What feelings of Della are revealed in these dreams. True and false values in O. Henry's story "Gifts of the Magi". Reading multiple sentences
Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
The author focuses on the complex relationships of the characters, which are revealed with the help of (A) _____ (sentences 18–29). The author conveys the feelings of Konstantin Nikolaevich with the help of (B) _____ (“boiling ... at the heart” in sentence 32, “poke your nose” in sentence 33). The image of Anastasia Petrovna was created using such lexical means as (C)_____ (“something pathetic” in sentence 37, confused eyes” in sentence 39), as well as (D)_____ (sentence 44).
List of terms:
1) metonymy
2) epithets
4) metaphor
5) appeal(s)
6) antithesis
7) comparison
8) introductory words
9) phraseological units
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
A | B | AT | G |
(1) No, not immediately, but somehow from time to time he began to notice cobwebs in the most hidden places, gray mounds of dust on the floor in the corners, a hard crumb stuck on the edge of a washed cup or plate. (2) “Only this was still not enough,” he thought irritably, “has it really been like this all my life, I just didn’t notice, and now, sitting in retirement, I see everything from nothing to do ...”
(3) Konstantin Nikolaevich looked at his wife. (4) She sat with her head bowed low over her sewing. (5) Recently, she has had some strange need to mend torn socks, put patches on washed towels. (6) No, she didn’t become at all the way he knew her all thirty-five years after the wedding. (7) Not at all like that.
(8) When she married him, her friends told her that he, Kostya, was not a couple for her. (9) For some reason, they considered him less significant compared to her. (10) But in the end - an apartment, a car, a summer house, and all this is him, and now he also helps his daughter, whose husband turned out to be a frivolous person, and his son has to help. (11) So if we talk about kindness, then here it is - not on impulse, but from month to month, when you deny yourself for the sake of children.
(12) Konstantin Nikolaevich looked at his wife. (13) She still sat with her head bowed low. (14) I put another patch. (15) Recently, she has had a lot of oddities. (16) At least these patches, and bright ones. (17) Then - squint your eyes, as if looking down on the one you are talking to.
(21) Cobwebs in the corners.
(22) − Where is the web?
look for cobwebs in the corners.
(29) − Are you blind, or what?
(30) Konstantin Nikolaevich jerked his head in irritation and went to his room. (31) I stood at the window, thoughtlessly looking out into the street. (32) “The devil knows what,” his heart boiled, “and she is still being ironic. (33) No, you have to go back and make her take off the web, poke her nose, otherwise you “nitpick” ... (34) And he went to his wife. (35) But what he saw made him freeze.
(36) Anastasia Petrovna stood in a corner and tensely, as happens with a poorly seeing person, peered at the walls, apparently looking for a web. (37) There was something pitiful, helpless in her face and in her whole figure.
(38) − Nastya! - Konstantin Nikolaevich called anxiously.
(39) She shuddered, turned around, and he saw her confused eyes. (40) They were wide open, then squinted, as if making an arrogant look.
(41) - I ... I do not see the web, - she said.
(42) "Don't you see?" he wanted to say. (43) He even saw this black thread from the door, quivering at the slightest movement of air. (44) But he was silent, suddenly realizing that his wife began to see badly and that she had long been no longer that dexterous, cheerful, young, but an elderly, if not old, woman, and said guiltily:
(45) − You're right, there really is no web... (46) Sorry...
(According to S. A. Voronin*)
* Sergey Alekseevich Voronin (1913–2002) - Russian Soviet prose writer.
(18) − Better take care of the house. (19) Dirt all around. (20) You have become sloppy.
(21) Cobwebs in the corners.
(22) − Where is the web?
(23) And again this vile squint.
(24) − Here, here, here! (25) − Konstantin Nikolaevich began to poke his finger at
(26) − It cannot be ... (27) − Anastasia Petrovna narrowed her eyes and became
look for cobwebs in the corners.
(28) - There's nothing there, you're just nitpicking, - she said to the usual tired
(29) − Are you blind, or what?
Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? List the response numbers in ascending order.
1) Konstantin Nikolaevich and Anastasia Petrovna have been married for 35 years.
2) Over the years, Anastasia Petrovna began to treat her husband with arrogance.
3) Konstantin Nikolaevich is annoyed that his wife does not look after the house well.
4) Konstantin Nikolayevich felt embarrassed because of his irritation.
5) Anastasia Petrovna did not clean the house because she was sloppy.
There is no indication in the text that over the years Anastasia Petrovna began to treat her husband more arrogantly. And she was not sloppy, because due to vision problems she could not see dust or cobwebs. So the remaining answers are
1) Konstantin Nikolaevich and Anastasia Petrovna have been married for 35 years. − Proposal 6.
2) Over the years, Anastasia Petrovna began to treat her husband with arrogance. − no confirmation in the text.
3) Konstantin Nikolaevich is annoyed that his wife does not look after the house well. − proposal 30.
4) Konstantin Nikolayevich felt embarrassed because of his irritation. − proposal 44.
5) Anastasia Petrovna did not clean the house because she was sloppy. − not confirmed in the text.
Answer: 134
Answer: 134
Relevance: 2016-2017
Difficulty: normal
Codifier section: Semantic and compositional integrity of the text.
Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
3) In sentences 32−33, reasoning is presented.
4) Sentences 18-21 provide a description.
5) In sentences 43-44 there are no elements of description.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
1) Sentence 16 clarifies the content of sentence 15.
2) Sentences 12-14 present the narrative.
3) In sentences 32−33, reasoning is presented. True.
4) Sentences 18-21 provide a description. Wrong. This is a dialogue, it cannot be a description.
5) There are no elements of description in sentences 43-44. False.
Answer: 123
Answer: 123
Relevance: 2016-2017
Difficulty: normal
Codifier section: Functional-semantic types of speech
Tatyana Yudina
(32) “The devil knows what,” his heart boiled, “and she is still being ironic. (33) No, you have to go back and make her take off the cobwebs, poke her nose, otherwise you “nitpick” ... These are thoughts, reasoning.
Write out synonyms from sentence 37.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
In sentence 37 "There was something pitiful, helpless in her face and in her whole figure" there are synonyms:
pitiful, helpless.
Answer: pathetic, helpless.
Answer: pitiful helpless
Relevance: 2016-2017
Difficulty: normal
Codifier section: Lexical meaning of the word
Guest 27.05.2014 00:16
What about answer 2? Indeed, in the 10th sentence there are also synonyms: apartment, cottage ...?
Tatiana Statsenko
Dacha and apartment, in your opinion, are synonyms? I don't think so.
From sentences 12−14 write out the word formed by the prefix-suffix method.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
In sentence 13 there is a word formed by the prefix-suffix method: this is the adverb STILL.
The rule about spelling adverbs through a hyphen sounds like this: adverbs formed with the help of prefixes -po, -v, -vo and suffixes -mu-, -him, -and-, -s, -them are written through a hyphen. Thus, the way of forming adverbs is already laid down by the rule. ALL adverbs that are written with a hyphen are formed by the prefix-suffix method.
Answer: still
Among sentences 30-38, find one(s) that is(-s) related to the previous one with the help of a possessive pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Possessive pronouns, like possessive adjectives, answer the question WHOSE. FOR EXAMPLE, MY, YOURS, HIS, HER (DO NOT CONFUSE WITH PERSONAL PRONOUNS, ASK QUESTIONS). In sentence 37: IN THE FACE (WHOSE?) OF HER ..
Answer: 37
Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF OFFERS IN THE TEXT
Several sentences connected into a whole by a topic and a main idea are called a text (from Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).
Obviously, all sentences separated by a dot are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of the text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be opposed to the content of another; the content of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence can reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third can reveal the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of relationship between sentences.
The wording of the task may be as follows:
Among sentences 11-18, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, adverb and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)
Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.
Remember that the previous one is ONE HIGHER. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the desired sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and the answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. Answers can be 1 or more. The score for the successful completion of the task is 1.
Let's move on to the theoretical part.
Most often, we use this text construction model: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called chain link. (We will talk about the parallel connection below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into a text according to simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must refer to the same subject.
All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into text, one can use several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let's take a closer look at each type.
23.1. Communication with the help of lexical means.
1. Words of one thematic group.
Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical, concepts.
Word examples: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward
Water was clean and transparent. Waves ran ashore slowly and silently.
2. Generic words.
Generic words are words related by the relationship genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.
Word examples: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport and so on.
Suggestion examples: Under the window still grew Birch. How many memories I have associated with this tree...
field chamomile become a rarity. But it's unpretentious flower.
3 Lexical repetition
Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.
The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of the sentence is the main feature of the chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden was a forest. The forest was deaf, neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next one; in sentences Physics is science. Science must use the dialectical method- "model predicate - subject"; in the example The boat has landed on the shore. The beach was strewn with small pebbles.- model "circumstance - subject" and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word Coast has different forms. Lexical repetition in the tasks of the exam will be considered the repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader.
In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:
Here the Aral Sea disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.
Whole sea!
The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.
Consider examples. We do not yet take into account additional means of communication, we look only at lexical repetition.
(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It used to be scary very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he used to be scared.
(15) As an educator, I happened to meet young people who yearn for a clear and precise answer to the question of higher education. values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.
note: different forms of words refer to a different kind of connection. For more on the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.
4 Root words
Single-root words are words with the same root and common meaning.
Word examples: Motherland, be born, birth, kind; break, break, break
Suggestion examples: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. History of my birth nothing remarkable.
Although I understood that a relationship is needed break but he couldn't do it himself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.
5 Synonyms
Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning.
Word examples: to be bored, to frown, to be sad; fun, joy, rejoicing
Suggestion examples: At parting, she said that will miss. I knew that too I will be sad through our walks and conversations.
Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... jubilation seemed to have no boundaries: Lina answered, answered at last!
It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for a connection only with the help of synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are used. So, in example 1 there is a union too , this relationship will be discussed below.
6 Contextual synonyms
Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that come together in meaning only in a given context, since they refer to the same object (feature, action).
Word examples: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty
Suggestion examples: Kitty recently lived with us. Husband took off poor guy from the tree where he climbed to escape from the dogs.
I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to be silent, despite all efforts on my part to talk her.
It is even more difficult to find these words in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are used, which facilitates the search.
7 Antonyms
Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning.
Word examples: laughter, tears; hot Cold
Suggestion examples: I pretended to like this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears strangled me, and I quickly left the room.
Her words were warm and burned. eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...
8 Contextual antonyms
Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning only in this context.
Word examples: mouse - lion; house - work green - ripe
Suggestion examples: On the work this man was gray mouse. Houses woke up in it a lion.
ripe berries can be safely used to make jam. But green it is better not to put, they are usually bitter, and can spoil the taste.
We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: This is the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means may serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the help rule for task 24.
23.2. Communication by means of morphological means
Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.
1. Pronoun
A pronoun connection is a connection in which ONE word or MULTIPLE words from the previous sentence is replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is, what are the ranks in meaning.
What you need to know:
Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), designate persons, point to objects, signs of objects, the number of objects, without specifically naming them.
According to the meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:
1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);
2) returnable (oneself);
3) possessive (mine, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessive also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),them (merit).
4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so many);
5) defining(himself, most, all, everyone, each, different);
6) relative (who, what, what, what, which, how much, whose);
7) interrogative (who? what? what? whose? who? how much? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);
8) negative (no one, nothing, no one);
9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, someone, someone, someone).
Do not forget that pronouns change by case, so "you", "me", "about us", "about them", "no one", "everyone" are forms of pronouns.
As a rule, the task indicates WHAT rank the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if there are no other pronouns in the specified period that play the role of CONNECTING elements. It must be clearly understood that NOT EVERY pronoun that occurs in the text is a link.
Let us turn to examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.
1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some kind of strangers, others, not mine ....
There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I and her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If this is a pronoun I, what is it replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun her? Word " school from the first sentence. We conclude: communication using a personal pronoun her.
There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. Only the pronoun connects with the second they(=floors from the second sentence). Rest in no way correlate with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the pronoun with the third they.
What is the practical importance of understanding this mode of communication? The fact that you can and should use pronouns instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but do not abuse, as the abundance of the words "he", "his", "them" sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.
2. Adverb
Communication with the help of adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.
To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is, what are the ranks in meaning.
Adverbs are invariable words that denote a sign by action and refer to the verb.
Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:
Time and space: below, on the left, near, at the beginning, long ago and the like.
Suggestion examples: We got to work. at first it was hard: it was not possible to work in a team, there were no ideas. Then got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.
We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around we were only the tops of the trees. Beside clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are related to 1 using the indicated adverbs.
demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.
Suggestion examples: I vacationed last summer in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there it was almost impossible to make a phone call, let alone work on the Internet. The adverb "from there" replaces the whole phrase.
Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb "so" summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.
It is possible to use and other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn't have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not add up; however, I did not suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.
3. Union
Connection with the help of unions is the most common type of connection, due to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the union.
Communication with the help of coordinating unions: but, and, but, but, also, or, however and others. The task may or may not specify the type of union. Therefore, the material on unions should be repeated.
Details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.
Suggestion examples: By the end of the weekend, we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication with the help of the adversative union "but".
That's how it's always been... Or that's how it seemed to me...Communication with the help of a separating union "or".
We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one union participates in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.
Communication using subordinating unions: for, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences as part of a complex one. In our opinion, with such a connection, there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.
Suggestion examples: I was in total despair... For I did not know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The union for matters because, because, indicates the reason for the state of the hero.
I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t enter the institute, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So that There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The union "so" has the meaning of the consequence.
4. Particles
Communication with particles always accompanies other types of communication.
Particles after all, and only, here, out, only, even, the same bring additional shades to the proposal.
Suggestion examples: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and so difficult at the same time - to love ...
Everyone in the house was already asleep. And only grandmother muttered softly: she always read prayers before going to bed, begging the powers of heaven for a better share for us.
After the departure of her husband, it became empty in the soul and deserted in the house. Even the cat, which used to run like a meteor around the apartment, only yawns sleepily and still strives to climb into my arms. Here Whose hands should I lean on...Pay attention, connecting particles are at the beginning of the sentence.
5. Word forms
Communication using the word form consists in the fact that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different
- if this noun - number and case
- if adjective - gender, number and case
- if pronoun - gender, number and case depending on grade
- if verb in person (gender), number, tense
Verbs and participles, verbs and participles are considered different words.
Suggestion examples: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise became uncomfortable.
I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.
note: in the task, “word forms” can be written, and then this is ONE word in different forms;
“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.
The difference between word forms and lexical repetition is of particular complexity.
Information for the teacher.
Consider, as an example, the most difficult task real USE 2016. We give the full fragment published on the FIPI website in " Guidelines for teachers (2016)"
Examinees' difficulties in completing task 23 were caused by cases when the condition of the task required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing the language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.
We give the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of USE options 2016:
“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of lexical repetition. Write the number of this proposal.
Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.
- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, an eccentric!
(8) Maybe that's why Berg did not succeed in landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.
(11) Once Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.
(13) August was hot and calm. (14) Yartsev lived far from the deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was taken to the lake by the forester's son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.
Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "he"(Yartsev).
Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": a prepositional case form controlled by a verb, and a non-prepositional form controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning of the object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the considered word forms does not carry a stylistic load.
Proposition 17 is related to Proposition 16 by word forms ("on the lake - on the lake"; "Berga - Berg").
Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by means of personal pronoun "he"(Berg).
The correct answer in task 23 of this option is 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) with the help of lexical repetition (the word "he").
It should be noted that among the authors of various manuals there is no consensus, what is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house " national education”, “Exam”, “Legion” (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasiliev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which words in various forms would be considered lexical repeat.
At the same time, very difficult cases, in which words in different cases coincide in form, are considered differently in manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees in this the form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time there is undoubtedly the same stylistic task that I.P. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution of this issue, we will indicate the position of the RESHUEGE and give recommendations.
1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.
2. There will be no coinciding forms in the tasks for the RESHUEGE: if the linguists-specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then the graduates of the school cannot do it.
3. If the exam comes across tasks with similar difficulties, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs can have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.
23.3 Syntactic means.
Introductory words
Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies, complements any other connection, complementing the shades of meanings characteristic of introductory words.
Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.
He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. One side, the company needed such personalities, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone and in nothing, if something was, as he said, below his level.
We give examples of the definition of means of communication in a small text.
(1) We met Masha a few months ago. (2) My parents have not yet seen her, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me a little.
Let's determine how the sentences in this text are related.
Sentence 2 is related to sentence 1 by a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in offer 1.
Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: "she" is the nominative form, "her" is the genitive form.
In addition, sentence 3 has other means of communication: it is a union too, introductory word seemed, rows of synonymous constructions did not insist on meeting and didn't want to get close.
Guest 25.11.2013 18:36
Proposal #35 also has possessive pronoun"HIM", please explain what is the correct answer.
Tatiana Statsenko
in sentence 35 "HIS" is the personal pronoun "HE" in the genitive case: forced (whom?) HIM.
Guest 30.11.2013 13:37
I think the answer 30 also fits "my"
Tatiana Statsenko
Sentence 30 is not related to the previous one with the pronoun "one's own", so your answer does not fit.
Guest 28.03.2014 11:51
in sentence 33 there is a pronoun "EE" it is also possessive.
Tatiana Statsenko
No, HER is a personal pronoun: SHE, only in the genitive case - do not confuse, look at the meaning of the word in the sentence.
Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.
Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic relationship between them.
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated with 0 points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Main problems
1. The problem of old age (what should be the attitude towards an elderly person?).
2. The problem of inattentive attitude towards loved ones (are we always attentive to our loved ones?).
3. The problem of misunderstanding between close people (what is the danger of misunderstanding between close people?).
1. In old age, when a person is overcome by various ailments, he especially needs the care of loved ones.
2. We must take care of our loved ones, not offending them with indifference.
3. Inattentive attitude towards loved ones often causes misunderstanding and conflicts between people.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Let's fill in the gaps.
The author focuses on the complex relationships of the characters, which are revealed with the help of dialog(a conversation between two or more persons is a dialogue. Each remark is drawn up from a red line, there is a link to the words of the author. Thus, dialogue is used in sentences 18-29). The author conveys the feelings of Konstantin Nikolayevich with the help of phraseological units(stable expressions based on the figurative meaning of the word are called phraseological units. “It boiled at the heart” (sentence 32) is a phraseological unit). The image of Anastasia Petrovna was created using such lexical means as epithets("something pitiful" in sentence 37, confused eyes" in sentence 39), as well as antithesis(in sentence 44 “But he was silent, suddenly realizing that his wife began to see badly and that she had not been that clever, cheerful, young for a long time, but an elderly, if not old, woman, and said guiltily ...” the antithesis is used, t i.e. opposition).
Answer: 3926.
Answer: 3926
Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression
ANALYSIS OF THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION.
The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing a correspondence between the gaps indicated by the letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write down matches only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put "0" in place of this number. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.
When completing task 26, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc. It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; into the second figure of speech (some of them are called syntactic).
26.1 A TROPWORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A PORTABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSION. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.
Note: In the task, as a rule, it is indicated that these are TRAILS.
In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.
1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks a feature that is essential for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. The epithet differs from a simple definition artistic expressiveness and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.
Epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:
sad orphan land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I. A. Bunin).
Epithets can also be expressed:
-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative description of the subject: sorceress-winter; mother - cheese earth; The poet is a lyre, and not only the nurse of his soul(M. Gorky);
-adverbs acting as circumstances: In the north stands wild alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tense elongated in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);
-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and sparkling;
-pronouns expressing the superlative degree of this or that state of the human soul:
After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, more what kind! (M. Yu. Lermontov);
-participles and participial phrases: Nightingale vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of ... scribblers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in the language, except for words, not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
2. Comparison- This is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binomial: it names both compared objects (phenomena, signs, actions).
Villages are burning, they have no protection.
The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,
And the glow like an eternal meteor,
Playing in the clouds, frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
Comparisons are expressed in various ways:
The form of the instrumental case of nouns:
Nightingale stray youth flew by,
wave in bad weather Joy subsided (A. V. Koltsov)
Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);
Comparative turnovers with unions like, as if, as if, as if, etc .:
Like a predatory animal, to a humble abode
The winner breaks in with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
Using the words similar, similar, this is:
Into the eyes of a cautious cat
Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);
With the help of comparative clauses:
Golden foliage swirled
In the pinkish water of the pond
Just like a light flock of butterflies
With fading flies to a star. (S. A. Yesenin)
3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis. In contrast to comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared is given, the metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness of the use of the word. The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.
All metaphors are divided into two groups:
1) general language("erased"): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, mountains to move, strings of the soul, love has faded;
2) artistic(individual-author's, poetic):
And the stars fade diamond thrill
AT painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);
Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);
And eyes blue, bottomless
Blooming on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)
Metaphor happens not only single: it can develop in the text, forming whole chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. it extended, complex metaphor, an integral artistic image.
4. Personification- this is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:
Rolling through sleepy valleys, Sleepy mists lay down And only the horse's clatter, Sounding, is lost in the distance. The autumn day went out, turning pale, Rolling up fragrant leaves, Taste a dreamless dream Half-withered flowers. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
5. Metonymy(in translation from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a relationship:
Between action and tool of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed swords and fires(A. S. Pushkin);
Between the object and the material from which the object is made: ... not that on silver, - on gold ate(A. S. Griboyedov);
Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls ... (Yu. K. Olesha)
6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) is kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Most often, the transfer occurs:
From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not go ... (A. S. Pushkin);
Part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)
7. Paraphrase, or paraphrase(in translation from Greek - a descriptive expression), is a turnover that is used instead of a word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse
A. S. Pushkin - "Peter's creation", "Beauty and wonder of midnight countries", "city of Petrov"; A. A. Blok in the verses of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.
8. Hyperbole(in translation from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N. V. Gogol)
And at that very moment couriers, couriers, couriers... you can imagine thirty-five thousand one couriers! (N.V. Gogol).
9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)
And marching importantly, in orderly calmness, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In large boots, in a sheepskin coat, In large mittens ... and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)
10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Where, smart, are you wandering, head?(I. A. Krylov)
26.2 "Non-special" lexical figurative and expressive means of the language
Note: The tasks sometimes indicate that this is a lexical means. Usually in the review of task 24, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these funds are most often needed find in task 22!
11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but the same or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.
Synonyms can be contextual.
12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lies, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive possibilities.
Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.
Lies happen good or evil,
Compassionate or merciless,
Lies happen cunning and clumsy
Cautious and reckless
Captivating and joyless.
13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression
Phraseological units (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in finished form, in which the integral meaning dominates the values of their components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, a bone of contention) have great expressive potential. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:
1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, the sword of Damocles, Achilles' heel);
2) the relevance of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of language means with a positive emotionally expressive coloring ( store as the apple of an eye - torzh.) or with a negative emotionally expressive coloring (without the king in the head is disapproved, the small fry is neglected, the price is worthless - contempt.).
14. Stylistically colored vocabulary
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:
1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:
a) words with a positive emotional and expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Church Slavonics): inspiration, coming, fatherland, aspirations, secret, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, spell, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, courageous; affectionate: sun, darling, daughter
b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: conjecture, bicker, nonsense; disparaging: upstart, delinquent; contemptuous: dunce, cramming, scribbling; swear words/
2) functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary, including:
a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks
b) colloquial (everyday-household): dad, boy, braggart, healthy
15. Vocabulary of limited use
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:
Dialect vocabulary (words that are used by the inhabitants of any locality: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);
Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: goofball, bastard, slap, talker);
Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of the general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);
Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of jargons - youth: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; jargon of criminals: dude, raspberry);
Vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they designate: boyar, oprichnina, horse; archaisms are obsolete words that name objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: brow - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).
26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES based on special combinations of words that are beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and descriptiveness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.
Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format that indicates these means: they are called both syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expression, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.
16. Rhetorical question is a figure in which a statement is contained in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon:
Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, who from a young age comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);
17. Rhetorical exclamation- this is a figure in which an assertion is contained in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations strengthen the expression of certain feelings in the message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:
That was in the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! Oh the light of the sun! O fresh spirit of birch. (A. K. Tolstoy);
Alas! a proud country bowed before the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
18. Rhetorical appeal- This is a stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:
My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like a soul, is unstoppable and eternal (A. S. Pushkin);
Oh deep night! Oh cold autumn! Silent! (K. D. Balmont)
19. Repeat (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to draw special attention to them.
The types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and catch-up.
Anaphora(in translation from Greek - ascent, rise), or monotony, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:
lazily hazy noon breathes,
lazily the river is rolling.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
The clouds are lazily melting (F. I. Tyutchev);
Epiphora(in translation from Greek - addition, final sentence of the period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:
Although man is not eternal,
That which is eternal, humanely.
What is a day or a century
Before what is infinite?
Although man is not eternal,
That which is eternal, humanely(A. A. Fet);
They got a loaf of light bread - joy!
Today the film is good in the club - joy!
Paustovsky's two-volume book was brought to the bookstore joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)
pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:
he fell down on the cold snow
On the cold snow, like a pine,
Like a pine in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);
20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking side by side) - an identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, lines of poetry, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:
I look to the future with fear
I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
I was your ringing string
I was your blooming spring
But you didn't want flowers
And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)
Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country - for business, but business - for the country (from the newspaper).
21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, reversal) - this is a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), to give the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding, or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:
The agreed definition is after the word being defined: I am sitting behind bars in damp dungeon(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there was no swell on this sea; stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);
Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns are in front of the word, which includes: Hours of monotonous fight(monotonous strike of the clock);
22. Parceling(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonation-semantic units - phrases. At the place of division of the sentence, a period, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long. Ratny. The infantry regiment was destroyed. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is nobody outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important spheres of society's life! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary that the state remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)
23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on intentional omission, or, conversely, conscious repetition of unions. In the first case, when unions are omitted, speech becomes compressed, compact, dynamic. The depicted actions and events here quickly, instantly unfold, replace each other:
Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.
Drum beat, clicks, rattle.
The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,
And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)
When polyunion speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and a repeated union highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:
But and grandson, and great-grandson, and great-great-grandson
They grow in me while I myself grow ... (P.G. Antokolsky)
24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of the theme and intonation split into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) goes with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a separating significant pause, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:
Whenever I wanted to limit my life to a domestic circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a spouse, / If I were captivated by the family picture for at least a single moment, then, it would be true, except for you, one bride would not be looking for another. (A.S. Pushkin)
25. Antithesis, or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) - this is a turn in which opposite concepts, positions, images are sharply opposed. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general language and contextual:
You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet.(A. S. Pushkin);
Yesterday I looked into your eyes
And now - everything is squinting to the side,
Yesterday, before the birds sat,
All larks today are crows!
I'm stupid and you're smart
Alive and I'm dumbfounded.
O cry of women of all times:
"My dear, what have I done to you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)
26. Gradation(in translation from Latin - a gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a sign. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and influencing power of the text:
I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend(A. A. Blok);
Glowing, burning, shining huge Blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)
Descending gradation is used less often and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:
He brought the tar of death
Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A. S. Pushkin)
27. Oxymoron(in translation from Greek - witty-stupid) - this is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradictory to each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence etc.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);
There is melancholy cheerful in the scares of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);
But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
28. Allegory- allegory, the transfer of an abstract concept through a specific image: Must defeat foxes and wolves(cunning, malice, greed).
29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the excitement of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was not said: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...
In addition to the above syntactic expressive means, the following are also found in the tests:
-exclamatory sentences;
- dialogue, hidden dialogue;
-question-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;
-rows of homogeneous members;
-citation;
-introductory words and constructions
-Incomplete sentences- sentences in which a member is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. Missing members of the sentence can be restored and context.
Dmitry Gulyaev
1) Features of the genre of the work. The work of the American writer O. Henry "The Gift of the Magi" belongs to the genre of the story.
2) Themes and problems of the story. All the work of O. Henry is imbued with attention to the inconspicuous "little" people, whose troubles and joys he so vividly and vividly depicted in his works. He wants to draw attention to those genuine human values that can always serve as support and comfort in the most difficult life situations. And then something amazing happens: the most seemingly deplorable endings of his short stories begin to be perceived as happy or, in any case, optimistic.
3) The ideological intent of the author. In The Gift of the Magi by O. Henry, a husband sells a watch to buy his young wife a set of hair combs. However, she will not be able to use the gift because she sold her hair in order to buy her husband a watch chain in turn. But the gift, alas, will not be useful to him either, since he no longer has a watch. Sad and ridiculous story. And yet, when O. Henry says in the finale that “of all the donors, these two were the wisest”, we cannot but agree with him, for the true wisdom of the heroes, according to the author, is not in the “gifts of the Magi”, but in their love and selfless devotion to each other. The joy and warmth of human communication in the full range of its manifestations - love and participation, self-denial, true, disinterested friendship - these are the life guidelines that, according to O. Henry, can brighten up human existence and make it meaningful and happy.
How do you understand the meaning of the finale of the story: “But let it be said for the edification of the wise men of our day, that of all the donors these two were the wisest. Of all those who offer and receive gifts, only those like them are truly wise. Anywhere and everywhere. They are the Magi"? (explaining the meaning of the title of the story)
4) Features of the plot of the work. O. Henry gives the character of a literary riddle to his touching story about the life of the poor, and the reader does not know what the outcome of events will be.
How are Della and Jim doing? (poor)
What two treasures does this young American family have? (Della's lovely hair and Jim's gold watch)
5) Characteristics of the heroes of the story.
The embodiment of the lyrical feeling in the story is the female image of Della. The male image - Jim Jung - is the bearer of a certain author's thought: nobility and depth of feelings, fidelity, sincerity. It was the intonation of Della's speech (“But she immediately, nervous and in a hurry, began to pick them up again. Then, again hesitating, she stood motionless for a minute, and two or three tears fell on the shabby red carpet”), Jim - a description of the internal state of the character: identifies and fixes the most important features of his personality, helps to understand and present him as a person.
How did Della and Jim manage their most valuable possessions? How does this fact characterize the characters? (Della and Jim donated their most prized possessions to give a gift to their loved one)
6) Artistic features of the work. The humor in the story reveals the inferiority of life, emphasizing, exaggerating, hyperbolizing it, making it tangible, concrete in the works. In O. Henry, humor is often associated with comic situations that underlie many plots. They help the writer to debunk certain negative phenomena of reality. Resorting to parody and paradox, O. Henry reveals the unnatural essence of such phenomena and their incompatibility with the normal practice of human behavior. The humor of O. Henry is unusually rich in shades, impetuous, whimsical, he keeps the author's speech as if under a current and does not allow the narrative to go along a predicted channel. It is impossible to separate irony and humor from O. Henry's narration - this is his “element, the natural environment of his talent. O. Henry has an unsurpassed ability to see the comedy in life situations. It is this organic property that gives rise to such comparisons, surprising in their accuracy: “Jim stood motionless at the door, like a setter smelling a quail”, “gifts of the Magi”. Another distinctive feature of the story is the superiority of the lyrical beginning over the epic. The lyrical feeling is expressed simply, gracefully: "... I have here told you an unremarkable story below about two stupid children from an eight-dollar apartment who, in the most unfortunate way, sacrificed their greatest treasures for each other."
Sections: Literature
Lesson type: text study lesson artwork.
Class: 6
Type of lesson: a lesson in artistic perception.
Lesson Form: heuristic conversation
Methods:
- creative reading method
- role reading
- first person reading
- reproductive
- heuristic
TCO: assessment sheets, image of a monument to the book by O. Henry<Picture 1>, portrait of a writer<Figure 2>
Goals:
- educational:
- identify true and false values in human life;
- explain the meaning of the title of the story;
- characterize the author's understanding of wisdom and happiness;
- mental development:
- develop the attention of students;
- form logical thinking in the course of text analysis;
- educational:
- develop a sense of respect and self-worth;
- identify true values as spiritual;
- creative: provide an opportunity to show creativity.
Epigraph:
A gift is a blessing to the giver.
F. Herbert
During the classes
I.Updating of basic knowledge. Installation on perception.
I want to start our conversation today with an unusual question:
Who do you think people put monuments to?
Why are people given this honor?
And why, in your opinion, you can put a monument to the book?
And it was this honor that was awarded to the work of the writer O. Henry. His stone book, 2 meters high, stands open in the USA in the city of Greensboro. I think it's easy to guess in which story it is revealed.
And today we have to continue our acquaintance with the personality of the writer and try to understand what is unusual about the story "Gifts of the Magi".
The topic of our lesson sounds like this: "True and False Values in O. Henry's story "The Gift of the Magi."
Try to define lesson objectives?
At the end of the lesson, we must answer main question: which values are true and which are false, who is truly happy and wise, according to the writer?
II. Working with associations. Student messages.
Let's look at the title of the story.
What associations does the word evoke in you? "gift" ?
O: gift - goodness, love, joy, holiday, mother
Let's open the board with the dictionary definition and ask the students to read the dictionary definition and make additions to their associations: gift - donation, ability, talent.
Let us turn to the epigraph "A gift is a blessing to the giver." What characteristic of the word "gift" can be taken from the epigraph?
O: gift - blessing
Listen to the story of the writer's life and write down O. Henry's character traits in your notebook.
Student message:
Real name O. Henry William Sidney Porter .
He is the author of more than 280 stories, sketches, humoresques and was born in Greensboro, USA. His life was unhappy from childhood. When he was three years old, his mother died of tuberculosis. His father sent him to live with his aunt. At school, the child stood out for his sharp mind, rich imagination and the ability to draw with one hand and simultaneously solve arithmetic problems with the other. After school, the young man began working in his uncle's pharmacy, but at the age of 19 he developed a cough similar to tuberculosis, and a family friend suggested that William go to work on a ranch in Texas, a state with a dry and hot climate. The owner of the ranch had a rich library, the young cowboy read a lot and began to write stories himself, however, he did not try to offer them to anyone and soon destroyed them. But two years later, William went to the big, according to the then concepts, the city of Austin.
Here he changed several professions. He worked in a cigar shop, in a real estate company, learned to play the guitar and sang in a quartet, which was eagerly invited to picnics and weddings. He published humorous drawings in magazines that did not bring either money or fame.
Having married, W. Porter decided to settle down and took a job as a cashier at the First National Bank of Austin. When the embezzlement was discovered, Porter was charged with theft. All his friends and colleagues swore that the young cashier could not appropriate the depositors' money, and the court dropped all charges against Porter. Nevertheless, William left the bank, moved to Houston, and began working for a local paper as an artist and columnist. However, the auditors began to dig deeper, found in the bank books a big mess and a shortage - this time at $4,703.
In January 1897 he was arrested. While Porter was awaiting trial, important changes took place in his life. His wife, who had been ill for a long time, passed away. The daughter was taken in by the wife's parents. One of the American magazines accepted for publication his story from the life of cowboys and asked for more, but the author was not up to the pen. At the trial, he behaved indifferently and on April 25, 1898, the aspiring writer was sent to prison for five years.
Here he worked, remembering his youth, in a prison pharmacy. When it was discovered that a certain amount of pharmacy alcohol was missing and the pharmacist was suspected, he flared up: "I'm not a thief! I have not stolen a single cent in my life! I was accused of embezzlement, but I'm sitting for someone else who pocketed this money!" The pharmacy did not take up much time, and Porter continued to write stories, sending them to the wild through the sister of one of the inmates. He began to sign his compositions with the name "O. Henry".
For impeccable behavior, the prisoner was released not after five years, but after three years and three months. The stories written in prison were sold like hot cakes in the magazines, and the publishers sent him a hundred dollars so that he could get to New York.
In the first year of his life in New York, Porter published 17 stories, a few years later he was publishing a story a week or more, at the height of his popularity he was paid $ 500 per story - a lot of money for that time. But the money was constantly not enough, they flowed out of his hands like sand. Often he distributed large banknotes to the poor, and even brought a homeless tramp to the doctor and paid for treatment and medicines. Bottom big city became a source of his inspiration. Often, O. Henry spent whole days sitting in dubious drinking establishments, drawing stories from the stories of the same regulars.
Often O. Henry wrote in great haste, spurred on by the need to work off a long-spent advance. In 1903, he entered into an agreement with the owner of the newspaper "World" Joseph Pulitzer, undertaking to give a story to every Sunday issue.
One of the editors recalled: “I came with a question whether the story was ready.“ Ready, ready, ”the writer answered. And he showed me a blank sheet with the title and the number 1 in the corner. Then on the next sheet he wrote a deuce in the corner, took another three sheets and, writing on the last 5, said: "Well, now I, with your permission, will rest."
In the late fall of 1905, O. Henry agreed to write a Christmas story for Pulitzer. The promised deadline passed, and the editor received nothing but an apology and excuses. Finally, the artist who was supposed to illustrate the work came to the writer's closet to get acquainted with the draft and understand what should be drawn. It turned out that even a draft did not exist yet. The unfortunate illustrator asked at least to tell him the main idea of the story.
"I'll tell you what to draw, buddy," the writer replied. "Draw a poorly furnished room, like furnished rooms that are rented out on the West Side. There is one or two chairs in the room, a chest of drawers with drawers, a bed and a closet. On the side of the bed A man and a woman are sitting side by side. They are talking about the approaching Christmas. The man is fiddling with a pocket watch case. The woman has luxurious long hair falling down her back. That's all I see so far. But the story will be coming soon."
This is how the story "Gifts of the Magi" appeared, which was soon translated into all languages of the world.
III. Reading text. Conversation.
Who are the main characters in O. Henry's story?
A: Jim and Della
How is the home of the characters described? Find the details the writer uses.
Let's visit a cheap New York apartment together with you and watch the heroes.
IV. Dramatization of the episode (two participants: Della and the author behind the scenes).
Della: One dollar eighty seven cents. And that's all. Of these, sixty cents are in one cent coins. For each of these coins, I had to bargain with a grocer, a greengrocer, a butcher, so that even my ears burned with silent disapproval, which such frugality aroused. (counted three times). One dollar eighty seven cents. Tomorrow is Christmas (cries).
Life consists of tears, sighs and smiles, with sighs predominating. While the mistress of the house goes through all these stages, let's look at the house itself. Furnished apartment for eight dollars a week. The atmosphere is not so much blatant poverty, but rather eloquently silent poverty. Below, on the front door, a letter-box, through which no letter could squeeze, and an electric bell-button, from which no mortal could make a sound. To this was added a card with the inscription: "Mr. James Dillingham Young" "Dillingham" ... the letters in the word "Dillingham" faded, as if in earnest thought: should they not be reduced to a modest and unassuming "D"? But when Mr. James Dillingham Young came home and went upstairs to his apartment, he was invariably greeted with the cry: "Jim!" and the tender embrace of Mrs. James Dillingham Young, already introduced to you under the name of Della. And this is really, really cute.
Della ends up crying and running her puff over her cheeks. She now stood at the window and looked despondently at the gray cat walking along the gray fence along the gray yard.
Della: Tomorrow is Christmas, and I only have one dollar and eighty-seven cents for Jim's present! For many months I gained literally every cent, and this is all that I have achieved. Twenty dollars a week won't get you far. The expenses turned out to be more than I expected. This is always the case with spending. Just a dollar and eighty-seven cents for Jim's present! My Jim! How many happy hours I spent thinking about what to give him for Christmas. Something very special, rare, precious, something just a little worthy of the high honor of belonging to Jim.
Dela bounces off the window and rushes to the mirror. Fast moving she pulls out her hairpins and lets her hair down.
What qualities of Della's character are revealed to us?
What treasures do heroes have? Find their descriptions.
How is their beauty highlighted?
Why are they superior to the treasures of the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon?
How does Della choose a gift? Find the description in the text.
What does she sacrifice for Jimm?
V. Role reading. The episode of the meeting of heroes.
Jim stood motionless at the door, like a quail smelling a setter. His eyes rested on Della with an expression she could not understand, and she became Terrified. It was neither anger, nor surprise, nor reproach, nor horror - none of the feelings that one might expect. He simply looked at her, not taking his eyes off his face, his strange expression did not change. Della jumped off the table and rushed to him.
Jim, honey, she cried, don't look at me like that. I cut my hair and sold it because I wouldn't mind if I didn't have anything to get you for Christmas. They will grow back. You're not angry, are you? I couldn't help it. My hair grows very fast. Well, wish me a Merry Christmas, Jim, and let's enjoy the holiday. If you knew what a gift I have prepared for you, what a wonderful, wonderful gift!
Did you cut your hair? Jim asked with tension, as if, despite the increased brain activity, he still could not grasp this fact.
Yes, she cut her hair and sold it, - said Della. "But you'll still love me, won't you?" I'm still the same, albeit with short hair.
Jim looked around the room in bewilderment.
So, your braids are gone, then? he asked with a senseless insistence.
Don't look, you won't find them," said Della. - I'm telling you: I sold them - cut them off and sold them. Today is Christmas Eve, Jim. Be nice to me, because I did it for you. Maybe the hairs on my head can be counted,” she continued, and her gentle voice suddenly sounded serious, “but no one, no one could measure my love for you! Fry cutlets, Jim?
And Jim came out of his daze. He pulled his Della into his arms. Let's be modest and take a few seconds to consider some foreign object. Which is more - eight dollars a week or a million a year? A mathematician or a sage will give you the wrong answer. The magi brought precious gifts, but there was not one among them. However, these vague hints will be explained further.
Jim took a bundle from his coat pocket and tossed it on the table.
Don't get me wrong, Dell, he said. - No hairstyle and haircut can make me stop loving my girl. But unfold this bundle, and then you will understand why I was a little taken aback at the first minute.
White nimble fingers tore at the twine and paper. There was a cry of delight, immediately - alas! - purely feminine, replaced by a stream of tears and groans, so that it was necessary to immediately apply all the sedatives that were at the disposal of the owner of the house.
For there were combs on the table, the same set of combs - one back and two side ones - which Della had long admired reverently in one Broadway window. Lovely combs, real tortoiseshell, with glittering pebbles set into the edges, and just the color of her brown hair. They were expensive... Della knew this, and her heart was languishing and languishing for a long time from an unrealizable desire to possess them. And now they belonged to her, but there are no longer beautiful braids that would adorn their desired brilliance.
Nevertheless, she pressed the combs to her chest, and when at last she found the strength to raise her head and smile through her tears, she said:
My hair grows really fast, Jim!
Then she suddenly jumped up like a scalded kitten and exclaimed:
Oh my god!
After all, Jim had not yet seen her wonderful gift. She hurriedly handed him the chain in her open palm. The matte precious metal seemed to play in the rays of her stormy and sincere joy.
Isn't it lovely, Jim? I ran all over the city until I found this. Now you can watch at least a hundred times a day what time it is. Give me a watch. I want to see what it will look like all together.
But Jim, instead of obeying, lay down on the couch, put both hands under his head, and
smiled.
"Dell," he said, "we'll have to hide our presents for now, let them lie down for a bit." They are too good for us now. I sold the watch to buy you combs. And now, perhaps, it's time to fry the cutlets.
How would you describe Jim's reaction when he entered the room?
Why did he react like that?
What changes in Jim's behavior can be seen in this episode?
How does Della's reaction change when she sees combs?
Can we call the end of the story a happy one?
What did the heroes really give each other?
Answer the problematic question that we asked at the beginning of the lesson in writing in your notebook. Which values are true and which are false? Add your observations from life.
Reading multiple sentences.
Counselors evaluate student work in class.
Homework
- Message on the topic: "The plot of the "Gifts of the Magi" in painting"
- Create illustrations for the text
- Read and analyze on your own one of O. Henry's stories.
Technological map of the literature lesson
1.Name teachers: Litvinchuk L.V.
2. Grade: Grade 7. Date: 02/28/2015 Subject: literature, No. of the lesson according to the schedule: first, second.
3. Theme of the lesson: True and false values in the Christmas story of O. Henry "Gifts of the Magi".
4. Place and role of the lesson in the topic under study: 2lesson: learning new things.
5. Purpose of the lesson:
to form the concept of the originality of the "Christmas story";
keep building skills research work with text;
Lesson stage
Teacher activity
Student activities
Used methods, techniques, forms
Formed universal learning activities
subject
Metasubject
Personal
Organizational
Greets students, checks their readiness for the lesson
Greeting teachers, checking their readiness for the lesson
Self-regulation
Actualization of acquired knowledge
Informs the topic of the lesson and
offers to make assumptions about the title of the story by O. Henry "Gifts of the Magi"
Organizes dialogue with students biblical history
Who are the wolves?
Contributes additional information through the presentation of a painting by Albrecht Dürer
Answer the teacher's questions.
Give your thoughts on the title of the story
Viewing a presentation
Appeal to personal experience students
Title Prediction
To form an aesthetic taste through the art of words and painting
Be able to clearly, logically and accurately express your point of view
To develop a culture of perception of the art of the word and painting as a cultural context for the work
Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson
(call)
Remember, in an interview with O.Henry said:
" All , what I wrote so far, this is just pampering, a test of the pen, compared to what what I write in a year";
N. .Leskov wrote about the holy story: “From the Yuletide story, it is absolutely required that it be timed to coincide with the events of the Yuletide evening (Christmas Eve), that it be somehow fantastic, have some kind of morality ... and finally, that it must end merrily”
Today we will get acquainted with this story.
Discuss in the group and try to identify the problem that we will solve. For a hint, take into account the statements of O. Henry and
N. Leskova
(Key words: all pampering, Christmas story)
Leads the students to the problem of the lesson.
( Does this story meet the requirements of the Yuletide genre, and can it be argued that this story is "pampering")
They express their assumptions on the plot of the story, discuss the learning task, formulate a problematic question:
"Basket of Ideas"
Be able to understand the key issues of the work
Formulate the problem and objectives of the lesson on your own
Mastering new material (understanding)
Offers to make assumptions about the further development of the plot of the story.
Formulates text analysis questions(Application)
1 stop:
How does Della feel?
Will it change?
2nd stop:
3 stop:
What feelings did you experience?
4 stop:
Will Jim be happy with such a gift?
What feelings will he experience? Will he dislike Della? What do you think Jim was doing at that time?
5 stop:
6 stop:
Why did Jim smile?
Final content question:
Read the text with a stop, make assumptions about the further development of the plot of the story,
answer questions that reveal knowledge and understanding of the text of the work
Group work: the reception of reading with stops
Performing episode analysis
works;objective assessment of the actions of the main characters of the work,
revealing the enduring moral values inherent in the work and their modern sound;
be able to identify elements of the plot, composition in the work
Planning educational cooperation with peers, proactive cooperation in the search and collection of information,
preparing and presenting a public speech
Primary fixation of new material
(reflection)
Based on the results of independent group work, he organizes reflection, leads to the conclusion:
the story "Gifts of the Magi" corresponds to the genre of the Christmas story, since the events take place on the eve of Christmas, there is a miracle (the true love of Jim and Della);
happy ending of the story.
And Henry's story is not a prank, it affirms the triumph of eternal human values. It teaches to appreciate the joy and warmth of human communication, love, sincere participation, the ability for self-sacrifice and true, disinterested friendship.
A monument has been erected in the American city of Greensboro: a huge stone book is opened on the famous Christmas story by O. Henry "Gifts of the Magi"
Each group presents their answer to the problematic question of the lesson, make additions to their written answers.
Group and individual reflection
Be able to determine the belonging of a work of art to one of the literary genera and genres; to know the concept of the Christmas story,
Possession of the skills of cognitive reflection as awareness of the boundaries of one's knowledge and ignorance.
Development of a culture of perception of a literary text
Summarizing
briefing homework
(reflection)
Correlates the set tasks with the achieved result;
- What did the short story "Gifts of the Magi" teach you?
-What human values can we make a syncwine for?
Offers different levels of homework:
one). Prepare to write an essay on the selected quote:
« ... only love holds and moves life” I.S. Turgenev
“The smallest blessing in life is wealth; at the most - wisdom "G.E. Lessing
“To love means to live the life of the one you love” L.N. Tolstoy
(Use stories as arguments: “The Last Leaf”, “Burning Lamp”, “Who Needs What”)
2) Create mind map "True and False Values of O. Henry's Heroes" based on 2-3 stories.
3) Answer the question:What did Henry's story "The Gift of the Magi" teach me?
Answer questions
Make up a syncwine (approximate):
Love.
Real, sincere.
Care, please, donate.
The love of Jim and Della affirms the triumph of human values.
True value.
Create a written response to the proposed question.
Individual and group reflection
Own interpretation of the studied literary works
Ability to clearly, logically and accurately express your point of view
Improving the spiritual and moral qualities of the individual
Student option
O.Henry. Gifts of the Magi
While the mistress of the house goes through all these stages, let's look at the house itself. Furnished apartment for eight dollars a week. The atmosphere is not so much blatant poverty, but rather eloquently silent poverty. Below, on the front door, a letter-box, through which no letter could squeeze, and an electric bell-button, from which no mortal could make a sound. To this was added a card bearing the inscription: "Mr. James Dillingham Young." "Dillingham" came into full swing during a recent period of prosperity, when the owner of the said name received thirty dollars a week. Now, with that income reduced to twenty dollars, the letters in the word Dillingham faded, as if seriously wondering if it could be reduced to a modest and unassuming "D"? But when Mr. James Dillingham Jung came home and went upstairs to his apartment, he was invariably greeted with the exclamation of "Jim!" - and the tender embrace of Mrs. James Dillingham Young, already introduced to you under the name of Della. And this is really, really cute.
Were your assumptions correct about what will be discussed?
What artistic details does the author draw our attention to?
What do you think will happen next?
What feelings did you experience?
What gift could Della pick up for Jim?
-
Will Jim be happy with such a gift? What feelings will he experience? Will he dislike Della? What do you think Jim was doing at that time?
-
-
-
-
Why was Jim "a little taken aback at first"? What do you think was in the package?
- Oh my god!
Why did Jim smile?
And what are your feelings?
-
Teacher's version of reading with stops of the story "Gifts of the Magi" by O. Henry.
(according to the picture)
The artist Albrecht Dürer introduced touching moments into the scene of worship: the Infant Christ opens the casket, where the gold brought to Him by one of the Magi lies, with the curiosity with which all children are drawn to the unknown, and the old Magus looks at this child with a serious and inspired look, slightly bowing head to the side.
The Magi saw a star in the sky and realized that it was a sign. Following her movement through the firmament, they arrived in Jerusalem. There they turned to the ruling sovereign of this country, Herod, with the question of where they could see the newly born King of the Jews.
Herod was alarmed by this news, politely escorted the Magi out of the palace, asking them, when they find the King, to tell him where he is,<чтобы и мне пойти поклониться Ему>. The travelers left Jerusalem and followed the guiding star that led them to Bethlehem. There they found Mary with the baby, bowed to him and brought gifts.
Gold
-
a gift to the Child as a king, indicating that Jesus was born to be King;
Frankincense -
a gift to Him as to God;
Smyrna,
incense resin- a symbol of the sacrifice of Christ, a gift to those who must die.
According to tradition, the Magi are depicted as people of three ages (Balthazar - a young man, Melchior - a mature man, Caspar - a gray-haired old man) and three cardinal points (Balthazar - an African, Melchior - a European, Caspar - a representative of Asia).
O. Henry (William Sidney Porter). Gifts of the Magi
(Why does the story have such a title? What could it be connected with?)
One dollar eighty seven cents. That was it. Of these, sixty cents are in one cent coins. For each of these coins, one had to bargain with a grocer, a greengrocer, a butcher, so that even the ears burned with the silent disapproval that such frugality aroused. Della counted three times. One dollar eighty seven cents. And tomorrow is Christmas.
The only thing that could be done here was to slam on the old couch and cry. That's exactly what Della did. Where does the philosophical conclusion come from that life consists of tears, sighs and smiles, and sighs predominate.
While the mistress of the house goes through all these stages, let's look at the house itself. Furnished apartment for eight dollars a week. The atmosphere is not so much blatant poverty, but rather eloquently silent poverty. Below, on the front door, a letter-box, through which no letter could squeeze, and an electric bell-button, from which no mortal could make a sound. To this was added a card bearing the inscription: "Mr. James Dillingham Young." "Dillingham" came into full swing during a recent period of prosperity, when the owner of the said name received thirty dollars a week. Now, with that income reduced to twenty dollars, the letters in the word Dillingham faded, as if seriously wondering if it could be reduced to a modest and unassuming "D"? But when Mr. James Dillingham Jung came home and went upstairs to his apartment, he was invariably greeted with the exclamation of "Jim!" - and the tender embrace of Mrs. James Dillingham Young, already introduced to you under the name of Della. And this is really very nice.. (Exposure)
Were your assumptions correct about what will be discussed? What is the plot element of this episode? What does the exposition explain? (What environment do the characters live in?
Exposure - description of the interior of the apartment, Della's behavior .
How do you understand the metaphors in the sentence: “In the setting, it’s not like blatant poverty, but rather eloquently silent poverty”? (blatant - screaming; eloquent-speaking meaningfully)
How does Della feel? Will it change?
Della stopped crying and brushed her puff over her cheeks. She now stood at the window and looked despondently at the gray cat walking along the gray fence along the gray yard. Tomorrow is Christmas, and she only has one dollar and eighty-seven cents for a present for Jim! For many months she gained literally every cent, and that's all she achieved. Twenty dollars a week won't get you far. The expenses turned out to be more than she expected. This is always the case with spending. Just a dollar and eighty-seven cents for Jim's present! Her Jim! How many joyful hours she spent thinking about what to give him for Christmas. Something very special, rare, precious, something just a little worthy of the high honor of belonging to Jim.
In the wall between the windows stood a dressing table. Have you ever looked into the dressing table of an eight-dollar furnished apartment? A very thin and very mobile person can, by observing the successive change of reflections in his narrow doors, form a fairly accurate idea of \u200b\u200bhis own appearance. Della, who was of a frail build, managed to master this art.
She suddenly jumped away from the window and rushed to the mirror. Her eyes sparkled, but the color drained from her face in twenty seconds. With a quick movement, she pulled out the hairpins and loosened her hair.( plot )
I must tell you that the James Dillingham Jungs had two treasures that were their pride. One is Jim's gold watch that belonged to his father and grandfather, the other is Della's hair. If the Queen of Sheba lived in the house opposite, Della, having washed her hair, would certainly dry her loose hair at the window - especially in order to make all the outfits and jewelry of Her Majesty fade. If King Solomon served in the same house as a porter and kept all his wealth in the basement, Jim would take his watch out of his pocket every time he passed by. - especially to see how he tears his beard out of envy. (Exposition continues)
And then Della's beautiful hair fell apart, shining and shimmering like the jets of a chestnut waterfall. They descended below the knees and wrapped almost her entire figure in a cloak. But she immediately, nervous and in a hurry, began to pick them up again. Then, as if hesitating, she stood motionless for a minute, and two or three tears fell on the shabby red carpet.
An old brown jacket on her shoulders, an old brown hat on her head - and, tossing her skirts, flashing with wet sparkles in her eyes, she was already rushing down to the street.( Development of action )
(And in this episode we also observe the plot, then the exposition again and the development of the action begins. Why does the author return to the exposition after the plot? (To pay attention to the treasures of the Jung family: Jim's watch and Della's hair )
The plot is an event in the development of the plot that determines the beginning of the conflict between the characters - Della's decision to cut off her hair: "With a quick movement, she pulled out the hairpins and let her hair down."
Development of action - Della's actions (selling hair, household chores, looking for a gift).
How does O. Henry play with biblical imagery? (He introduces the images of the Magi and the image of the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon).
With what feeling are Old Testament images introduced? (The writer shows them in a humorous way, these are their neighbors. the queen neighbor could not help glancing at Della when the latter was drying her luxurious brown hair at the window, and Solomon simply “tearing his beard with envy” seeing a wonderful watch on Jim’s hand.).
What do you think will happen next?
Reference. Already at the birth of Solomon, “the Lord loved him,” and David appointed Solomon as heir to the throne, bypassing his older sons. God, who appeared to Solomon in a dream and promised to fulfill his every desire, Solomon asks to grant him "an understanding heart to judge the people." And for the fact that he did not ask for any earthly blessings, Solomon is endowed not only with wisdom, but also with unprecedented wealth and glory. Solomon collected untold riches, so that silver became in his kingdom equivalent to a simple stone. All the kings and wise men of the earth (including the Queen of Sheba) came to Solomon with gifts to heed his wisdom.
The sign at which she stopped read: “M-me Sophronie. All kinds of hair products. Della ran up to the second floor and stopped, panting for breath.
- Will you buy my hair? she asked madam.
"I buy hair," replied Madame. - Take off your hat, we need to look at the goods.
The chestnut waterfall flowed again.
- Twenty dollars,” said madam, habitually weighing the thick mass on her hand.
"Let's hurry," Della said.
The next two hours flew by on pink wings - I apologize for the hackneyed metaphor. Della was shopping around looking for a present for Jim.
Finally she found. No doubt it was made for Jim, and only for him. Nothing like it was found in other stores, and she turned everything upside down in them.
What feelings did you experience?
What gift could Della pick up for Jim?
It was a platinum pocket watch chain, simple and austere in design, captivating by its true qualities, not by ostentation, as all good things should be. She, perhaps, could even be recognized as worthy of a watch. As soon as Della saw it, she knew that the chain must belong to Jim. She was just like Jim himself. Modesty and dignity - these qualities distinguished both. Twenty-one dollars had to be paid to the cashier, and Della hurried home with eighty-seven cents in her pocket. With such a chain, Jim in any society will not be ashamed to ask what time it is. Gorgeous as his watch was, he often glanced at it furtively, because it hung on a wretched leather strap.
At home, Della's excitement subsided and gave way to forethought and calculation. She took out her curling iron, lit the gas, and set about repairing the damage caused by generosity combined with love. And this is always the hardest work, my friends, gigantic work.
In less than forty minutes, her head was covered with cool little curls that made her surprisingly like a boy who had run away from lessons. She looked at herself in the mirror with a long, attentive and critical look.
Well, she told herself, if Jim doesn't kill me as soon as he looks at me, he'll think I look like a Coney Island chorus girl. But what was I to do, oh, what was I to do, since I had only a dollar and eighty-seven cents!”
At seven o'clock the coffee was brewed, and the red-hot frying pan stood on gas stove waiting for lamb cutlets.
Jim was never late. Della clutched the platinum chain in her hand and sat on the edge of the table near the front door. Soon she heard his footsteps down the stairs and turned pale for a moment. She had a habit of turning to God with short prayers about all sorts of everyday little things, and she whispered hastily:
- Lord, make it so that he does not like me!
– What would you do if you were Della?
– Is Della's act accidental?
Will Jim be happy with such a gift? What feelings will he experience? Will he dislike Della? What do you think Jim is doing at this time?
The door opened and Jim entered and closed it behind him. He had a thin, worried face. It's not easy being burdened with a family at twenty-two! He needed a new coat for a long time, and his hands were freezing without gloves.
Jim stood motionless at the door, like a setter smelling a quail. His eyes rested on Della with an expression she couldn't understand, and she became frightened. It wasn't anger, or surprise, or reproach, or horror—none of the feelings one might expect. He just stared at her without taking his eyes off her, and his face did not change its strange expression.( climax )
Della jumped off the table and rushed to him.
- Jim, dear, she cried, don't look at me like that! I cut my hair and sold it because I wouldn't mind if I didn't have anything to give you for Christmas. They will grow back. You're not angry, are you? I couldn't help it. My hair grows very fast. Well, wish me a Merry Christmas, Jim, and let's enjoy the holiday. If you knew what a gift I have prepared for you, what a wonderful, wonderful gift!
- Did you cut your hair? Jim asked with tension, as if, despite the increased brain activity, he still could not grasp this fact.
- Yes, she cut her hair and sold it, - said Della. "But you'll still love me, won't you?" I'm still the same, albeit with short hair.
Jim looked around the room in bewilderment.
- So, your braids are gone, then? he asked with a senseless insistence.
"Don't look, you won't find them," said Della. - I'm telling you: I sold them - cut them off and sold them.
Today is Christmas Eve, Jim. Be nice to me, because I did it for you. Maybe the hairs on my head can be counted,” she continued, and her gentle voice suddenly sounded serious, “but no one, no one could measure my love for you! Fry cutlets, Jim?
And Jim came out of his daze. He pulled his Della into his arms. Let's be modest and take a few seconds to consider some foreign object. Which is more - eight dollars a week or a million a year? A mathematician or a sage will give you the wrong answer. The magi brought precious gifts, but there was not one among them. However, these vague hints will be explained further.
Jim took a bundle from his coat pocket and tossed it on the table.
- Don't get me wrong, Dell, he said. - No hairstyle and haircut can make me stop loving my girl. But unfold this bundle, and then you will understand why I was a little taken aback at the first minute.
Why was Jim "a little taken aback at first"? What do you think was in the package?
The climax is the moment of the highest tension in the development of the plot action, which aggravates the conflict as much as possible. A fracture occurs in the composition, preparing the denouement. In the text, this moment begins with the words: “Jim stood motionless at the door ...” - to the words: “... he just looked at her, not taking his eyes off, and his face did not change its strange expression”
White nimble fingers tore at the twine and paper. There was a cry of delight, immediately - alas! - purely feminine, replaced by a stream of tears and groans, so that it was necessary to immediately apply all the sedatives that were at the disposal of the owner of the house.
For there were combs on the table, the same set of combs - one back and two side ones - which Della had long admired reverently in one Broadway window. Lovely combs, real tortoiseshell, with glittering pebbles set into the edges, and just the color of her brown hair. They were expensive - Della knew this - and her heart long languished and languished from an unrealizable desire to possess them. And now they belonged to her, but there are no longer beautiful braids that would adorn their desired brilliance.
Nevertheless, she pressed the combs to her chest, and when at last she found the strength to raise her head and smile through her tears, she said:
- My hair grows very fast, Jim!
Then she suddenly jumped up like a scalded kitten and exclaimed:
- Oh my god!
After all, Jim had not yet seen her wonderful gift. She hurriedly handed him the chain in her open palm. The matte precious metal seemed to play in the rays of her stormy and sincere joy.
- Isn't it lovely, Jim? I ran all over the city until I found this. Now you can watch at least a hundred times a day what time it is. Give me a watch. I want to see what it will look like all together.
But Jim, instead of obeying, lay down on the couch, put both hands under his head and smiled.
Why did Jim smile?
And what are your feelings?
- Dell," he said, "we'll have to hide our presents for now, let them lie down for a while. They are too good for us now. I sold the watch to buy you combs. And now, perhaps, it's time to fry the cutlets.( denouement )
The Magi, those who brought gifts to the baby in the manger, were, as you know, wise, surprisingly wise people. It was they who started the fashion to make Christmas gifts. And since they were wise, their gifts were wise, perhaps even with a stipulated right of exchange in case of unsuitability. And here I was telling you an unremarkable story about two stupid children from an eight-dollar apartment who, in the most unwise way, sacrificed their greatest treasures for each other. But let it be said for the edification of the wise of our day, that of all the givers these two were the wisest. Of all those who offer and receive gifts, only those like them are truly wise. Anywhere and everywhere. They are the wolves.
Stage of oral reflection.
(The gifts brought to the Infant by the Magi were rather a sign of reverence, recognition of his power, than gifts of love. Therefore, the author says that among their precious gifts"there was not one" - love . So says O. Henry.)
Does this story meet the requirements of the Yuletide genre, and can it be argued that this story is "indulgence"?
The denouement is the resolution of the conflict between the actors. “Dell,” he said, “we’ll have to hide our gifts for now, let them lie down a little ... And now, perhaps, it’s time to fry the cutlets.”
Conclusion.
The story "The Gift of the Magi" corresponds to the genre of the Christmas story, since the events take place on the eve of Christmas, there is a miracle (the true love of Jim and Della);
happy ending of the story.
And Henry's story itself is not pampering, it affirms the triumph of true values. It teaches to appreciate the joy and warmth of human communication, love, sincere participation, the ability for self-sacrifice and true, disinterested friendship. Della and Jim put all their love for each other into their gifts, and no treasure in the world can replace that.
Father Henry asks, "Which is more, eight dollars a week or a million a year?" (Eight dollars a week. Because this is not about money, but about big, true love.)
- What did the short story “Gifts of the Magi” teach you? What eternal human values can we make a syncwine for?
Each person has their own concept of home. The word “home” evokes different emotions and associations for everyone. A home is like a memory, and every person has their own in the same way. Basically, when talking about the house, people remember their childhood, youth, their relatives and friends. about those who are dear. But, it’s true, for someone these memories are bad and gloomy, which I would like to forget and never remember again and generally forget like a bad dream. Usually, such memories are of people whose family was not all good and smooth. where there was something terrible and unpleasant, perhaps in such a family there was no love, warmth, home comfort and happiness. After all, the family is like one team, one whole. In the family, everyone supports each other both when it is bad and when some problems occur and help is needed. but the main thing in a family is a child, if there is no child, then this is not a full-fledged family, but just a marriage, because the child is the main part of the family. Also in the family the main thing is love, trust and understanding. If this is in the family, then people will have touching, pleasant memories of the family, and for them they will always be very valuable and important.
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In my opinion, the concept of home and family begins to form in us from a very early age, when we see the relationship between parents, their communication, and also their attitude towards us. that is, to our child, we understand what a family should be like. how to build it and what should be the relationship in the family. But it happens that not everything is good in the family and the relationship between the parents is bad. Especially in our time, parents often divorce, and then we understand that everything must be done so that this does not happen in our family. Indeed, in case of divorce or misunderstanding in the family, first of all, the child suffers and, often, parents do not even think about it. Therefore, the family is, first of all, hard work and constant work on the relationships of all family members. But after all home can be considered not only its apartment. as well as the city in which you live, maybe even the country as a whole, because the house is a place where we feel good. where we grew up. Home is something near and dear. And, having left for another city or country, when you return, you understand “It’s still good at home, finally I’m back!”All events unfold in the city of Kalinov. Against the backdrop of the magnificent beauty of nature, a tragedy occurs that disrupts the quiet life of this city. We learn that in this city, behind high fences, domestic despotism reigns, invisible tears are shed by no one. In the center of the play is the life of one of the merchant family.
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The main character in the Kabanov family is Kabanikh's mother. It is she who dictates her own rules in the family and commands the household. . There is something animal in this woman: she is uneducated, but powerful, cruel and stubborn, she demands that everyone obey her, honor the foundations of house building and observe its traditions, observe all her rules, she wants everyone to obey her. Kabanikha considers the family to be the most important, the basis of social order, and demands the meek obedience of her children and daughter-in-law. However, she sincerely loves her son and daughter, and her remarks speak of this: “After all, out of love, parents are strict with you, everyone thinks to teach good.” The boar is condescending to Varvara, lets her go for a walk with the youth, realizing how hard it will be for her in marriage. But she constantly reproaches her daughter-in-law Katerina, controls her every step, makes Katerina live the way she considers right. It seems to me that Kabanikha is jealous of her daughter-in-law for her son, which is why she is so cruel to her. “Since I got married, I don’t see the same love from you.” Tikhon is unable to object to his mother, since Kabanikha raised him as a weak-willed, obedient person and, therefore, Tikhon always respects the opinion of his mother. Tikhon said: “Yes, how can I, mother, disobey you!”; “I, mother, don’t take a single step out of your will,” etc. in fact, he does not want to live according to the laws of house building, he does not want to make his wife his thing: Tikhon believes that relations between a man and a woman in a family should be based on the principles of love and mutual understanding, and not on subordination of one to another. And yet he cannot disobey an imperious mother and stand up for his beloved woman. Therefore, Tikhon seeks solace in drunkenness. The mother, with her imperious character, suppresses the man in him, making him weak and defenseless. Tikhon is not ready to play the role of a husband, a protector, to take care of family well-being. Therefore, in the eyes of Katerina, he is a nonentity, and not a husband. She does not love him, but only regrets, suffers.
Tikhon's sister Varvara is much stronger and bolder than her brother. She adapted to life in her mother's house, where everything is based on deceit, and now lives by the principle: "Do whatever you want, as long as everything is sewn and covered." Barbara, secretly from her mother, meets with her beloved Curly, does not report to Kabanikha for her every step. However, it is easier for her to live - an unmarried girl is free, and therefore she is not kept under lock and key, like Katerina. Varvara tries to explain to Katerina that it is impossible to live in their house without deception.Katerina is a stranger in the Kabanovs' house, she does not know how to deceive like Varvara. In the parental home, she was surrounded by love and affection, she was free. And in the house
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Kabanov Katerina is like a bird in a cage: she yearns in captivity, endures the undeserved reproaches of her mother-in-law and the drunkenness of her unloved husband. . And soon she meets her nephew Wild Boris, he becomes in her eyes the ideal of a man, unlike her husband. She does not seem to notice his shortcomings. But Boris turned out to be a man unable to understand Katerina, to love her just as selflessly. After all, he throws her at the mercy of her mother-in-law. And Tikhon looks much nobler than Boris: he forgives Katerina everything, because he truly loves her. But Katerina could not live further in this family, because Kabanikha reproached and hated her even more, and she was ashamed in front of her husband. This tragedy stirred up the quiet life of a provincial town, and even the timid, weak-willed Tikhon begins to argue with his mother: “Mommy, it was you who ruined her! You, you, you ... ”On the example of the Kabanov family, we see that family relations cannot be built on the principle of subordinating the weak to the strong, the house-building foundations are being destroyed, the power of the autocrats is passing. And even a weak woman can challenge this wild world with her death. And yet, I believe that suicide is not the best way out of this situation, since death is the will of a strong, but at the same time weak person who cannot cope with his problems and simply finds an easier way out.
So, according to the read play, we can conclude that in the family there should be no subordination to each other, no one should command and consider that you need to live the way he wants, it should not be like that. There should be comfort, understanding and peace in the house and in the family, yes, of course, everything does not go smoothly, without litter, but still there should not be such submission and fear, then the same memories of the family will not be good and pleasant, they will simply want to forget. Therefore, we can conclude that in order for the memories of the house to be only bright and warm, you need to work together on your relationships, give in, sacrifice and discard all your principles.Each person has their own associations with the word "house". A home is not just a place of residence, and not a place where you can relax, sleep and rejuvenate. Home is the place where we were born, grew up, this is the homeland. For most, this place is associated with parents, dear people, childhood. For many, when thinking about home, pleasant memories will arise: the smell of freshly baked mother's pies, the voices of relatives, the smell of mother's perfume or father's cologne, and even the creak of an old sofa.
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I think that everyone should have a cozy home where a loving family is waiting for them. A family that will be friendly and strong under any circumstances. Be it happy or sad moments. After all, when there is such a family, then all the troubles seem like nothing.
Most likely, it was the same with the heroes of the story by O. Henry "Gifts of the Magi", which tells how Della and her muses Jim sacrificed things dear to themselves. They live in a small apartment, "in the atmosphere of which there is eloquent poverty." Della saved up money for a long time for a gift for her husband and all she could save was a dollar and eighty-seven cents. There are two values in their family: Della's luxurious hair and Jim's gold watch. Della decides to sell her luxurious hair and buy a platinum chain for Jim's watch with the proceeds.
Preparing a festive dinner for her husband, Della prayed that he would not stop liking her with a short haircut. Jim, who has come home, examines Della with incomprehensible feelings. But nothing, not her new hairstyle or some other reason, can make Jim stop loving his wife. Finally, Jim pulls out a package containing a gift for Della, which was a set of gemstone combs, something Della dreamed of. In return, she gives Jim the chain she bought for his watch, but his gift will also have to be postponed, because Jim pawned the watch to buy a gift for his wife.
These two undeniably love each other, despite all their difficulties. And they love their eight-dollar-a-week furnished apartment because it is filled with pure love and understanding.
Unfortunately, not everyone brings up good and warm memories at the mention of the house. This happens when a person in the family is not so good, when there is no mutual understanding in the family and perhaps there is no love.
So it was in the house of Kabanikhi from Ostrovsky's play The Thunderstorm. Against the backdrop of extraordinary views on the banks of the Volga, completely non-colorful events are unfolding. And it would seem that in such a place the life of people should be beautiful. Kabanikha is a rich merchant's wife with a patriarchal character, a hypocrite who has already completely seized her family, the personification of despotism and cruelty, a tyrant in the family.
The main character Katerina is very strong in character, in the house of her parents she was free, surrounded by love, and in the house of Kabanikha she constantly clashes with her mother-in-law, because she is not used to insults and humiliation.
She raised her son Kabanikha with a weak character, and he cannot protect his wife from his mother, as he would like, and maybe that's why he drinks.
Katerina cannot get along in this house. She doesn't love Tikhon, she can't live like Barbara, and she can't indulge Kabanikha.
The love of Katerina and Boris, another hero of this play, puts her against the entire Kalinov society. This city does not recognize those who violate its rules. The Kabanov family and Kalinov's society reject Katerina, and she herself cannot forgive herself for not loving her husband and commits suicide.
From these two works, we can conclude that the house is a place where you feel good, where you are expected, and not constantly scolded and reproached. Home is when, after a long absence, you think “there is nothing better than your home in the world, how much I missed it.”Home is a concept that does not have one exact definition. The house is like a fortress, protection; home is like a family. Everyone understands this in their own way. More often, the house is associated with warmth and comfort, with quiet family evenings, but sometimes it’s completely different. In this case, a new definition of the house appears - the anti-house. An antidome is a house where you are not welcome, where it is unpleasant for you to be. It is a place that you long to leave quickly, but circumstances hold you back.
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How do the heroes of works of Russian literature relate to their home? The old woman Daria, the heroine of Valentin Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matera", treats her hut in the Matera village with respect and reverence. Several generations of her relatives lived in this hut: every corner in it was native. For Daria, not only the hut was native, but also the island-village itself. She could not imagine life without Matera: it seemed impossible for her to live in a strange village, even with all the amenities. Saying goodbye to her hut, she bleached it, washed it and decorated it with fir branches, as if for a holiday - this is how she expressed her respect for her ancestors and for her native land. For Daria, home is here, on Matera, and not in a village far away for her, where her son lived with his family.
Another Rasputin hero - Ivan Petrovich from the story "Fire", although he yearned for his native Yegorovka, nevertheless became attached to Sosnovka, where he moved before flooding. The son suggested that his parents move to Khabarovsk, but Ivan Petrovich did not dare, since his native land was dear to him. Although the native village is flooded, it is still nearby. He was held back by his work and the people he interacted with. Having lived twenty years in Sosnovka, he became attached to her, but still did not feel her home.
In the work of Mikhail Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" Margarita leaves a rich house, which had all the amenities and even servants, and goes to a closet in the basement of an old house. The rich house in which she lived with her husband was alien to her. She was unhappy in him and constantly yearned. She felt like she was in prison, like she was in a golden cage. This house was not her home and would hardly have become one. The closet in the basement was a thousand times more important, dearer and dearer to her. There, by the light of a table lamp, she met the Master. This was her home - the place where she felt good.
"A person should have his own house ...". The heroes of the works are looking for their ideal home, like Margarita, or say goodbye to their native, promised place, like Daria and Ivan Petrovich. Each of them has their own ideal home. Rasputin teaches us to love our native land and honor our ancestors. He, through the prism of time, takes care of our moral education. Bulgakov, in turn, teaches us to love the place with which pleasant memories are associated. You need to love your home - a piece of our soul lives in it.
Prelovskaya Anna. 434 words.The theme of the home is one of the most frequently encountered topics in literature. What is a House? A house is not just a person’s dwelling, it is his small homeland, the most comfortable and warm place, which in any weather and under any life circumstances helps a person find peace and happiness. At home, a person feels peaceful, and his soul rejoices. Home is a place that you never want to leave and where you want to return if you still had to leave. Home is a place where the human soul is formed, where the closest and dearest people live, who love and always enjoy your visit. The antidom is the complete opposite of the above. This is an alien place to the soul.
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Now let's move on to the works in which this topic occurs. I will not expand on several works, but rather I will analyze this topic in detail using the example of one. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matyora" the reader will get acquainted with the history of the village, doomed to flood, in connection with the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric station downstream of the Angara. The story reveals eternal problems: the connection of generations, memory, the search for the meaning of human existence, conscience, love for the motherland. For the indigenous inhabitants of the island, resettlement from their native land is the biggest tragedy. Many villagers still leave for a new village, and young people do not understand the old people at all and are the first to leave the island. Daria Pinigina, “the oldest of the old women” on the island, cannot imagine life outside her native land. Her parents, grandparents lived here, and here they ended their journey, which means that she must live her life on the island, and for her it is only a joy. Daria treats her hut with respect. Before leaving, she washed every corner, and then whitewashed the hut. She perceived her native hearth as a living being and therefore prepared the house for death, like a person. So she showed her boundless love and respect for her ancestors and her native land. Matera for Daria is the most dear and dear, it is a part of her soul, something that she does not agree to change and betray. Old people do not see life outside the island. The village on the other side of the river is an anti-home for the people of Matera. A villager is accustomed to work, and in an urban-type settlement he will feel worthless and useless, in addition to missing his native land. That is why, I think, grandfather Yegor dies a few months later.
The author also shows the loss of communication between generations. Daria's grandson does not see the point in the existence of the island and agrees to give it up for flooding, explaining this by technological progress. In his view, hydroelectric power stations are steps towards the future, and Matera is something that has outlived its time. Daria says that "the man became proud, but how small he was and remained." Andrew does not understand her. Daria blames herself for everything, since she was unable to instill in her grandson a love for everything that is dear to her.
In Daria Pinigina, the author embodies his hopes that people will still not forget their roots, their origins. The author makes you wonder: will a person who is capable, if not to betray, then simply forget his homeland, be happy? Does he not lose his human face? The author makes it clear to the reader that attachment to the Motherland is the most sacred, and losing contact with ancestors, native land, home, a person loses his conscience, loses the meaning of life.
~500Home is a place where you feel good. It doesn't have to be a building. Home is a place where you feel comfortable, where you can relax, stay with your thoughts. If you ask a person what a house is, he will not talk about the direct meaning of the house, describing what it looks like, how many rooms it has, etc., he will remember the feelings associated with the house, the people who live in it. For many, the word home evokes positive memories.
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We remember our childhood, that city or village, that street in which we lived, how we spent days on end with friends, playing in the yard, where every child from nearby yards was familiar to us. We remember how holidays were celebrated in our families, how we prepared for them, how happy we ourselves were, making a person close to us happy.
A man's home is where his family is. Your family will rejoice at your successes, experience and support you in difficult life situations. The character of a person and his behavior depends on the upbringing given by the parents, the atmosphere in the family. If there are good relations in the family, an atmosphere of love and mutual respect reigns, this is reflected in the character of any member of this family. This person, both at home and in society, will be kind, attentive, caring. But if there are any problems, misunderstandings in the family, there are no close relationships, then the members of such a family are always irritable, angry, laconic, indifferent to what is happening around them. This is the antidom.
We meet the theme of home and anti-home in the work of Valentin Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”. In the story "Farewell to Matera" we see that the village of Materai is home to its inhabitants, most of which are old people. Their village will soon be flooded, as the construction of a hydroelectric power station will soon begin, so they must move to the city. But for the elderly, this is a tragedy, they are evicted from their home, in which their ancestors lived, in which they spent their whole life.
Old people with horror imagine the city life that lies ahead of them. Those city conveniences for them, as for village people, are considered inconveniences. They cannot understand how it is possible to live in small apartments, without a bath, and most importantly, without a samovar.
“And in vain she scares Nastasya - it is still unknown whether she herself will be able to boil the samovar. No, she will not cancel the samovar, she will put it even in the bed, and everything else - how to say.
The samovar is presented as the personification of family, prosperity, traditions; it is a link to the past.
We see Daria's internal monologues and understand that she and other old people are really scared. It is scary that they do not know what awaits them tomorrow. Their lives will change drastically in a short time. They are not ready for this. Most of the inhabitants of Matera are people who live out their lives, they do not need changes, they want to live and die in their native land, where their fathers and grandfathers lived and were buried.
Daria wonders why she lived, why she is living this life.
“It was worth living a long and hard life in order to finally admit to herself: she did not understand anything in it. While advancing towards old age, she rushed somewhere and human life. Sudden resettlement destroyed the whole life of the inhabitants of Matera, which was built and stood for dozens of generations.
The destruction of the houses of some people to create amenities (construction of hydroelectric power stations) for others. We cannot say that one can be more important and more useful than the other, but we see what this has led to. This was facilitated by the problem of communication between generations. The younger generation accepted the resettlement easily and joyfully. For them, to live their whole life in Matera means to live it meaninglessly. “It took a long time to drown. It doesn’t smell alive ... not people, but bedbugs and cockroaches. We found a place to live - in the middle of the water ... like frogs "It does not understand why it is difficult for the elderly to come to terms with the fact that soon their village will not be. Young people strive for change, and the more and more often these changes occur in their lives, the happier life is for them. Perhaps that is why when the project for the construction of a hydroelectric power station was created (and the creators were definitely young people), no one took into account the desires of the residents, their attitude to resettlement, the fact that they cannot imagine life without their native land, home, everything that kept memory of the old way of life. This is the same as expelling a person from his homeland.
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We all know about the fate of some of our writers who were forced to live abroad and could not return to their fatherland, and how they missed him.
For example, Viktor Nekrasov and Ivan Bunin emigrated to France, because they could not remain silent about what was happening in their homeland, but it was forbidden to write about it. They were real patriots, they missed their native lands, they continued to write about the Russian people.
Also in the work of L.N. Tolstoy, we see the house - the Rostov and Bolkonsky families, and the anti-house - the Kuragin family. Love, mutual understanding, the preservation of moral traditions, honesty, and care for each other flourish in the Rostov and Bolkonsky families. Each member of the family is sensitive to the other, no matter what, he always supports and does not turn away from a person close to him. These are those noble nests that are a real example of the integrity of a traditional home. They are opposed by the Kuragin family, in which such important qualities for the formation of personality were not nurtured: honor, patriotism, warmth. family relations who make the family truly happy, despite adversity. The basis of the Kuragin family is property status and status in society.
Also, an example of an anti-house can be taken from the Kabanov family, as well as the entire city of Kalinov in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". Lies, misunderstanding and humiliation reign in it. The inhabitants of this city are rude to each other. The main character in the Kabanov family is the mother. She always interferes in the family affairs of her son and daughter-in-law. Hypocrisy and despotism are inherent in her, her daughters are a lie, the principle "do whatever you want, if only it were sewn and covered." Tikhon, the son of Kabanikhi, is a weak-willed, spineless person. And the bride, Katerina, differs from the Kabanov family and from all the inhabitants of Kalinov in her kindness, honesty, and religiosity. As a child, Katerina lived in an atmosphere of mutual understanding and love, went to church, listened to wanderers. It retained love of freedom, determination, religiosity. It is that house from Katerina's childhood that is opposed to the anti-house in which she now lives. She cannot come to terms with this, and no matter how much she tried to endure, get used to it, she still could not, could not stand it. Fortunately, she did not become the same as the inhabitants of Kalinov, but, unfortunately, she could not find another way, except for suicide. It was this antidome that ruined life.
Man is born for good, good deeds, development and self-improvement. Without society, a person will not live, he will begin to lose the mind, thinking, spiritual quests inherent in man, and will turn into an animal. From childhood we are in society: family, Kindergarten, school, student life, work collective, etc., and the society in which we are, forms a person in us.
Our home is our family, homeland, as well as people close to us. Home is where you are expected. Any person needs attention, love, care. This is all he can find at home. Otherwise, a person may meet with the so-called anti-home, where he will become coarse, become indifferent, lose the meaning of life and the person within himself. This can lead to terrible consequences, which will find themselves in various diseases, avoiding people, which can eventually lead to death.
Burlov RudolfHome is half of our life, and it is important that this half be filled with only good memories. There are people who return home reluctantly, because for them home is always scandals, curses, screams. Of course, in such a house no one will be comfortable. The house should be a family hearth so that when you return home, you are glad to see your relatives, and they are glad to see you. This is what small family happiness means: to rejoice when the whole family is together. Therefore, there should be less conflicts in the house, and more communication that unites the family and brings relatives closer.
In literature lessons, we got acquainted with many works about the house. I would like to note the story of Vasily Shukshin "Strong Man". This work tells about how Brigadier Shurygin Nikolai Sergeevich decided that the church, which stood and was empty, was of no use to anyone and could be dismantled into bricks:
carry." For the inhabitants of this village, the church was like a symbol of the house, their native village: “When you see it, it looks like home. She added strength ... ". The church has already become native to them, and they could not imagine their home-village without this church, which reminded them of home warmth and their native land.I would also like to note the work of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". In this novel, Raskolnikov rents an apartment that you can’t even call a house: “His closet was under the very roof of a high five-story building and looked more like a closet than an apartment.” A prime example of an anti home. It’s even unpleasant to be in this apartment, not to live. Raskolnikov felt depressed in his room and therefore tried to spend more time on the street, behind the walls of this coffin-like apartment.
The house is an integral part of our life, and therefore the house should not be an anti-home, that is, it should not be a place where you simply have to return day after day. The house should be a family hearth.
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Burlov Rudolf- Reply Delete
There are many understandings of "House", but for each person it is presented in its own way. For me, home is a family, a place where you always want to return. You are always welcome at home and you know it. This is real wealth, because the family is the most important thing in a person’s life. It is with her that we experience best moments and emotions. It is the family that brings up all our character traits in us. From the family depends on who we will be. But there is also Antidom. His concept can be only one. Antidome is the exact opposite of Home, a place where you are never welcome, where you feel bad and are only here because of certain circumstances.
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In general, the theme of the house is one of the most important topics in world fiction. Many writers have works in which they describe different families and houses in which Hilly these families. One of these writers is Leo Tolstoy and his novel War and Peace. In this novel, Lev Nikolaevich shows us, the readers, a large house in which the large and friendly family of Count Ilya Andreevich Rostov lives. This family is full of love and kindness. This family is musical and artistic, which is probably why they often sing and dance here. This house has become a special atmosphere of spirituality due to the relationship of family members. The Rostovs' house is simply filled with love. Children are pleased to be here, in this house, with such a family. Everything in this house is so good that a feeling of envy can arise.
Another writer who touched on the theme of the house is Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin and his work "Undergrowth". Here we can see the whole point of the anti-home. In his work, Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin shows us the landowner's house of the Prostakov nobles. Everything is upside down in this house. Here the head of the family is not a man, as is customary, but Mrs. Prostakova. She watches everything, lies, cunning different ways. As a result, the atmosphere in the house was not entirely comfortable. From morning to evening, screams and curses are heard from the house. Prostakova tyrannically treats everyone except her son. She loves him very much. In all this difficult atmosphere of the house, which is managed by Prostakova, the son will not learn anything good.
Two very different understandings of the home were shown to me by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy and Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin. In one house reigns love and affection. In another house, a hellishly heavy atmosphere has developed, where an evil lady stands over all this. I think it all depends on the parents. Parents should create comfort in the house and keep it for many years. Parents should take care of their home and a strong spiritual atmosphere in the net, which is not in the work of Denis Ivanovich.What is a house? Home is the place where you will always be supported. They will always accept. A place where you can always return... And the word home, as I think, is not connected with square meters. Even the place under the bridge can be called home if you are always accepted there. But a three-story villa cannot be called home if you are a stranger there. That apartment, that family, that country, that nature, all this is HOME. But not always a house is a kind, cozy and clean place in every sense, there is also an anti-home. In many works of literature, the problem of the house is touched upon.
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In the story of Valentin Rasputin "Farewell to Matera" you can see the theme of the house. The author shows us that for the people of Matera their home means a lot. Defending the cemetery, residents say that their parents live there, that is, the cemetery is also a home, the home of the departed. When they sail away, they say goodbye to Matera, as if they were alive, as if they were a person who is very dear to them.
I saw the antidome in the work of Maxim Gorky "At the Bottom". Yes, I understand that this piece is not on the list, but I would very much like to talk about how I saw the theme of antidom in this play.
I already wrote what a house is at the beginning, and the “house” in which the characters of the play live cannot be called a place where they could come and just feel cozy and comfortable. Heroes, except for the need to live in this basement, nothing holds there. They don't like this place, they hate it. They can't even sweep. They constantly swear, bicker, and cannot find any compromises to resolve the dispute. No one wants to stay there surrounded by these people. Everyone wants to get out of this place as soon as possible. This is the real antidome. They do not value their place of residence (there is no other way to call it)
Everyone dreams of creating a strong, reliable family, a home that will be comfortable for him and his children. What is the basis of the family, what moral values should reign in the house? A person decides for himself what should be the main thing in his life, what ideals and values to follow in order not to be alone on this earth.What is a house? If a person is asked what a house is for him, he will begin to remember the place where he lives, how it looks, how many rooms it has, who lives in this house, the culture of the family living in this house, and the moral values of this family. But home is not exactly where you live. Home is the place where your soul is calm, where you forget about all the problems, where you rest your body and soul. Home is the place you want to return to again and again, where your memories and innermost dreams live. If you are loved and expected in this house, you will always appreciate this house. Home is something intimate, personal, because your soul lives there.
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An excellent example of "House" is the house of the Rastovs in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace". This house is not just beautiful on the outside, it is full of beauty on the inside. Love lives in him, warmth and hospitality breathes from him. The head of the house, Ilya Andreevich, loves home holidays very much, he madly loves and appreciates his family. The upbringing that parents gave their children deserves great respect, the children took all the values of life from this house, they grew up real, noble, patriotic, they know how to support and empathize, which is no less important. The Rastov House is an example to follow, it is a house imbued with moral values. The house, in this place, is just nice and calm.
An example of an “antidome”, and this is the complete opposite of a house, is the house of the Kabanovs, in the play “Thunderstorm” by Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky. The head of this house, unlike the house of the Rastovs, is a woman, Kabanikha. There is no peace in her house, she believes that all family members, including daughter-in-law Katerina, should obey her. Her house is associated with the tears of Katerina, who is constantly suffering and wants to escape. But, oddly enough, Kabanikha loves her children very much, her son and daughter Varvara. The son constantly listens to his mother and does everything that she says, without having her own opinion. There is no warmth and cohesion in this house. Everyone on their own. The house of the Kabanovs is depressing, cold emanates from it, which others do not notice, because Kabanikha behaves very politely in public and shows in every way how she loves her family. The house of the Kabanovs is the exact opposite of the house of the Rastovs, it is a house where one does not want to return.
Two houses. Two families. And there is a huge difference between them. The House of the Rastovs is filled with warmth, mutual understanding and love for all its members. The house of the Kabanovs is the exaltation of one family member, cold, and partly hatred. And yet, the atmosphere in the house depends on the parents. From what moral values exist in this family. And I really want to believe that there will be as many parents as possible who take care of their home and the spiritual atmosphere in it. And let each house be the beginning of a correct vision of life.Home is a place where happiness, love and comfort reign.
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For me, the house is an old wooden house on the outskirts of the Irkutsk region. This is the place where I spent my childhood. It smells of hot bread and fresh milk. I want to go back there, I want to stay there.
I want to walk along my native street to several houses. Breathe in fresh air. A house is not just a building in which people live, it is rather feelings and emotions experienced in it; These are people who love and wait.
In O'Henry's The Gifts of the Magi, an example of a house is the relationship between Jim and Della. The Gifts of the Magi is a story about true love, boundless happiness and home comfort. Della had luxurious hair, and Jim had a golden watch. Della dreamed of combs for her hair, and Jim dreamed of a strap for his watch.
They lived in poverty. Before Christmas, Jim pawned his watch to give Della a present. With this money he bought tortoise combs with precious stones. Della sold her gorgeous hair and bought Jim a leather watch band. These were their gifts to each other for Christmas.
The main characters both sacrificed the most precious thing in their lives in order to give each other the desired gifts. They truly loved each other. And happiness, comfort and mutual understanding reign in their house.
Another striking example of the house is the Rostov family from the work "Warrior and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy. In this house, despite all the difficulties, love, forgiveness and kindness reign. When Natasha wanted to run away with Anatole Kuragin, her relatives did not let her do it.
Even after such a mistake, the family did not turn away from her, but helped her survive all this.
As an antidome, you can consider the Bezukhov family. Pierre and his young wife Helene. Pierre is in no hurry to go home to his young wife, because he does not love her, just as she does not love him.
She charmed him and forced him to marry her. And she did it only for the sake of status and money. There is no happiness in their family, no love, and therefore no home to which you want to return.
In the work of Mikhail Fedorovich Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" in the house of the drunkard and revelers Marmeladov there are constant screams, quarrels, scandals, tears. Can this be called home? This is the complete opposite of home. And the quarrels were due to the fact that there was no money, there was nothing to live on. The eldest daughter, in order to bring at least some penny into the house, began to sell her own body. And Marmeladov dragged everything from home and drank it. What kind of happiness can we talk about? This is not a house.
Without love, happiness, care, a house will not be a home, it will be a dwelling (antidome). I don’t want to return to such a dwelling, they go there only because there is nowhere else. I want to run away from this anti-home, leave, leave and never come back.
In a house in which there is love, care, happiness settles. And you always "fly" to this house. Indeed, in such a house, even on a rainy day, it is light and warm. There can be no bad mood in such a house. He always wants to sing.
The main thing in our life is to build our own house, in which we want to spend our whole life happily.Home is basically where you live. Someone will limit this place to the walls of their apartment, explaining that "my house is my fortress." Someone will take a larger scale: "My address is not a house or a street, my address is the Soviet Union." And someone will think even more globally, will be called a "citizen of the world." And they will all be right. After all, the boundaries that define the "home" are conditional. Yes, the concept is broad. By "home" is meant not only some space, but also what fills it: furniture, dishes, history, people, connections between them, in general, everything that creates a special atmosphere and makes us feel comfortable.
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I was lucky that from the very birth my parents surrounded me with love, and were engaged in my upbringing, I looked at my family, and I formed the right ideas about "home". But being at a more mature age, I have to draw final conclusions about how it should be "at home", and not just observe, but already analyze what I see. My position cannot be based only on the way of life that has been established within my family. Therefore, I turn to the writers of Russian literature, who reveal this topic through the opposite images of "home" and "antidom".So I developed an ideal image of "home" - the Russian "noble nest", which the classics talk about. This is Otradnoye, the estate of the Rostovs from Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", this is the village of Lysy Gory Bolkonsky, a princely family from the same work. Peace and harmony reign in these houses. The Count and Countess of Rostov do not have a soul in their children or in each other. The Countess cannot be angry with her husband for not coping well with the household. And Natasha, their youngest daughter, gets away with indecent behavior for a noble society. In the Bald Mountains, life was subject to a strict order established by the old prince Nikolai Andreevich. He himself was an active and intelligent person, and raised his children, Andrei and Marya, the same way. The father did not show his feelings and was even harsh with them, however, they understood how he loves them and worries about them and reciprocated. What surprises me is how different the Bolkonskys are: Andrei does not understand how Nikolai Andreevich can tremble so much in front of the family tree, he does not understand his sister's religiosity either. But despite this, they all respect each other, so he will not refuse Marya to take the icon to the war, although he does not see the point in this, and the old prince will never take the Bible from his daughter's hands.
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I want to return to such houses. So Lyosha Arsenyev from Ivan Bunin's novel, "The Life of Arsenyev", does not like to live away from home, his family's estate, the Kamenka farm (when he studies at the city gymnasium). And as soon as he got the opportunity, he went home. I would like to note that the author, most likely, described his childhood (he found that very era, however, when it was leaving), yearning for Russia in exile. In the "reserved country" one does not feel warmth, people are arrogant (Arseniev "breathed deeply with pride in the city"), and the atmosphere is gloomy. Although from childhood he kept the memory of the first trip to the city, of the "fairytale road", the same city was presented differently in him: a magical city morning, the ringing of bells, a luxurious and majestic church, the joy of buying black shoes, boots. Has the city changed that much? I think the fact is that Lyosha made his first trip with his parents, and the house did not seem so far away to him, so he felt good.A similar situation is faced by the characters in the story of Valentin Rasputin, "Farewell to Matera". The villagers are forced to move to an urban-type settlement in connection with the construction of the Bratskaya hydroelectric power station. The modern reader does not at first understand the old people living in Matera. It seems that there is new housing, and everyone will live nearby later. What aggravates their situation? The village of Matera is a three-hundred-year-old history, this is probably the last place where the patriarchal way of life is still preserved, of course, not in the form that we see in the old Oblomovka (Goncharov, "Oblomov"), it has already remained as a tradition (in the house three owners - a peasant, a samovar and a stove), this is the land where their ancestors are buried, this is their home. It is difficult for them to leave their homeland. The fate of the oldest inhabitant of Daria Pinigina is generally intertwined with the fate of her native village: her mother was afraid of water, it promised the death of someone from the family in the water (and the whole Matera would “drown”), her family was divided, like the village (she herself, like the entire older generation is helplessly watching with longing the approach of the move, her grandson and daughter-in-law, young, are already ready to move, and nothing delays them, but son Pavel - he found himself somewhere in between). Therefore, she is the hardest to endure the move. If she loses her home, she loses herself. This topic is close to the author: the village where he was born was also flooded. Valentin Grigorievich perfectly understands his heroes, he was also worried about the future of his small Motherland: "... and my Atalanka, who moved uphill half a century ago before the flooding of the fraternal reservoir and took in half a dozen neighboring villages, is still alive, although she lives , apparently, the last years.Fields were flooded, forests were cut down, permanent roads in Big world no, there is no work, there is no hope left - Atalanka is emptying "(in these words one feels pain for what is happening). As a writer, he uses the antithesis technique: Matera is opposed to a new village, "home" - "antidom".
Reply DeleteIn my understanding, home is the place where you feel like yourself. You feel real, not fake. The house is a half of you, without which you cannot live. The house is, first of all, love! But there is such a thing as "antidom", that is, something opposite to home. As proof of my thought, I would like to cite literary works: the novel by Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", the comedy by Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin "Undergrowth". In my opinion, in these works such themes as “home” and “antidom” are most clearly shown.
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In Bulgakov's work "The Master and Margarita" the theme of a real home and true love is well shown. The Master and Margarita fall in love so quickly that even we, the readers, cannot believe that such a thing can happen. They are in true love! If there is love, then there is a home, but what is the home of the Master and Margarita? They have a house, only it appears before us, like a simple basement of some house. But with its warmth, with its love that is in it, it is in no way inferior to a large house, perhaps even vice versa, it excels in this! When I read this work, I enjoyed most of all those warm scenes in which Margarita came to the Master and, lighting a kerosene stove, began to prepare breakfast. When there were thunderstorms, and water rolled noisily past the windows, threatening to flood their cellar, the lovers kindled the stove and baked potatoes in it. They were truly at peace in their little "house" no matter what. I just want to sit next to them and bake potatoes. Real peace reigns in this basement, and this basement seems so cozy to me that I immediately want to stay there and just sit and talk, or maybe just be silent. Even more suggestive of a real home, this is a family hearth-fire in the stove. When you look at the flame itself, then you somehow automatically come up with different thoughts that are worth thinking about. But along with thoughts comes calmness, love for everything, the desire to sit with this fire all your life. But the fire warms you more when you are near your home, your home. This is what a real home should be like!
In Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth", we see the noble house of the Prostakov family, in which the very atmosphere of the house is very difficult. Dislike, indifference, even partly evil reigns in this house. But the reason for this, in my opinion, is the supremacy in this family not of men, but of women. Moreover, a woman who is not loving, calm, able to bring peace to this house, but despotic, evil. Even from these few words, from which the house itself appears, one already wants to run away. After all, is there such a house in the world in which you can live and enjoy life, if there is only swearing and evil around? It seems to me that there is no such house. This work is an example of the word "antidom"
In my opinion, each person should have his own house, because the house is the support of all good thoughts. If you say the word "home", then thoughts of your relatives and friends who love you immediately come to mind. And if these thoughts do not exist, then a person does not have a home as such. A person becomes empty, he has no light in his soul. In our time, there are many such people who do not have simple human feelings, they cannot simply show compassion for any other person. And all this because they did not have a home in which all this is brought up!
Trofimov Misha. 534 words.Home is the most native place for a person! Home is not just a building, home is the place where we live, spend most of our lives, the most important people live at home. At home we are waiting for love, home comfort, love of loved ones. We are connected with home by the most important points our lives, so we must take care of our home, our little homeland!
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The theme "House" and "Anti-home" can be considered in such works as "Farewell to Mother" by V. G. Rasputin and "Big Man" by V. Shukshin.
Valentin Rasputin describes in his work the forced relocation of people from their native village "Matyora" due to the construction of a hydroelectric power station. The old generation perceives this news with horror, they have lived on this land all their lives, their fathers, mothers, grandparents lived here, this is their home. All their life moments are connected with this place, here they grew up and raised their children. Daria Pinigina is a resident of this village, for her the house is a living being, before leaving, she prepared the house for death, washed it and whitewashed it. Reading this, it seems that there is some kind of connection between a person and a house, as if the house is really alive. The younger generation easily perceives this news, because for them this is just a place. Daria Pinigina and all the old people of the village say goodbye to their place with tears, they are not ready to leave here, they want to end their lives right here, where their relatives ended up.
The work of Vasily Shukshin describes a situation that radically changed the life of the entire village. This man's name is Shurygin Nikolai Sergeevich. He decided to demolish the church to bricks, the church that has been standing here for many, many years, which unites people, is a symbol of faith! Shurygin's greed has changed his life, he is destroying the church! The church is a holy place, in this church all the old people of the village were baptized, this church is the home of the villagers! When he destroyed it, the inhabitants looked at it, but did nothing, they were paralyzed by Shurygin's rampage. Shurygin's mother and wife condemn him, the wife scolds her husband for his act, because he destroyed the church, took sin into his soul. Shurygin is angry with her, with her mother, he does not understand what he has done, for this person there are no such concepts as "home".
I believe that every person should have their own home and never part with it. After all, a home is a place where you are always expected and supported in any situation. For the inhabitants of "Mater" their island was a real home, they valued it as themselves. And for Shurygin, the place where he lives is not a home, for his own benefit he is ready to destroy centuries-old buildings, a real symbol of faith of people, their home! Personally, I am of the opinion about the old people's house from the work "Farewell to Matyora".The concept of "home" has many meanings. Each person understands it in his own way. For many people, this place is associated with childhood, with relatives, parents and friends. Many people feel warm and sincere emotions when they remember the house. Home is comfort, a place where you rest your soul and body, especially when your family is nearby.
It does not matter at all what kind of furniture you have in the house, or where it is located, because the state of comfort is created by the people who live in it. O. Henry's novel "The Gift of the Magi" tells of the great love of Della and Jim, who were fine with each other even in the "Furnished apartment for eight dollars a week. The setting is not so much blatant poverty, but rather eloquently silent poverty. Below, on the front door, a letter-box that no letter could squeeze through, and an electric bell-button that no mortal could make a sound out of. "Dillingham" came into full swing during a recent period of prosperity, when the owner of said name received thirty dollars a week. Now, after this income has dropped to twenty dollars, the letters in the word "Dillingham" have faded, as if seriously thinking: Shouldn't they be reduced to a modest and unpretentious "D"?", but it was in this apartment for eight dollars a week that one could feel the comfort and atmosphere of love. For them, home is a place where you can be together, even without a rich retirement.
They know how to appreciate what they have, and most importantly each other, which cannot be said about Ray Bradbury's sci-fi utopian novel Fahrenheit 451. The main character Guy Montag was always happy at home until he met Clarissa, a girl who knows how to appreciate the shots of a moment in life. After their meeting, he becomes uncomfortable in his house "He opened the bedroom door. It seemed to him that he entered a cold, marble-lined crypt after the moon had set. Impenetrable darkness. Not a hint of the world flooded with silver radiance outside the window. The windows are tightly closed , and the room is like a grave where not a single sound of the big city reaches. However, the room was not empty." This is not surprising, because in the novel communication with people is replaced by communication with "relatives" - talking walls. People, including Montag's wife, do not express their feelings and emotions, they do not know how to be interested in anything, even in their own family and friends. And Montag learned to appreciate the qualities that Clarissa had, such as: love for beauty, people's interest in each other, even just communication, but he did not get this at home and it's terrible, because home is a place where support should be felt in any situation, love yourself for what you are. The house of the Rostov family, shows us Leo Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace". We see a large house on Povarskaya Street in the center of Moscow. A large and friendly family of Count Ilya Andreyevich Rostov lives here. The doors of this house were open to everyone, there was enough space for everyone. The head of the house - Count Ilya Andreevich Rostov - is a lover of home holidays. He loves his family, trusts children. "He is the very dissolute goodness." “He was the most beautiful person,” - this is how acquaintances speak of him after his death. The family is musical, artistic, they love singing and dancing in the house. All this contributed to the fact that the parental home became a special atmosphere of spirituality. The "love air" reigned in the Rostovs' house. Happy home at the Rostovs! Children feel parental tenderness and affection! Peace, harmony and love is the moral climate in the Moscow house. The values of life that the children brought from the Rostovs' parental home are worthy of respect - they are generosity, patriotism, nobility, respect, mutual understanding and support. All children inherited from their parents the ability to empathize, to sympathy, mercy. The parental home and family for the Rostovs is the source of all moral values and moral guidelines, this is the beginning of the beginning.In opposition to the house and family of the Rostovs, I would like to note the “Thunderstorm” by A.N. Ostrovsky. Its main characters are members of the family of the merchant Kabanova, who rigidly and imperiously controls her son, daughter-in-law and daughter. The heroine, fanatically observing the “old order”, according to Kuligin’s true remark, is a real “prudence”: “she clothes the poor, but completely ate her family”. Savel Prokofyich Dikoy, the “shrill man” Savel Prokofyich Dikoy, keeps his family in fear, and his frightened wife begs the household from the very morning: “Darlings, don’t make me angry.” It is against such a family structure, where everything rests on blind obedience and fear of some before others, that Katerina, who decided to commit suicide, opposes, because it is impossible for her to live in the house of a despotic mother-in-law and a weak-willed, unloved husband.
The theme of the house in Russian literature is one of the leading ones. Thanks to her, the relationship between generations in general, and relationships in the family, and the theme of the noble nest are revealed. The very approach to this eternal theme of the writers was different, but they were all united in the main thing - in the family there is an affirmation of moral foundations, universal values, passing from generation to generation.
Reply DeleteHome is the place where a person feels cozy, calm and comfortable, because this is his small homeland. In such a place, a person can be himself, because nothing threatens him in it. A person is trying to hide his real self from society, so we must value and take care of our "home" so that our small Motherland can take care of us.
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The work of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard" perfectly shows us, the readers, what great importance can play "home" in the life of a single family. The cherry orchard of the landowner Lyubov Andreevna Ranevskaya should soon be sold for debts. The merchant Lopakhin offers Ranevskaya the only reasonable way out. He proposes to cut down the cherry orchard, break the land into plots and lease it to summer residents. But Lyubov Andreevna Ranevskaya was outraged by such a proposal, because she could not afford to cut down the cherry orchard, where she grew up, where she spent her youth and where her beloved son Grisha died. The Ranevsky family did their best to find a way out of such a difficult situation. When the time came to repay debts, Lyubov Andreevna Ranevskaya did not find a single solution to this situation. Then the merchant Lopakhin nevertheless bought the Ranevsky estate at auction and cut down the cherry orchard. The residents of this expensive estate can only say goodbye to their "home".
In our time, people should not forget what a “real home” is, because only memories of the house, the place where you grew up, where you will always be expected and loved, will help shape the soul of a person and the future as a whole. And some forget about what a "real home" is, about their small homeland and slowly turn into "Ivans who do not remember kinship."Kholodilova Vera 11 "A"
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"House. Anti-house."
What does the word "home" mean? Some will say that home is family. Others will say that home is home. Still others will take direct meaning of this word (residential building). Fourth will tell you that the house is everything that surrounds us throughout life. In my understanding, “home” is our planet. This is the place where there should be an idyll between people, regardless of skin color, outlook on life and IQ (fu, what a pathetic word).
Every person has a place where he feels safe. For me this place is mine native home. The Earth is our tiny house floating in an immensely large space. This is the home of billions and millions of people who lived before us, who live among us, and who will live after us. Home is not a place, it's a feeling. This is the personification of deep human experiences. And so, let's talk about the house as a symbol of the owner's personality. We will consider the work of Francis Fitzgerald "The Great Gatsby". In my opinion, the main idea of the novel is the penetration into the inner world of Gatsby himself. Considering that he was an American, we penetrate into the very essence of the main dream of every American. Gatsby is a man who created himself according to all the laws of American morality, in which the achievement of success (by the word "success" I mean monetary wealth) is integral to the purpose as well as the meaning of life. His property can be described for quite a long time. But we are interested in the place that he called his home, that is, his villa. Nick Carraway (a person who speaks in the words of the author), describing his new place of residence, says of Gatsby's villa: also a curtain of ivy, with a marble swimming pool and a garden of forty plus acres of land. Mmm, impressive, isn't it? But let me ask you, do you think Gatsby is happy? He has everything that one can dream of, but does it give him pleasure? It seems to me that for him they are all toys. He plays it like a little boy who didn't even have a toy car as a child. Yes, this house can be completely and completely called a symbol of the owner's personality. The owner of this house is deeply unhappy. And this can be said with certainty. Well, or it was our favorite Russian classics who spoiled us. And we do not have the right idea about "luxury" (I say with irony, sighing heavily).
And so let's start considering the meaning of the words "home" and "anti-home". As you already understood, works that reflect the ecology of our nature and the planet as a whole will serve as an example. Please forgive me for closing my eyes to the criteria and taking a book to consider the problem contemporary writer. Karen Thompson Walker "Age of Miracles"
Let's look at the title of the book. "Age of Miracles", hmm, what could that mean? Most likely, you will think that this is some kind of snotty novel about a teenage girl. I hasten to dissuade you of this, and to convince you that the main problem of this book is the problem of ecology. Say what does ecology have to do with it, the theme of the essay is “home and anti-home”. Ecology equals the planet. Planet equals home. Looks like she didn't miss anything. Opening the first pages of the book, we immediately find ourselves in the development of events. Everything happened so unexpectedly that even scientists could not imagine such a close catastrophe. We are told about what our disrespectful attitude towards nature can lead to. And nature, as you know, is our home. Accordingly, we can turn our house into an anti-house, right? In my opinion so. So, we see the beginning of our catastrophe and the catastrophe of all mankind. Time on Earth starts to go slower. The entire population (and in the book we meet with Americans again, ta-dam) was divided into two camps: some live according to their usual daily routine (that is, 24 hours - one day), while the latter adapt to the new rhythm of life on Earth. Nature began to die. Don't count on a happy ending. The story ends at the moment when people began to live in a bunker underground. That is, the characters from the book turned their home-planet Earth into an anti-home-planet Earth. But you must admit that we are partly the characters of this book, right?Thus, the house, I believe, suggests it as the most important value of being, which is rooted in the distant past, and continues to be a moral pillar in the life of every person. The concept of "house" is multi-valued and speaks of the unity of the small and the large, the interconnection of the material and the spiritual, the external and the internal. The outside world is very cruel. Peace and comfort of the family, a house where you are taken care of, where you are loved - this is the only thing that a person really needs in this world. Home and family make a person invulnerable. Each person has his own home.