How to make a plan of earth masses. Modern methods of engineering surveys
Design and approval
- Drawing up dendroplans and transfer statements (dendrological part of the project)
- Design of artificial relief elements (retaining walls, stairs, ramps)
- Projects (plans) of improvement, gardening of the territory
- Development of TMP (traffic management project)
- Inspection of tree and shrub vegetation in a given area
- Passport of landscaping with data entered into the AIS "Register of green spaces"
- Passport for the object of flower decoration
- Conclusion of the Department of Nature Management and Environmental Protection of Moscow on project materials
Environmental regulation and support of enterprises
- Moscow Waste Cadastre
- List of measures for environmental protection (section PM EPA)
- Environmental payments (eco-payments)
- VAT (permissible discharge standards)
- Waste management reporting for small and medium businesses
- Certification of hazardous waste
- MPE (Maximum Permissible Emissions)
- PNOOLR (draft standards for waste generation and limits for their disposal)
- Statistical reporting 2-TP
- Technical report on the immutability of the production process
- The procedure for production control in the field of waste management
- Comprehensive environmental services for enterprises and preparation of statistical reporting
- License for the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes
Terrain organization plan, vertical planning, geoplastics of artificial relief elements
Development of a relief organization plan (vertical planning)- this is an engineering measure for the artificial change, transformation and improvement of the existing terrain by cutting or adding soil to use it for urban planning purposes. The main purpose of vertical planning is to create planned surfaces that meet the requirements of development and engineering improvement of the territory. The vertical planning of the territory is designed to create favorable conditions for the placement of buildings and structures, laying streets, driveways, underground utilities. The main tasks of the vertical layout include:
- organization of surface water runoff (rain, storm and melt) from urban areas
- ensuring acceptable slopes of streets, squares and intersections for safe and convenient movement of all types of urban transport and pedestrians
- creation of favorable conditions for the placement of buildings and the laying of underground engineering networks
- organization of the relief in the presence of unfavorable physical and geological processes (flooding of the territory, its flooding with groundwater, gully formation, etc.)
- giving the relief the greatest architectural expressiveness
- creation, if necessary, of artificial relief
- solving problems in the construction of large and unique planar structures (sports centers, airfields, etc.).
The vertical planning project is carried out simultaneously with the development of a planning solution for the territory. The composition of the vertical planning project depends on the complexity of the planning solution and the relief, as well as on the required detail of the developed solutions. Grading design drawings are part of the drawings made during the design phase. The drawings are made in the most understandable and accessible form for the manufacturers of works.
Developing a relief organization plan, make up plan earthen masses
- a project document that determines the volume of earth masses to be moved.
The earth mass plan is a drawing in the form of a grid of squares with a side of 5, 10 or 20 m, depending on the scale of the plan and the required
volume counting accuracy earthworks. In the corners of each square, design marks are signed, marks of natural relief with
the corresponding sign of their difference, called working marks. According to the working marks and areas of the squares (taking into account cuts and embankments), the volumes of earthworks are calculated.
The volume of earthworks at the facility are important indicators that determine the economic efficiency of the developed vertical planning project. The calculation of the volume of earthworks is necessary condition determination of cost, choice of methods and means of production of works, determination of the volume of soil for backfilling or removal of its surplus. Soil is usually brought from the nearest construction sites and used either for filling holes or for making slides. Excess soil during the construction of landscape architecture objects is usually formed by digging pits for reservoirs, buildings and structures. Such surpluses are used for the purpose of filling hills, ramparts, etc. In principle, exporting excess soil or, on the contrary, importing it is not profitable for manufacturers, or it is associated with high transportation costs. In some cases, when the necessary soils are not available nearby, it is necessary to provide for their transportation from quarries, and the excess soils, especially if they are not suitable, heavily littered or toxic, must be taken to a landfill. When developing projects for the vertical planning of landscaping objects, it is necessary to maintain a balance of earthwork volumes, in this case, the movement of earth masses is minimal and there are no transportation costs. In order to have an idea of the location of embankments and excavations on the projected site, a cartogram of earthworks is compiled. It serves to determine the boundaries between cuts and embankments using the working marks of the vertices of the grid of squares, the values of which are recorded on the cartogram at each of its vertices. Using working marks, zero work points are calculated and plotted at which the projected plane and the earth's surface intersect. They are located between adjacent points, the working marks of which have opposite signs.
The relief organization plan is an important document that anyone who decides to modify the relief of their personal plot should have. You can use such a plan to make some adjustments to the terrain or completely change it for the better. There are a lot of options for landscaping the territory in the garden, and the choice is only for the owner of the garden.
Terrain organization plan
Development of a relief organization plan, the second name of which is vertical planning, is an engineering process for artificially amending and various effects in the existing relief of the site by adding soil to apply it for urban planning. Grading is used in order to draw up a plan of the surface that will meet the needs of the builder and the engineer. improvement plot. This type of relief organization creates favorable conditions for placement of buildings, laying of passage , underground engineering communications .
The relief organization plan consists of the following items:
- from the creation of a relief with a runoff from the territory of liquids, for example, rain and others, from urban areas;
- to create a relief with the necessary slope of the site and other intersections to achieve the safe movement of any vehicles;
- drawing up effective conditions for placing buildings and laying underground engineering networks;
- if there are bad physical and geological conditions - flooding of the site with groundwater and so on;
- relief plan with a more expressive architectural form;
- organization in some cases of artificial types of reliefs;
- solving problems that arose during the construction of large and unusual buildings.
A similar scheme is carried out along with the creation of a site solution plan. The composition of such a project is based on the difficulty of planning solutions and relief, as well as on the necessary detail of the existing conditions. A drawing for organizing the relief of a site in a country house or in a park should be drawn up as clearly and accessible as possible. An example of such a drawing is shown in the photo below. At the same time, as you can see, such a drawing includes all the smallest details.
Household plan
When creating a plan of earth masses, various important points are taken into account. At the same time, it is a design document that determines the volume of earth masses required for subsequent movement. An earthwork plan is a drawing in the form of a grid of squares. Such a plan can only be drawn up by a person who is competent in this matter, since otherwise it is impossible to correct the relief on the basis of it, but, on the contrary, it can be even worse spoiled.
The volumes of excavation work at the facilities are the primary data that determine the developed estimates in vertical planning from an economic point of view. The calculation of earthworks is a required condition for finding out the price, choosing the method and materials for carrying out the work, identifying the volumes of soil for filling or removing its excess mass. They bring the soil mainly from the nearest construction sites and use it either to fill in the recesses in the fat, or to equip the slides in the garden or park in the city. Excess soil during the construction of various architectural objects remains mainly through the accumulation of pits for a reservoir or any other structures. Such waste soil is used for filling hills, ramparts and much more.
Terrain leveling
Basically, huge masses of soil are removed with the help of special construction vehicles, or, otherwise, it is not advisable for builders, or this causes high costs for the rental of vehicles for these tasks. In some ways, when the desired soil is not nearby, it will be necessary to order its transportation from quarries, and excess soil, in particular, if it is not suitable, very littered or toxic, is taken to the garbage. During the creation of a project for organizing the relief of landscaping objects, it will be necessary to balance the amount of work on the ground, in this case, the transportation of soil masses is minimized and there are no costs for renting vehicles.
To represent the presence in the projected areas under the soil embankment, a cartogram is created for further tasks on the ground, in the park or in the garden. It is designed to define the boundary between cuts and embankments by means of working marks of the vertices of square grids. Applying data for work, indicate work points where the projected planes intersect and ground surface. They are located between adjacent types of points, while they have different signs.
Vertical layout
Vertical planning is a set of measures that are aimed at correcting the relief in order to create a surface that satisfies necessary requirements. An example can be seen in the photo below.
The main goals of vertical planning are:
- Utility:
- for organizing the relief and water runoff;
- to ensure comfortable movement of vehicles;
- formation effective conditions in order to grow valuable varieties of plants - trees, shrubs and herbaceous association;
- prevention of soil erosion phenomena.
- Aesthetic:
- giving the relief a beautiful expressiveness of architecture;
- arrangement of decorative erection on a light relief of stairs, retaining walls and so on.
In order to solve any problems, a plan for the vertical planning of a landscape architecture object is drawn up. The plan of such an option should be carried out with the creation of planning solutions for the site. Drawing up such a layout proceeds from the difficulty of planning decisions, as well as from the necessary detail in the implementation of work. This scheme of a summer cottage or any other territory is drawn up at the time of design. They should be as accurate as possible. Consider what the vertical layout of the site consists of. It consists of design marks and the movement of earth masses according to the statement.
Flat relief
Vertical layout examples
Consider the most common and popular examples of a relief organization plan:
The first example of a vertical layout of the site
This type requires careful alignment of the given slopes throughout the garden, for any plots, paving paths, flower beds and so on. The side of these slopes constitutes one scheme runoff from the surface. At the same time, such an example of a section makes it possible to drain liquid. If only one organization of the surface of the site for drains is not enough, then along with the vertical planning plan, it is necessary to create a project for the drainage and drainage system.
The second example is emphasizing the natural relief of the site with the help of retaining walls.
The second example of the vertical planning of the territory at home suburban area or elsewhere consists of creating large landforms like terraces or pools. AT this example important point- this is to preserve all the contours of the object, the overall depth and microrelief of the site.
Vertical planning is carried out mainly in several stages:
- draft planning of the territory;
- creation of main forms;
- initial leveling of the site;
- formation of the necessary slopes;
- the very last stage is the creation of fertile layers, this stage is carried out before laying the lawn.
Each of these examples requires a special approach for organizing work and accounting for materials for its creation. For example, the first example is not as costly as the second, where it is necessary to bring large masses of soil to the site. Each option has its own undeniable advantages over other options for arranging the territory in a summer cottage. As you can see, these are just a couple of examples with which you can equip your summer cottage.
An important point: keep in mind that each type of earthwork needs a lot of money, both from a material point of view and from a labor point of view. In order to correctly calculate the required amount of material and fruitfully create a layout of the territory, you need a project for the relief of the site. Based on the difficulty of the conditions in your backyard and the project, you can create a solution to change the relief with varying degrees of efficiency.
Park plan
One of the most important ways to carry out work on the ground is the correct choice of zero elevations, which define the upper parts of the territory. Most of the time we see cases where zero elevation marks inconsistent with the existing soil on dacha territory or any other place, for example, in a city park, you can see such a picture. This becomes the reason for the formation of additional relief drops on the territory and complicates the possibility of forming a flat territory for organizing recreation. In addition, if drainage is required, its configuration becomes much more complicated. At the same time, it is not necessary to choose the same zero position for all sections. Otherwise, on your personal plot you will get the look of a house “planted" above other buildings of the territory, and then you will need to import large volumes fertile soil or “ deepen the territory”, and then it will be necessary to take out a huge amount of soil outside the dacha. That is, your financial costs for the arrangement of a summer cottage will greatly increase.
Before proceeding with the development of the site, it is necessary, as you probably know yourself, to draw up its master plan, dividing the site into functional zones and providing convenient entrances and approaches to them.
Equally important is the so-called vertical layout of the site. To do this, it is necessary to assess its relief and have the appropriate geological data, which should give an idea of the type and nature of the soil, the depth of its freezing, the level of standing and chemical composition groundwater, etc. Similar information can be obtained from local geological, architectural and construction organizations, but it is also useful to ask those neighbors who laid the foundation, made a well, dug a cellar, or examine your site yourself, tearing off several pits 2-3 m deep.
Being engaged in the organization of the relief, be sure to take into account the surrounding buildings - residential buildings, streets, utility sites and recreation areas. Of course, storm and melt water should not get here from the site, the main conductors of which are drainage channels and main footpaths. On fig. Figure 1 shows examples of relief organization in areas of various locations.
Rice. 1. Examples of the organization of the relief of the site on the southern (a), eastern and western (b), northern (c) slopes and on a flat area (d):
1 - a platform for a house; 2 - a platform for a barn; 3 - cuvette
On a site located on the southern slope, horizontal platforms are allocated for a residential building and outbuildings, as shown in fig. 1, a. The joints of the slopes of the site of a residential building with the southern and eastern slopes of the site are used for footpaths, which will be storm drains. If the site is located on the eastern or western slope (Fig. 1, b), then on an elevated place they make a platform for a residential building, and on one of the lower places - for outbuildings. In this case, be sure to arrange slopes. The general character of the slope is preserved. Drainage is laid in the aisle.
In the lower part of the site there is a collection of storm and melt water, which lead into the ditch of the access road. When the site is located on the northern slope (Fig. 1, c), it is necessary to divide the entire territory into terraces - horizontal or with a slope to the west and east. Their number can be arbitrary. The slopes connecting the horizontal terraces are covered with turf or strengthened and used for berry bushes or decorative plantings. If drainage is necessary, it is arranged on each terrace with an outlet to the side open ditches. At the intersection of footpaths with slopes, it is best to make steps.
On a flat area (Fig. 1, d) it is desirable to create an artificial relief with three slopes: southern, eastern (dominant) and western (auxiliary). Slope slopes - not less than 0.04%. The relief is performed with soil taken from sites for the construction of a residential building, outbuildings, for laying the main paths. Drainage can be of any design, but its depth must ensure the flow of storm water into the ditch of the road.
Excavation and planning work is carried out simultaneously after the division of the site into zones. The boundaries of zones, ridges and intersections of slopes are marked with stakes - poles. To determine the vertical marks, you can use an ordinary garden hose by inserting a glass tube into both ends. According to the water level, marks are made on the stakes, in accordance with which they are backfilled. Where its height is more than 30 cm, the soil layer is removed and stored separately, and for backfilling, use the soil taken out of the trenches for foundations, drainage, paths, etc., pouring it with water and tamping in layers (after 10-15 cm ). Then fertile soil is laid on top. Only the correct and thorough excavation and planning work allows you to create good conditions for the normal functioning of all objects and areas of the site.
Progress in the field of measuring technology, the improvement of measurement methods and the results of their processing, the widespread use of computers for computing and graphic operations could not but affect technologies of all types. engineering surveys. So, for example, in engineering geology, along with traditional methods of studying soils: pitting or exploratory drilling, dynamic and statistical sounding, geophysical methods of electrical and seismic exploration are used.
In hydrometeorological surveys, aerospace survey methods are widely used from various types of carriers, including artificial satellites and space stations. In channel surveys and surveys of marine areas, radio-technical measuring instruments and different types echo sounders.
Distance meters, electronic theodolites, electronic total stations, and satellite receivers are being successfully introduced into the practice of engineering and geodetic surveys. The processing of measurement results is mainly carried out on a computer. The graphical representation of the terrain based on topographic surveys is changed to a mathematical representation in the form of a digital terrain model (DTM) and relief (DTM). Programs have been developed for an automated design system (CAD) for lines of linear structures, master plans based on DTM, etc. Based on the DTM, the volumes of reservoirs and earth masses are also calculated. A digital terrain model does not exclude the possibility of obtaining a graphic image using various plotters.
Along with the widespread use of ground and aerial methods in the study of the surface and natural resources of the Earth, information obtained from space is used for research purposes. With the help of satellite imagery materials, many practical problems can be solved. High-resolution spectral zonal images can be used to carry out activities to protect the natural landscape and waters from pollution. Space surveys are also used for the needs of cartography, expanding and deepening information about such extended objects as main roads, pipelines, canals, when designing objects that occupy large areas.
PLANNING THE ORGANIZATION OF THE RELIEF
With the help of the relief organization plan, the tasks of transforming the relief of the urban area in order to adapt it to building, improvement and engineering and transport needs are solved. The organization of the relief provides a high-rise solution for squares, streets, driveways; placement of buildings, structures and underground utilities; the possibility of storm water runoff and sewerage.
The defining document of the project is the relief organization scheme (Fig. 2), drawn up on a topographic plan at a scale of 1:5000 or 1:2000.
Design solutions for the organization of the relief are given on the diagram mainly along the axes of the designed passages in the form of design marks of the points of intersection of the axes and bends of the longitudinal profile. The diagram also shows the distance between the intersection points of the axes and bends of the profile, slopes in ppm and the direction of water flow. Projects of transverse profiles of streets are attached to the scheme (Fig. 3) on a scale of 1:100 - 1:200.
The approved relief organization scheme is mandatory for all departments and institutions involved in the development and development of urban areas.
The working plan for organizing the relief is drawn up on a topographic plan on a scale of 1:500 - 1:1000. The design marks of the relief organization scheme serve as the initial ones.
The design relief formed by individual design planes can be specified either in the form of profiles or design contours in combination with design elevations.
In the profile method, a grid is applied to the topographic plan, along the lines of which longitudinal profiles are made on the scale of the project plan. The distances between profiles when planning quarters are taken equal to 20 - 50 m, and when planning large areas - 100 - 200 m. The profile method is laborious and therefore rarely used.
Rice. 2. Relief organization scheme
The method of design contours consists in the fact that the design horizontals of the relief are drawn on the plan, which is formed after changing the natural relief by cutting and filling. The design horizontals between the inflection lines of the slopes are depicted by straight lines equally spaced from each other by parallel lines. cross section P for design horizontals within 0.1 - 0.5 m, they are selected depending on the nature of the natural relief.
For plans on a scale of 1:500 with a relatively calm relief, a cross section of 0.1 m is most often used.
The position of the design horizontals on the plan is determined by the design marks of the points of intersection of the axes of the passages and the inflection points of the design relief. Distance l(laying) between adjacent design horizontals on the plan is calculated by the formula
where i- longitudinal design slope; M - denominator of the numerical scale of the plan.
Rice. 3. Cross profiles of streets
At the border of two shaping planes, the design horizontals have a break.
Drawing up a plan for organizing the relief begins with the streets. Initially, horizontal lines are designed along the passage, and then they are developed to the front building line. This takes into account the transverse slopes of driveways, lawns and sidewalks, as well as the height of the curbstones.
Rice. 4. Fragment of the relief organization plan
When designing a relief in intra-quarter territories, the design marks of the vertical layout along the streets are the initial ones. The vertical layout of intra-block passages and footpaths should ensure the collection and removal of surface water from the territory of the quarter to adjacent street passages or to a special drainage network. The design horizontals on the intra-quarter territory are carried out taking into account the nature of the natural relief, providing for the least amount of excavation work. Steep slopes or elevated places are decorated with landscaped slopes, retaining walls, ramps, stairs.
On the relief organization plan, the marks of the "clean floor" of the first floor, the design and existing marks of the corners of buildings and structures are indicated (Fig. 4).
PLANNING THE GROUND MASS
When developing a plan for organizing the relief, they draw up a plan of earth masses - a project document that determines the volume of earth masses to be moved.
The earth mass plan is a drawing (Fig. 5) in the form of a grid of squares with a side of 5, 10 or 20 m, depending on the scale of the plan and the required accuracy in calculating the volume of earthworks. In the corners of each square, design marks are signed, natural relief marks with the corresponding sign of their difference, called working marks. According to the working marks and areas of the squares (taking into account cuts and embankments), the volumes of earthworks are calculated.
Between the corners of squares with working marks of different signs, as a rule, by interpolation "by eye" they find points of zero work. By connecting the points of zero work, a line of zero work is built. In some cases, the plan of earthen masses is illustrated by lines of equal marks of embankments and excavations drawn over its entire area.
Depending on the location of the zero work line, different types of squares are distinguished: homogeneous, when the signs of the working marks coincide for all corners of the squares (there are no zero work points on the sides of the square), and either an embankment or a cut must be made along the entire square; heterogeneous, when the signs of working marks at different peaks do not match and the square is divided by the line of zero work into cut and fill sections.
Rice. 5. Earth mass plan with balance table
For a separate homogeneous square, the volume of earth masses V can be defined as the volume of a prism having a base area R, equal to the area of the square, and a height equal to the arithmetic mean of the working marks h all four corners
. (2)
The volumes of earthen masses in heterogeneous squares are determined after dividing them by a line of zero work and auxiliary lines into separate figures - right-angled triangles, rectangles, trapezoids, etc. The same order is taken for incomplete squares. Scope of work Vi in separate figures is calculated by the formula
where R i - area of a single figure; h cf- the average working mark of this figure.
The calculated volumes in cubic meters for each square are written out with the corresponding sign in the table of earth masses. The total volume is signed at the bottom of the drawing (Fig. 5).
With sharply rough terrain, the method of vertical profiles is used to calculate the volume of earthen masses. Use for the same purpose and earthworks plan.
Having determined the total volumes of cuts and embankments, they balance the earth masses, i.e., determine whether cuts and embankments compensate each other. In practice, it is preferred that the volume of excavations somewhat exceed the volume of embankments, since it is easier to remove excess soil than to find reserve soil for an embankment.