A flower is an organ of seed reproduction. Primula (Primula), (Primula). Description, types and care of primrose Stories and myths
We all enjoy looking at flowers. They are so different, colorful and beautiful. Everyone will find something to their liking. But have you ever wondered why nature has created such a variety of forms, colors that delight our eyes? Well, obviously not for us to tear them up and put them in vases. In this lesson, you will learn about the true purpose of a flower and how it manages to fulfill this purpose.
Take several flowers from various plants. Consider them. Locate the pedicel, receptacle, perianth, stamens and pistils.
Dissect the flowers. Count the number of parts of the perianth, stamens and pistils. Specify the type of perianth of each flower (simple, double). Specify the type of calyx (for flowers with double perianth): dividing or concatenate. Corolla type: joint-petal or free-petal.
Sketch and label the parts of the flower. Try to make a formula for each of the flowers.
The perianth is double and simple. Double perianth consists of 2 leaflets various types(cabbage, rose, buttercups, peas, etc.). A simple perianth (lily, amaryllis (see Fig. 2), tulip) consists of identical leaves.
Rice. 2. Red amaryllis
Willow and ash flowers do not have a perianth at all. They are called naked.
The structure of the stamen and pistil
Consider the structure of the stamen. Locate the anther and filament. Examine the anther under a magnifying glass or under a microscope. Try to see the pollen grains.
Consider the external structure of the pistil. Locate the stigma, style, and ovary. Cut the ovary across. Examine it under magnifiers. Find the ovule, indicate what is formed from it.
There are regular (actinomorphic) and irregular (zygomorphic) flowers.
In regular flowers (see Fig. 3), several axes of symmetry can be drawn through the perianth (apple, cherry).
Rice. 3. right flower asterisks
Through irregular flowers (see Fig. 4), only one plane of symmetry (peas, sage) can be drawn.
Rice. 4. The wrong flower of a real slipper
Each stamen has an anther inside which the pollen matures. It is located on the filament (see Fig. 1).
Primrose and amaryllis flowers
Consider the structure of primrose flowers (see Fig. 5) and amaryllis. Compare their structure with the structure of apple flowers.
Rice. 5. Primrose flower
The pistils have a stigma, style and ovary. The ovary contains ovules, from which seeds will develop after flowering (see Fig. 6). According to the location in the flower, the upper one is distinguished (the walls do not grow together with the rest of the flower, in cabbage), the lower one (the walls of the ovary grow together with other parts of the flower - in the apple tree) and the semi-inferior (the walls of the ovary grow together with other parts of the flower only in the lower part - in elderberry) ovary types.
Rice. 6. Ovary and ovules
Flowers are dioecious and bisexual. Bisexual - flowers that contain both pistils and stamens. In some plants (sea buckthorn, holly (see Fig. 7)) only stamens or only pistils are present in the flowers - dioecious flowers.
Rice. 7. Dioecious holly flowers
dioecious plant- a plant on which flowers of only one sex develop (poplar, hemp).
monoecious plant- a plant on which both pistillate and staminate flowers develop (cucumber, apple tree).
The flower formula is used for brief description flower structures.
When compiling a flower formula, the following abbreviations are used (see Fig. 8, 9):
Rice. 8. Abbreviations used in formulating a flower
Rice. 9. Abbreviations used in formulating a flower
Thus, the formula of the cucumber staminate flower is as follows (see Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. Cucumber Stamen Flower Formula
And the formula of a pistillate flower looks like this (see Fig. 11):
Rice. 11. Cucumber Pistil Flower Formula
Do you know that…
Rice. 12. Rafflesia
Double perianth, corolla consists of white or white-pink unfused petals - free-petal. The calyx is leafy. The flower is actinomorphic, bisexual. The ovary is five-celled.
Bibliography
- Biology. Bacteria, fungi, plants. Grade 6: textbook. for general education institutions / V.V. Beekeeper. - 14th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2011. - 304 p.: ill.
- Tikhonova E.T., Romanova N.I. Biology, 6. - M.: Russian word.
- Isaeva T.A., Romanova N.I. Biology, 6. - M.: Russian word.
- Trifoly.ru ().
- Floriculture.ru ().
- engschool18.ru ().
Homework
- Biology. Bacteria, fungi, plants. Grade 6: textbook. for general education institutions / V.V. Beekeeper. - 14th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2011. - 304 p.: ill. - with. 138, assignments and questions 3, 6 ().
- Define and give examples of actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers.
- What is the flower formula? How is it recorded?
- * Select 3 flower plants different types and try to formulate them.
Each flowering plant blooms at a certain time in its life.
Annual plants live less than a year and flower soon after they develop from seed. The flower isreproductive organ,since the flowers produce fruits with seeds. All flowering plants reproduce by seeds, including those that can reproduce vegetatively. Seed propagation is commonly referred to as propagation by seeds.
In autumn, you studied the structure of the radish flower and wild radish. Bloom often in spring houseplants clivia and amaryllis. Their flowers are large, orange and red. At the same time, primrose also blooms.
If you put branches of apple trees, pears, cherries cut during spring pruning into the water fruit trees, then in one and a half to two weeks they will bloom. The branches must be placed in advance in a warm, bright room, and fresh raw water should be poured into the vessel.
To recall the structure of a flower, consider the blossoming flowers of a cherry, clivia or amaryllis.
Highly visible in the center pestle. It is surrounded by numerous stamens. Pistil and stamens -the main parts of the flower. The whisk protects them. It consists of five white petals.
cherry flower corolla -free-petal,because all its petals grow freely, do not grow together with each other
In other cases, the corolla is formed by fused petals and is calledjoint-petal.The sympetalous corollas form a tube in their lower part,like fragrant tobacco, deaf nettle, black nightshade, primrose and others. In a cherry blossom under the petals is placedcalyxof five green sepals. The whisk and calyx are called perianth. In some plants, the perianth does not have a calyx, as, for example, in clivia, amaryllis and others, and is called simple.
The sepals of a flower can also grow together completely or partially, formingspice-leaved cup.
The flower is located on a thin stalk - pedicel. All parts of the flower are placed on receptacle.
Consider the main parts of the flower. Each stamen of a flower has anther, within which matures pollen. The duster is located onfilament.The pistil, or carpel, of a flower has stigma, style and ovary. Inside the lower expanded part of the pistil - the ovary - are ovules. Seeds develop from the ovules after flowering, and the fruit develops from the ovary. Flowers are more common in which there are both stamens and pistils. Such flowers are called bisexual. In the flowers of some plants there are only stamens. This isstaminate flowers.If there are no stamens in the flower, but only pistils, then the flowers are called pistillate. Cucumbers and corn, for example, have pistillate and staminate flowers on the same plant. Plants that have both staminate and pistillate flowers are called monoecious. But in hemp, poplar, willow, staminate and pistillate flowers are located on different plants. Such plants are called dioecious.
On the monoecious cucumber plant, the staminate flowers are often referred to as barren flowers, as they fade without producing fruit. From the pistillate flowers of cucumbers, fruits are formed that are eaten.
Rice. 92. The structure of a cherry flower:
receptacle; 2 - sepals; 3 - petals of the corolla; 4 - stamens; 5 - stigma of pestle; 6
- ovary; 7 - ovule.
Of the dioecious plants, it is interesting to get acquainted with the willow. In spring, yellow flowers bloom on some willow bushes. They are collected in several pieces in elegant inflorescences - earrings. These are inflorescences of staminate flowers. From a distance, they look like yellow fluffy lumps.
On other willow plants, the flowers are also small and collected in catkins. But they do not look like fluffy lumps and have a green color. These are inflorescences of pistillate willow flowers.
inflorescences- groups of flowers arranged on a plant in a certain order. Flowers collected in inflorescences become more visible to insects and are easier to pollinate by the wind. The arrangement of flowers in inflorescences is different. Remember the inflorescences you know.
simple umbrella- this is an inflorescence in which the pedicels come out like the spokes of an umbrella, as if from one point. Inflorescence umbrella have primrose, cherry and other plants.
Simple inflorescences can be grouped into compound inflorescences. For example, Carrots, parsley and some other plants have inflorescences formed by several umbrellas. Such inflorescences are calledcomplex umbrella.
Basket- this is an inflorescence, sunflower, aster, dandelion, dahlias, thistle, thistle and many other plants. In the inflorescence of the basket, numerous small flowers are located on a flattened expanded receptacle. Outside, the inflorescence basket is protected by green leaves - wrapper.
inflorescence brushhave cabbage, levkoy, currant, lily of the valley, bird cherry and others. In such an inflorescence, individual flowers are located one at a time on well-marked pedicels extending from a common flowering shoot.
simple spike form flowers that do not have pedicels. They are located on a common flowering stem, like a plantain. The inflorescence of wheat, rye, barley is formed by several spikelets, each of which is formed by several flowers. This inflorescence is called complex ear.
To better understand the structural features of inflorescences, carefully consider plants with different types of inflorescences and drawings in the textbook.
Primula, or Primrose ( lat. Primula) - a genus of plants from the family Primroses (Primulaceae).
The name of the plant comes from the Latin word "primus" (first) and is explained by the fact that many types of primrose bloom in early spring, one of the first, sometimes even before the snow completely melts. From here comes the Russian name - primrose.
primroses- perennial, rarely biennial and annual herbaceous plants. The leaves are entire, wrinkled, covered with hairs, forming a basal rosette. The flowers are five-membered, regular in shape, of various colors and shades, solitary or collected in racemose or umbellate inflorescences at the ends of leafless stems. The fruit is a box.
Most of the species are flowering low herbs.
The ancient Greeks believed that the primrose contained a healing agent against all diseases. The leaves of primrose (primrose) contain a large amount of carotene and vitamin C, a lot of carbohydrates, glycosides, essential oils, organic acids. Therefore, decoctions of this plant are taken for rheumatism and headaches, they treat bronchitis, pneumonia, whooping cough. The root of primrose (primrose) has a weak diuretic and diaphoretic effect, enhances the secretion of the stomach, activates the metabolism.
In Germany, dried primrose (primrose) flowers are brewed and drunk as a tea to strengthen nervous system. The English eat the young leaves of the primrose (primrose) as a salad, the roots are used as a spice and as a medicine for tuberculosis patients. In the Caucasus, soups and cabbage soup are prepared from primrose (primrose) in early spring. Spring primrose leaves are harvested at the beginning of flowering and added to salads.
In the old days, decoctions from the roots were treated for consumption and feverish conditions. Soothing teas, ointments against eczema were prepared from leaves and flowers.
Various types of primrose produce nectar, but due to the long flowering tube, honey bees collect it in small quantities.
In nature, more than 500 species of primrose are known.
Primrose species
. It grows in the European part of Russia (mainly in the southern regions), in the Caucasus and southern Siberia. The roots of both species contain saponins, essential oils, glycosides and are used as an expectorant. Good honey plants. A number of species are used in indoor floriculture. Indoor primroses bloom throughout the winter and spring.
Primula (primrose) stemless , or common (Primula acaulis or Primula vulgaris) characterized by oblong leaves with a wrinkled surface. It has a large number of hybrids, the flowers of which are located on low stems and usually with an "eye". Large white, yellow, red or blue flowers are located in the center of a rosette of leaves. After flowering, stemless primrose can be planted in open ground.
Primula (primrose) spring , or medicinal (Primula veris) . Early spring plant 10-30 cm tall, with wrinkled leaves and bright yellow flowers; grows almost throughout the European part of Russia in dry glades, edges, shrubs, light forests. It is popularly called rams or keys. The edges of the forests of central Russia are literally golden from its drooping bell flowers.
. Differs in lobed leaves with a jagged edge, large (2.5-4 cm in diameter) flowers of various colors with a yellow center and wavy petals. After flowering, the plant can be left for the next season. To do this, it is kept all summer in a cool, ventilated place, moderately watered. In autumn, cut off yellowed leaves and increase watering.
Primrose (primrose) kyusskaya (Primula kewensis) . Synonym: Primula floribunda, Primula verticillata . Blooms with yellow flowers. Beautiful fragrant flowers with a diameter of 1 cm rise on peduncles up to 30 cm tall. Leaves with a serrated edge, covered with powdery coating.
. The plant is native to South China. An annual herbaceous rosette plant up to 40 cm high. The leaves are heart-shaped, elliptical or oval-elliptical, serrated along the edge, up to 17 cm in diameter, on long (up to 8 cm) petioles. Leafless peduncles (there are usually several of them on a plant) bear flowers collected in 5-20-flowered whorls. Whorls are usually located on the peduncle "floor by floor". There can be from 3 to 6 such floors. Flowers of a general structure for primroses (primroses), limb up to 1 cm in diameter, white, pink or red, with a yellow spot in the throat. Blooms in January - February.
. The plant is native to China. perennial herbaceous plant up to 60 cm high. Leaves up to 10 cm in diameter, in a basal rosette, round and oval-elliptical with a heart-shaped base, on long (up to 10 cm) petioles, pubescent with short hairs containing a volatile substance - primin, which causes allergies in some people. The flowers are collected in umbellate inflorescences on a leafless peduncle up to 25 cm high. A flower of a structure typical of primroses, limb up to 2.5 cm in diameter. There are many varieties with white, pink, blue, purple and dark red flowers. Varieties with a low content of primin or completely devoid of it have been bred.
. Used in horticulture as an ornamental plant. It belongs to the section of tiered, or candelabra primroses (Proliferae, Candelabra). Homeland - Japan, the island of Kunashir. Plant height is about 10 cm. Leaves are oblong-spatulate, coarsely serrated, up to 25 cm long. Inflorescence is an umbrella. The flowers are crimson, up to 2 cm in diameter, collected in multi-tiered whorls, on a 30 - 50 cm peduncle. Perianth actinomorphic, interpetal. Petals - 5. The fruit is a box. Seeds are small, black.
Primrose (primrose) finely toothed (Primula denticulata) . Synonyms: Primula dentata, primrose finely dentate, primrose dentate. Names in other languages: English. drumstick primula, germ. Kugelprimel, fr. primevere sphere. The homeland of the plant is the Himalayas, the mountains of Southeast Asia and Afghanistan, China (Sichuan, Yunnan) and Indochina (Burma), the Indian subcontinent (India - Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh; Sikkim, Nepal, Pakistan).
The plant reaches 30 cm in height and in diameter. The leaves are wide, oblong-oval, serrated at the edges, wrinkled, after flowering reach 20-40 cm in length. Flowers come in various colors, more often lilac, purple, red, white are also found; up to 1.5 cm in diameter. Collected in a dense spherical inflorescence up to 10 cm in diameter. Peduncles are thick, with powdery coating, 10-20 cm high, then stretch and can reach 60 cm in height. Small-toothed primrose blooms in April-May, flowering duration is 30-40 days.
This type of primrose is widely used in gardens and parks as a border plant, as well as in flower beds, in groups on lawns, on alpine slides. Prefers fertile, well-drained soils. Likes partial shade and abundant watering. The plant is propagated by seeds, division and root cuttings.
Lighting. Primroses should be placed on a bright window in a cool room. The room is well ventilated. The plant requires a lot of bright light, but should be shaded from direct sunlight. The windows of the western and east sides. Normally tolerates penumbra, can grow on the northern window.
Temperature. Primroses need a moderate air temperature, during flowering no higher than 12-16 ° C (in such conditions, the flowers last longer). Primroses bloom well in unheated greenhouses or between window frames.
Watering. Watering is moderate, plentiful during flowering (it is necessary to maintain uniform soil moisture, but without stagnant water), with soft settled water as the top layer of the substrate dries up. When watering, do not wet the leaves. Especially should be protected from water medium, just starting to develop leaves. From the above it follows that it is best to use the bottom watering.
Fertilizer. Primrose responds well to liquid top dressing with a solution bird droppings in small concentrations and doses. The plant is fed in June and at the end of August, the first time - with organic fertilizer, the second - with ammonium nitrate (1-1.5 g per 1 liter of water).
Growing features. Peduncles with faded flowers are plucked, yellow leaves are also removed.
The soil. The soil for primroses is not very nutritious, humus (pH about 6). A mixture of humus, hardwood, sod land (1 part each) and sand or compost (3 parts), peat and sand (1 part each).
The best for soft-leaved primrose is loose, nutritious and moisture-intensive land. The nutrient mixture is prepared from turf (1 part), hardwood (2 parts) and sand (1 part). Requires slightly acidic soil, so coniferous soil (1 part) must be added to the mixture.
Landing. Seeds of reverse conical primrose are sown in April - May in bowls or boxes on the surface of sandy-deciduous soil. 0.5 g of seeds are sown in one box. Watered from a spray bottle. Crops are covered with glass and placed on windowsills, shading seedlings from the sun's rays. The temperature is maintained within 18-20°C. Seedlings appear after 10 days. Small seedlings dive twice, and then planted in 9 cm pots of 2-3 plants. The nutrient mixture is prepared from hardwood, greenhouse land (2 parts each) and sand (1 part). As the plants develop, they are transferred 2-3 times into large pots.
You can grow primrose seedlings without transshipment, planting them immediately in 13-centimeter pots of 2-3 plants, adding dry cow dung to the soil mixture. With this method of cultivation, the primrose blooms in six months.
Reproduction. Primroses are propagated by seeds (although this is a rather complicated process), by dividing old bushes, and by rooting axillary shoots.
Seeds. Primrose soft-leaved is propagated by seeds formed in in large numbers after artificial pollination of flowers. Seeds are sown in June-July in bowls or boxes. A month later, the seedlings dive into bowls or containers with a feeding area of 3 × 4 cm, after a month they can be transplanted even less often (8 × 8 cm). In October, they are planted in 11-13 cm pots. Plants bloom six months after sowing. During flowering, the temperature in the room should be 10-12 ° C. In the autumn-winter period, it is reduced to 8-10°C.
The division of the bush. Primroses are also propagated by dividing the bush. After flowering in May, they can be placed in shady places for forced rest. Plants are watered so that they do not dry out. When the stems begin to grow, the bushes are divided into several parts and planted in boxes in loose nutrient soil. When planting, the plants are not buried - the outlet should be at the level of the soil. For better rooting, the box is covered with glass and placed on a well-lit window. Then the plants are transplanted into 9 cm pots, and a month later - into 13 cm.
During growth, every 10-12 days, the plants are fed with a weak solution (2 g per 10 liters of water) of mineral fertilizers. Cut off old leaves.
Plants with one rosette of leaves and a very weak root system, in which it is difficult to divide the bush, are propagated by rooting axillary shoots. At the base of the root collar, the petiole of the leaf with the bud is separated (the leaf blades are shortened by half) and part of the shoot, rooted in coarse-grained river sand, poured with a layer of 2 cm on a substrate of peat or hardwood. The cuttings are planted obliquely, with a kidney to the top to a depth of 1 cm.
For rooting, the cuttings need a bright room, a temperature of 16-18 ° C, moderate wetting of the sand, spraying. After three months, shoots with 3-4 leaves develop from the buds, which are planted in 7-9 cm pots. The earth mixture is prepared from 4 parts of hardwood, 2 parts of humus earth and 1 part of sand.
Blooms in 5-6 months.
Precautionary measures
When caring for primrose, people with sensitive skin should not touch the leaves, as this sometimes causes irritation or even inflammation of the skin on the hands. In children, the leaves of this plant cause irritation and even a small rash.
Possible difficulties
If too wet affected by gray mold.
When too high temperature, dry air, moisture stagnation, as well as when watering with hard water and top dressing with highly concentrated fertilizers Leaves turn yellow and roots turn brown.
When the air is too dry and hot, fast fading of flowers.
Damaged
Discuss this plant on the forum
Tags: primrose, primula, primrose, plants and flowers, indoor plants, primrose care, primula photo
1. What is the structure of a flower (generative) bud?
On the stalk of the kidney are very small rudimentary leaves. In the axils of these leaves are rudimentary buds. Generative, or flower, buds still have rudimentary buds or inflorescences.
2. What is called an escape?
A stem with leaves and buds on it is called a shoot.
Laboratory work
flower structure
1. Consider a flower. Locate the pedicel, receptacle, perianth, stamens and pistil.
2. Dismember the flower, count the number of sepals, petals, stamens, pistils.
The tulip flower is subject to three-beam symmetry: it has three outer and three inner perianth petals, six stamens, the ovary is formed by three symmetrical lobes.
3. Determine which perianth this flower has - simple or double.
The perianth of this flower is simple.
4. Determine which calyx is dichotomous or joint-leaved, which corolla is free-petal or joint-petal.
There is no cup. The corolla is free-petal.
5. Consider the structure of the stamen. Locate the anther and filament. Examine the anther under a magnifying glass. It contains many tiny pollen grains.
6. Examine the pestle. Find the stigma, style, ovary. Cut the ovary across, examine under a magnifying glass. Find an ovule. What is formed from the ovule? Why are the main parts of a flower called stamens and pistil?
The style is absent: the stigma of the pistil sits directly on the ovary.
The ovary is formed by three symmetrical lobes.
The ovules in the figure are marked in red.
The main parts of the flower are called stamens and pistil, because. they participate in reproduction.
7. Sketch the parts of the flower and label their names.
See the answer to question #1.
8. Make a formula of the studied flower.
*O3+3T 3+3 P(3)
Questions
1. What parts does a flower consist of?
The pistil and stamens are the main parts of a flower. Perianth is located around the stamens and pistil. The perianth consists of two types of leaflets. The inner leaflets are the petals that make up the corolla. The outer leaves - sepals - form a calyx. The thin stalk, on which a flower sits in most plants, is called a pedicel, and its upper, expanded part, which can take on various shapes, is called a receptacle.
2. What is called perianth?
The perianth includes all the flower components surrounding the reproductive organs and usually consists of an outer ring of sepals (calyx) and an inner ring of petals (corolla).
3. How does a double perianth differ from a simple one?
If the perianth consists of a calyx and a corolla, then it is called double.
In some plants, mainly monocots, all the tepals are more or less the same. Such a perianth is called simple.
4. What is the structure of the pistil and stamen?
The stamen has an anther inside which the pollen matures. The anther is located on the filament.
The pistil has a stigma, style and ovary.
5. What develops from the ovule?
Seeds develop from the ovule after flowering.
6. How do monoecious plants differ from dioecious ones?
Plants such as cucumbers and corn are called monoecious because they develop pistillate and staminate flowers on the same plant. Hemp, poplar and willow are called dioecious plants, since they have staminate flowers on some plants, and pistillate flowers on others. Dioecious and some species of sedges.
Think
On the basis of what can it be argued that a flower is a modified shoot?
Like any shoot, a flower develops from a bud. The stem part of the flower is represented by a pedicel and receptacle, and the calyx, corolla, stamens and pistils are formed by modified leaves.
Tasks
Consider the structure of primrose and amaryllis flowers. Compare their structure with the structure of apple flowers. Name each part of the flower.
It will most clearly reflect the structure of the flowers of these plants in the form of formulas.
Apple Blossom: *H(5)L(5)T(5+5)P(5)
Primrose Flower: *W(5)L(5)T(5)R(5)
Amaryllis flower: * O (6) T3 + 3 P (3)
Primula (lat. Prímula) or Primrose is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants belonging to the Primulaceae family (lat. Primulaceae) from the order Heather (lat. Ericales).
The name is of Latin origin, where prímus is "first". Due to the fact that many species of primrose bloom in early spring, sometimes before the snow melts, the genus got its name Primula. On the same basis, the Russian version is “Primrose”. In the people, plants are called "rams" or "keys".
Stories and myths
The ancient Greeks considered the primrose the medicinal flower of Olympus and gave it the name dodecatheon - the flower of the twelve gods. According to legend, the young man Paralysos, who died from love suffering, was turned into him. According to the Old Norse sagas, primrose flowers were the keys of the goddess Freya, opening the gates for the arrival of spring. In Germany, they opened the gates to marriage (the plant was used for a love drink).
Primroses in the garden
Many peoples attributed various incredible properties to the plant: in Piedmont they believed that the primrose protects from devilish obsessions and drives demons; in Ukraine, they considered it a talisman of life; in England they believed that tiny gnomes and elves lived in a fabulous flower. The Swiss made the flower an emblem of patriotism and a symbol of happiness. Previously, it was believed that the plant is a panacea for all sorts of ailments. Echoes of these legends reached Russia. One of the popular names of the genus is paralytic grass. As an ornamental plant for greenhouses in Russia, primrose appeared during the time of Catherine II.
Description
Primula is a numerous genus of rhizomatous plants. Representatives of the genus are more often perennials, less often one and two-year-old plants, sometimes monocarpics (that is, they bloom once in a lifetime.
The leaves are always in the rosette. They are simple, dissected, petiolate, sessile, oval, lanceolate, oblong-oval. In some species, the leaves have an uneven surface, while in others they are leathery, compacted, grayish-green. In some (for example, spring, auricular, fine-toothed) leaves remain overwinter under snow cover, others overwinter completely without them or partially.
Primrose structure
The flowers are tubular, funnel-shaped or with flat limbs. Petals entire or bifid. Far in the deepening of the throat of the flower are stamens. The height of the pistils of primroses is different. This factor is called heterostyly and helps the plant in the process of pollination. The calyx of the flower consists of narrow lanceolate leaves. The flowers are bright colors, and are monophonic or bicolor, often with an eye.
In the climate of the middle zone, spring species begin to bloom in April, summer ones - from June.
Types of primroses are conditionally divided depending on the number of flowers of the peduncle into two groups:
- with single flowers;
- with flowers, consisting in spherical, umbellate, pyramidal inflorescences.
Peduncles leafless, 5 - 60, and sometimes 90 cm tall. The fruit is a cylindrical or spherical capsule. Seeds are small, angular, dark. They ripen in June-July. In 1 g 900 - 2000 pcs.
Primroses with spherical inflorescences and with single flowers
The most popular types
According to various sources, there are from 450 to 580 plant species in nature, and scientists continue to discover new ones. About 310 species of primroses grow in Asia, only 33 come from Europe, there are about 20 in North America. The rest are distributed in Africa, Arabia, South America.
Scientists divide the genus into seven subgenera. In ornamental horticulture, the classification most suitable for work is used, where primroses, in accordance with morphological specifics, are assigned to 23 sections. AT middle lane countries in open field not all types of sections are grown. Check out the descriptions of the most common ones.
Primula mealy
Powdery Primrose Section
Includes about 88 species with a yellow or white powdery coating. The flower petals are shorter than the leaves on the calyx. The color is lilac, yellow, reddish-violet or white. Grown as biennials. Grows well in moist, well-drained, humus-rich soils. They are used for planting next to water bodies, on shaded rocky hills, near streams. The section includes:
- P. Norwegian (lat. R. finmarchica),
- P. mealy (lat. R. farinosa),
- P. thick-leaved (lat. R. frondosa),
- P. Scottish (lat. R. scotica)
- P. cold (lat. R. algida)
- P. Siberian (lat. R. sibirica), etc.
Section Oreophylmis
The composition includes miniature and slightly larger primroses that bloom in early spring. They are characterized by smooth leaves with serrated edges and pink flowers with a yellowish eye. A characteristic representative is P. pink (lat. R. rosea).
Primula ear-shaped
Auricle Section
Includes 21 species. Mostly undersized species. It seems that the flower stalks and leaves are sprinkled with flour. The colors are pink, lilac, yellow, purple, often with a whitish eye. The width of the oval leaves exceeds the length. Propagated by seeds. When sowing, to preserve species qualities, they are isolated or pollinated artificially. Spring crops should be frozen by pouring snow on top of the pots and holding for several days. The division of the bush is propagated after flowering. Low varieties are propagated by segments of rhizomes. Types included:
- P. carniolian (lat. R. carniolica),
- P. ear (lat. R. auricula),
- P. bordered (lat. R. marginata),
- P. Delekluza (lat. R. clusiana),
- P. hairy (lat. R. villosa), etc.
Section cortusiform primrose
Includes 24 species. Without powdery coating. Funnel-shaped flowers. Plants are easy to grow. Often occurs self-seeding. They look good in the corners of a landscape-type garden, surrounded by evergreen trees. Reproduction is seed, except for the species P. Siebold. This section includes:
- P. multinervous (lat. R. polyneura),
- P. cortusoid (lat. R. cortusoides),
- P. rocky (lat. R. saxatilis),
- P. Siebold (lat. R. sieboldii).
Julia section
Consists of one type.
- P. Julia (lat. R. juliae)
Orchid primrose or vial
Section Muscarioides
Seventeen Asian species are included, distinguished by peculiar pointed inflorescences in the form of cylinders. As perennials, they are not often cultivated. Usually biennials. To achieve annual flowering, they are planted anew every year. For growth, partial shade is more favorable. Requires abundant watering during the growing season. By winter, wrap or place in a cool greenhouse.
- P. vial (lat. R. vialii),
- P. muscariform (lat. R. muscarioides).
Section Primula
Without powdery coating. Plants are easy to grow. Propagated by division of bushes (separation of rosettes), seeds. The types include:
- P. lovely (lat. R. amoena),
- P. high (lat. R. elatior),
- P. stemless (lat. R. vulgaris),
- P. Voronova (lat. R. woronowii),
- P. Komarova (lat. R. komarovii) and others.
Primula powdered
Candelabra section
Includes thirty types. Gardeners liked the massive varieties with voluminous rings of inflorescences on oblong peduncles. Flowering occurs in summer. In preparation for the winter scrupulously covered. The section includes:
- P. Bissa (lat. R. beesiana),
- P. Bulley (lat. R. bulleyana),
- P. powdered (lat. R. pulverulenta),
- P. Japanese (lat. R. japonica), etc.
German breeders systematized the types and varieties of primrose according to the principle of placement and shape of inflorescences. Thus, five branches were obtained: cushion-shaped, umbrella-shaped, capitate in the form of a ball, tiered in the form of candelabra, bell-shaped.
Remember! The described types of primroses take root well in the weather conditions of Russia. They rarely freeze out and retain a decorative look with proper care.
Photogallery of species
Cultivation and care
Under natural conditions, primroses grow in different climatic and ecological zones. Some species live on the banks of mountain streams, in wet meadows at an altitude of up to 3900 m. The ear primrose, beloved by the British, grows in rock crevices, nestling in stones. In the mountain meadows of Japan and the Kuril wasps. growing japanese view. Baby primroses live in harsh environments where many large plants do not survive.
There are species growing next to snowfields, in non-standard environmental conditions. Such varieties are practically impossible to grow as a culture. But, to the delight of gardeners, there are about 200 species that are not difficult to grow in gardens, in flower beds.
Please note! For lush flowering, you need to create conditions for the primrose similar to the place of its natural growth.
Variety of colors of primroses
For various kinds need qualitatively different land. Julia, Hallera and shaggy - poor soil is required. They do well in rockeries. Other types of primrose prefer a fertile substrate. These species grow in forests, meadows. To create comfortable conditions, sand is added to clay soil, and a bucket of sand per 1 m². Organic fertilizers are applied or the top layer is replaced by 18-19 cm with fertile soil. Sandy loamy soil is fertilized with compost, humus. For growing primroses and caring for them, you need a slightly shaded place.
Primroses are not demanding to care.
- The soil is often watered, loosened and freed from weed shoots.
- Feed three times during the growing season. 1 time - in early spring; 2 - after two weeks; 3 - at the end of July, using potassium-phosphorus fertilizers. The addition of slurry to the soil is well perceived by the plant.
- After 4-5 years, the overgrown primrose rosettes become crowded, and they must be planted by dividing the bush.
- Leaflets on rosettes of species Florinda, finely serrated, Japanese are plucked, leaving three or four intact. This helps the plant bloom luxuriously, and reduces the risk of getting sick with rot.
Primula Auricula - print outfit
Wintering
It is necessary to save the rosette of leaves until the autumn frosts so that the plant has a natural shelter. More heat-loving species are covered with dried tree leaves.
reproduction
seeds. Due to the rapid loss of germination, it is recommended not to delay the planting of seeds. As a soil for growing primrose from seeds, deciduous soil and sand are used in proportions of 2 to 1 at t 18-20°C. The seeds sown in the container are stratified (kept in the refrigerator for about a month, periodically sprayed and covered again with cellophane). After the specified time, the container is moved to a bright warm place, shoots should appear on the 7-14th day.
Remember! Purchased seeds will certainly be stratified.
Seedling dive
By dividing the bush. Bushes are divided into 3-5 seasons, waiting for their full growth. The procedure is carried out in early spring or summer, at the end of July. The plant is dug up, shaken off the ground. With a knife, they are divided into parts, leaving at least one outlet in each. Sections are treated with ash. Planting material is planted immediately. For 11-13 days, the delenki are watered daily. When planting primroses late, the plants cover.
cuttings. For successful propagation of primrose by cuttings in May - June, leaf rosettes are harvested with a piece of rhizome (heel) and planted in a shaded area. Plants take root, winter, and in the spring they land on a flower bed.
Diseases and pests
Primroses are prone to stem and root rot; white rust; powdery mildew; anthracnose; stem, leaf, gall nematode; leaf spot; weevil; aphids; spider mites, etc.
The most dangerous are the spots that appear as a result of exposure to the fungus Ramularial cercosporella. Gray or brown spots with a yellowish edging appear on the leaves. The affected foliage dries, flowering stops, the plant loses its decorative effect.
Mixed planting primrose
Use in landscape design
Primroses have many advantages: they are not capricious when grown, cold-resistant, with early and long flowering - thanks to which the plants have become indispensable companions of gardens and flower beds in regions with a cool climate.
Primroses are planted under a loose roof of trees and in sunny areas, in single and completed plantings with perennials. Even a small collection of plants can please the eye from almost the beginning of spring until July.
From different types of primroses, rabatki, lawn groups are created. They decorate the corners of the garden, rocky hills. The plant is able to transform flowerbeds of any configuration, artificial miniature ponds, garden flowerpots.
Primroses look great on alpine slide, in rockery. In the modern landscape, the cultivation of primrose in garden pots, carts and other extraordinary containers has gained popularity.