many banks in Moscow and with an estimated population of Moscow in 2016 - 12,300,000 people, it turns out that there is one bank for every 44.4 thousand of the population of the capital.
The number of banks as of 01.01.2018 was 561, that is, over the past 2017, it decreased by another 62 banks (623-561). And the number of banks, since 2008, has already decreased by 575 banks (1,136 -561), which is 50.6%, and what is most unpleasant is that banks are rapidly shrinking in almost all Federal Districts.
Dynamics of the total number of operating banks in Russia by federal districts, for the last 11 years looks like this:
Number of operating banks by regions of Russia | As of 01.01.2008 | As of 01.01.2009 | As of 01.01.2010 | As of 01.01.2011 | As of 01.01.2012 | As of 01.01.2013 | As of 01.01.2014 | As of 01.01.2015 | As of 01.01.2016 | As of 01.01.2017 | As of 01.01 2018 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT | 632 | 621 | 598 | 585 | 572 | 564 | 547 | 504 | 434 | 358 | 319 |
Moscow | 555 | 543 | 522 | 514 | 502 | 494 | 489 | 450 | 383 | 314 | 277 |
|
2. | NORTH-WESTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT | 81 | 79 | 75 | 71 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 64 | 60 | 49 | 43 |
3. | SOUTHERN FEDERAL DISTRICT | 118 | 115 | 113 | 47 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 43 | 37 | 38 | 35 |
4. | NORTH CAUCASUS FEDERAL DISTRICT | - | - | - | 57 | 56 | 50 | 43 | 28 | 22 | 17 | 17 |
5. | VOLGA FEDERAL DISTRICT | 134 | 131 | 125 | 118 | 111 | 106 | 102 | 92 | 85 | 77 | 71 |
6. | URAL FEDERAL DISTRICT | 63 | 58 | 54 | 51 | 45 | 44 | 42 | 35 | 32 | 29 | 26 |
7. | SIBERIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT | 68 | 68 | 62 | 56 | 54 | 53 | 51 | 44 | 41 | 37 | 32 |
8. | FAR EASTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT | 40 | 36 | 31 | 27 | 26 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 17 | 18 | 18 |
9. | CRIMEAN FEDERAL DISTRICT (since 2017 it has been included in the Southern Federal District) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 5 | - | - |
Total | For the Russian Federation | 1 136 | 1 108 | 1 058 | 1 012 | 978 | 956 | 923 | 834 | 733 | 623 | 561 |
The table shows that the main number of banks are registered in the European part of the country, and very few regional banks beyond the Urals. Particularly noteworthy is the small number of regional commercial banks on the territory of the vast Far Eastern, Northern and Ural Federal Districts, which, moreover, has significantly decreased over the analyzed period, and in fact the main wealth of Russia is located precisely in these territories of the country.
Statistics on the number of banks in recent years suggests that the reduction of banks continues at a high pace. So, only on February 2, 2018, the Bank of Russia revoked the licenses for banking operations from the next 2 banks (RKB LLC and PartnerCapitalBank JSC).
01/01/2018 amounted to 561, i.e. in 2017, their number decreased by 62. While in 2016, banks decreased by 110 units, and in 2015 - by 101 units. The reduction of banks in 2018 slowed down a bit.
The revocation of licenses from banks that pose a real threat to the interests of creditors and depositors and, over the course of one year, repeatedly failed to comply with federal laws regulating banking activities and Bank of Russia regulations continued in 2018.
It is noteworthy that in 2017 the Bank of Russia revoked the license from PJSC BANK YuGRA, which back in 2016 was included in the list of the 30 largest banks in the country, compiled by the Bank of Russia, taking into account their performance of key performance indicators. And after the license was revoked, the operations carried out with reporting in order to hide the real financial situation were revealed in the bank. PJSC BANK YuGRA was not a systemically important credit institution.
On March 3, 2017, licenses for banking operations were revoked from four banks at once:
- CB "Interregional Postal Bank" (registration No. 3171, Moscow)
- "ANKOR BANK" (JSC) (registration No. 889, Kazan)
- PJSC "IntechBank" (registration No. 2705, Kazan)
- PJSC Tatfondbank (registration No. 3058, Kazan)
- JSCB "Master-Capital" (OJSC) (registration No. 3011, Moscow) - from 20.02.2018
- UralCapitalBank LLC (registration No. 2519, Ufa) - since February 15, 2018
- SBRR Bank (LLC) (registration No. 1284, Tyumen) - from 02/06/2018
- RKB LLC (reg. No. 103, Moscow) - from 02.02.2018
- "PartnerKapitalBank" (JSC) (reg. No. 635, Moscow) - from 02.02.2018
How many banks do you think will remain in Russia in the near future, given such a rate of license revocation. I think less than 500 banks, as predicted by experts.
Grouping of banks by the size of the authorized capital
How many banks in Russia may disappear in the near future can be determined based on the size of the authorized capital (fund) of specific banks.Thus, proceeding from Article 11 of the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" (as amended and supplemented), it follows that the minimum amount of the authorized capital on the day of filing an application for state registration and issuance of a license for banking operations is established in the amount of:
- 1 billion rubles - for a newly registered bank with a universal license;
- 300 million rubles - for a newly registered bank with a basic license;
- 90 million rubles - for a newly registered non-bank credit institution, except for the minimum amount of the authorized capital of a newly registered non-bank credit institution - a central counterparty;
- 300 million rubles - for a newly registered non-bank credit organization - a central counterparty.
And what about the existing credit institutions, the amount of own funds (capital) of which does not meet these standards? Article 20 of Federal Law 395-1 dated December 2, 1990 states that the Bank of Russia is obliged, except for cases established by federal laws, revoke a banking license in the following cases:
- if the value of all equity (capital) adequacy ratios of the credit institution falls below two percent;
- if the amount of own funds (capital) of the credit institution is below the minimum value of the authorized capital established on the date of state registration of the credit institution (applied after 2 years of operation from the date of registration);
- if a bank with a universal license as of January 1, 2018, the amount of own funds (capital) does not meet the requirements established by paragraph one of Article 11(2) of the Law as of the relevant date, there are no grounds established by paragraph four of Article 11(2) of the Law for continuing its activities as a bank with a universal license, and such a bank did not receive until January 1, 2019, in accordance with the procedure established by the Bank of Russia, the status of a bank with a basic license, or did not change its status to the status of a non-bank credit organization, or did not receive the status of a microfinance company with the simultaneous termination of the status of a credit organization and cancellation of a license to carry out banking operations;
- if a bank with a universal license after January 1, 2019 for four consecutive months allowed a decrease in the amount of own funds (capital) below the minimum amount of own funds (capital) established by paragraph one of Article 11(2) ...
- if a bank with a basic license after January 1, 2018 for four consecutive months allowed a decrease in the amount of own funds (capital) below the minimum amount of own funds (capital) established by paragraph one of Article 11(2) ...
Now let's see how the Central Bank of the Russian Federation groups second-tier banks based on the size of the registered authorized capital of the bank:
Authorized capital (million rubles) | Number of Russian banks |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
on 01.01. 2008 | on 01.01. 2009 | on 01.01. 2010 | as of 01.01.2011 | on 01.01. 2012 | on 01.01. 2013 | as of 01.01.2014 | on 01.01. 2015 | on 01.01. 2016 | on 01.01. 2017 | on 01.01. 2018 |
|
From 10 billion rubles and higher | - | - | 21 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 29 | 33 | 35 |
From 1 to 10 billion rubles | - | - | 128 | 133 | 143 | 154 | 161 | 163 | 153 | 136 | 117 |
From 500 million to 1 billion rubles. | - | - | 109 | 103 | 114 | 123 | 116 | 111 | 97 | 77 | 78 |
From 300 to 500 million rubles | 302 | 339 | 350 | 98 | 101 | 95 | 116 | 118 | 104 | 90 | 78 |
150.0 to 300.0 | 248 | 254 | 252 | 250 | 263 | 276 | 251 | 212 | 171 | 137 | 113 |
60.0 to 150.0 | 207 | 194 | 204 | 222 | 199 | 168 | 143 | 112 | 88 | 57 | 68 |
30.0 to 60.0 | 161 | 140 | 117 | 98 | 62 | 46 | 36 | 30 | 28 | 26 | 23 |
10.0 to 30.0 | 120 | 99 | 71 | 46 | 41 | 41 | 45 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 31 |
3.0 to 10.0 | 61 | 51 | 38 | 23 | 18 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 9 |
Up to 3.0 | 37 | 31 | 26 | 17 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 9 |
Total | 1136 | 1108 | 1058 | 1012 | 978 | 956 | 923 | 834 | 733 | 623 | 561 |
So, as of January 1, 2018, only 308 banks (35+117+78+78) have an authorized capital that is sufficient for a universal or basic license that meets the requirements of the Central Bank for capital y, and 113 banks whose authorized capital meets the requirement for a license non-bank credit institution, which is respectively 54.9% and 20.1% of the total number of banks. From this number, but already taking into account the main indicators of banks' activities, the Bank of Russia monthly determines the list of 30 largest banks in Russia and the list of systemically important banks in Russia.
And there are 140 banks moving towards closing or merging with other banks, whose authorized capital does not meet the requirements - these banks are at risk.
Back in July 2015, the head of VTB Andrey Kostin, in an interview with the German newspaper Die Welt, said that:
The number of banks in Russia could be reduced by 500 in five years. There are too many banks in Russia. There are about 800 institutes. In five years, they may become 500 less, and we could reach a stable level even with 100 banks.
Based on the requirements of the Bank of Russia to the authorized capital, many banks are undergoing the following transformations:
- They unite in order to increase and preserve capitals, i.e. there is a merger of capital;
- Large banks buy smaller banks, ie. absorption occurs.
- They are closed due to bankruptcy or due to the inability of small banks to comply with the requirements of the Central Bank for work and the size of the authorized capital, i.e. self-liquidation or liquidation by a court decision is carried out.
Some credit institutions are being reorganized, which also reduces the total number of banks in Russia. For example:
- On November 13, 2014, the Khanty-Mansiysk Bank announced the completion of the merger of Otkritie Bank and Novosibirsk Municipal Bank. After the completion of the reorganization, out of 3 banks, 1 will be obtained.
- On November 18, 2016, MDM Bank announced that the reorganization of BINBANK and B&NBANK Murmansk was completed by joining MDM Bank. The united bank will operate under the BINBANK brand. In addition, it was reported that during 2016 four more banks were merged with B&NBANK: Kedr, B&NBANK Smolensk, B&NBANK Surgut and B&NBANK Tver
On November 13, 2017, VTB Bank (PJSC) (No. 1000, St. Petersburg) began reorganization procedures in the form of a merger with VTB 24 Bank (PJSC) (No. 1623, Moscow).
World experience shows that if a bank has found and steadily occupied a certain niche in banking services, then it does not matter whether it is a large or small bank, the main thing is that it can work without violating laws and regulations. The example of small Switzerland, where large and small banks coexist peacefully, and there are so many "indecent" banks that there is nowhere for an apple to fall, is indicative. Everyone has a job there, and every bank is needed and appropriate.
Of course, it is very bad when, instead of quality control and effective regulation of the activities of banks, we rush from one extreme to another. It would be more reasonable not to close small banks, and especially in the regions, but to limit their maximum amounts of loans issued to one person and limit the acceptance of deposits from one depositor to certain parameters, linking all this with the amount of capital i.e. focusing them on serving small businesses and individuals, and let them work. By the way, the Bank of Russia has already proposed changes in this direction.
Thus, the Bank of Russia has developed proposals (partially already being implemented), according to which all Russian banks will be divided into three groups:
- systemically significant, for which special requirements have been established since 2015,
- federal banks,
- regional banks.
"We propose to single out a new type of credit organization - a regional bank. This type can include relatively small regional organizations with a limited range of the simplest banking operations. The business model of such banks should be to raise funds from individuals and legal entities a particular region, their placement with minimal risks in loans to the population and businesses, primarily medium and small ones, of the same region.With regard to other banks, except for systemically important ones, we call them banks of federal significance, it is expected to increase minimum requirements to the amount of own funds to capital up to 1 billion rubles and consistent implementation of international standards"
Number of banks in the Russian Federation (by years)
The statistics of the number of banks in the Russian Federation over the past 18 years is as follows:
date | Number of banks in Russia on the selected date | Incl. number of banks in Moscow |
---|---|---|
01/01/2001 | 1311 | 578 |
01/01/2002 | 1319 | 620 |
01/01/2003 | 1329 | 645 |
01/01/2004 | 1329 | 661 |
01/01/2005 | 1299 | 656 |
01/01/2006 | 1253 | 631 |
01/01/2007 | 1189 | 593 |
01/01/2008 | 1136 | 555 |
01/01/2009 | 1108 | 543 |
01/01/2010 | 1058 | 522 |
01/01/2011 | 1012 | 514 |
01/01/2012 | 978 | 502 |
01/01/2013 | 956 | 494 |
01/01/2014 | 923 | 489 |
01/01/2015 | 834 | 450 |
01/01/2016 | 733 | 383 |
01/01/2017 | 623 | 314 |
01/01/2018 | 561 | 277 |
06/01/2018 | 530 | 262 |
The number of banks as of 01.10.2018 is 508, of which
The material has been prepared taking into account the use of Central Bank data on the number of banks and their grouping by the size of authorized funds and information from the Central Bank on the revocation of licenses.
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