The political system of society is social science. Politics and power. State. Politic system
The author of the article is a professional tutor Elena Viktorovna Kaluzhskaya
This article is about concepts encountered in questions USE in social studies: Politics, power, political system.
The term " politics" comes from the ancient Greek word polis - "city-state", first introduced into scientific circulation ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.
Politics is the relationship between large groups of people within society, as well as between societies, which are aimed at establishing, maintaining and redistributing power.
Concept " power" expresses this phenomenon. public life with which all political processes are connected. However, power can exist in the form of the power of parents, the boss, the leader of an informal group, and so on. For the sphere of politics, the concept is applied "political power".
Let's give definitions:
Power- social relationships hallmark which is the ability of one individual or group of individuals to influence other individuals or groups of individuals, changing their behavior in accordance with their goals.
Political power- the right, ability and opportunity to defend certain political views, attitudes and goals.
The sphere of politics has its own structure, expressed in the concept "politic system".
System- this is a set of elements interconnected in such a way that they represent together an object, a phenomenon that performs a function. Anything can be cited as an example: a pen, a notebook, a person, morality ... A notebook, for example, is a collection of sheets in a cage or in a ruler and a cover, fastened together. A notebook is used to record educational material. Morality is a set of norms that determine human behavior. What does it represent politic system?
Politic system- a set of norms, public institutions and organizations, collectively representing the political self-organization of society.
In the political system, there are five structural components (elements), which are called subsystems:
1. Institutional subsystem: states, parties, socio-political movements and other political institutions.
2. Regulatory subsystem: political principles, legal norms governing political life, political traditions and moral norms.
3. Functional subsystem: forms and directions political activity, methods of exercising power.
4. Communication subsystem: a set of connections and interactions, both between the subsystems of the political system, and between the political system and other subsystems of society, between the political systems of different countries.
5. Cultural and ideological subsystem: political psychology and ideology, political culture, including political teachings, values, ideals, patterns of behavior that affect the political activities of people.
Social science. Full course of preparation for the Unified State Examination Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna
4.3. Politic system
4.3. Politic system
Politic system - an ordered set of norms, institutions, organizations, ideas, as well as relationships and interactions between them, during which political power is exercised; a complex of state and non-state institutions that carry out political functions, that is, activities related to the functioning of state power; a set of principles for the organization and functioning of institutions political power.
The main features of the political system: close connection with state power, with the struggle for state power and its implementation; expression of political interests of various classes, social strata and groups; availability of organizational forms of expression of political interests; regulation of relations between the institutions of the political system, legal, political norms and political traditions.
The political system is characterized by: political ideology; political culture; political norms, traditions and customs.
The structure of the political system includes subsystems:
* institutional: the state, political parties, socio-economic and public organizations and relations between them; of particular importance are the church and the media, which have the ability to significantly influence the process of forming public opinion, put pressure on the government and leaders;
* normative: legal, political, moral norms and values, traditions, customs;
* functional: methods of political activity, ways of exercising power;
* communicative: all forms of interaction both within the system and with the political systems of other states.
Functions of the political system
A) classification of the functions of the political system G. Almond and J. Powell: political socialization; adaptation; response; extraction function - mobilization of resources from the external or internal environment; distributive (distributive) function - distribution by the system of resources, benefits, statuses, etc.; regulatory function.
B) the generally accepted classification of functions: conversions (transformation of social requirements into political decisions); adaptation (adaptation of the political system to the changing conditions of public life); mobilization of human and material resources (Money, voters, etc.) to achieve political goals; protective function (protection of the socio-political system, its original basic values and principles); foreign policy (establishment and development of mutually beneficial relations with other states); consolidating (coordination of collective interests and requirements of various social groups); distribution (creation and distribution of material and spiritual values).
Classification of political systems
1) The nature of the relationship with the external environment: open and closed.
2) According to the political regime (method of exercising political power): totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.
4) By the type of political culture and the division of political roles between the participants in the political process: Anglo-American, European-continental, pre-industrial and partly industrial, totalitarian.
5) According to the socio-economic basis:
- totalitarian-distributive (they are based on the state distribution of material goods);
- liberal-democratic (their basis is a market economy);
- convergence and mobilization (they are based on a combination of state intervention in the economy with the market).
In addition to the state, the political system includes political parties, socio-political and public organizations and movements, labor collectives, individual citizens, legal acts, ideological currents, and others.
AT authoritarian(autocratic) political systems power belongs to the political class headed by the leader; it is based on the law expressing the interests of this political class and its leader (Tsar, Emperor, General Secretary, Fuhrer, etc.). In such a political system, the executive branch is dominant and there is no independent judiciary. The authoritarian system of society goes through stages in the history of mankind: despotic at the agrarian stage of mankind and totalitarian (Soviet, fascist, Nazi, etc.) at the industrial stage. This system is characterized, on the one hand, by diligence, humility, patience, and on the other hand, by imperiousness, cruelty and determination. The main functions of such state power: maintaining order, ensuring the security of the country, organizing the economy, lawmaking, etc.
AT liberal In political systems, power belongs to the economically dominant classes and is characterized by the separation of powers (legislative, executive, judicial). There is a system of "checks and balances" that does not allow individual branches of government to become dominant, and an independent judiciary ensures the equality of all before the law. The basic part of the liberal political system is formed by democratic state power in the form of a parliamentary or presidential republic. The effective part of the liberal political system is formed by: political, economic and demo-social stability; observance of human and civil rights; the possibility of self-development in a competitive environment and uncertainty about the future; protection from external threats; ensuring external political and economic expansion.
For democratic The political system is characterized by a multi-party system, political and ideological pluralism, the desire of parties and other political forces to seize state power in a democratic way.
AT social democratic In political systems, power belongs to a democratic, legal, social state and civil society, which is based on the middle class. This system is based on the separation of powers, based on the law, which ensures the freedom and responsibility of citizens. The branches of power are in relative harmony, controlled by civil society, as well as democratic, effective law. In terms of the speed of decision-making, the social democratic political system is slower than the liberal and authoritarian ones. The adoption of important decisions in the civil political system is accompanied by a national and intra-party discussion, which allows you to evaluate the positive and negative aspects of the decision for the country and its classes.
Traditional the political system is characterized by politically inactive citizens, a weak differentiation of political roles, and a charismatic rationale for power.
AT modernized political systems have a developed civil society, a variety of political roles, a reasonable legal way to justify power.
The stability of the political system depends on the ability of the state power to make decisions and enforce them without the use of force. The latter is possible with the legitimacy of power and its decisions. The effectiveness of the political system means the satisfaction of the population with the performance of its functions.
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Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) The concept of "the political system of society" entered the scientific circulation in the second half of the twentieth century. (B) The political system regulates the production and distribution of goods among social communities on the basis of the use of state power, participation in it, struggle for it. (C) The system-forming category that integrates these elements into a single political system is the category of “political power”. (D) Political power - the ability of one person or group of persons to control the behavior and actions of citizens and society, based on national or national goals. (E) The essence of the political system of society is most clearly manifested in its functions.
Determine which positions of the text have
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
BUT | B | AT | G | D |
Explanation.
(A) The concept of "the political system of society" entered the scientific circulation in the second half of the twentieth century. Fact, it happened.
(B) The political system regulates the production and distribution of goods among social communities on the basis of the use of state power, participation in it, struggle for it. Theory.
(C) The system-forming category that integrates these elements into a single political system is the category of “political power”. Theory
(D) Political power - the ability of one person or group of persons to control the behavior and actions of citizens and society, based on national or national goals. Theory.
(E) The essence of the political system of society is most clearly manifested in its functions. Grade. Most brightly.
Answer: 1, 3, 3, 3, 2.
Answer: 13332
Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 03/30/2016. early wave
Choose from the proposed list of words (phrases) that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
“The political elite is one of __________(A) politics. It is referred to the institutional component __________(B). This is a narrow circle of persons exercising power in society. In __________ (B), it is customary to divide this social stratum into two groups. The first is based on land ownership, __________ (D), religion, origin, therefore it belongs to the traditional type. The basis of the second, modern group is political
knowledge, experience, __________ (D) in matters of social life. It is difficult to get into the first group, the main __________ (E) selection of people is their diligence and personal devotion. Members of the second group also
regulate the process of arrival of new faces, but the main requirement is professionalism”.
Words (phrases) in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once. Choose sequentially one word (phrase) after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words (phrases) in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
A | B | AT | G | D | E |
Explanation.
A) is the subject.
B) - the political system of society.
B) political science.
D) wealth.
D) - competence.
E) - criterion.
Answer: 579134.
Answer: 579134
Subject area: Politics. Political elite
Name any three functions of the political system of society and illustrate each of these functions with an example. (Each example should be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
In the answer, the following functions of the political system of society can be named and illustrated with examples:
1) Adoption of generally binding decisions, management of society. (For example, the parliament of country X develops laws that regulate economic relations in the state);
2) determination of the goals and objectives of social development, the political course of power. (For example, the President of the Russian Federation delivered an annual message Federal Assembly RF, defining the tasks of the development of Russian society);
3) mobilization of resources to achieve certain goals. (For example, in ancient Egypt, the state attracted a huge number of people and materials to dig irrigation canals and build pyramids and temple complexes).
Other functions may be named, other examples given.
Source: USE 2014 in social studies. main wave. Siberia Option 362 (part C)
1) The political system is designed to reflect the diverse interests of social groups that directly or through their organizations and movements influence state power.
2) The political system of any society is stable and not subject to change for a long time.
3) The political system performs the function of determining the goals and directions for the development of society and the state.
4) Values, political ideologies belong to the cultural subsystem of the political system.
5) The political system performs the function of nominating political leaders, training personnel for the state apparatus and political organizations.
Explanation.
There are various reasons for highlighting the main elements of the political system. Consider the first of the classifications, in which subsystems are distinguished: organizational-institutional - these are organizations (social groups, revolutionary movements, etc.) and institutions - parliamentarism, parties, civil service, legal proceedings, citizenship, presidency, etc.; normative-regulatory - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions; communicative - relations, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society; cultural and ideological - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.
1) The political system is designed to reflect the diverse interests of social groups that directly or through their organizations and movements influence state power - yes, that's right.
2) The political system of any society is stable and not subject to change for a long time - no, not true.
3) The political system performs the function of determining the goals and directions for the development of society and the state - yes, that's right.
4) Values, political ideologies belong to the cultural subsystem of the political system - yes, that's right.
5) The political system performs the function of nominating political leaders, training personnel for the state apparatus and political organizations - yes, that's right.
Answer: 1345.
Answer: 1345
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
At political parties Yes, but they are part of the political system
·Are the following judgments about the political system of society correct?
A. The political system of society ensures the integration and mobilization of society.
B. The political system of society determines the possibilities of socio-political activity in society.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Explanation.
The political system is a socio-political mechanism through which decisions are made and implemented that are binding on everyone, ensuring the functioning and development of society as a single mechanism controlled by political power.
Statement A is correct. The political system ensures the unification of members of society in order to achieve any goals, the mobilization of society.
Statement B is correct. Political norms, traditions, features of the functioning of the subjects of political power determine the boundaries and possibilities of socio-political activity.
Answer: 3
Source: USE in social studies 05/05/2014. Early wave. Option 4.
The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
Explanation.
When analyzing the response, the following are taken into account:
- the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to a given topic;
- compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic:
1) The concept of the political system.
2) The main elements of the political system:
a) organizations and institutions (the state, parties and socio-political movements, the media);
b) political communications (a set of relations and forms of interaction between political subjects);
c) political norms and traditions (constitutions and laws, ethical and moral norms);
d) cultural and ideological subsystem (a set of political ideas, views, ideas and feelings that are different in their content).
3) Functions of the political system:
a) determination of goals, objectives and ways of development of society;
b) regulation of the company's activities;
c) distribution of spiritual and material resources;
d) coordination of different political interests;
e) stability and security of society;
f) monitoring the implementation of decisions and compliance with regulations.
4) Typology of political systems:
a) depending on the source of power (democratic and non-democratic (authoritarian and totalitarian));
b) depending on interaction with society (open and closed);
5) Features of modern political systems.
A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.
The presence of any two of the 2, 3 and 4 points of the plan in this or similar wording will reveal the content of this topic on the merits
A. One of the functions of the political system of society is the development of links between political subjects.
B. The development of the political system of society, among other factors, is influenced by the traditions of political life.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Explanation.
Statement A is correct. In the political system, there is a communicative subsystem, covering a set of connections and relationships between the subsystems of the political system, political subjects.
Statement B is correct. In the normative subsystem of the political system, which includes such a component as political traditions.
The correct answer is numbered: 3.
Answer: 3
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
Source: USE in social studies 05/05/2014. Early wave. Option 1.
Characterization of the political system of society requires consideration of its individual components. Which of the following refers to the normative subsystem of the political system of society?
1) political traditions
2) party charter
3) political ideals
4) party program
5) media
6) political culture
Explanation.
Organizational (state, political parties, socio-political movements, pressure groups), normative (norms, values, customs, traditions), cultural (political culture - knowledge, value orientations, political psychology, methods of practical political activity + ideology), communicative ( connections within the political system).
1) political traditions - yes, that's right.
2) the party charter - yes, that's right.
3) political ideals - no, not true.
4) the party program - yes, that's right.
5) the media - no, not true.
6) political culture - no, not true.
Answer: 124.
Answer: 124
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
Traditions refer to norms, not ideologies.
·The author writes that the level of absenteeism in the state characterizes the state of the political system, the attitude of citizens towards it. What two groups of citizens can be distinguished on such a basis as their attitude to the political system? Give two objective and two subjective factors that influence a citizen's decision to vote.
In a state built on democratic principles, citizens are given the opportunity to participate in the political process. However, today the tendency of citizens to refuse to participate in the political life of society is becoming more and more relevant, which negatively affects the formation of civil society structures, the effectiveness of elected authorities, and therefore there is an increasing interest in the problem of absenteeism.
Conscious voter avoidance of participation in elections is a common phenomenon in the world electoral practice; absolute participation in elections is not typical for democratic states. 100% turnout is typical of non-democratic regimes, which use various methods of coercion to vote.
The growing number of people who, for one reason or another, refuse to participate in the elections of government bodies, raises the problem of the legitimacy of the chosen government. Therefore, some states apply various measures to ensure turnout, from the introduction of a minimum turnout threshold to fines. Establishing a legal obligation to vote is used in countries such as Austria, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, etc. However, this can hardly be considered a solution to the problem of absenteeism, since the reasons for refusing to exercise one's suffrage are various and often political in nature. .
A high level of citizens' participation in politics, in particular in elections, is more likely to be possible with the predominance of collectivist sentiments in society.
As individualistic sentiments grow, priority areas of activity for each person related to his personal goals appear, while politics as a public sphere and the solution of political problems fade into the background.
According to Z. Bauman, the crisis of political participation is associated with a decrease in interest in joint common affairs, the erosion of political convictions. E. Giddens explains the growing number of absenteeists by the withering away of old forms of legitimation of power, which become ineffective as globalization grows. R. Inglehart believes that simple forms of political participation, such as voting, elections, are losing their effectiveness, and they should be replaced by a much more complex system that ensures political participation. The level of absenteeism in the state characterizes the state of the political system, the attitude of citizens towards it.
(K.I. Arinina)
Explanation.
1. two groups: 1) a group of citizens whose decision not to vote is not an expression of their political position and demonstrates conforming behavior; 2) a group of citizens expressing their protest in this way;
2. Factors:
- objective: the level of elections, the activity of informing citizens about the elections and their significance;
- subjective: the level of political culture of the voter, his personal psychological qualities.
Other groups can be distinguished and other factors given
A. Public organizations may be part of the political system of a society.
B. The political system of society includes state authorities.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Explanation.
The political system is a multifunctional mechanism that includes state and non-state social institutions that carry out political functions.
The correct answer is numbered: 3.
Answer: 3
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. main wave. Center. Option 3.
1) political parties and social movements
2) methods of exercising power
3) federal laws
4) dominant models of political behavior
Explanation.
Elements of the political system:
1. organizational or institutional (state, political parties, socio-political movements, pressure groups);
2. normative (norms, values, customs, traditions);
3. cultural (political culture - knowledge, value orientations, political psychology, methods of practical political activity + ideology);
4. communicative (communications within the political system).
The correct answer is numbered: 1.
Answer: 1
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
What subsystem of the political system of society includes: the state, political parties, socio-political movements?
1) organizational
2) communicative
3) regulatory
4) functional
Explanation.
Elements of the political system:
1. organizational (state, political parties, social and political movements, pressure groups)
2. normative (norms, values, customs, traditions)
3. cultural (political culture - knowledge, value orientations, political psychology, methods of practical political activity + ideology)
4. communicative (communications within the political system)
Answer: 1.
Find examples in the list below that illustrate the institutional subsystem of a society's political system. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) political rights and freedoms
2) political parties
3) political ideology
4) media
5) state
6) political norms and traditions
Explanation.
The institutional subsystem of the political subsystem is a set of institutions associated with the functioning of political power. Structural elements - the state, political infrastructure (political parties, socio-political organizations and movements, lobbying groups), the media, as well as the church. The institutions of the political system include: parties, the state, the media.
Answer: 2, 4, 5.
Answer: 245
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
Andrey Shcheglov 04.05.2016 21:47
Aren't the media and the state separate institutions? And how they can be subsystems watered. systems?
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
They belong to the institutional subsystem and are not subsystems.
Dima --- 12.05.2016 16:01
The question asks about the institutional subsystem!
And the media belong to the information and communication subsystem. you have a mistake
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
The institutional subsystem of the political subsystem is a set of institutions associated with the functioning of political power. Structural elements - the state, political infrastructure (political parties, socio-political organizations and movements, lobbying groups), the media, as well as the church.
Find a concept that generalizes to all the other concepts in the series below. Write down this word (phrase).
liberalism, social democracy, nationalism, conservatism, ideology, anarchism.
Political parties play an important role in the social life of a democratic society. Name any three functions of a political party in the political system of society and illustrate each of them with a concrete example. (Each example should be formulated in detail).
Explanation.
The correct answer should name the functions of the political party and give the corresponding “measures, for example:
1) Expression of powerfully significant interests of individual social groups. (For example, the parliamentary faction of political party X represents the interests of the middle class, seeking the adoption of legislation regulating the activities of small and medium businesses, and tax incentives for these types of businesses);
What determines the special role of the state in the political system of society?
A. In a political system, no less than institutions, political communication is significant, providing relationships
and relationships between the subsystems and elements that make up the system.
B. The institutional subsystem of the political system includes the norms and values through which society regulates emerging conflicts.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Explanation.
The political system of a society or the political organization of a society is a set of interactions (relations) of political subjects related to the exercise of power (government) and the management of society, organized on a single normative-value basis.
This concept combines a variety of actions and relationships between ruling groups and subordinate, governing and controlled, dominant and subordinate, theoretically generalizes the activities and relationships of organized forms of power relations - state and other institutions and institutions, as well as ideological and political values and norms that regulate the political life of members of this society. The concept of "political system" denotes the structures of political activity and relations characteristic of a particular society and the types of political process.
The closed type of elite recruitment is historically the first, while the second - open - is the result of the development of political systems, because it requires high level political culture. The closed type is characterized primarily by the narrowness of the social base of the elite. This is the ruling class, stratum, estate, which monopolize political power; all elite positions are occupied by his henchmen. The closed type of elite recruitment is typical for the political systems of traditional society, and in relation to modern political systems - for authoritarian and totalitarian political regimes. Since this type of elite recruitment narrows its social base, prevents the most capable people from the lower strata of society, dissidents, etc. from occupying elite positions, it dooms the political system to stagnation, inevitably degenerates, loses the ability to effectively manage, in fact, provokes education a counter-elite that surpasses the ruling elite in its intellectual indicators, which uses the dissatisfaction of the masses with the existing system to destroy this system, to change the elites.
Nevertheless, the social base in modern democracies is wider even with the existence of a ruling class in them, which tenaciously holds in its hands the main threads of state administration; the proportion of people from the lower strata in the political elite is increasing ... election to parliament, appointment to a high state position of a native of the lower social stratum usually changes his lifestyle: he adopts the lifestyle and habits of representatives of the privileged classes, integrating into the socio-political system.
(G.K. Ashin)
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) answer to the question: closed type elite recruitment is typical for the political systems of traditional society, and in relation to modern political systems - for authoritarian and totalitarian political regimes; OR the closed type of elite recruitment is historically the first, while the second ... requires a high level of political culture for its functioning;
(The answer to a question can be presented both in the form of a quotation, and in the form of a concise reproduction of the main ideas of the corresponding fragment of the text.)
2) explanations, for example:
– under non-democratic political regimes, free elections are not held, which serve as the main channel for open recruitment of the elite, i.e. the elite can be replenished only at the expense of a limited circle of people associated with the current government;
- in a democratic regime active position in political life it is occupied by civil society, which serves as the basis for open procedures for recruiting the elite.
(Other explanations may be given.)
1 option
4. In State A
4) monopolistic
4) communist
3) creates legal norms
1) one-party system
2) parliamentarism
3) non-alternative elections
4) the principle of the majority
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both statements are wrong
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
Test on the topic "Political system"
3 option
A. In a democratic regime, the supreme legislative body is the Parliament.
B. Parliamentarism is a state power in which the main role is played by popular representation - parliament.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
4) parliamentarism
2) the existence of opposition
6. State as opposed to political party
1) has formulated goals for its activities
2) is an association of people
3) creates legal norms
4) is an institution of a subsystem
11 .
SIGNS | TYPES OF POLITICAL REGIMES |
||
totalitarian |
|||
democratic |
|||
political pluralism | |||
Test on the topic "Political system"
Option 2
3) norms and traditions that regulate the political life of society
2) parliamentarism
A. A political regime is a set of ways, methods and forms of exercising political power.
B. It is customary to distinguish between totalitarian and political regime s.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
4) the right of the minority to opposition is exercised
4) democracy
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both statements are wrong
4) the principle of the majority
1) one-party system
2) parliamentarism
3) non-alternative elections
4) a single state ideology
1) holding elections and referendums
3) openness of the activities of political institutions
1) democracy 2) parliamentarism 3) publicity
4) political pluralism
14. Find the features of a totalitarian regime in the list below.
1) multi-party system
2) one official ideology
3) single party
4) parliamentarism
5) strict censorship
6) publicity
Preview:
Test on the topic "Political system"
1 option
1. The full control of the state over the life of every citizen is exercised under ... a political regime.
2. Are the following statements correct?
A. A political regime is a set of ways, methods and forms of exercising political power.
B. It is customary to distinguish between totalitarian and political regimes.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
3. The communicative subsystem of the political system includes
1) political organizations and institutions
2) relations between the state and the citizen
3) norms and traditions that regulate the political life of society
4) political ideas, views, ideas
4. In State A power belongs to the military group. All major political decisions are made without the participation of the citizens of the country. But the authorities do not interfere in the spheres of culture and religion. The economy develops without strict control. What is the political regime in this country?
1) democratic 2) totalitarian 3) authoritarian
4) monopolistic
5. Principles such as democracy, pluralism, openness are inherent in ... the regime.
4) communist
6. State as opposed to political party
1) has formulated goals for its activities
2) is an association of people
3) creates legal norms
4) is an institution of a subsystem
1) freedom of activity in various fields is preserved
2) comprehensive control over the life of society is carried out
3) there is a single ideology that is mandatory for all citizens
4) the right of the minority to opposition is exercised
8. What is a sign of a democratic state?
1) one-party system
2) parliamentarism
3) non-alternative elections
4) a single state ideology
9. Through elections and referendums, the democratic principle is embodied
1) majority 2) minority 3) pluralism 4) parliamentarism
10. Providing citizens with information about the activities of all power structures is
1) pluralism 2) publicity 3) parliamentarism
4) the principle of the majority
11. Are the following statements about the state correct?
A. The task of any modern state is to protect the interests of the country in the international arena.
B. The task of any modern state is the conquest of new territories and the struggle for spheres of influence in the world.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both statements are wrong
12. Are the following statements correct?
A. In a democratic regime, the supreme legislative body is the Parliament.
B. Parliamentarism is a state power in which the main role is played by popular representation - parliament.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
13. What is a violation of the principles of democracy?
1) holding elections and referendums
2) organizing rallies and demonstrations
3) openness of the activities of political institutions
4) unlimited term of presidential powers
14. Find the functions of the state in the list below.
1) Expression of the interests of the country in the international arena
2) Creation of religious organizations.
3) Protecting the security of the country
4) Payment of compensation to shareholders of bankrupt enterprises
5) The exercise of legislative, executive and judicial power.
Test on the topic "Political system"
3 option
1. Are the following statements correct?
A. In a democratic regime, the supreme legislative body is the Parliament.
B. Parliamentarism is a state power in which the main role is played by popular representation - parliament.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
2. The principle of the structure and functioning of the political system, which involves free competition in the struggle for the leadership of various parties, ideas, programs - this is
1) publicity 2) political pluralism 3) democracy
4) parliamentarism
3. The disadvantage of a democratic regime is
1) parties push citizens away from participation in political life
2) the existence of opposition
3) the term of presidential powers is limited
4) the presence of several political parties
4 . Are the following judgments about the forms of the state correct?
A. The terms "monarchy" and "republic" designate the forms of state government and characterize the order of the structure of the highest authorities.
B. The terms "federation" and "confederation" denote forms of political regime and characterize the degree of political rights and freedoms of citizens.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong.
5 . One of the main features of a democratic regime is
1) the presence of one party, merged with the state
2) the desire of the state to regulate all aspects of society and the private life of citizens
3) guarantee of human rights and freedoms by the laws of the state
4) the presence of judicial authorities
6. State as opposed to political party
1) has formulated goals for its activities
2) is an association of people
3) creates legal norms
4) is an institution of a subsystem
7. The special role of the state in the political system of society is that it
1) has the exclusive right to monitor the implementation of laws
2) stands for the protection of the private interests of citizens
3) has a political leader and a ruling party
4) develops and implements certain policies
8. Which of these functions is the external function of the modern state?
1) ensuring the participation of citizens in the management of the affairs of society
2) organization of education of the younger generation in the spirit of democratic values
3) ensuring law and order
4) defending state interests in the international arena.
9. The main feature of a democratic regime is
1) publicity 2) democracy 3) majority principle 4) pluralism
10. A political regime characterized by tight control over society, the imposition of an official ideology, and the persecution of dissent is called
11 . What political regime requires an independent judiciary?
12. The external function of the state includes the function
1) cultural 2) diplomatic 3) protection of order 4) organization of the economy
13. Through elections and referendums, the democratic principle is embodied
1) pluralism 2) minorities 3) majority 4) parliamentarism
14. Establish a correspondence between the types of political regimes and their characteristics: for each position indicated in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
SIGNS | TYPES OF POLITICAL REGIMES |
||
separation of state powers | totalitarian |
||
dominance of a single obligatory ideology | democratic |
||
political pluralism | |||
a wide range of rights and freedoms of citizens | |||
comprehensive control of the state over the life of society |
Test on the topic "Political system"
Option 2
1. What are the institutions of the political system?
1) political organizations, the main of which is the state
2) a set of relations and forms of interaction between social groups and individuals
3) norms and traditions that regulate the political life of society
4) a set of political ideas that are different in content
2. Supreme power in the state N. is inherited. Which Additional Information will allow us to conclude that the state of N. is an absolute monarchy?
1) the monarch approves the head of the cabinet
2) Parliament approves the annual amount allocated for the maintenance of the court
3) the power of the monarch has no legislative restrictions
4) the monarch is the supreme commander
1) total control over all spheres of life
2) parliamentarism
3) the presence of political opposition
4) monopolization of politics without total control over society
4. Are the following statements correct?
A. A political regime is a set of ways, methods and forms of exercising political power.
B. It is customary to distinguish between totalitarian and political regimes.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
1) comprehensive control over the life of society is carried out
2) there is a single ideology that is mandatory for all citizens
3) freedom of activity in various fields is preserved
4) the right of the minority to opposition is exercised
6. Unlike totalitarian in a democratic state
1) any dissent is suppressed
2) people influence political decision making
3) only one ideology is allowed
4) information about the activities of all authorities is closed
7. An association of several sovereign states, created to solve common problems, is
1) federation 2) confederation 3) unitary state 4) republic
8. The main feature of a democratic regime is
1) pluralism 2) publicity 3) majority principle
4) democracy
9. Are the following statements about the political system correct?
The political system is the mechanism
A. formation of political power
B. the exercise of political power.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both statements are wrong
10. Providing citizens with information about the activities of all power structures is
1) publicity 2) pluralism 3) parliamentarism
4) the principle of the majority
11. What is the characteristics of a democratic state?
1) one-party system
2) parliamentarism
3) non-alternative elections
4) a single state ideology
12. What is a violation of the principles of democracy?
1) holding elections and referendums
2) unlimited term of presidential powers
3) openness of the activities of political institutions
4) organizing rallies and demonstrations
13. The principle of the structure and functioning of the political system, which involves free competition in the struggle for the leadership of various parties, ideas, programs is
Consider the main definitions of politics that are used by social scientists:
- participation in state affairs;
- historians understand by politics the types, intentions, goals and mode of action of the rulers, their associates, it is rather the art of ruling;
- politics is the science of public administration (V.I. Dal). A politician, according to Dahl, is a smart and dexterous, not always honest statesman who knows how to tilt things in his favor, by the way to say and keep silent in time;
- politics is an art, a doctrine of public administration, and also the activity of those who manage or want to manage the affairs of society (Larousse French Encyclopedic Dictionary);
- politics - the art of government, a certain direction of action of the state, parties, institutions.
In the political science dictionary, politics is understood as a special kind of activity associated with the participation of social groups, political parties, movements, individuals in the affairs of society and the state.
The core of political activity is the activity associated with the implementation, retention, opposition to power. Political activity covers several areas: public administration, the impact of political parties and movements on the course of social processes, political decision-making, political participation. The political sphere is closely connected with other public spheres. Any phenomenon: economic, social, and cultural - can be politically tinged, associated with an impact on power.
Political activity- This is an activity in the sphere of political, power relations. Political relations, in turn, is the relationship between the subjects of the political system on the issues of gaining, exercising, and retaining power. In theory and practice, political activity is often associated with coercion and violence. The legitimacy of the use of violence is often determined by the extreme nature and rigidity of the course of the political process. As a result of political activity, the interaction of the institutions of the political system, the implementation of political decisions and attitudes, the political process is formed and develops.
Political activity can be active and passive, spontaneous and purposeful, an important part of political activity is political leadership, including the following links:
- development and justification of the goals and objectives of society, social group;
- determination of methods, forms, means, resources of political activity;
- selection and placement of personnel.
Directions of state activity to satisfy the overall public interests can be called policy directions. There is an internal policy, which is focused on resolving domestic tasks - maintaining order, ensuring the development of the country, the well-being of its citizens. There is a foreign policy, it includes the resolution of interstate contradictions, its task is to defend the interests of the state on the world stage. Allocate in modern world and international politics. It is not simple state activity, rather - supranational. The United Nations Organization, the Council of Europe and other similar organizations participate in it.
We can also talk about different types of policies in relation to areas of public life that need to be regulated by the state in the person of its bodies. For example, those actions that are aimed at resolving economic issues can be called economic policy. It occupies an extremely important place in the entire system of state affairs. How fast will the industry develop? Agriculture, transport, services, how much we can buy with our wages, whether we can sell and buy land, what taxes to pay - all these are questions of economic policy. Turn on the TV when the program "Time" or "Today" is on, and you will hear that the State Duma discussed and adopted (or did not accept) in the first reading the new Tax Code of the country, amended the draft budget submitted by the government for next year, discussed the articles of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, introduced a bill on the subsistence minimum, and so on.
The object of economic policy is each of us, no matter who we are. If we study or work at school, then we cannot but be concerned about the problems of state financing of public education. If we are students, we are concerned about the timely payment of scholarships, guaranteed employment in our chosen profession after graduation. If we are women, we are interested in ensuring that there is no discrimination in hiring, determining wages, and promotion. After all, it's no secret that it is women who prefer to be fired in the first place. Elderly people are concerned about the timeliness of payment of pensions and their size. To solve all these problems and is called upon economic policy states.
Questions about the content of school courses, new teaching aids, programs includes a special educational policy. It depends on it which faculties, institutes, departments to open, which subjects to study in the first place. An urgent problem for Russia is school reform. Various variants of it are being developed, there are disputes about the fate of public and private educational institutions about teaching various subjects. As you can see, here we also encounter a clash of interests, and the task of the state is to find agreement between them for the benefit of the young generation of Russians.
National movements represent a serious problem in the modern world. Many peoples who previously lived within the borders of united states - empires, are now awakening to an independent state life, trying to build their own "national apartments". This process can take extremely painful forms, up to war, terrorism, violence. An example of this is the collapse of Yugoslavia, the problem of Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, Chechnya. Every day we learn about the facts of hostage-taking on the border with Chechnya, about the alarming situation throughout the North Caucasus. Issues related to the solution of these problems, with the coexistence and cohabitation on the same land of several different peoples, is called upon to solve national policy.
The state should also take care of the normal increase in the number of its citizens. It must know how many of them it can provide a decent life, feed, shoe, warm. If a country is experiencing a decline in the birth rate and an increase in mortality, the bar of average life expectancy is falling lower and lower, these are symptoms of a crisis. The state should develop a special system of measures to support motherhood and childhood, redistribute funds to support young families. The gene pool of the nation is the key to the prosperity and power of the state, its future. It is intended to address these issues population policy. It can be aimed not only at stimulating the birth rate, population growth, improving the quality of life of the elderly. There are countries in which the main problem, on the contrary, is too high a birth rate - these are Kenya, Somalia, Venezuela, the demographic situation in China is traditionally acute. In this case, the state is forced to adopt special laws that limit the number of children in families.
It is possible to select in an independent area and environmental policy- activities of the state to protect environment from the destructive influence of people. This includes the maintenance of environmentally friendly industries, and tough sanctions against those who pollute water bodies, the air, barbarously manage the land, and cut down forests. But it is necessary not only to protect, it is necessary to carry out expensive research, to create new, resource-saving technologies. All these are tasks of the state.
There are many other areas of state activity.
We can talk about politics in the field of culture, science, the fight against organized crime. There are many politicians, and at the same time it is one and represents in its entirety an activity aimed at exercising power, at achieving society's goals and objectives, at ensuring a higher standard of living, social harmony and stable development than before.
Politic system- a set of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interaction and relationships between them.
Functions of the political system:
- determination of goals, objectives and ways of development of society;
- organization of the company's activities;
- distribution of spiritual and material resources;
- reconciliation of different political interests;
- promotion of various norms of behavior;
- getting people involved in political life;
- control over the implementation of decisions and compliance with regulations.
The main elements of the political system:
- Institutional subsystem- political organizations: parties and socio-political movements (trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, interest clubs), the state is allocated in a special structure.
- Communication subsystem- a set of relations and forms of interaction between classes, social groups, nations and individuals.
- Regulatory subsystem- norms and traditions that determine and regulate the political life of society: legal norms (constitutions and laws are written norms), ethical and moral norms (unwritten ideas about good and evil, truth and justice).
- Cultural and ideological subsystem- a set of political ideas, views, ideas and feelings that are different in their content; 2 levels - theoretical (political ideology: views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories) and practical (political psychology: feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions).
- Functional subsystem covers the forms and directions of political activity, methods of exercising power.
Classification of political systems:
- depending on the source of power and dominance in power-society-individual relations: democratic and non-democratic (authoritarian and totalitarian);
- open (competitiveness) - closed (appointment);
- military - civil - theocratic;
- dictatorial (reliance on violence) - liberal (freedom of the individual and society);
Democratic systems are built on the principles of individualism, humanity (human is the main value), responsibility, equality, competitiveness, social justice, initiative, sovereignty of the people, plurality of opinions, tolerance, freedom, presumption of innocence, criticality, gradual transformations; and undemocratic - collectivism, caste, political passivity, the system of subordination, the indoctrination of citizens (indoctrination), state guardianship (protectionism), the use of any means to achieve the goals, utopianism (blind faith in certain ideals), radicalism, violence.
In addition, depending on the source of power, one can speak of open and closed political systems. open systems characterized by free competition, the availability of opportunities for everyone to realize their desire to participate in political life. Moreover, this openness should extend to all spheres of life - when filling any position, a competition is announced and the most qualified specialist is selected according to previously known criteria. On the contrary, in closed systems everything is decided on the basis of acquaintances, family ties, bribes, personal preferences. Professionalism in this case fades into the background, and if competitions are held for filling positions, then this is done formally with advance notice. known results. Thus, we can speak of two types of governments. In the first case, the government can be disposed of without bloodshed, primarily through elections. In this case, the transfer of power from one group to another is not accompanied by a complete destruction of political institutions and social traditions. The second type assumes that the government can only leave in the event of a coup, a successful uprising, a conspiracy, a civil war, etc.
Very close to the considered classifications and the rest. Thus, some divide all political systems into military, civil, and theocratic. In this case, the main criterion is the dominant position in the state of one of the three groups with significant authority and power. In the modern world, most countries have civilian power, but there are still states dominated by the military (primarily in Africa and South America) or religious figures (Asian and some African countries). There is also a division into dictatorial (reliance on violence) and liberal (protection of personal freedom) systems.
The most important task of political science as a science is to study the functioning of the political system and its constituent institutions. Political science uses various research methods:
- institutional: the study of political institutions: the state, its bodies, parties, the media;
- system: involving consideration of the political life of society in the form of a complex system of institutions, norms, relationships, traditions, ideas, a system of self-organizing and self-regulating; also, a systematic approach allows taking into account the relationship and interaction with other areas of public life;
- comparative: aimed at comparative analysis different political systems among themselves, which gives grounds for making various forecasts;
- historical: involves the consideration of political phenomena in development from the past to the present, the identification of phenomena and processes that repeat in history;
- sociological: with its help, the relationship between politics and the development of society as a whole is revealed;
- normative value: involving the identification of the significance for society of certain political phenomena, their role in improving social welfare, in bringing society closer to a certain ideal.
The political system of society- a complex, ramified set of various political institutions (organizations), norms, ideologies, values and communications.
Components (subsystems) of the political system of society
Name | Characteristic |
Institutional (organizational) | a set of organizations and citizens interacting in the process of realizing their interests: the state, local governments, socio-political organizations |
Normative | political norms - rules of conduct, expectations and standards that regulate the political behavior of subjects: political and legal norms, traditions and customs, moral norms, corporate norms (charters of parties, associations) |
Cultural | political ideology - a form of political consciousness that affects the content of power relations; political culture - a way of activity in politics, reflecting the level of political activity and maturity of subjects |
Communicative | a system of vertical and horizontal relations in politics between subsystems of the political system, spheres of public life, political systems different countries, media involvement |
Functional | The main activities of political institutions in the implementation of their goals, objectives, the exercise of state power |
Liberalism- individualism, individual freedom, inalienability of rights and freedoms, private property, the state - "night watchman".
Conservatism- traditionalism, stability, the priority of society and the state over the individual, the main values are family, church, morality.
Fascism- justification of the aggressive actions of the authorities in the name of the good of the nation, the purity of the race, the unlimited will of the state, militarism, ultra-reactionary inhumane ideology.
The main ideologies of modernity
social democracy- achieving a socially just society through reforms, a democratic state pursues an active social policy, the idea of social partnership.Communism- communist society is built on the basis of public property; class struggle is the driving force of society, the principle of one-party system, universal labor service.
Political regime- a set of means, methods and techniques for exercising power and achieving political goals.
Democratic political regime | Authoritarian political regime | Totalitarian political regime |
1) recognition of the people as the only source of sovereignty; | 1) the concentration of real power in the hands of a political leader or political group, the possibility of penetration into which is strictly limited; | 1) a one-party system, the dominance of a single mass party, the leader of which is also the leader of the state; |
2) guarantees of civil, political, socio-economic rights of the individual, recognition of their natural and inalienable; 3) the formation of government bodies through free elections on the principles of universal, equal and secret suffrage; 4) creation of conditions for the activities of parties, respect by the majority for the opinion and interests of the minority; 5) implementation of the principle of separation of powers; 6) diversity and equality of forms of ownership, market economy; 7) a developed system of local governments; 8) the right of the minority to oppose while submitting to the decisions of the majority |
2) the exercise of political power by administrative-command methods with the use of coercion or the threat of force; 3) the resolution of a certain ideological and political diversity, the boundaries of which are strictly defined, a real political struggle for power is not allowed; 4) restriction and regulation of political and personal rights of citizens; 5) restriction of media freedom; 6) relatively independent of the state are: the economy, production, everyday life, public organizations |
2) the only permitted mandatory ideology; 3) the monopoly of the party and the state on the mass media; 4) an extensive system of political police, total control over all spheres of public life; 5) the centralized nature of economic management |