The main indicators of the operational work of railways. Determination of freight flows and freight turnover of the road Operational indicators include
The concept of cargo turnover
Methods for calculating freight turnover
Section 1. The main characteristic of cargo turnover.
Section 2. Methods for calculating the turnover.
Cargo turnover- this is an economic indicator of the work of transport (an indicator of the volume of cargo transportation), equal to the product of the mass of cargo transported for a certain time by the distance of transportation.
The main characteristics of cargo turnover
Cargo turnover is measured in ton-kilometers. For example, if different ships transported 5 million tons of cargo during the year over an average distance of 150 km, then the annual cargo turnover is 5 × 150 = 750 million ton-kilometers.
To determine the turnover, the weight of the transported cargo in tons (separately for each consignment) is multiplied by the transportation distance and the resulting products are summed up.
The freight turnover indicator is used in planning and statistics to measure the productivity of labor in transport (the number of ton-kilometers per worker), the cost of transportation is also determined per 1 km, since transportation costs depend on its distance and weight of cargo.
To assess the activities of transport enterprises, the indicator of freight turnover is not used, since the society is interested in the best satisfaction of transportation needs while minimizing transportation costs; for these purposes, the indicator of transportation (dispatch) of goods in tons, revenue from transportation, etc.
The dissemination of best practices, including by Belarusian railway workers, makes it possible to increase the volume of useful work of transport without increasing the number of employees.
To characterize the cargo turnover of a state, a certain territory, a certain direction, a river, etc. both units of measurement are used. And to characterize the turnover of any transport hub, station or other transport facility, only tonnage is used as a meter.
Freight turnover determines the level of development of relations, the development of trade, the degree of economic activity in a certain period, etc.
The unit of observation in freight traffic statistics is the shipment, i.e. consignment of cargo, the carriage of which is formalized by the relevant document (contract of carriage). Primary documents for different types transport have different names:
road list - for railway and river transport;
bill of lading and manifest - in maritime transport;
waybill and consignment note - in road transport;
accompanying sheet - in air transport.
Freight transportation statistics has developed a system of indicators that provide an opportunity for a comprehensive description of the work of each enterprise and a single transport network countries. These indicators are divided into two groups:
volumetric (total);
quality.
Volumetric indicators of freight traffic statistics include:
sent (departure) of goods;
arrived (arrival) of goods;
transported (transportation) of goods;
transported in direct mixed traffic;
the volume of transport work performed - freight turnover.
Freight turnover is the amount of work in the transportation of goods, calculated by summing the products of the mass of goods transported by the distance of transportation in kilometers (miles). It is one of the main indicators in evaluating the efficiency of a transport enterprise.
Qualitative indicators of freight traffic statistics include:
average transportation distance per 1 ton of cargo;
average density of transportation of 1 ton of cargo;
average duration of transportation of 1 ton of cargo;
average speed of advancement of 1 ton of cargo.
The distribution of freight traffic between individual modes of transport depends on their characteristics and economic advantages. For example,
rail transport is used to transport large volumes of goods over long distances;
road transport - in cities and regions for short, as well as for longer distances when transporting valuable and perishable goods;
maritime transport - when transporting bulk cargo in areas gravitating towards inland water and sea basins;
trunk pipelines are used to pump gas and crude oil from fields to refineries and to transport finished petroleum products from factories to consumption areas and terminals;
air transport is used to transport goods over very long distances.
Railway transport.
During the period when navigation on the rivers is stopped, rail transport successfully replaces water transport. A large volume of trade with other countries is carried out precisely by rail. It also ranks first among other main modes of transport.
Automobile transport.
Road transport is the most mobile of all modes of transport. It is capable of transporting goods, both long-distance and short. Disadvantages - high cost and labor intensity, high level pollution environment.
Pipeline transport.
The variety of pipeline transport, depending on the types of transported products, necessitates the use of grouping (classification). Main pipelines subdivided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. The former serve to pump crude oil from fields to refineries. The second - for the transportation of finished petroleum products from factories to consumption areas. The third is for gas transportation. If the product pipeline is strictly specialized for the transportation of any one type of oil product, it is called accordingly: kerosene pipeline, gasoline wire, oil pipeline, fuel oil wire. The advantage of pipeline transport is that it has continuous transportation and does not depend on natural conditions. The big drawback is environmental pollution.
Sea transport.
Sea transport is able to transport any cargo, any type and size. Unlike other modes of transport, sea transport mainly export (46%) and import (70%) cargo. Disadvantages: dependence on weather conditions, the need for expensive port facilities and a high share of the cost of initial and final operations.
Inland waterways.
These include: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, channels suitable for navigation. On inland waterways, the movement of vessels is allowed not along the entire width, but only on the ways that are prepared for navigation and which are marked with navigational signs.
Statistical accounting of cargo transportation in inland water transport is carried out by inland water transport enterprises: ports, shipping companies, shipping companies, as well as enterprises of other sectors of the economy that carry out transportation work on a commercial basis.
Air Transport.
By air, goods are transported over very long distances, but this mode of transport is much less than others used to transport cargo. They carry, as a rule, the most expensive goods: precious furs, expensive clothes, weapons, medicines, etc. The main difference between aviation and other modes of transport is its high ground speed and long non-stop flight range.
Methods for calculating cargo turnover
All calculations are entered into a statistical table called statistical grouping.
Statistical grouping - allows you to characterize the size, structure and relationship of the phenomena under study, to identify their patterns.
Methods for calculation:
Series of dynamics (absolute and relative indicators, chain and basic and average values);
Selective observation;
Indicators of variation (dispersion);
Graphic construction (graphics).
Absolute indicators are named numbers that have a certain dimension and units of measurement. They characterize indicators at a point in time or over a period. Depending on the various reasons and goals of the analysis, natural, conditionally natural, monetary and labor units of measurement are used.
Absolute growth is the difference between the research level of the series and the previous (or base) level.
10. Cargo turnover in %Sources
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Federal Agency for Railway Transport
federal state educational institution
Supreme vocational education
Petersburg State University means of communication"
Department of "Transport Economics"
PLAN OF TRANSPORTATION AND WORK OF THE ROLLING STOCK OF THE RAILWAY IN FREIGHT TRAFFIC
To the implementation of the course project
For students of specialties
"Organization of transportation and management
On transport (railway)”,
"Economics and management at the enterprise
(railway transport)"
SAINT PETERSBURG
PGUPS
aim The course project is to consolidate knowledge on the topic "Planning of transportation in railway transport" obtained in the lecture course, as well as the acquisition and development of practical skills in the performance of technical and economic calculations related to the planning of the operational work of the railway.
Assignment for a course project
The course project consists of interrelated sections that require:
- draw up a plan for loading and unloading, receiving and handing over wagons;
- build a diagram of the car traffic of loaded cars, calculate the density of traffic and the mileage of loaded cars along the road;
– determine the balance of empty wagons and draw up a diagram of the empty wagon traffic;
Based on the initial data (see Annexes 1-3) and the data obtained by calculation, it is necessary to determine:
– volume of ton-kilometer work (net), runs of locomotives and trains, gross ton-kilometers;
- the required fleet of locomotives and the quality indicators of their use;
– working fleet of wagons and quality indicators of their use.
Take the task according to the options from appendices 1, 2 - by the number of the student in the teacher's journal, and for students absentee form training - by the last digit of the cipher; from Appendix 3 - by the first letter of the last name.
CARGO PLANNING
1.1 Freight planning methodology
The main indicators of freight traffic are:
- the number of transported tons of cargo (volume of transportation);
- cargo turnover;
- the number of shipments;
– traffic density;
– average transportation distance;
- uneven traffic.
In this course project, certain simplifications have been introduced to reduce the amount of calculations. So, operational performance indicators (number of shipments, uneven traffic, etc.) are not calculated; only two sections (A-B and B-C) are included in the given conditional railway, and individual parameters of the railway operation are given as the initial values of freight traffic (see Appendix 1-3). But these simplifications do not affect the methodology for developing a freight plan.
Freight transportation planning is of great practical importance, as it is the starting point for the development of other sections of the production and economic activity plan. railways(labor and wage; fixed and working capital; operating costs and prime cost, etc.). It should be emphasized that freight traffic provides more than 2/3 of all income from all transportation by rail.
Number of transported tons of cargo (traffic volume) is measured, as a rule, at the time of departure. On the road, the volume of traffic is defined as the sum of departures (loading) from all stations of the road and the receipt of goods from neighboring roads, that is:
The volume of traffic by road is allocated to the arrival of cargo within a given division and delivery to other divisions, that is:
.
Then the total volume of traffic by road is distributed by types of communication (Fig. 1.1).
IN local communication transportation is carried out within the same road, and in a straight line - transportation on sections of two or more roads.
IN direct message allocate:
direct message
Import Export
Local communication
Rice. 1.1 Distribution of traffic volumes by types of traffic
– in in o s, i.e. arrival of goods from stations of other roads to this road;
– in s in o z, i.e. dispatch of goods from the stations of this road to other roads of the network;
– t r a n z i t, i.e. transportation of goods coming from other roads and following through this road to other roads of the network.
Thus, the volume of traffic on the road is equal to:
.
Cargo acceptance can be considered as the sum of import and transit:
,
and delivery of cargo - as the sum of export and transit:
.
The dispatch of cargo, in turn, is equal to the sum of exported cargo and cargo transported in local traffic:
,
and arrival - the sum of imported goods and goods transported in local traffic:
.
Cargo turnover is the work done to move the load, defined as the product of the mass of the load and the distance travelled. Freight turnover is measured in ton-kilometers. Distinguish net cargo turnover is the work of transport, taking into account only the movement of goods, and gross cargo turnover, which takes into account the movement of cargo together with the tare weight of the rolling stock.
Net cargo turnover can be tariff and operational.
Tariff freight turnover is calculated according to the so-called tariff distances in transportation documents (waybill and road bill).
Operational cargo turnover is determined by the actual mileage of the cargo from the driver's route.
The ratio of net freight turnover and gross freight turnover can be characterized by the efficiency of railway transport:
.
Number of submissions - a specific indicator of transport. A consignment is called a consignment of cargo, issued by one transportation document (travel statement). One shipment can be a whole train, following from one sender to one recipient (route); there may be one or more wagons (wagon) or a container (container), or there may be one box in the wagon (small). In a course project, the number of submissions is not calculated.
In terms of transportation, it is determined traffic density - the number of tons of cargo transported through 1 km of the transport network per unit of time. Density of transportation is established in general and in directions: freight (even) and empty (odd).
The traffic density value is equal to the arithmetic mean of the density value at the entrance and exit from the section in each direction.
The average density, or traffic density, of freight traffic as a whole along the road is defined as the quotient of dividing the net freight turnover by the corresponding operating length:
Average transportation distance - this is the distance over which each ton of cargo is transported on average; it is defined as the ratio of net freight turnover to the volume of traffic
The coefficients of unevenness in the course project are not calculated.
1.2 Calculation of transportation plan indicators
The initial data for calculating the indicators of the transportation plan for a conditional road are the sizes of cargo flows, which are given in Appendix 1. The scheme of a conditional railway is shown in fig. 1.2.
For economic development The transport system plays an important role in any country. In Russia, one of the main transport arteries is the railway (RHD), since it accounts for more than 40% of passenger traffic and 80% of the total freight turnover of the state.
The importance of railway transport in Russia is fundamental, because the country is distinguished by long distances. The level of development of the state economy depends on the effective operation of this system. Every year, thanks to the well-coordinated work of the railway, the following are transported:
- about 98% manganese and iron ore,
- 92% ferrous metals,
- 88% mineral and chemical fertilizers,
- 87% coal and coke.
Since the first construction of the railway in Russia, and this happened in 1830 this species transport requires large investments, but despite this, railway has a number of advantages:
- operates around the clock in all weather conditions;
- has a low cost of transportation (especially when transporting over long distances);
- connects all regions and districts of Russia;
- has the lowest environmental impact factor.
The role of railway transport
The role of railway transport in Russia can hardly be overestimated, because it is one of the largest in the world, thanks to which 25% of the world's freight traffic is provided, and about 15% of the world's passenger traffic.
In Russia, rail transport is a branch of the economy, without which the smooth operation of all economic sectors is impossible. In order to understand in more detail what role this transport system plays, it is necessary to consider its segments in more detail:
- Transportation of passengers and cargo. Production can take place only when it is delivered to the consumer. For the manufacturing and mining industries, as well as for agricultural enterprises, rail transport (ZhD transport) is one of the most efficient and cheap types of delivery.
- A developed transport system is the key to economic development.
- Acts as a link between different systems of the economy.
- As an independent industry, it offers its products with a number of features.
Namely, as a result of the implementation of measures aimed at improving the efficiency of transportation, it was possible to improve the main qualities of the performance indicators of railway transport. So for last years in the country:
- increased the speed of freight trains,
- turnover decreased freight wagons,
- the average weight of freight trains has increased,
- the average daily productivity of locomotives, as well as freight cars, increased.
All districts and regions of Russia are linked together by railways, thereby providing for the transportation needs of not only the population, but also industry, Agriculture. All modes of transport complement each other and form a single transport system.
Transportation of products has its own units of measurement:
- ton-kilometers (cargo turnover)
- tons (number of cargo)
- passenger-kilometres (passenger turnover)
- passengers (number of passengers)
Key performance indicators of railways
- Railway traffic. This indicator calculates the amount of transported cargo for a certain period of time. Sometimes the reduced freight intensity can be calculated through the reduced freight turnover. The freight intensity of railways is characterized by an average amount.
- The passenger turnover of railway transport is the volume of transport work for the transportation of passengers, calculated in passenger-kilometers per year.
- Freight turnover of railway transport - the volume of transport work for the transport of goods, calculated in ton-kilometers per year.
Railway transport development strategy until 2030
In 2008, the government of the country developed a strategy for the development of railway transport until 2030. It provides for the expansion of the railway network, the exit of technical and technological railway transport to the world level, and the increase in the competitiveness of the country's railway transport. Over the next 14 years, it is planned to build important strategic, socially significant and cargo-forming lines, the total length of which will be more than 15,800 km.
The strategy of the state provides:
- to introduce more than 20,000 km of new railway lines,
- organize transport support for 18 promising mineral deposits and industrial zones,
- create lines that will ensure the movement of passenger trains with a speed of up to 350 km / h, a length of 1528 km,
- upgrade rolling stock (purchase of 23,000 locomotives, 900,000 freight cars and 30,000 passenger cars),
- to increase the density of the railway network by 23.8%, while completely eliminating restrictions on carriage and throughput.
To achieve the set goals, more than 13 trillion rubles were allocated for the development of railway transport. rub., in addition to the plans to actively use the mechanism of public-private partnership. 40% of investments will be allocated for the construction of new railway lines, 31% for the development of existing facilities, and 29% for the renewal of rolling stock.
When the above is implemented, it will be possible to ensure socio-economic growth, increase the mobility of the population, optimize the movement of goods, strengthen economic sovereignty, national security, the country's defense capability, reduce total transport costs, and increase the competitiveness of the national economy.
Rail transport ranks second in terms of freight turnover (after sea) and second in passenger traffic (after road transport). Currently, its development is slowing down. In terms of the total length of the road network (about 1.2 million km), it is inferior not only to road transport, but also to air and pipeline transport. The main function of railway transport is the transportation of bulk industrial and agricultural goods (coal, steel, grain, etc.) over long distances. Distinctive feature- the regularity of movement, regardless of the weather and season.
The development of railway transport is determined by the following indicators:
- the total length of the railways of a particular region;
- density (density) of the railway network (length of railways per 100 or 1000 km2);
- Freight and passenger traffic.
In addition, important indicators are the degree of electrification of railways and other indicators characterizing its quality.
Differences in the level of development of railway transport by region are very large. For example, and Western Europe are oversaturated with railways, and some of Asia do not have them at all.
In the whole world, due to competition with by car there is a reduction in the length of the railway network, mainly in ( and ). Their new construction is carried out only in some, for the most part, countries with economies in transition (China, China, etc.).
In terms of the length of the railway network, the leading positions in the world are occupied by the largest (in terms of territory) countries: the USA (176 thousand km), Russia (86), (85), China, Australia, Mexico. These countries account for more than half of the total length of the world's railways.
Leading in rail density European countries(their density is 133 km per 1 thousand sq. km). The density of the railway network on average in African countries is only 2.7 km per 1 thousand square meters. km.
In terms of the level of electrification of railways, they are also ahead of all European countries (about 100% of railways are electrified, in - 65%, in, and - more than 50%, in Russia - 47%). Russia ranks first in terms of the total length of electrified railways.
US railroad electrification is very low (1%).
In some regions and countries of the world, railways have different gauges. The gauge is wider than in the countries of Eastern and Western Europe, North America, Asia. Does not correspond to the Western European gauge of some other states (for example, the states of the Iberian Peninsula). In general, the Western European track accounts for up to 3/4 of the length of the world's roads.
In terms of cargo turnover, the United States, China and Russia occupy the leading positions in the world, in terms of passenger turnover - Japan (395 billion passenger-km), China (354), India (320), Russia (170), Germany - 60 billion passenger-km;
In a number of developed countries (France, Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, etc.), ultra-high-speed (with a speed of more than 300 km / h) railways have been created.
The railways of countries, foreign Europe, North America, within their regions, are connected into a single transport system, that is, they form regional railway systems. So, for example, for the implementation of transit traffic between foreign countries and through the territory of the CIS, the Trans-Siberian "bridge" was laid, along which goods pass to the ports of Nakhodka and Vostochny and further to.
Describing rail transport, it is necessary to note the qualitative changes in it on present stage: the use of new types of engines, the creation of wheelless trains operating on an air cushion, magnetic and electromagnetic suspension.
Cargo turnover- this is the number (total volume) of goods transported according to the object under consideration for a certain period of time: be it an enterprise, type of transport, industry or the state as a whole.
Cargo turnover as an economic indicator of the work of transport, it is the product of the weight of the cargo transported for a certain time by the distance of transportation.
For example, if different ships transported 5 million tons of cargo during the year over an average distance of 150 km, then the annual cargo turnover is 5 x 150 = 750 million ton-kilometers.
The indicator of freight turnover is measured by such a unit as a ton-kilometer, but the use of the indicator of the total tonnage of transportation performed is more common.
To measure the volume of traffic within a state or a selected region, two units of measurement are used at once. The process of evaluating the functioning of a transport object or a separate node involves the use of only the total weight of the cargo transported in tons.
On a large scale, the freight turnover indicator assesses the relationship between states or regions, and in the transport sector it determines throughput certain objects. The growth of interstate cargo turnover indicates the development of trade and economy. At the time of the crisis, there is a drop in freight turnover. The instability of cargo turnover between regions suggests difficulties in the main transport system, in the functioning of companies, as well as weak internecine economic ties.
Types of cargo turnover
Usually, the entire freight turnover of transport is correlated with a specific transport sector in order to evaluate a certain type of freight turnover.
Railway transport- the most ambitious and budget. In Russia, the railway network serves 4/5 of the country's total cargo turnover. The laying and development of communication lines is constantly increasing the number of transported goods. A general assessment of the country's freight turnover allows us to state that the more developed the railway network, the lower the cost of transporting tonnage.
Water transport- is also one of the most profitable options for transporting cargo, but it is not possible in every region, but only between territories adjacent to the sea or a wide river. In addition, river navigation is possible only in summer - in cold weather, rivers freeze. In the hot season, river transport takes on 10-15% of the total cargo turnover in Russia. Shipping by sea is usually interstate deliveries. They account for 4-7%.
Pipeline transport used only for the transfer of liquid and volatile mixtures. Gas, ammonia, oil and other chemical binders are transferred through pipelines. In the Russian Federation, most of the export deliveries of "oil and gas products" are made through pipelines. In this industry, the increase in cargo turnover is determined by the laying of new pipeline routes.
Automobile transport completely dependent on the availability and quality of roads. Most road freight transport is of local importance, i.e. performed between enterprises, port and enterprise, etc. Such deliveries are faster. Road transport does not require additional loading / unloading, which reduces the economic benefit from transportation, and therefore is more profitable. With it, you can deliver the entrusted cargo to its destination without additional expenses and delays.
Mobility and variety of vehicles guarantees its demand for long-distance deliveries of any cargo volume.
Air Transport– an expensive approach to the transportation of goods. Its advantage is the urgency of delivery or the delivery of cargo to places where the routes are not equipped. For example, you need to quickly deliver goods to a taiga settlement. There are a lot of such places in Russia. For this reason, the turnover of air transport is quite high.
A summary assessment of cargo deliveries for each transport sector makes it possible to determine the level of development of the sector and its need for modernization and related equipment, plus the construction of new tracks. Also, a general assessment allows you to identify the importance of a particular industry in the freight exchange of the entire national economy.