History of the state flag of Russia. Research work "flag of my homeland" of the former flag of Russia
MBOU OOSH village Vyazovoe
Prepared by: Vladimirtsev Denis
7th grade student MBOU secondary school s. Vyazovoe
Head: Ustinov S.A.
teacher of history and social studies
2014
Plan
Introduction
1.History of the flag of Russia
2.Modern flag of Russia
3. The meaning of the colors of the flag
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Each state has its own symbols. They personify the system of its values, reflect the peculiarities of historical development, the customs and traditions that have developed in it. The symbols of the state have their own history, they have come a long way and they have a deep meaning. At the sound of the anthem, the heart begins to beat excitedly. Sports fans paint their faces in national colors, winners of competitions often come to tears when the moisture of their native country soars upwards. All love for the Motherland is expressed through respect for its symbols. Without their veneration it is impossible to become a citizen. After all, this is a historical memory, a living legend about the past and present, about the life of the state. Russia also has its own symbols - the flag, coat of arms and anthem. One of them, expressing its independence, independence is the state flag. I found out that Russian flag has a long history, its appearance has changed in different times. Therefore, I decided to study the history of the emergence of the Russian flag, explore its changes in various historical eras, find out the meaning of the colors of the Russian flag and prove that the history of the flag is connected with the past, heroic and tragic pages of our Motherland.
1.History of the flag of Russia
The history of state flags is inextricably linked with the history of fleets, and Russia is no exception. The Russian flag owes its birth to the Russian fleet.
Emperor Peter the Great is considered to be the creator of the Russian fleet. Peter the Great himself, in the main maritime document of his time, the Naval Charter, announced and diligently emphasized that he was not the initiator, but only the successor of the creation of the fleet, the true beginning of which was laid by his father, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
The construction of the first naval ships in Russia began by decree of Alexei Mikhailovich five years before the birth of Peter the Great. In 1667-1669. in the village of Dedinovo on the Oka, the first flotilla of Russia was built. It was intended to protect trade caravans sailing along the Volga and the Caspian Sea from pirate attacks and consisted of a three-masted ship "Eagle" with 22 guns and four smaller ships.
The captain of the ship "Eagle" asked the government what flags his flotilla should raise. After all, the flag served as the identification mark of the ship, and the state thus indicated that the ship was under its protection.
In April 1668, Russian ships were ordered to issue a large number of fabrics of white, blue and red colors. But how exactly these colors were located on the first flags is unknown.
Some believe that, by analogy with the archery banners common at that time, the first Russian flag was a panel with a straight blue cross and corners of white and red.
Others believe that the first state flag of Russia had the same composition that exists to this day: from three horizontal
The alleged appearance of the flag of the ship "Eagle" stripes of white, blue and red.
It was the striped white-blue-red flag that was used by Peter I during his first shipbuilding experiments and the first sea voyage in 1693.
We must not forget that the builders of the first Russian ships were the Dutch, they also made up their teams. The Russians did not know ship art and completely trusted the Dutch masters in all matters of ship building. It is likely that when the time came to create the flag and the colors to be used in it - white, blue and red - were determined, the Dutch craftsmen created the flag according to the tradition adopted in their homeland. The flag of the Netherlands at that time was striped, red-white-blue (instead of red, an orange stripe was also often used). It is possible that, according to the Dutch tradition, the Russian flag was also composed of three horizontal stripes, and a different arrangement of color stripes was used to clearly distinguish the Russian symbol from the Dutch one.
The history of the first Russian ships was short. In 1670, they came to Astrakhan, but did not have time to start military service: in the same year, Astrakhan was captured by the detachments of Stepan Razin and the ships stationed in it were burned. Together with the ships, their flags also perished, but the memory of the first Russian state white-blue-red flag remained.
In 1688, an insignificant event took place, the consequences of which drastically affected the history of our country. The young Tsar Peter I, walking through the palace barns in the village of Izmailovskoye near Moscow, found a dilapidated English boat (a large sailing boat), became interested in him, having learned that the boat can sail both with the wind and against the wind, ordered to restore the find. Soon Peter was sailing on a boat and learning to sail. Passionately carried away by sailing, the tsar obtained permission from his mother to transport the boat to Pereyaslav Lake, where new ships were soon built. The history of the Russian fleet began with these youthful amusements.
The fleet needed the main identification mark - the flag - and the flags were not slow to appear on the "amusing" ships of Peter I. It is not known whether the flags were used on the boat, but it is significant that horizontal white, blue and red stripes were placed on the sides of the boat. The ships of the Pereyaslav flotilla had flags, there was no information about how they looked, but it is known that white, blue and red matter was purchased for them in equal quantities.
On August 6, 1693, during the voyage of Peter I on the 12-gun yacht "Saint Peter", in the White Sea with a detachment of warships, the so-called "Flag of the Tsar" was raised as a standard for the first time.
Moscow" - a panel consisting of three horizontal stripes of white, blue and red
Flag of the Tsar of Moscow
flowers, with a golden double-headed eagle in the middle.
However, the "Flag of the Tsar of Moscow" was not the only flag used in the 1690s - 1700s.In 1697-1700. striped white-blue-red flags were used on the first Russian warships. The first merchant ships were supposed to use a white flag with a double-headed eagle, however, references to the actualThe use of such a flag has not been preserved: alreadyfrom the late 1690s Russian merchant ships sail under a white-blue-red flag.
Around 1700, a solid foundation for the flag system of Russia was formed. Peter refuses the “Flag of the Tsar of Moscow” and adopts a fundamentally new flag as his standard: a yellow cloth with a black double-headed eagle holding maps of the four seas in its beaks and paws.
On January 20, 1705, Peter I issued a decree according to which a white-blue-red flag should be hoisted on all merchant ships.
The three-striped flag was also used on warships until 1712, when the St. Andrew's flag was approved as the naval flag. The white-blue-red flag becomes the commercial flag (that is, the flag of civil ships).
Despite the fact that Peter I developed a huge number of flags during his life (various versions of the St. Andrew's flag, the standards of the Tsar of Moscow and the Emperor of All Russia, variants of guises, etc.), he never set the state flag of the Russian Empire.
In 1858, during the reign of Emperor Alexander II, the chairman of the heraldic chamber of the Russian Empire, Baron Kene, drew the attention of the sovereign to the fact that the colors of the national flag of Russiado not match the colors of the state emblem.
By decree of Alexander II of June 11, 1858, a black-yellow-white "flag of coat of arms" was introduced:“Description of the Highest approved drawing of the arrangement of the coat of arms of the Empire on banners, flags and other items used for decorations on solemn occasions. The location of these The colors are horizontal, the top stripe is black, the middle one is yellow (or gold), and the bottom one is white (or silver).
Thus, the flag of coat of arms became the first officially approved state flag of Russia. Russian society did not accept this new symbol of state power: in the empire there were two flags in parallel: black-yellow-white and white-blue-red, and the preferences of the population were universally given to the latter.
Emperor AlexanderIIIduring the coronation, he drew attention to the contrast in Moscow: the Kremlin was decorated and the whole procession was dressed in black, yellow and white, and white, blue and red colors prevailed in the city. A commission of authoritative persons was appointed, which made the following decision:“The white-blue-red flag, established by Emperor Peter the Great, is almost 200 years old. Heraldic data are also noticed in it: the Moscow coat of arms depicts a white horseman in a blue cloak on a red field ... On the other hand, white-yellow-black colors have neither historical nor heraldic foundations.
Based on the decision of the commission, the white-blue-red was approved as the national flag. April 28, 1883 (May 7, 1883 this decision was included in the Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire) by AlexanderIIIThe Decree on Flags for Decorating Buildings on Solemn Occasions was issued, ordering the use of a white-blue-red flag exclusively. From that moment on, black-yellow-white was considered the dynastic flag of the reigning house of the Romanovs.
The last Russian Emperor Nicholas II in 1896 finally secured the status of the only state flag of the Russian Empire for the white-blue-red flag.
With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, in order to raise the patriotism of the population, an additional imperial flag "for use in private life" was introduced by a special circular of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It differed from the state flag of the empire in a yellow square with a black double-headed eagle (a composition corresponding to the emperor's palace standard). The eagle was depicted without title emblems on the wings, the square overlapped the white and about a quarter of the blue stripe of the flag.
However, this flag did not gain currency; Contrary to popular belief, it has never been the state flag of the Russian Empire. The new flag was not introduced as mandatory, its use was only "allowed". The symbolism of the flag emphasized the unity of the king with the people. The white-blue-red state flag lasted until 1918.
The fateful year of 1917 opened a terrible and bloody page in our history. The provisional government, which seized power in February 1917, changed the coat of arms and anthem of Russia, but the traditional white-blue-red flag was considered a historic national symbol and kept. However, the power of the Provisional Government was fragile and short-lived; in October 1917 it was overthrown.
The Bolsheviks attached paramount importance to the symbolic assertion of their power, and here, as in any revolution, a special place belonged, first of all, to the flag.
The symbol of the left forces from the middle of the second half of XIX For centuries, a red banner served (it also had an interpretation - a banner of the color of blood shed in the struggle for communist ideas). The red color of the revolution did not change even after the October events. On the basis of this party symbol, the symbolism of the new Soviet state was created.
In the first months of Soviet power, the role of the state flag was performed by a rectangular red flag, which did not have any inscriptions or emblems. However, this type of state flag was not established by any documents.
On April 8, 1918, the issue of the state flag was discussed at a meeting of the Council People's Commissars. The decision of the Council of People's Commissars proposed declaring a red flag with the letters "P. V.S.S.” (that is, with the abbreviation of the motto "Proletarians of all countries, unite!").
However, this proposal was not accepted. By a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of April 13, 1918, the red banner with the inscription "Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic" was proclaimed the official flag of the RSFSR. Since 1922, the RSFSR has become part of a single state - the USSR. The national flag of the USSR, according to the Constitution of 1924, was“a red or scarlet cloth with an image on its upper corner near the shaft of a golden hammer and sickle and above it a red five-pointed star framed by a golden border.” This flag of the USSR remained until 1991.
2.Modern flag of Russia
Historical fates Russia made it possible for the white-blue-red flag to return to our lives today. Back in 1989, on the occasion of the anniversary of the February Revolution, it was raised by protesters on Mayakovsky Square in Moscow and in front of the Kazan Cathedral in Leningrad. In April 1991, the Government Commission of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR approved the use of the three-striped flag as a new symbol Russian Federation. In the same year (August 22), the Extraordinary Session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR decided "to consider the historical flag of Russia - a panel of equal horizontal white, azure and scarlet stripes as the official National Flag of the Russian Federation."It is believed that recent history Peter's tricolor flag originates on August 22, 1991, when, as a sign of victory over the putschists, it was hoisted over the White House.
On August 22, 1991, a rally was scheduled, during which the tricolor flag was supposed to fly. The matter remained small - to find the tricolor, but it was not at hand. Then someone remembered that he had seen him in the office of the then Minister of Foreign Economic Relations Yaroshenko. Here we have to go back to 1990. In autumn, an exhibition of Russian goods was held in Sweden, and Yaroshenko, who arrived at it, wanted to raise a tricolor flag in front of the pavilion. The artist, who designed the exhibition, liked the idea, and he sewed a solid, two meters by three, banner. However, the Russian commissar of the exhibition intervened, who banned such, at that time, amateur performances. Yaroshenko took the tricolor to Moscow and hung it in his office. Now he came in handy. Soon the flag appeared on Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The rally was in full swing, when, to the applause of the audience, during the speech of B.N. Yeltsin, the red flag of the RSFSR with a blue stripe was lowered, and in its place the historical tricolor number one flew up. He crowned White House only a day, being too small for such a grandiose building. Yes, and it was not sewn according to the standards adopted in such cases and requiring a particularly durable fabric, which hardly discolors and wears out little to withstand rain, sun, wind. The next day, just such a banner was raised over the White House, and the tricolor, taken from the minister, returned to its owner.Presidential Decrees 1993 - 1994 the status of this flag as a state symbol was determined, the colors were clearly established: white-blue-red (instead of: white, azure, scarlet). August 22 is declared the Day of the State Flag of the Russian Federation.
According to Article 70 of the Russian Constitution of 1993, state symbols are approved by a special federal constitutional law. The federal constitutional law "On the State Flag of the Russian Federation" was adopted State Duma On December 8, 2000, on December 20, it was approved by the Federation Council, and on December 25 of the same year, it was signed by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin. The law established the description of the National Flag and the procedure for its official use. In Art. 1st it is said: “The national flag of the Russian Federation is a rectangular panel of three equal horizontal stripes: the top one is white, the middle one is blue and the bottom one is red. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 2:3. In subsequent articles, the principles for the use of the National Flag, which is constantly raised on buildings, are developed. federal bodies legislative and executive authorities, and on public holidays of the Russian Federation, the State Flag is flown on the buildings of local governments, public associations, enterprises, institutions, organizations, regardless of ownership, as well as on residential buildings. Article 10 specifically emphasizes that the use of the State Flag in violation of the rules specified in the Federal Law, desecration of the flag leads to punishment in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
3. The meaning of the colors of the flag of Russia
Analyzing the literature and sources on state symbols, one can come to the conclusion that there is no consensus on why exactly these colors are present on the flag of our country: white, blue and red. Some sources say that the Russian tricolor originated from the Dutch model. In the 17th century Holland became one of the largest maritime powers. For the flags of their ships, the Dutch chose a combination of three colors - orange, white and blue. Orange was considered the dynastic color of Orange, who led the fight against Spain for the independence of Holland.
In our country Orange color was replaced by red, because red color was considered a symbol of courage and courage. White color personified faith, the king and the Fatherland. In addition, he was considered free and open.
There is another version: the national flag of Russia confirms the traditional Russian idea of the world, including the existence of matter, the human soul and spiritual being.
The arrangement of the stripes on the Russian flag coincides with the ancient understanding of the trinity of the dispensation of the world: the physical, carnal, material world - on the flag it is represented in red; above - the world of the human soul - blue; and even higher - the world of the Divine spirit, Heavenly purity.
There was also such an interpretation of the arrangement of colors on the Russian flag: red meant love, blue meant hope, white meant faith.
According to another version, red meant sovereignty, blue - the color of the Mother of God, under whose patronage Russia was, white - the color of freedom and independence.
There is another "sovereign" interpretation of the meanings of the colors of the flag, which means the unity of the three fraternal East Slavic peoples: white - the color of White Russia (Belarus), blue - Little Russia (Ukraine), red - Great Russia.
At present, the following interpretation of the meanings of the colors of the Russian flag is most often (unofficially) used: white means peace, purity, purity, perfection; blue - the color of faith and fidelity, constancy; red symbolizes energy, strength, blood shed for the Fatherland.
Conclusion
The flag is our national shrine. He is given the highest state honors, his dignity is subject to protection both within the country and abroad.
The national flag of the Russian Federation is constantly raised on the buildings of government and administration. It is hung out on public holidays and solemn ceremonies. Reet on the buildings of Russian diplomatic missions abroad. Develops on the masts of Russian ships. The tricolor image of the flag is applied to the aircraft of the Russian Federation and to its spacecraft. Every day it rises at the place of permanent residence of Russian military units, etc. In my native village of Vyazovoe, the Russian flag is raised on the building of the village administration, a separate fire and rescue station, as well as the building of the school where I study.
As a result of my research, I found out that the appearance of the white-blue-red flag is associated with the name of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and not, as many believe, PeterI. The year of its appearance is 1688. During the reign of PeterIthe current arrangement of the stripes on the flag was established, and it became the flag of the merchant fleet. However, in pre-Petrine times, the tricolor was raised on the first Russian warship Oryol. Officially, the white-blue-red flag was approved as the state flag on the eve of the coronation of NicholasIIin 1896 In the Soviet period of history, the tricolor was canceled, and then revived again. The birthday of the current flag of the Russian Federation is August 22, 1991.
The colors of the Russian flag in certain eras had different meaning, but always reflected the best qualities of a person, the Russian people and everything that surrounds him.
State flag - part Russian history, the embodiment of its heroic and tragic pages, a reflection of the life of the peoples of our country. And therefore, we all need to know the history of state symbols.
Bibliography
Degtyarev A.Ya. History of the Russian flag.-M., 2000
Pchelov E.V. State symbols of Russia: coat of arms, flag, anthem.-M., 2004
Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993
Soboleva N.A. Russian state symbols: history and modernity.-M.: 2003.
Federal state law dated December 25, 2005 "On the state flag of the Russian Federation"
The state chooses its distinctive features. Own flag, coat of arms and anthem of Russia are essential attributes. For several centuries, the banner has changed.
The Russian flag of white-blue-red was finally approved in 1991. Since 1994, when the President signed the relevant decree, the Russian Flag Day is traditionally celebrated on August 22 every year.
History of appearance
It is not known for certain when it appeared and who invented the banner used today as a state banner in the Russian Federation. There are a huge number of versions.
Historians believe that the modern flag of the Russian Federation owes its appearance to the emperor. It was he who first used the tricolor as a symbol of the fleet. The emperor thus designated the belonging of the ship to a certain power.
It is not known why Peter I chose this particular color variation for the imperial flag. Historians offer many different theories. Some believe that the emperor was so willing to support other states that have similar colors on their flags. Others say that only white, red and blue fabrics were in stock.
Despite references to the symbol in Ancient Russia, it began to be used during the reign of Peter I. The emperor used it in diplomatic missions, trade and in military operations.
The meaning of the national flag for the country
Belonging to merchant ships, army troops or locality a particular power was difficult to determine. Flags were used to solve the problem. Bright canvases, erected in a conspicuous place, were a means of identification.
At present, the symbol of the state contributes to the education of patriotism, respect for the native land, gives a sense of spiritual and blood unity. The national flag is of great importance in international relations.
The meaning of the colors of the tricolor
There are many versions of the interpretation of the shades used in the state symbol of Russia. According to one of the unofficial interpretations, the meaning of flowers represents:
- white - purity, purity, innocence;
- blue - faith and constancy;
- red - the blood that was shed for the sovereignty of the state by the ancestors.
Considering that the history of the appearance of the symbol has more than three centuries, there is also a historical version of the interpretation of the tricolor. The ancient Slavs believed that the location of the stripes on the flag and their color is a reflection of the structure of the world. In this case, the top stripe symbolizes the divine world, the middle - blue - the heavenly world, and the bottom - the physical.
Another version - the flag reflects the unity of the three fraternal peoples. Then the red stripe is a symbol of Great Russia, the blue one is Little Russia, and the white one is Belarus. The most common interpretation is freedom, faith and sovereignty, respectively, according to the location of the bands.
Symbols of the troops of the Russian army
In addition to the standards of commanders and banners, each branch of the Russian Federation has distinctive symbols - flags. The modern version of the banners was approved by the president in November 2003, and a corresponding decree was signed on that.
Flags of Russian troops
The Ministry of Defense is a two-sided rectangular canvas. The drawing of both parts is identical. The flag depicts a cross expanding towards the base, each beam of which is divided in half and painted in blue and red. The emblem of the Ministry of Defense of Russia is placed in the central part of the cloth. The state symbol was approved by presidential decree in July 2003.
The flag of the Russian Air Force is a double-sided sky-blue canvas. In the central part of the military symbolism, there is an anti-aircraft gun and a silver-colored propeller crossed among themselves. Also on the flag are 14 yellow rays, which expand from the center of the cloth to its edges. Military symbols were approved in May 2004 by the Order of the Minister of Defense.
The flag of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia - military symbols is a double-sided canvas, painted in the colors of the state tricolor. There is a blue square in the roof of the Ministry symbol. Its height is equal to two stripes of the Russian flag, white and blue. The red stripe runs across the width of the entire canvas. The square contains an octagonal star with four elongated rays. In the center of the star is placed an orange circle and a blue triangle.
St. Andrew's flag of Russia is the official military symbol of the Navy. On a white panel, diagonal lines crossed with each other, resembling a large blue cross, are depicted. The naval ensign of Russia was approved in 1992 by presidential decree.
The border flag of Russia - there are several varieties of the banner. The banners are united by one detail - a green cross expanding towards the base. In the central part there is a golden eagle with two heads.
Flag ground forces Russia - is a canvas of red color. In the center is the emblem of the land arm of the army - a golden hue of grenada, located against the background of two swords crossed between each other. The symbol was approved by Order of the Minister of Defense in 2004.
The flag of the Space Forces is a double-sided sky-blue canvas. In the center of the cloth there is a small emblem, which is a stylized drawing of a rocket launching against the backdrop of the planet Earth. The ball is divided by horizontal stripes - dark blue, blue, white and red. The military symbols of the space forces were approved by the Order of the Minister of Defense in June 2004.
Coat of arms of the Russian Federation: its history and meaning
Important symbols are the flag and coat of arms of Russia. The eagle is found on the coats of arms of most princes. Today it is the coat of arms of the state. For the first time, such an image appeared at. The coat of arms of Russia is a double-headed eagle looking in different sides, indicates that the country is the successor of the Third Rome and Byzantium.
Before becoming a sign of the state, the symbol has undergone changes. Various elements were added to his image. One of the most complex emblems in the world lasted until 1917. Flags with the image of an eagle were used to mark state campaigns or served as the personal standards of the sovereign.
The meaning of the emblem of the Russian Federation is the orientation of the country to the East and West. It is understood that the state is not an element of any of the cardinal points. Russia is a combination of the best qualities of the West and the East.
The horse rider, located in the central part of the coat of arms, who kills the snake, has a rich history. In ancient Russia, this symbol was often used by princes. The horseman is the guise of a prince. Emperor Peter I decided that the coat of arms depicts St. George the Victorious.
The three crowns located at the top of the emblem did not appear immediately. During the use of the symbol, their number changed from one to three and back. Explained the existence of crowns on the emblem. The king said that they symbolize the Siberian, Kazan and Astrakhan kingdoms. It is now believed that crowns are the emblem of an independent country.
In its paws, a double-headed eagle holds a scepter and orb. In 1917, the elements were removed from the emblem. Traditionally, the orb and scepter are a symbol of state power and unity. The golden color of the bird indicates the wealth of the country, its prosperity and grace.
7 former flags of Russia
In ancient times, the banner was called the "banner". Under him gathered the army of the state. Traditionally, the color of the Russian flag is red. Under the banners of this shade, Ivan the Terrible and
During the time of Ivan the Terrible, a red banner with an image was used. Russian troops under this banner conquered Kazan. For a century and a half, the banner with Christ was the official flag of Tsarist Russia.
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, there was no permanent banner. The troops acted under different banners. The flag of this king is symbolic. Its basis is the cross. The emblem symbolizes the mission of the state on the scale of the Universe.
Under Peter the Great, a red flag with a white border would have been approved. In the center of the banner was an eagle flying over sea water. Such a banner existed until the emperor's interest in everything European.
Peter I introduced a new flag. Outwardly, the banner resembles a modern tricolor. The emperor personally depicted the banner, on which there were horizontal stripes of white, red and blue.
In Russia, the Andreevsky flag became the state symbol in 1712. Now the banner is the military symbol of the country's fleet.
With the coming to power of the Romanov dynasty, the banner also changed. The tsar approved the banner of white-black-yellow as the official symbol of the state. The banner began to be used after the victory over the army. The black-white-yellow color was not chosen by chance. The banner is based on Russian tradition. The white tint symbolizes St. George, black - an eagle with two heads, yellow - the golden field of the coat of arms.
White-blue-red banner with an eagle - this option was approved in 1914. The banner was not considered official. The banner symbolized the unity of the people and the ruler.
The history of the Russian Federation is interesting and multifaceted. At all times, the unity of the Russian people with the ruler was of particular importance. This was symbolized by the former flags used in Russia.
The white color in the tricolor symbolizes frankness and nobility, red - love, courage and courage, and blue - loyalty and honesty. The state banner indicates the solidarity of the Russian people with the fraternal peoples. The strength of each person lies in the knowledge of the history of the country - we must not forget about it.
Plan.
I. Modern, official, state flags of Russia.
A) the state flag of Russia
B) the standard of the President of the Russian Federation
B) the banner of victory
II. History of the state flags of Russia
B) standard
III. History of the Russian flag
A) the birth of the Russian flag
B) St. Andrew's flag
C) state flags of the Russian Empire
D) flags of the Soviet era
D) the banner of Victory
IV. The modern state flag of Russia
A) the revival of the tricolor of Peter I
B) laws and decrees on the state flag, the banner of Victory
C) the meaning of the flag as a symbol of the state
Equipment:
computer presentation
Decrees and laws on the state flag of Russia, decree on the banner of Victory
Illustrations
Target:
Contribute to the formation, formation of spiritual, moral and patriotic qualities of the individual.
Tasks:
To instill a sense of patriotism and civic responsibility, a respectful attitude towards the symbols of the statehood of Russia. To provide students with more complete information about the history of the appearance of the state flag of Russia, about the history of standards and banners in Russia. Increase the motivation of educational activities through the use of non-traditional forms of presentation of material, ICT tools, elements of gaming activities. Find, systematize and analyze information. Learn to analyze historical sources and draw conclusions. To teach to convey information to listeners, to defend one's point of view with reason. Develop students' creativity.
Move.
Teacher:
Today we are holding a press conference on the topic "The flag of Russia is a symbol of state power."
Our guest:
Researcher at the Institute of Statistics and Public Opinion.
Candidates historical sciences dealing with issues of flag science and sign science.
Doctor of Historical Sciences, specialist in vexillology, deals with the Soviet period in the history of our state.
Political scientist.
Our conference is attended by high school students and university students. During the conference, you can ask participants questions, take part in discussions, and answer questions.
So, we start our conference and give the floor to a statistician
Teacher:
Summing up the results of the questionnaire about symbols.
Each state has its own distinctive signs - state symbols, which include the coat of arms, flag, anthem. To know and understand their meaning is the duty of every citizen. We were destined to be born in Russia, and we must respect its symbols and history, we must be proud of our people. It is difficult to teach, it must be understood and felt. And I would very much like you to understand that the flag, coat of arms, anthem are symbols of the historical continuity of the main values of the state.
The famous Russian thinker V. Belinsky wrote: “The ancient emblem or color of the nation, like the coat of arms of an ancient family, must always and invariably be kept intact. Otherwise, the emblem itself loses its symbolic and historical meaning, does not gain popularity among the people and becomes nothing more than an official, official stamp. I would very much like this not to happen to our flag. And it depends a lot on you.
Questionnaire questions:
Question
Answers:
1. Name the symbols of state power in Russia.
2. Name the colors of the national flag of Russia and the order in which they are placed on the flag.
3. What do the colors of the national flag of Russia symbolize?
4. What is the first line of the national anthem of Russia.
The Russian flag has changed quite significantly throughout the entire period of its existence. And the last option, which is used in modern world, is as close as possible to the one that appeared first. In honor of this symbol of the country, the Day of the Flag of the Russian Federation is celebrated annually on August 22, since it was on this day in 1991 that the modern arrangement of colors was approved, which, however, were used in Tsarist Russia long before that. It should be noted that this date did not become a holiday immediately, but only starting from 1994, when the corresponding presidential decree was published.
Flag history
It is believed that it owes its appearance in the version in which the Russian flag exists now to Peter the Great and his actions aimed at creating a fleet. It is precisely because of the need to indicate that the ship belonged to one or another power that the modern version of the tricolor white-blue-red flag arose. However, there is still no evidence of the actual reasons why these colors were chosen. Many theories have been proposed, ranging from an attempt to imitate other countries that have similar flag colors, to such a simple reason that by the time the problem arose, the warehouses simply did not have fabric of other colors in stock. Of course, before the appearance of such a symbol in Ancient Russia, and later, various banners were used, but they were not officially approved. Only on August 22, 1991, the modern version of the flag was recognized as the state one, and it was at that moment that such a holiday as the Day of the Flag of the Russian Federation appeared. Nevertheless, since the reign of Peter the Great, this symbol in one form or another has been actively used in trade, in diplomatic missions, and even during hostilities.
Flag of the Russian Empire
The first mention of the new colors of the Russian banner appears in 1731, but in fact the black-yellow-white flag was officially approved only in 1858. Nevertheless, already in 1883, a law was passed, according to which during solemn holidays and other state events, only the white-blue-red flag should be used for decoration. And despite this, both options were in use for a very long time. Thus, over a very long period of history, two variations of the national flag were used simultaneously.
Flag of the USSR
The first variation of the USSR flag was approved in 1918. Before that, either a white-blue-red version was used, or just a red banner. Subsequently, it was refined and modified before becoming the way most people know it: a red background and a crossed hammer and sickle in the upper left corner. This banner became in 1924, and further changes did not add anything significantly new. Each republic that was part of the USSR had its own variations of the flag, but it was the main version that was taken as the basis.
Modern Russian flag
Since 1991, a white-blue-red banner has been used as the state flag. It remains so to this day. There are many interpretations of what the Russian flag means. The most common interpretation of colors is as follows. White - frankness and nobility, blue - honesty, fidelity, chastity and impeccability, and red - love, generosity, courage and courage. According to other options, the colors symbolize Great, White and Little Russia. There are many more lesser-known assumptions, according to one of which white symbolizes freedom, blue - the Virgin, and red - power. It is also believed that such colors are traditional for the entire Slavic world. Of the modern flags of different powers, the banners of Azania (Somalia) and Slovenia are very similar to the Russian flag. In the latter, this symbol is almost identical, but in Somalia, instead of blue, it is rather turquoise or something similar to it. Previously, similar colors and their similar arrangement were also found on the symbols of the Duchy of Carniola and Slovakia, but later they were changed to more unique ones.
Results
In general, the history of the flags of the Russian Federation is rather confused, complex, has many contradictions and relatively little documentary evidence. The initial choice by Peter I of just such an arrangement and such colors of the flag is incomprehensible. Despite the active use of this symbolism for a long time, in fact, it was officially approved relatively recently. It should be noted that most of the flags of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation bear little resemblance to the state symbol, and only a few have similar colors. An interesting fact is that everyone has their own flag, except for the Pskov region, although the different administrative units that are included in it have their own insignia.
The Navy honors traditions, observes ancient rituals and cherishes symbols. Everyone knows that the main flag is St. Andrew's banner, proudly fluttering on the masts and mainmasts of the first imperial sailing ships of the Peter's fleet. However, not everyone knows that even then there were other maritime flags that differed in function and informative orientation. This position is still in effect today.
The birth of the St. Andrew's flag
Created by Peter the Great, he also took care of its symbols. He drew the first naval flags himself and went through several options. The chosen version was based on the "oblique" St. Andrew's Cross. It was this option, which became the eighth and last, that served until the October Revolution of 1917. Crossed by St. Andrew the First-Called, Russian ships won many victories, and if they suffered defeats, then the glory of the heroism of sailors survived generations and shines to this day.
Saint Andrew the First-Called
The reason why this symbol was chosen has a deep meaning. The fact is that the first disciple of Christ, Andrew the First-Called, brother of the Apostle Peter, is considered both the patron saint of sailors (he himself was a Galilean fisherman), and Holy Russia. In his wanderings, he visited, among many other cities, Kyiv, Veliky Novgorod, and Volkhov, preaching the Christian faith. The Apostle Andrew was martyred on the cross, while the executioners crucified him not on a straight, but on an oblique cross (this is how the concept and name of this symbol arose).
The naval flag of Russia in the final version of Peter the Great looked like a white cloth crossed out with a blue cross. He is like that today.
In the first years after the revolution, the Bolsheviks did not attach naval power of great importance. During the Civil War, almost all fronts were land fronts, and when the devastation came, there were simply no funds for the maintenance of complex equipment. The few ships of the river and sea fleets remaining at the disposal new government, raised The leadership of the worker-peasant army and Comrade L.D. Trotsky treated with contempt the maritime traditions, heraldry, symbols, history and the like "ashes of the old world".
In 1923, the former officer of the tsarist fleet, Ordynsky, nevertheless convinced the Bolsheviks to adopt a special flag for ships, offering a rather strange option - an almost complete copy of the Japanese banner with the sign of the Red Army in the center. This flag of the RSFSR flew on yards and flagpoles until 1935, then it had to be abandoned. Imperial Japan was becoming a likely enemy, and ships could easily be confused from afar.
The decision on the new Red Navy pennant was made by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Even then, there was some continuity, white and blue colors appeared on it, borrowed from the Andreevsky banner, but, of course, the new symbol of the USSR Navy could not do without a star and a hammer and sickle, moreover, red ones.
In 1950, it was slightly changed by reducing the relative size of the star. The flag has acquired a geometric balance, objectively it has become more beautiful. In this form, it existed until the collapse of the USSR and another year, while there was confusion. In 1992, new (or rather, revived old) St. Andrew's naval flags were hoisted on all ships. The cross did not quite correspond to the historical tradition, but in general it was almost the same as under Peter the Great. Everything is back to normal.
What flags are in the fleet
Flags in the fleet are different, and their purpose is different. In addition to the usual stern Andreevsky banners, a guis is also raised on ships of the first and second ranks, but only while moored at the pier. After going to sea, the stern flag is hoisted on the mast or topmasts (at the highest point). If a battle begins, the state flag is raised.
"Colored" flags
The charter also provides for pennants of naval commanders of various ranks. Naval flags, indicating the presence of commanders on board, are indicated by a red flag, a quarter of which is occupied by a blue St. Andrew's cross on a white background. On the colored field are:
- one star (white) - if the commander of the formation of ships is on board;
- two stars (white) - if the commander of a flotilla or squadron is on board;
- three stars (white) - if the fleet commander is on board.
In addition, there are other colored flags, with the coat of arms of the Russian Federation on a red background, crossed out with two crosses, St. Andrew's and a straight white one or with two intersecting anchors on the same background. This means the presence on the ship of the Minister of Defense or the Chief of the General Staff.
signal flags
Information exchange, as in the past, can be carried out through visual symbols, including sea signal flags. Of course, in the age of electronic means, they are used extremely rarely and, rather, serve as a symbol of the inviolability of naval traditions, and on holidays they decorate the ball-gray monotony of ship camouflage with their multicolor, but if necessary, they can also perform their direct function. Sailors must be able to use them, and for this they need to study reference books, which contain all the flag signals. These volumes consist of sections in which transcripts are collected geographical names, names of ships, military ranks and similar information. Directories are two-flag and three-flag, with the help of many combinations, you can quickly report the situation and transmit orders. Negotiations with foreign ships are conducted through the International Code of Flag Signals.
In addition to pennants, meaning whole phrases, there have always been letter flags with which you can compose any message.
Flags with St. George ribbon
All are conditionally divided into ordinary and guards. A distinctive feature of the guard in Russia is the St. George Ribbon, which is present in the symbolism of the unit. Naval flags, decorated with an orange and black stripe, mean that a ship or coastal base belongs to a number of especially glorified units. The sailors abandoned the initial idea that the ribbon should become a separate element of the banner, so that it could not wrap around the flag halyard, and now the St. George symbol is applied directly to the canvas in its lower part. Such a naval flag of Russia testifies to the special combat readiness and high class of both the ship itself and its crew, it obliges a lot.
Marines flag
In Soviet times, each branch of the military had its own symbols. For example, the maritime border guards belonging to the USSR State Security Committee had their own flag, which was a compilation of the Navy flag in a reduced form on a green field. Now, after the adoption of a single model, the diversity has become less, but unofficial symbols have appeared, created by the imagination of the military, and therefore, probably, even more beloved and revered by them. One of them is the flag of the Marine Corps. In essence, this is the same St. Andrew's white canvas with a blue cross, but it is supplemented with a patch of this type of troops (a gold anchor in a black circle), the inscription "Marines" and the motto "Where we are, there is victory!".
The Marine Corps was created in Russia earlier than in many other countries (almost together with the fleet), and during its existence covered itself with unfading glory. In 1669, the Eagle team became its first unit, and in 1705 the first naval soldier regiment was formed. It was November 27, and since then this day has been celebrated by all Marines. They fought not only as marines, they also participated in ground operations, during the Napoleonic invasion, and in other wars (Crimean, Russian-Turkish, World War I, Great Patriotic War). In the armed conflicts of recent decades, they also had a chance to fight, and the enemy knew that if the flag of the Marine Corps was raised, then the circumstances for him were very unfavorable and it was best for him to retreat.
After a long break in February 2012, the heraldic naval justice was restored. From the hands of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral Kuroyedov, received the updated naval ensign of Russia. Now he flies over all the oceans.