Organs and systems of organs of animals. Organ systems of various types of the animal kingdom
The structure and activity of animals
Basic life processes of animals. The cellular structure of animals and features of animal cells. Animal tissues and organ systems, their functions
Cell
The cell is the basic unit of structure and life of the animal organism. Usually, in animal cells, one can distinguish the outer membrane, cytoplasm, cell nucleus and various organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi complex, cell center, inclusion).
Cell vitality: metabolism, irritability, reproduction, growth.
The body of unicellular animals is formed by one cell, and multicellular - by many cells and their derivatives. In multicellular forms, tissues are made up of them.
Textile- This is a group of cells and intercellular substance, united by a common structure, function and origin. There are four main types of tissues in the animal body: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.
epithelial tissue(epithelium) forms a layer of cells that make up the mucous membranes of all internal organs and cavities of the body. Through the epithelium there is an exchange of substances between the body and the environment. The cells of the epithelial tissue are tightly adjacent to each other, contain almost no intercellular substance and perform a protective function.
A feature of the connective tissue is the significant development of the intercellular substance. Connective tissue includes blood, lymph, cartilage, bone and adipose tissue. The main functions of connective tissue are: trophic - participation in metabolism, protective mechanical (support), transport.
Muscle made up of individual cells called muscle fibers. Distinguish between smooth and divided muscle tissue. The walls of internal organs are built from smooth muscle tissue. Separated muscle tissue is divided into skeletal and cardiac. Main functions: ensuring the movements of the whole organism and its individual parts, protective, supporting.
nervous tissue consists of nerve cells (neurons), which are characterized by the presence of well-developed processes. The main property of a neuron is its ability to be excited and conduct impulses along nerve fibers. The nervous system is part of the body and ensures the unification of the functions of all its organs and systems.
Bodies
The body of an animal is made up of organs. An organ is a part of a multicellular organism that has a specific structure and location and performs specific functions. Most organs are made up of multiple tissues. One of them plays a leading, most important role.
The life of an organism is provided by the interaction of many different organs. Organs responsible for certain links of one function form an organ system. There are the following organ systems: integumentary, musculoskeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, reproductive, endocrine and nervous.
Functions of animal organ systems
Organ systems
- integumentary;
- protective, respiratory;
- musculoskeletal;
- providing movements, protective, supporting;
- digestive;
- providing the body with nutrients;
- circulatory;
- transport, protective;
- respiratory;
- gas exchange;
- excretory;
- ensuring a stable composition of the internal environment;
- sexual;
- reproduction;
- endocrine.
Coordination and regulation of processes in the body:
- nervous;
- sense organs;
- perception of irritation.
Reproduction and development of animals
reproduction- the property of living organisms to reproduce new individuals similar to themselves, which allows each species to exist for the life of many generations.
Animal reproduction methods: sexual (with the participation of germ cells) and asexual (without the participation of germ cells, as a result of division or budding).
Individual development of animals is the development of an organism from birth to death. There are direct and indirect types of postembryonic development. The direct development of the organism occurs according to the scheme: egg - larva - adult, and indirect - according to the scheme: egg - larva - metamorphosis - adult.
The individual development of multicellular animals is divided into four periods:
- embryonic development;
- immature period;
- the period of an adult organism;
- aging period.
During embryonic development, cleavage processes occur, which occur a few hours after fertilization. Due to crushing of the zygote, a blastula is formed, which is a multicellular hollow ball. Gastrula is the next stage in the development of the embryo. It consists of two layers of cells (germ layers) - outer (ectoderm) and inner (endoderm). In most multicellular animals, a third (middle) layer, the mesoderm, is laid between two germ layers.
A living organism is a whole system of interconnected organs and tissues. Thanks to their coordinated work, the animal can function normally. And it does not matter at what stage of development the organism is. The only difference is that representatives of the fauna can be at different stages of evolution, which means that animal organs, organ systems also differ in terms of structure and work. This is the principle of phylogeny.
The structure of the organs of the animal
Most organs have a common structural scheme: connective tissue sheath, muscle layer and inner layer. Depending on the work and functions, these layers may be well developed, absent or supplemented by other areas.
Not all animal tissues form organs. For example, coelenterates and sponges remained at the tissue level of organization.
Biology. Animal organ systems
Initially, the body of organisms consisted of differentiated cells. In the process of evolution, animal organs, organ systems were formed. They differ in functions, but their work is aimed at only one thing - maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body and normal life.
The following organ systems are distinguished:
1. Blood.
2. Digestive.
3. Musculoskeletal.
4. Excretory.
5. Respiratory.
6. Endocrine.
7. Nervous.
8. Sexual.
9. The system of sense organs.
Animal circulatory system
Annelids, and they have a closed type. The two main vessels are dorsal and abdominal. They are connected in front of the body of the worm by powerful channels, which are trivially called "hearts", but these are not separate organs, but ordinary vessels, the walls of which contain a thick layer of muscle tissue.
All up to and including mollusks have an open-type circulatory system;
The cephalochords have a closed system, but there is no heart yet;
Starting with cyclostomes (mixins, lampreys), a two-chambered heart appears;
In amphibians and reptiles, the blood mixes;
Birds and mammals have a 4-chambered heart, thanks to which they can maintain a constant body temperature (homeothermic organisms).
Digestive system
The digestive system was first described in flatworms (in the form of closed channels). There is no anal opening. Subsequently, the internal organs of animals evolved as follows:
A through intestinal tube appears: the hindgut and anus (the flat ones had only two sections of the intestine);
In annelids, calcium salivary glands are formed, the task of which is the decomposition of detritus;
In arthropods, the anterior and middle intestines are lined with chitinous covers;
The lancelet has a hepatic outgrowth;
In cartilaginous fish - a spiral valve in the small intestine, its function is to increase the suction surface;
Musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system consists of two systems: the skeleton and muscles. The skeleton plays the role of a support, and the muscles are responsible for movement in space. The evolution of the latter led to greater differentiation and reduction of the metameric arrangement.
excretory system
What are the organs of animals? Organ systems also include the excretory system, which is responsible for removing metabolic products, toxins and poisons from the body.
In flatworms, the excretory system is represented by protonephridia.
In annelids, these are already metanephridia.
Arthropods develop green glands, Malpighian vessels.
Mollusks have a kidney.
All subsequent types (before fish) have head kidneys.
Fish and amphibians have trunk kidneys.
In everyone, from reptiles to mammals, these functions are performed by the pelvic kidneys.
Respiratory system
Performs the function of assimilation of oxygen from the environment. It first appears in arthropods.
In crustaceans it is represented by gills.
Insects have tracheae.
In mollusks - a lung formed by the mantle cavity.
In all animals, up to and including fish, the respiratory organs are gills.
Frogs have sac-like lungs.
Reptiles have honeycombs.
Birds are spongy.
Mammals have alveolar lungs.
Nervous system
The nervous system connects the rest of the organ systems into a single organism, giving signals and regulating the work of each area.
Appears in intestinal.
Flatworms have an orthogon, or ladder-type nervous system.
Roundworms have a peripharyngeal nerve ring and nerve trunks.
Annelids have a peripharyngeal nerve ring and a ventral nerve cord.
In arthropods, the head ganglion appears and the ventral nerve chain remains.
Mollusks have a nodal nervous system.
In cephalochordates, an expansion of the neural tube appears at the anterior end of the body.
In fish, all parts of the brain are isolated.
Mammals have convolutions of the brain.
reproductive system
The male reproductive system consists of the testes and the vas deferens. Next, the spermatozoa are ejected through the outside or into the genitals of the female.
Conclusion
We examined what animal organs are. Organ systems play an important role in maintaining the normal life of absolutely any individual, be it worms or humans. If each of the systems works correctly, the homeostasis of the body is maintained.
Children in biology lessons study the structure of living organisms. Visual material allows you to better remember what the organs of animals look like. Tables of different systems can be found in almost any biology classroom.
47) Define
Answer: The organ system is interconnected organs united by a common work.
48) Fill in the table "Animal organ systems"
49) Consider the drawing. Label the parts of the earthworm's digestive system labeled with numbers.
1 - throat
2 - esophagus
4 - stomach
5 - intestines
50) Review the drawings. Write the names of the organs indicated by numbers. What animals breathe with these organs?
Answer: 1 - lungs. Animals: land animals and aquatic mammals.
2 - trachea. Animals: insects. 3 - gills. Animals: fish
51) What is the meaning of selection? Write what organs in animals carry out the function of excretion.
Answer: Purification of the body from harmful substances (metabolic products). In animals, this function is performed primarily by the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
52) Review the drawings. Write the names of the types of nervous systems, indicated by numbers. What animals have them?
Answer: 1 - net nervous system. Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones.
2 - nodal nervous system. In maluska worms, arthropods.
53) What are hormones and where are they formed?
Answer: Hormones are chemicals that regulate the functioning of organs. Hormones are produced in the glands.
54) What organ system do the ovaries and testes belong to? What functions do they perform?
Answer: Reproductive organ system. They form sex cells.
* Training tasks
Level A tasks
Choose one correct answer from the four given
A1) Nuclei do not have cells
1) plants
2) animals
4) bacteria
A 2) Chloroplasts are characteristic of
1) invertebrates
2) bacteria
4) plants
A3) Nucleic acids are involved in
1) oxygen transfer
2) protect the body from infections
3) movement
4) storage and transmission of hereditary information
A 4) Protein synthesis occurs in
1) ribosomes
2) lysosomes
3) mitochondria
4) chromosomes
A5) Cell cytoplasm
1) communicates between parts of the cell
2) promotes the connection of cells with each other
3) performs a protective function
4) ensures the entry of substances into the cell
A6) Mitosis results in the formation of
1) 1 cell
2) 2 cells
3) 3 cells
4) 4 cells
A7) As a result of meiosis,
1) four cells with a single set of chromosomes
2) two cells with a triple set of chromosomes
3) two cells with a double set of chromosomes
4) four cells with a double set of chromosomes
A8) The tissue that provides the movement of water, mineral and organic substances through the plant is called
1) mechanical
2) coverslip
3) educational
4) conductive
Level B assignments
Match the contents of the first and second columns
IN 1) Establish a correspondence between organisms and their tissue types
FABRIC TYPES
A) epithelial
B) muscular
B) mechanical
D) nervous
D) conductive
E) connecting
ORGANISMS
1) animals
2) plants
* Set the correct sequence of biological processes, phenomena, practical actions
AT 3) Establish a sequence of levels of organization of living matter, starting from the lowest
B) cell
B) organ system
D) an organism
Animal organ systems
Organ system- a set of organs of the same or similar function and structure; in a broader sense - a set of similar or dissimilar organs that jointly participate in the performance of one common function and form a single, systematically built whole ("organ apparatus"). In the Russian biological school, it is customary to distinguish between the concepts of “organ apparatus” and “organ system”, however, terminological substitution is often noted not only in medicine and physiology, but also in morphology.
Under the definition of an organ system in a narrow sense, for example, the dental system of a mammal, the muscular or excretory system of an annelids, consisting of homogeneous organs, fits. The apparatus is, for example, the human digestive apparatus, which includes such heterogeneous organs as teeth, tongue, stomach, pancreas, etc. In addition, some systems (nervous, immune, etc.) occupy an intermediate position in their structure between system and apparatus.
In most animals, during evolution, organ systems (apparatuses) have been formed that provide vital processes: digestion, respiration, blood supply, excretion, reproduction. The nervous and endocrine systems regulate the intensity of the activity of organ systems, their coordinated work, the vital activity of the whole organism, and ensure the connection of the organism with the environment.
Organ systems of various types of the animal kingdom
The number of organ systems (apparatuses) may vary in different groups of animals. So, in sponges, probably only three apparatuses can be distinguished - shimmering-water-moving, integumentary and skeletal. At the same time, most sources indicate the absence of organs in sponges. Coelenterates have a nervous, integumentary and digestive systems (apparatuses), a muscular system, as well as a reproductive apparatus. The nerve cells of the coelenterates also perform an endocrine function, but they do not have isolated organs of the endocrine system. Flatworms have the same apparatuses, to which the excretory system is added. A typical system in the narrow sense is the coelomic system of most animals, which is not traditionally considered as a separate organ system.
Vertebrate organ systems
In vertebrates, it is traditionally customary to distinguish the following organ systems:
- Integumentary (skin and its derivatives)
- Nervous system and sensory organs (sometimes the latter are isolated into a separate sensory system)
- Musculoskeletal (muscles and skeleton)
- Circulatory (cardiovascular) and lymphatic (transport or distribution apparatus)
- Respiratory
- excretory (urogenital)
- Sexual (reproductive)
- Endocrine
- Immune (it usually also includes hematopoietic organs)
Human organ systems
The human body is formed by the same organ systems as in other vertebrates. In general, the structure of the human body does not differ significantly from the structure of other higher vertebrates. However, in a number of aspects, the physical organization of a person has important features that are the subject of study of comparative anatomy and physical anthropology. The structure of the human body according to organ systems is studied by the normal (systematic) human anatomy.
Links
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See what "Animal Organ Systems" are in other dictionaries:
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SYSTEMS- 54. SYSTEMS - a set of elements designed to perform specified functions. Source: PNAE G 05 035 94: Accounting for external impacts of natural and man-made origin on nuclear and radiation hazards ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
In modern classification systems, the animal kingdom (Animalia) is divided into two sub-kingdoms: parazoa (Parazoa) and true multicellular (Eumetazoa, or Metazoa). Parazoans include only one type of sponge. They do not have real tissues and organs, ... ... Collier Encyclopedia
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Removal of a viable organ from one individual (donor) with its transfer to another (recipient). If the donor and recipient belong to the same species, they speak of allotransplantation; if to different about xenotransplantation. In cases where…… Collier Encyclopedia
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Books
- Atlas of Domestic Animal Anatomy , Osipov Ivan Prokopevich , The presented edition is an atlas on the anatomy of small mammals for students studying morphology, veterinary medicine and zoology. The excellent quality of the color illustrations makes… Category: Veterinary Series: Veterinary practice Publisher: Aquarium-Print,
- Atlas of Small Animal Anatomy, Thomas O. McCracken, Robert A. Keiner, This edition is an atlas of small mammal anatomy for students of morphology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. Excellent quality of color illustrations makes… Category:
Animal organ systems
The main organ systems of animals are the musculoskeletal, digestive, excretory, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, sensory, endocrine and reproductive systems.
1. Musculoskeletal system: Provides a change in the position of the body of animals, the movement of individual organs and the body as a whole. The internal skeleton is the supporting basis of the body of a vertebrate animal. The skeleton is involved in the movement of the body, protects the internal organs. The musculature is attached to the skeleton. In the bones of the skeleton are hematopoietic tissues - in particular, red bone marrow. The skeleton also serves as a depot of substances - it stores reserves of calcium and other substances.
Function: provides a change in the position of the body of animals, the movement of individual organs and the body as a whole.
2. Digestive system: Consists of a mouth opening in which the chewing apparatus (teeth, tongue) is located - a mechanical function; pharynx; a muscular esophagus, through which, with the help of peristalsis, food moves to the stomach, where digestion occurs under the action of enzymes and acids; intestines (small, large, duodenum). The digestive system ends at the anus, from where undigested food remains come out. From unnamed organs: pancreas, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands.
Function: nutritional - digestion of food and the transformation of substances entering the body into those absorbed by the body.
3. Excretory system: It consists of the kidneys, ureters, where the movement and accumulation of waste products takes place. The skin can also be referred to as an excretory system (more specifically, its sweat glands). animal organ life activity
Function: excretory.
4. Circulatory: The main organ is the heart, from which vessels of various structures and functions depart. Veins: vessels that carry blood saturated with carbon dioxide (they go from the organs to the lungs through the pulmonary circulation) and turn the blood into arterial - oxygenated, which goes through the systemic circulation through the arteries. Largest artery: aorta.
Function: transport (provides gas exchange), nutritional (carries nutrients that have entered the bloodstream through the vessels on the organs of the digestive system through absorption).
5. Respiratory: Consists of trachea, lungs. They also include the nose (its channels) and mouth. This is lung breathing. There is still breathing on the surface of the skin. This happens through the pores on the surface of the skin.
Function: respiratory.
6. Sense organs:
a) sense of smell: nose and receptors.
b) hearing: a complex of organs of the ear, which includes the malleus, a cavity with liquid, the tympanic membrane.
c) vision: the eye and its complex internal structure (iris, lens, muscles).
d) taste: receptors on the tongue.
e) senses: subcutaneous receptors.
Function: perception of external stimuli and reaction to them.
7. Endocrine (Humoral regulation organs): These include glands
a) internal secretion: pancreas, thyroid, salivary, pituitary, hypothalamus, adrenal glands.
b) external: sweat.
c) mixed: sexual.
Function: regulation and assistance in the work of internal organs "second brain".
8. Nervous: Brain (head and spinal), nerve endings, nodes and cells. Function: regulatory (control of the body's actions and its functioning).
9. Sexual: Pronounced division into male and female sexes. Female reproductive organs: fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands.
Male: vas deferens, testicles, penis.
Function: reproduction of their own kind.
Bibliography:
1. Slabkina A.I., Soldatov A.P., Popova M.A. Fundamentals of animal husbandry - M .: Agropromizdat, 1988.
2. Bakai A.V., Beauty V.F., Martyanov I.M. Livestock - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985.
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