What does symbol 3 mean. Symbols in various electrical circuits. What is the “3” emoticon in VK for and how to use it correctly
An emoticon is a set of symbols, or an icon, that is a visual representation of a facial expression or body position to convey a mood, attitude, or emotion, originally used in messages. Email and text messages. The most famous is the smiling face emoticon, i.e. smile - :-) .
There is no clear and reliable evidence about who invented the smiley face. Of course, one can point to ancient excavations, finds of various inscriptions on rocks, etc., but these will only be guesses of each of us.
Of course, to say for sure that the smiley is a modern invention is a bit wrong. The use of emoticons can be traced back to the 19th century. Examples of their use can be found in an 1881 copy of the American magazine Puck, see example:
Yes, there are a lot of such examples in history, but it is generally accepted that the researcher at Carnegie Mellon University, Scott Fahlman, was responsible for the first digital form of the smiley. He suggested distinguishing serious messages from non-serious ones by using emoticons :-) and :-(. It was already September 19, 1982. This is especially useful when the mood of your message can be misinterpreted.
YES, BUT YOU NEVER COME ON TIME, ANYWAY.
YES, BUT YOU NEVER COME ON TIME, ANYWAY. ;-)
However, emoticons did not become so popular, but revealed their potential after 14 years, thanks to a Frenchman who lived in London - Nicolas Laufrani. The idea arose even earlier, with Nicolas' father, Franklin Laufrani. It was he, being a journalist in the French newspaper France Soir, who published an article on January 1, 1972, under the heading "Take time to smile!", where he used emoticons to highlight his article. Later, he patented it as a trademark and created the production of some goods using a smiley. Then a company was created under the brand name smiley, where Father Franklin Laufrani became president, and CEO son of Nicolas Laufrani.
It was Nicolas who noticed the popularity of ASCII emoticons, which were very used on mobile phones, and began the development of directly animated emoticons that would correspond to ASCII emoticons consisting of simple characters, i.e. what we now use and are accustomed to call - smiley. He created a catalog of emoticons, which he divided into categories "Emotions", "Holidays", "Food", etc. And in 1997, this catalog was registered with the US Copyright Office.
Around the same time in Japan, Shigetaka Kurita began designing emoticons for I-mode. But unfortunately, the wide application of this project did not happen. Maybe because in 2001 Laufrani's creation was licensed by Samsung, Nokia, Motorola, and other manufacturers mobile phones, who later began to offer them to their users. After that, the world was simply flooded with various interpretations of emoticons and emoticons.
The following variations with smilies and emoticons became the appearance stickers in 2011. They were created by the leading Internet company from Korea - Naver. The company has developed a messaging platform called - line. A similar messaging app like WhatsApp. LINE was developed within months of the 2011 Japanese tsunami. Initially, LIne was created in order to find friends and relatives during and after natural disasters and in the first year, the number of users grew to 50 million. After, with the publication of games and stickers, there were already more than 400 million, which later became one of the most popular apps in Japan, particularly among teenagers.
Emoticons, emoticons and stickers today, more than 30 years later, they definitely began to take a place in everyday conversations and correspondence of people. According to studies conducted in the US, it was found that 74 percent of people in the US regularly use stickers, emoticons in their online communications, sending an average of 96 emoticons or stickers per day. The reason for this explosion of use emoji is that creative characters designed by various companies help to express our feelings, help to add humor, sadness, happiness, etc.
Emoticons in the tables will be gradually replenished, so go to the site and look for the meaning of the desired emoticons.
Today we will tell you what the mysterious emoticon 3 means in social network VKontakte, we will tell you its meaning and in what cases it is used.
But first a little history
Our modern life saturated with social networks. Sitting there for hours, people get to know each other, communicate, exchange emotions and news. And the new generation cannot even imagine their life without social networks. For young people, not even half an hour passes without the status of "online".
To enhance emotional perception and clarify the meaning of the message, as well as for the speed of communication, in 1982, scientists from the United States of America invented emoticons (emotional icons), better known as emoticons. After this discovery, life and communication on the Internet and via SMS have changed a lot. Now, in order to show your mood or emotions, the interlocutor does not need to write a huge sentence - you just need to type a few characters.
What is the “3” emoticon in VK for and how to use it correctly?
Often, when communicating on VK, interlocutors exchange emoticons and signs. Some of them are familiar to many, and some make you think about what emotion the interlocutor expresses with this emoticon? An unknown emoticon can significantly change the conversation, and the interlocutors will remain misunderstood.
One of these emoticons is "3". At first glance, it is an incomprehensible and frightening symbol, but if you turn on the imagination and turn "3" to the right, we will get a cute smiling face of a kitten, or, well, a part of the face showing a smile. Another name for this emoticon is "nyashka".
The word "Nyashka" comes from the Japanese word "nya", if translated into Russian - "meow". Previously, this was the name of girls from Japanese anime. The girls had a pretty appearance and spoke in a cute voice, reminiscent of a cat's meow. When I saw them, I wanted to say "cute". Now the word "nyashka" refers to everything cute and cute: cats with a bow, dogs on a beautiful bed, cute smiling children, etc.
Also, "nyashka" is called people in an ironic sense. Those who want to be deliberately too sugary or cute.
Another name for the “3” emoticon is “lips with a bow”. Indeed, this sign is suitable for such an expression. The meaning is the same as "nyashka" - tenderness, pleasure and satisfaction.
Hence the conclusion follows that the sign "3" in VK means tenderness, mercy, cute. By sending such a smiley, the interlocutor is trying to express his emotion and satisfaction to the opponent. In general, this is a very kind and sweet sign, so when communicating on social networks, do not neglect it, give your loved ones only positive emotions.
Reading electrical diagrams is a necessary skill for representing the operation of electrical networks, nodes, as well as various equipment. Not a single specialist will proceed with the installation of equipment until he has familiarized himself with the regulatory accompanying documents.
Fundamental electrical circuits allow the developer to convey a complete report about the product in a compressed form to the user, using conditionally graphic symbols (UGO). To avoid confusion and marriage when assembling according to drawings, alphanumeric designations are included in a single system. design documentation(ESKD). All circuit diagrams are developed and applied in full accordance with GOSTs (21.614, 2.722-68, 2.763-68, 2.729-68, 2.755-87). The GOST describes the elements, provides a decoding of the values.
Reading blueprints
The circuit diagram shows all the elements, parts and networks that make up the drawing, electrical and mechanical connections. Reveals the full functionality of the system. All elements of any electrical circuit correspond to the designations positioned in GOST.
A list of documents is attached to the drawing, in which all elements and their parameters are prescribed. Components are listed in alphabetical order, taking into account numerical sorting. The list of documents (specification) is indicated on the drawing itself, or is taken out as separate sheets.
The order of studying the drawings
First, the drawing type is determined. According to GOST 2.702-75, each graphic document corresponds to an individual code. All electrical drawings have the letter "E" and the corresponding digital value from 0 to 7. The code "E3" corresponds to the electrical circuit diagram.
Reading the circuit diagram:
- Visually get acquainted with the presented drawing, pay attention to the indicated notes and technical requirements.
- Find on the schematic image all the components indicated in the list of the document;
- Determine the power source of the system and the type of current (single-phase, three-phase);
- Find the main nodes, and determine their power source;
- Familiarize yourself with the elements and devices of protection;
- To study the control method indicated on the document, its tasks and algorithm of actions. Understand the sequence of actions of the device when starting, stopping, short circuit;
- Analyze the operation of each section of the chain, determine the main components, auxiliary elements, study technical documentation listed details;
- Based on the studied data of the document, draw a conclusion about the processes occurring in each link of the chain shown in the drawing.
Knowing the sequence of actions, alphanumeric symbols, you can read any electrical circuit.
Graphic symbols
The circuit diagram has two varieties - single-line and full. On a single-line drawing, only a power wire with all elements is drawn, if the main network does not differ in individual additions from the standard one. Two or three slashes applied to the wire line indicate a single-phase or three-phase network, respectively. The entire network is drawn in full and generally accepted symbols are affixed in electrical circuits.
Single line electrical circuit diagram, single-phase network
Types and meaning of lines
- Thin and thick solid lines - in the drawings depict the lines of electrical, group communication, lines on the elements of the UGO.
- Dashed line - indicates the shielding of the wire or devices; denotes a mechanical connection (motor - gearbox).
- A thin dash-dotted line - is intended to highlight groups of several components that make up parts of a device, or a control system.
- Dash-dotted with two dots - the line is disconnecting. Shows a breakdown of important elements. Indicates an object remote from the device that is associated with a mechanical or electrical system.
Network connecting lines are shown in full, but according to the standards, they are allowed to be cut off if they interfere with the normal understanding of the circuit. A break is indicated by arrows, next to it are the main parameters and characteristics of electrical circuits.
A bold dot on the lines indicates a connection, a soldering of wires.
Electromechanical components
Schematic representation of electromechanical links and contacts
A - UGO coils of an electromechanical element (magnetic starter, relay)
B - thermal relay
C - device coil with mechanical blocking
D - contacts making (1), breaking (2), switching (3)
E - button
F - designation of a switch (knife switch) on the electrical circuit of the UGO of some measuring instruments. Full list of these elements is given in GOST 2.729 68 and 2.730 73.
Elements of electrical circuits, devices
Number in the picture | Description | Number in the picture | Description |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Electricity meter | 8 | electrolytic capacitor |
2 | Ammeter | 9 | Diode |
3 | Voltmeter | 10 | Light-emitting diode |
4 | temperature sensor | 11 | Diode optocoupler |
5 | Resistor | 12 | Image of npn transistor |
6 | Rheostat (variable resistor) | 13 | Fuse |
7 | Capacitor |
UGO time relays, buttons, switches, limit switches are often used in the development of electric drive circuits.
Schematic representation of a fuse. When reading an electrical circuit, you should carefully consider all the lines and parameters of the drawing so as not to confuse the purpose of the element. For example, a fuse and a resistor have minor differences. In the diagrams, the power line is depicted passing through the fuse, the resistor is drawn without internal elements.
The image of the circuit breaker in the full diagram
Contact switching device. Serves as automatic protection electrical network from accidents, short circuit. Operated mechanically or electrically.
Circuit breaker on a single line diagram
The transformer is a steel core with two windings. There are single and three-phase, step-up and step-down. It is also divided into dry and oil, depending on the method of cooling. Power varies from 0.1 MVA to 630 MVA (in Russia).
UGO transformers
Designation of current transformers on a complete (a) and single-line (c) circuit
Graphic designation of electrical machines (EM)
Electric motors, depending on the type, are capable of more than just consuming energy. When developing industrial systems, use motors that, when there is no load, generate energy into the network, thereby reducing costs.
A - Three-phase electric motors:
1 - Asynchronous with squirrel-cage rotor
2 - Asynchronous with squirrel-cage rotor, two-speed
3 - Asynchronous with a phase rotor
4 - Synchronous electric motors; generators.
B - DC commutator motors:
1 - with excitation of the winding from a permanent magnet
2 - Electric machine with excitation coil
In conjunction with electric motors, the diagrams show magnetic starters, soft starters, and a frequency converter. These devices are used to start electric motors, the smooth operation of the system. The last two elements protect the network from "drawdown" of voltage in the network.
UGO magnetic starter in the diagram
Switches perform the function of switching equipment. Disable and enable certain sections of the network, as needed.
Graphic symbols in the electrical circuits of mechanical switches
Conditional graphic designations of sockets and switches in electrical circuits. They are included in the developed drawings of the electrification of houses, apartments, and industries.
Bell on the electrical diagram according to UGO standards with the indicated size
UGO dimensions in electrical diagrams
On the diagrams, the parameters of the elements included in the drawing are applied. Complete information about the element is written, capacitance if it is a capacitor, nominal voltage, resistance for a resistor. This is done for convenience, so as not to make a mistake during installation, not to waste time calculating and selecting the components of the device.
Sometimes the nominal data does not indicate, in this case the element parameters do not matter, you can select and install a link with a minimum value.
The accepted dimensions of the UGO are prescribed in the GOSTs of the ESKD standard.
Dimensions in ESKD
The sizes of graphic and alphabetic images in the drawing, the thickness of the lines should not differ, but it is permissible to change them proportionally in the drawing. If in legend on various electrical circuits of GOST, there are elements that do not have information about the dimensions, then these components are performed in sizes corresponding to the standard image of the UGO of the entire circuit.
UGO elements that are part of the main product (device) can be drawn in a smaller size compared to other elements.
Along with the UGO, for a more accurate definition of the name and purpose of the elements, a letter designation is applied to the diagrams. This designation is used for references in text documents and for drawing on an object. With the help of a letter designation, the name of the element is determined, if this is not clear from the drawing, technical parameters, quantity.
Additionally, one or more numbers are indicated with the letter designation, usually they explain the parameters. An additional letter code indicating the denomination, model, additional data is prescribed in the accompanying documents, or is displayed in the table on the drawing.
You don't have to know everything by heart to learn how to read electrical circuits. letter designations, graphic images of various elements, it is enough to navigate in the relevant GOST ESKD. The standard includes 64 GOST documents, which reveal the main provisions, rules, requirements and designations.
The main designations used on the diagrams according to the ESKD standard are given in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
First letter of the code (mandatory) |
Group of element types | Element Type Examples |
A | Devices | Amplifiers, telecontrol devices, lasers, masers |
B | Loudspeakers, microphones, thermoelectric sensing elements, ionizing radiation detectors, sound pickups, selsyns | |
C | Capacitors | |
D | Integrated analog digital circuits, logic elements, memory devices, delay devices | |
E | Elements are different | Lighting devices, heating devices |
F | Discrete flow and voltage protection elements, fuses, arresters | |
G | Generators, power supplies, quartz oscillators | Batteries, accumulators, electrochemical and electrothermal sources |
H | Indicating and signaling devices | Sound and light signaling devices, indicators |
K | Relays, contactors, starters | Current and voltage relays, electrothermal relays, time relays, contactors, magnetic starters |
L | Chokes for fluorescent lighting | |
M | Engines | DC and AC motors |
P | showing, registering and measuring instruments, counters, clock | |
Q | Disconnectors, short circuiters, circuit breakers (power) | |
R | Resistors | Variable resistors, potentiometers, varistors, thermistors |
S | Switching devices in control, signaling and measuring circuits | Switches, switches, switches triggered by various influences |
T | Current and voltage transformers, stabilizers | |
U | Converters of electrical quantities into electrical, communication devices | Modulators, demodulators, discriminators, inverters, frequency converters, rectifiers |
V | Electronic tubes, diodes, transistors, thyristors, zener diodes | |
W | Microwave lines and elements, antennas | Waveguides, dipoles, antennas |
X | Contact connections | Pins, sockets, collapsible connections, current collectors |
Y | Electromagnetic clutches, brakes, cartridges | |
Z | Terminal devices, filters, limiters | Modeling lines, quartz filters |
The main two-letter designations are given in Table 2
First letter of the code (mandatory) | Group of element types | Element Type Examples | Two letter code |
A | Device (general designation) | ||
B | Converters of non-electrical quantities into electrical quantities (except generators and power supplies) or vice versa analog or multi-digit converters or sensors for indicating or measuring | Speaker | BA |
Magnetostrictive element | BB | ||
Detector of ionizing elements | BD | ||
Selsyn - receiver | BE | ||
Phone (capsule) | bf | ||
Selsyn - sensor | BC | ||
Thermal sensor | BK | ||
Photocell | BL | ||
Microphone | BM | ||
Pressure meter | BP | ||
Piezo element | BQ | ||
Speed sensor (tachogenerator) | BR | ||
Pickup | BS | ||
Speed sensor | BV | ||
C | Capacitors | ||
D | Integrated circuits, microassemblies | Circuit integrated analog | DA |
Integrated circuit, digital, logic element | DD | ||
Information storage device | D.S. | ||
delay device | DT | ||
E | Elements are different | Heating element | EK |
Lighting lamp | EL | ||
Igniter | ET | ||
F | Surge arresters, fuses, protective devices | Discrete instantaneous current protection element | FA |
Discrete current protection element of inertial action | FP | ||
fuse | FU | ||
Discrete voltage protection element, arrester | FV | ||
G | Generators, power supplies | Battery | GB |
H | Indicator and signal elements | Sound alarm device | HA |
Symbolic indicator | HG | ||
Light signaling device | HL | ||
K | Relays, contactors, starters |
Current relay | KA |
Relay index | KH | ||
Relay electrothermal | KK | ||
Contactor, magnetic starter | KM | ||
Time relay | KT | ||
Voltage relay | KV | ||
L | Inductors, chokes | Fluorescent lighting choke | LL |
M | Engines | - | - |
P | Instruments, measuring equipment | Ammeter | PA |
Pulse counter | PC | ||
Frequency meter | PF | ||
Note. PE combination not allowed | Active energy meter | PI | |
Reactive Energy Meter | PK | ||
Ohmmeter | PR | ||
Recording device | PS | ||
Clock, action time meter | PT | ||
Voltmeter | PV | ||
Wattmeter | PW | ||
Q | Switches and disconnectors in power circuits | Automatic switch | QF |
short circuit | QK | ||
Disconnector | QS | ||
R | Resistors | Thermistor | RK |
Potentiometer | RP | ||
Measuring shunt | RS | ||
Varistor | EN | ||
S | Switching devices in control, signaling and measuring circuits. Note. The designation SF is used for devices that do not have power circuit contacts. |
Breaker or switch | SA |
push button switch | SB | ||
Automatic switch | SF | ||
Switches triggered by various influences: - from the level |
SL | ||
- from pressure | SP | ||
- from the position (travel) | SQ | ||
- on the frequency of rotation | SR | ||
- on temperature | SK | ||
T | Transformers, autotransformers | Current transformer | TA |
Electromagnetic Stabilizer | TS | ||
voltage transformer | TV | ||
U | Communication devices. Electrical to electrical converters |
Modulator | UB |
Demodulator | UR | ||
Discriminator | UI | ||
Frequency converter, inverter, frequency generator, rectifier | USD | ||
V | Electrovacuum devices, semiconductor | diode, zener diode | VD |
Electrovacuum device | VL | ||
Transistor | VT | ||
Thyristor | VS | ||
W | Lines and elements of microwave antennas | coupler | W.E. |
short circuit | WK | ||
Valve | WS | ||
Transformer, heterogeneity, phase shifter | wt | ||
Attenuator | WU | ||
Antenna | WA | ||
X | Contact connections | Current collector, sliding contact | XA |
Pin | XP | ||
Nest | XS | ||
Collapsible connection | XT | ||
High frequency connector | XW | ||
Y | Mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive | Electromagnet | YA |
Brake with electromagnetic drive | YB | ||
Coupling with electromagnetic drive | YC | ||
Electromagnetic chuck or plate | YH | ||
Z | Terminal devices Filters. Limiters | limiter | ZL |
Quartz filter | ZQ |
Related videos
The article will talk about what the emoticon means and what they are. It is worth noting that emoticons have long entered our lives and have become well established in it, because they, like nothing else, can convey the emotions and feelings of a person.
There are people who communicate regularly using emoticons, because with the development of progress there are already animated emoticons that can wave, wink, jump and change colors.
There are several emoji alphabets, the most common are standard and Japanese. Japanese emoticons are distinguished by the fact that they pay more attention to the eyes, and standard emoticons - to the mouth.
The history of emoticons
Today, almost no private letter on the Internet is complete without emoticons. Some people get offended if a friend doesn't put a colon and a right parenthesis at the end of a letter. Of course, this is stupid, but emoticons are already so closely connected with our lives.
It may seem to modern children that emoticons have always existed, but in fact, for the first time, an emoticon was drawn Harvey Bell- an artist by training. In the early sixties, there was a war between insurers in America. Employees were afraid to get laid off and, in order to cheer themselves up and each other, they were distracted and tried to communicate politely and friendly with the remaining customers.
One Insurance Company, in order to stay afloat, decided to hold an action for which they needed an interesting drawing. In late 1963, they approached Harvey with this request. He drew the first smiley :-) , which took him ten minutes to develop. He was paid mere pennies for the drawing: $43. He did not know then that his simple drawing would become so popular, so he did not issue any rights to it. Harvey's first emojis were pinned and given out to customers. People liked these cute smiles so much that the company re-applied to the artist and ordered another ten thousand smileys.
Another story that played an important role in the development of the smiley can be called the seventies, when brothers from Spain developed the slogan " Happy day!". Since that time, emoticons began to be depicted on clothes. In 1971 the FrenchFranklin Loufrani was registered trademark smiley in eighty states.
And the first electronic Emoticons appeared in the sixties of the last century. Then emoticons were used in encoding Unicode. In 1982, Microsoft decided to create emoticons that could show emotions.
What do emoticons mean decoding
Emoticons can convey almost every human emotion, from laughter to tears. Below is a table that indicates what this or that emoticon means.
Designation |
Other designations |
Decryption |
||
This emoji is in the shape of a human face and means smiling. |
||||
wild laughter |
||||
tenderness |
||||
Wink |
||||
seriousness |
||||
chagrin |
||||
Shock: pleasant in the first case, not in the second |
||||
Laughter to tears |
||||
:-P,=P,:b, :-b, :p |
Show tongue |
|||
Disgust |
||||
3 - this emoticon means a cute cat face or "lips in a bow" (cuteness). Options- :3:=3:-3
These are the most common emoticons, the designation of which many people know.
Smile and grief emoticon
The smile and grief emoticon, presented first in the table, has often changed and transformed over time. When people began to use emoticons in communication, it consisted of eyes, nose and mouth. Then the nose disappeared. And the eyes began to be drawn not with dashes, but simply with dots. Many are familiar when the smiley had only one eye - .) , and then he disappeared, to show a smile or sadness, people put only brackets. To show joy or sadness, many brackets are put. If we are talking about strong disappointment, then it can be shown like this - ((( or so - :FROM.
What do emoticons mean in Vkontakte
On the social network VK There are two types of emoticons, these are the standard ones that were discussed above, and the voluminous ones offered by the service itself. For the past three years, VKontakte users have been able to use emoticons, since only in August 2012 such an opportunity was added to communicate in personal correspondence. Until that time, Vkontakte users had to independently compose the designation of emotions from punctuation marks. But the developers have made it easy for them: the user can open the menu of emoticons and select the one that describes his state.
Initially, about thirty emoticons appeared on the network, but after a while another hundred were added, which depicted not only emotions, but also the actions of people, as well as food and animals. But due to the wide variety of emoticons, people's communication becomes not always clear. Not all people understand the meaning of this or that emoticon, or understand it differently. To avoid such situations with you, you need to write a few words in addition to the smiley so that the interlocutor understands you.
Popular VKontakte emoticons the following can be named:
- :ok - all is well;
- -: o - fear;
- -3(- sadness;
- -8) - love;
- -:] - stupid smile.
Also in VK there are hidden emoticons that can be sent to users by pressing a few keys. But the disadvantage of such emoticons is that they are black and therefore repel many users.
The most common commands include the following:
- ALT+ 1 - white emoticon denoting a smile ☺
- ALT+2 - black smile: ☻
- ALT+3 - love heart:
- ALT+ 11 - male character: ♂
- ALT+12 - female character: ♀
- ALT+13 - melody:♪
- ALT+15 - sun: ☼
In order for the symbol to appear in the message, you need to:
- Hold down the "Alt" key on your keyboard
- Dial a number combination
- Release the Alt key
What does emoticon 3 mean
The table above showed this emoticon and said that it means tenderness. But it is worth dwelling on its decoding in more detail, since it is not understood by many. This symbol is associated with such animals as a dog and a cat. And indeed, if you look closely, it seems to be similar to the muzzle of an animal. In another way, this emoticon stands for " cute"- that's how you can characterize any cute animal.
Do not confuse this emoticon with <3 , which the means heart.
Many people and smiley :3 consider it a kiss, but they are mistaken because it means not quite a kiss, namely cuteness.
There was a period of time when this emoticon was read from a mathematical point of view, and it meant nothing more than divide by 3. But this is a comic version that did not take root among Internet users for a long time.
Emoticons denoting actions
As mentioned above, emoticons can replace a person's written speech and whole expressions. After all, their collection is constantly replenished, and soon people will be able to communicate with only one emoticon. Below will be presented a few emoticons, meaning human actions.
Smiley designation |
Decryption |
|
Loud laugh |
||
Listen to music with headphones |
||
wave your hand |
||
(>^_^)(^_^<) |
Hug |
|
go crazy |
As we can see from the table, you can use emoticons to talk about even your actions and desires. Some social networks have emoticons that mean that a person is reading a book, relaxing, eating or playing ball.
We examined in detail what emoticons mean, how they can be used to express actions and emotions. In a few years they may replace written language. After all, it is much easier for people to put a smiley than to write for a long time and explain to a person what he is doing or what emotion he is showing at the moment.
Video with decryption of emoticons
The rules set out in GOST 21.205–93, regulate exactly how alphanumeric characters should be applied on the drawings pipeline designations plumbing systems that relate to external networks of heat supply, sewerage and water supply, as well as to internal water and sewer networks, heating networks, ventilation and air conditioning systems.
Alphanumeric designation | Name |
Water pipes | |
B0 | General designation of the water supply |
---|---|
IN 1 | Domestic and drinking water supply |
IN 2 | Fire water supply |
Industrial plumbing | |
AT 3 | General designation of industrial water supply |
AT 4 | Plumbing of circulating water supply |
AT 5 | Circulating water pipeline, return |
AT 6 | Soft water plumbing |
AT 7 | For river water |
AT 8 | For river clarified water |
AT 9 | For underground water |
Sewerage | |
K0 | General designation of the sewer |
K1 | domestic sewerage |
K2 | Rain sewer |
industrial sewerage | |
K3 | General designation of industrial sewage |
K4 | Sewerage for mechanically polluted waters |
K5 | sludge sewerage |
K6 | Sewage for sludge-containing waters |
K7 | For chemically polluted waters |
K8 | Sewerage for acidic waters |
K9 | For alkaline waters |
K10 | For acidic waters |
K11 | For cyanide waters |
K12 | For chromium-containing waters |
Heat pipe | |
T0 | General designation of the pipeline |
For heating, ventilation, air conditioning and technical processes | |
T1 | Supply pipeline |
T2 | Return pipeline |
Pipeline for hot water supply | |
T3 | Server |
T4 | circulation |
Hot water for technological processes | |
T5 | Supply pipeline |
T6 | Return pipeline |
Steam heating | |
T7 | Steam pipeline |
T8 | Condensate line |
Note:
For those pipeline systems of sewerage and water supply that are not provided for in the table, designations must be adopted by establishing a serial numbering that is a continuation of the one indicated in the table.
If an industrial or domestic drinking water supply system simultaneously performs the role of a fire-fighting one, then it is assigned exactly the same number as the industrial or domestic drinking water supply. At the same time, an appropriate explanation is applied to the drawing.
PipelineIn modern technology, pipelines are such devices that are designed to transport a variety of liquid, gaseous and granular media. The main components of pipeline systems are: straight pipes that are tightly interconnected; hangers and supports; control and measuring equipment; shut-off and control devices; fasteners; seals and gaskets; means of automation.
In addition, the elements of pipeline systems include the materials necessary to ensure effective protection of all the above components from the harmful effects of low and high temperatures, as well as from electrochemical corrosion.
The locations of the elements of pipeline systems are their branches, turns, as well as transitions to a different diameter. They serve to ensure a long service life of the system as a whole, as well as the tightness of the entire structure. Practice shows that almost no pipeline system is implemented without such elements as bends, tees and transitions.
Liquid PropertiesLiquids are those substances that are in a liquid state of aggregation. It, in turn, is intermediate between the aggregate state of solid and gaseous. The liquid also has a property that is not found in any other state of aggregation: it is capable of changing its shape under the influence of tangential mechanical stresses within practically unlimited limits. In this case, mechanical stresses can be very small, and the volume of the liquid remains unchanged.
Another important property inherent in all liquids is surface tension. Neither gases nor solids have it, but it is explained by the following reasons: due to the fact that the balance of the forces acting on the molecules of the surface is disturbed, a certain new resultant force directed inside the substance appears. This explains the fact that the surface of a liquid is always "stretched". If we consider this situation from the point of view of physics, then it can be argued that surface tension is nothing but the force due to which the molecules of a liquid do not move from its surface to the deep layers. It is the force of surface tension that explains the shape of falling drops of any liquid.