Prefix spelling table. Morphemes over-, under. Prefixes whose spelling depends on the lexical meaning
There are many prefixes in Russian.
Some are always written the same way, making mistakes in writing them is especially offensive.
Some prefixes are written strictly according to the rule: understand how to act, and you will not be mistaken.
And there are those that require constant attention, for example, consoles pre-
and at-
.
Learn how to write Russian prefixes.
Previously, tasks for spelling prefixes included words with other spellings:
- And and Y in the root after prefixes to a consonant
- b and b.
But now the wording of the task has been changed. In task 9 there will be only words in which letters in prefixes are missing.
Which prefixes are always spelled the same?
1. Attachments in-, about-, from-, above-, under-, y-, about-, you-, on the-, per-, before-, on-, re-: to come in - contribute - run in- get up
No problem! Write them the same way!
Many prefixes are always written the same way, for example: run in, to become. Do you hear different sounds at the beginning of these words? The sounds [v] and [f] are different pronunciations of the same prefix in-. Why is the pronunciation different? It depends on the subsequent sound. The law of stunning the voiced before the deaf works. So, we can pronounce these prefixes in different ways, depending on the phonetic position in the word, but we always write them the same way.
Remember:
A list of examples will help you remember these prefixes:
Above the letter, under the letter and at the screw,
about the end, from the screw,
you move, move and fall,
and before the move, and about eating,
and also for a move, for a move
and underground crossing.
In Russian words, there are also borrowed foreign prefixes:
dez-, counter-, trance-, fast-, sub-, super-, pan-.
Write them the same way.
2. Prefix s-: surrender
There is only a prefix With-.
The misspellings of this little prefix are so common that a special rule had to be distinguished. The point is that many people confuse the prefix With- with prefixes ending in letters With or h. They will be discussed below.
Write a prefix With- always the same: both before vowels and before any consonants: change, do, with wash.
Prefix before paired voiced consonants With- pronounced like [h]: c do, pass.
Which prefixes are spelled differently?
1. Prefixes ending in letters h and With: helpless - homeless
Attention to the border of the prefix and the root!
Prefixes: once-// race-, from-//is-, without-// devil-, WHO-// re-, vz-// sun-, bottom-// lower-, through-// through-, through -// chres - if the word root
- starts with a vowel or voiced consonant, write with a letter h: without home,
- if the root begins with a deaf consonant, - with a letter With: helpless demon.
2. Attachments great-//pro: great-grandson - truant
Think about the meaning:
If values are expressed:
- "prescription, history, antiquity, remoteness of times, phenomena, relationships, persons", write great-: great grandfather,Proto-Slavic,
- any other - write a prefix pro-: pro stand(for a long time), pro watch(quickly, fluently) about writing(prescribe treatment), about Russian politics etc.
3. Attachments times- (ras-)//ro´ s- (ro´ s): paint - ro´ sleep
Pay attention to accent:
In consoles once-, race-//roses-, grew-
- write without stress a: story,
- under stress - about: ro With executions.
4. Attachments pre-//at-: lovely, block - come, bind, cover up, roadside
Think about the meaning:
Write pre-, if values are passed:
- "very" -
very cute, pre old,
- "pere" - barrier.
Write at-, if values are passed:
- "approximation" - when go, when you go,
- "attachment" - when sewing, when knit,
- "a little bit" - at cover, when open,
- "about, near" - at coastal, at road
Attention:
Many words are not included in the listed groups: when vykat, be present, listen and others. Try to remember their spelling.
Do not confuse:
In a number of words pre and at included in the root: reasons a, hello, order, turn, despise, obstruction and others. Try to remember such spellings.
Attention:
Do not confuse words with prefixes with compound words: ped institute, watered publishing house, sports equipment. They have nothing to do with this rule.
Prefixes, the spelling of which requires memorization | Prefixes on -з and -с | Prefixes pre- and pre- |
1. Prefixes that do not change in writing:over-, about-, from-, before-, under-, in-, from-, behind-, before-, on-, re-, over- and etc. | In these consoles h (s) written before a voiced consonant h , and before the deaf - With (non-talented - non-tactical) | 1. Prefix attached written if it means joining(when knitting), approach (when flying), proximity (when coastal) , incomplete action(when open) 2. Prefix pre- it is written if it is equal in value to the word very (very nasty) or prefix over- (to block) |
2. In consoles times- (ras-) - roses- (ros-)letter is written without stress a , and under stress - o (scribble - scribble) |
||
3. Vowel spelling oh, and the prefixes pro- and pra- depends on the meaning: the prefix is polysemantic and occurs frequently, the prefix great- rarely used, it indicates the antiquity of eras, persons, etc.(great motherland, great grandfather) |
Remember the words, the spelling of prefixes in which depends on the lexical meaning:
1. Despise the enemy (hate) - despise, despise the kitten (shelter)
2. Bow your head (lower down), knee (kneel down) - Bend a branch to the ground (closer, bend)
Attention! The word BOW is used in the expression BOW YOUR HEAD if it means "to take shelter; to find a place to live." In this case, the word HEAD should have a dependent word that answers the question where? where? to whom? For example: In old age, there is nowhere to lay your head.
3. Turn the dream into reality (make it come true) - Close the door (close loosely or quietly, carefully)
4. To endure inconvenience (endure) - To endure inconvenience (get used to)
5. Break the law (cross, break) - Start classes (start)
6. Stay at the station (be) - Arrive at the station (arrive)
7. Teach a lesson (advise) - crouch to the ground (snuggle)
8. Transient phenomenon (temporary, short-lived) - coming teacher (appearing for a while to perform duties)
9. Betray a friend (change, violate allegiance) - Give a presentation (make)
10. The successor of the scientist (continued) - listen to the RECEIVER (device for receiving signals)
11. Downplay merit (reduce a lot) - Reduce weight (reduce a little)
Remember:
PRE- | AT- |
preamble, prevail, those in power, predicate, present, presentable, president, presidium, presumption, price list, prelude, seduce, do not fail, premiere, neglect, preparation, present, obstacle, prerogative, prestige, pretender, preference, turn, obstacle | private, fastidious, privilege, contingency, comely, picky, adventure, prima donna, primacy, primitive, priority, deplorable, swear, claim, embellish, unpretentious, whimsical,get used to, attend listen, command |
Note
- Prefixes z- does not happen, there is only a prefix With- (pass). Do not confuse with prefixes ending in h- and s-.
- In a number of words, z is part of the root:here, building, health, nothing. Remember them.
- Do not confuse words with prefixes with compound words:pedagogical institute, political publishing house, sports equipment.They have nothing to do with this rule!
Spelling of vowels and/s after prefixes
Spelled s | Is written and |
After Russian prefixes ending in a consonant(prehistory, raffle, to sum up) | 1. After prefixes ending in a vowel(transfer and play, p o and sk) |
2. After consoles super- and inter- (super and interesting, inter and university) |
|
3. After all borrowed prefixes ending in a consonant (des-, counter-, pan-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-): counter and gra, dez and infection |
|
4. In compound words after the first part (sport and gra, fin and inspector) |
|
Remember: voz and mother |
SPELLING OF PREFACES
UNCHANGABLE PREFIXES
Invariable prefixes are written the same, regardless of pronunciation, you need to know them:
RUSSIAN PREfixes:
before-, re-, for-, on-, over-, in-, in-, about-, both-, under-, under-, over-, must-, s-, co-, from-, oto- , o-, before-, under-, under-, pro-, vzo-, nai-, under-
FOREIGN LANGUAGE PREfixes:
anti-, archi-, de-, dez-, dis-, in-, counter-, re-, sub-, ex-
EXAMPLES:
To drag, hew, make fun, anticipate, file, burn, pleasure, reflection, subscriber, trusted, isthmus, sky-high, unlit.
Card "Invariable prefixes"
Insert letters and select prefixes:
Z .. pouring, p.. squeaked, from .. took, o.. guess, d.. guess, pr. ..glue, o..give, pr..advise, pr..grandmother, n..get, s..accompanying, n..walk, o..turn on, pr..say, n..allow, do not ..paid, with..sounding, pr..homeland, p..sunshine, not..burnable, heater..not..boiled, not..most capable.
2. In which row in all words is the same letter missing?
Insert letters, select prefixes.
1 O..turn on, pre..say, let..let 5 Not..paid, with..sounding, pr..homeland
2 R .. arrange, with .. voice, .. twist 6 Pos .. yesterday, p .. underline, not .. grasping
3 By..sunflower, o..quit, pre..scripture
4 Heat..heater, not..cook, ..drink 8 N..right, p..lift, ..guess.
3. Insert letters, disassemble the words by composition. Point out words with unpronounceable prefixes.
1 I.. worn, 2 not.. talkative, 3 pr.. grandfather, 4 d.. playing,
5 .. take it down, 6 impervious .. reconciliation, 7 r.. driving away, 8 .. looked.
4. Working with deformed text. Correct the mistakes, indicate the words with invariable prefixes. Explain punctuation marks graphically.
The tapor sounded duller and duller at the bottom. Juicy white chips flew onto the racist grass, and a slight crackle was heard from the blows. The tree shuddered in this body, bent and quickly straightened up, swaying fearfully on its root. For a moment everything was quiet, but the tree bent again. Again, a crackling sound was heard in its trunk, and, breaking branches, sprouting branches, it collapsed like a mokushka on the damp earth. The robin hung down and fluttered higher. (16 errors).
5. Insert missing letters and punctuation marks. Indicate words with invariable prefixes.
Pushkin s..sla (n, nn) in Mikhailovskoye, as always, reads a lot. "Books for the love of books!" - he asks in a letter to his brother. In the lists of z..kaza (nn, n) th books of them, Russian and z..frontier poets Byron and Schiller Walter Scott and Krylov Shakespeare and Derzhavin. He reads Pushkin, of course, but also Lomonosov and Karamzin and Rousseau. (From) books pr .. read (nn, n) th them in Mikhailovsky s.. put .. a whole library .. edema and (c) consequences (e, and) it was taken out .. in boxes for two (nn ,n) 10 p..two. Pushkin joked that here he read two (nn, n) eleven carts of books. (16 punctuation marks).
SPELLING OF PREFACES ON ... Z AND ... C
At the end of the prefixes, the letter "C" is written before voiceless consonants, "Z" before voiced consonants.
B, C, D, D
K, P, S
F, W, L, M,
T, F, X
N, R, Y
C, H, W, W
! (The phrase will help memorize deaf consonants: “Foka, do you want to eat a cabbage?”? In this sentence, all consonant sounds are deaf.)
WITHOUT-, VZ-, WHO-, FROM-, BOTTOM-, RAZ-, ROS-, THROUGH-, THROUGH-, DIS- BES-, VS-, VOS-, IS-, NIS-, RAS-, ROS-, CHERES-, CHERES-, DIS-
Tasteless, powerless, fall, ascent, cross-saddle, extraordinary, withered, painting, eruption, frenzy, too , on the sly
! The prefix "Z-" DOES NOT EXIST!! The prefix "C-" - UNCHANGABLE!Burn down, knock down, burn down, run away, do, sing
! The prefixes "NEZ-" and "NES-" - DO NOT EXIST!! There is a combination of prefixes "NOT-" and "C-":Fireproof, unbreakable, unmade, undeflated
! In words "W HERE », « W DENMARK », « W HEALTH » Z is part of the root!
Exhaust, distribute, priceless, disorderly, kindle, heal, bottomless, comb, exclamation, whirl, disinterested, flare up, awakened, causeless, publish, cheered up, uncompressed, knock down.
Common mistakes when working with prefixes on..z- and..s-:
1 If there is a vowel or ъ after a prefix ending in З-С, then they do not affect the spelling of this prefix, since З or С is heard clearly in this case. (Explore, Non-nuclear ).
2 The spelling of the prefix C in words does not depend on the subsequent consonant, the prefix C is unchangeable! (Run away, slide ).
3 The prefix on ..Z- and ..S- can be overlooked if the word has two prefixes. (Unclaimed ).
4 Do not confuse words with prefixes on ..Z- and ..S- with words whose root is consonant with these prefixes.Disturb - rage smash - striking refrain - overthrow the charioteer - stunted rub - plant flourish - dewy
! Spelling prefixesdis- ( dis- ) does not depend on the deafness or voicedness of the subsequent consonant:dis- spelled if the root starts with a vowel( disjunction ), dis - if the root starts with any consonant(disharmony, imbalance).
Card "Prefixes on..Z- and..S-".
Ra .. to walk, through .. chur,demon..integrity, ..to do, here, and..to live, be..translucent, to..create, and..tush, to..think, not..bending, and..forsaken, be..pitiful , neither .. send, ra ... order, ra .. rely, ra .. smoldering, and .. count, be .. compromising, n .. overthrow, not .. retracted, not .. burned, un .. flight, ra .. secret, be .. profitable, be .. voiced, ra .. lay, ra .. walking.
2 Insert the missing letters, indicate the words with spellings on the prefixes. Find adverbs and sort them by composition. Explain punctuation marks graphically.
1Ber..g descended in a steep o..oblique, and behind (him) a lake ra..st..laid, r..revsh ..e in the sun like a ra..melt (n, nn) th. 2 Tr..pinka then v..b (i, e) turns cool (c) up, then (s, h) runs in z..ro (z, s) shui k.. ) zina, p .. res (e, i) dares her (o, a) and, from (a, o) bending, dreams .. on .. n (e, i, and) toils on the avenue .. hills . 3 In the pale (yellow) bright sky, re (s, s) were outlined, like cuts (nn, n) from thick black paper, the silhouettes of rocks. 4 (On) right (o, a) lay r (o, a) vnina, as (same) even and white .. boundary as the sky. 5 D..leko in the gaps..rips of soft clouds.. the sun shone with broad rays, and the steppe smoked and bla..stela. 6 In the place where, looping, the river and .. in (e, and) winds like a snake, ra..p..l. she, who guarded (not) a large section of the left bank of the Don.
3 Insert the missing letters. Sort the words by composition. Indicate the words with the spelling "..З-, and..С- at the end of the prefix."
1 r.. widen 2 (not) .. restraint 3 pr.. civil (n, nn) 4 v..
ra..encrypted 6 without..disease…th 7 n..full..formed 8 provided..ny
4 Fill in the missing letters and punctuation marks.
1 P .. try to .. look at the lightning when ra .. cutting coal-black clouds (not) st .. rpimo z .. tr .. it screeches with a flood of brilliance. 2In (a, o) returning .. visiting .. they sat down (in) three of them: the old people in .. remembered the old time and anecdotes of their service, and Alexei ra .. thought about what role he should play in the pr .. absence Lisa. 3 The centurion sat almost (immobilely) in his room; that (the same be.. reliable sadness that he had met before on his face with.. was kept in him (until) now. (n,n) about a smart face and..scratch..oh bald head and completely..wet pants.5 We sat down at the table; it .. became common; the corks clapped (by) minutes the glasses foamed and hissed rapidly. with those (same) staring .. eyes and with that (same) long convulsive be .. meaningfully (questioning) smile ra..dv..growling more and more.
SPELLING OF PRE- AND PRI-
Writing the letters "E", "I" in prefixesPRE - andAT - depends on the value of the prefix:
PRI- PRE-
1 = near, near, near (spatial proximity)1 = very, very N-r: Coastal, railway station, Baltic States N-r: Cute,2 Approximation, joining exaggerate N-r: Run, swim, stick,2 = re- (through, stick, crawl, buyin a different way, in a different way) 3 \u003d slightly, slightly, briefly (incomplete action) N-r: Barrier, N-r: Sit down, lie down, bow (branch) to transgress (law),4 Top down action transform N-r: Slap, slap, slap3 = over, above 5 Accompanying action N-r: Dancing, saying N-r: Dominate6 Action completed Nr: come up with7 Acting in Your Interest N-r: Assign, pocket
! In some words, the lettersE andAnd are meaningful. PrefixAT- in such words can always be explained by a direct meaning,PRE - portable.
DISTRIBUTE!
Give (meaning, strength) Betray a friend Close the door (slightly) Fulfill a dream Bow down branches Bow before someone Get down to business (approach) Break the law Arrive in Moscow (approach) STAY in Moscow (be) Receiver (accepts, joins) SUCCESSOR ( follower) COMING (approaching) TRANSIENT (temporary) Despise an orphan (look after) Despise (disrespect) Aisle in the church (joining) LIMIT (border) Gatekeeper (=near the gate) False (changeable)
! In some words, PRE and PRI do not depend on the meaning or are part of the root. They need to be memorized or checked in a dictionary.
REMEMBER!
Privilege Nature Precede Prevail Adventure Oath Obstacle President Priority Bizarre Sins Presidium Presence Reason Pursue Seduce Decent Hairstyle Punctuation Drug Follower Order Claim PREMIER Unpretentious Order Pretender Stumbling Stone
Overcome Teach
Card "Spelling of prefixes PRE- and PRI-"
1 Insert missing letters, select prefixes.
Ex..increase, ex..school, ex..serve, ex..marine, ex..brake, ex..touch, ex..overcome, ex..education, ex..interesting, ex..open, pr..careful, pr..to whistle, pr..unpleasant, pr..to cut, pr..to loiter, pr..funny, pr..to civilize, pr..jammed, pr..switch, pr..acquired, Right..the sea, right..vices of fate, right..neglect, right..follow, right..overcome, right..rotation, right..be able, right..following, right..Amur, right..thick , etc .. to send.
2 Insert the missing letters. In which lines in all words the same letter is missing.
1 pr..form, pr..unpleasant, pr..follow, stone pr..contacts 2 pr..funny, resist..touch, pr..school, signs of pr..kicking 3 pr..follow, nepr. .clone, pr..screw, pr..gatekeeper 4 pr..sea, impervious..peaceable, pr..acquire, pr..to visit Snezhinsk 5 pr..passionate, pr..brake, pr..increase speed , imp.. foot mountains 6 ex.. rotation, ex.. raise, ex.. red, ex.. bow before wisdom 7 ex.. keep pace, ex.. weave, ex.. tearing, ex.. foot plan 8 pr..to see an orphan, pr..capable, pr..privilege, pr..priority
3 Insert the missing letters and punctuation marks. Highlight the basics of the proposals. Find the substantiated participle (used in the meaning of a noun).
1 We pr..bl..clung to Paris and I ran..pr..a hundred (n, nn) o asked if we would see him soon. 2 She p..it seemed that in his eyes flashed pr..sight. 3 The ambassadors pr .. approached and on the vre in front of the throne steps pr. 4 Pr..following p..was a waste of time. 5 Those (not) many m..nuts.. that were needed to pass through this pr..optsia seemed to the rider who traveled for eternity. 6 Loudly laughing, they (in) soon again pr .. fell silent (for) a while. 7 To our fairy tales, dear knight pr .. incline your ear.
4 Read the text carefully and write it from dictation. Explain punctuation marks graphically.
On stuffy July nights, the doors to the wards were not closed. Many now admitted that they liked to wake up early, even through their drowsiness hearing the unceremonious chirping of birds just above their ears. The breeze that has flown in from the mountains ruffles the edges of the sheet, touches the sleeping children in a friendly way. Despite all the vicissitudes of war, incessant pain and suffering, they smile, indulging in the morning bliss. The night took with it all yesterday's sorrows. The chill of dawn, the smell of acacia and dew, as if by themselves, enter the chest, and unreasonable joy will be born. Everything around is changing. I want everything: morning porridge, and a book to offer to a neighbor with whom I quarreled yesterday, and to lure a bird to the bed.
SPELLING OF THE LETTERS "Y", "AND" AFTER PREFACES
! After Russian prefixes ending in a consonant, the letter “Y” is written, not “i”. In this spelling, the spelling corresponds to the pronunciation.
For example: UNDERS TOGET (fromand tog), TIMES GRAT (fromand play), WITHOUTS INTERESTING (fromand interest), OTS SKAT (fromand skat), WITHOUTS INITIATIVE (fromand initiative)! EXCEPTION:VZ And MOTHER
! The letter "I" is preserved:
1 After foreign prefixesDEZ- , SUB- , COUNTER- , TRANCE - FAST- , SUPER- Nr:supergame, post-impressionism, disinfection, sub-inspector, transjordanian, post impressionism, superintendent 2 In prefixes-exceptionsINTER- andIN EXCESS OF- . After prefixesINTER- andIN EXCESS OF- saved"And ", because according to general rule after hissing and back-tonguing is not written "S ". Nr:inter-institutional, super-interesting, super-initiative, inter-publishing 3 Letter "And » is preserved if the first part of the word is not a prefix, but a root or part of it. Nr: pedagogical institute, sports equipment, medical instructor 4 After numeralsTWO- , THREE- , FOUR- saved"And ". Nr:two-needle, three-pulse
Idealess, artless, inventoryless, backstory, play, sum up, raffle, hopeless, pre-July, impulseless, refined. Super-ideological, inter-publishing, disinformation, sports equipment, pan-Islamist
SEPARATING Ъ AND Ь SIGNS
! Separating b (solid sign) is written before the vowels e, e, u, i :
1 After prefix ending in a consonant:entrance , detour ;
2 In words of foreign origin after prefixes ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, per-, trans-) or after a compound particle pan -:adjutant , trans-European ; (but before the vowels A, O, E, U, a solid sign (b) IS NOT WRITTEN! Pan-American, counterstrike.
3 In compound words, the first part of which is the numerals two-, three-, four-:bunk . BUT:three-storey ;
! This rule does not apply to compound words: foreign language, glavyurist,children.
Spelling separator ь (soft character) . Separating b (soft sign) is written: 1 inside the word inroot or after root before vowels e, e, u, i:peasant , winter storm ; 2 in some words of foreign origin before the letter o:medallion , champignon , interior . BUT:COURIER! (borrowed).
Entry, rise, sneer, become furious, swindle, detachable, intertier, adjutant, adjuncture, Barrier, foxes, bones, sparrows, swirls, pianoforte, curtain, nightingale.
CARD "SPELLING IN PREfixes" Working off task A-14
1 Insert the missing letters. Explain spellings graphically.
No… effective information, no… pulse sensor, no… initiative assistant, heavenly… interesting film, no… dirty welding, no… boring story, no… similar position, taxing, boosting self-esteem , exacting taste, dis... integrated circuit, from ... scanning environment, offer counter ... game, present counter ... ck, inter ... grom training, inter ... institute conference, inter ...rigation period, inter...building agreement.
2 Insert the missing letters. Justify your choice. Specify constructions that are not phrases.
Vyr..with inter..language bar..er, assumed..was going before..anniversary evening, with..shrinking from pr..to..revelation, out of..out of circulation, p..edestal p.. couple, under ..dark lattice ..tka, car ..er zar ..stays, injection after burn ..ga, they suggest ..predetermined ..to reveal, hell ..yutant got up ..cheered on the horse, without..nuclear powers, approached..l to..mpan..on, vyr..sli champagne..ones, makes..bark in..young, zar..sti Bur..yan, subjective attitude , the plan of counter.. attack is not without .. well-known square .. vets, previous .. future entrepreneur. , super .. exquisite courtship .. r, time .. played sr..zhenie,without .. myannaya river .. nka, from .. search not (s, s) g .. roaring things.
3 Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences. Set up punctuation marks. Write sentences in the corrected form under dictation.
1 The horses, brand new with heavy military ammunition, slowly climbed the peak of the mountain to our positions. There was no one at the stone gates leading into the fortress. 2 The Cossacks trotted off at a trot up the hill. 3 What are the sounds of the songs flow day by day from dawn to dawn. 4 Zhenya opened the gate of someone's gray two-story dacha. 5 Not far away, behind the trees, an immense azure expanse opened up. 6 In the Pedagogical Institute, a special room was allocated for sports equipment. 7I was an indispensable face of the fifth act; involuntarily, I played the pitiful role of an executioner or a giver. 8 In the evening, having washed and washed myself, I sat in the dining room, and Sanya and Aunt Dasha sat on their right and left hands and looked at me with such love that I was ashamed of an honest word!
4 Insert the missing letters. Point out the lines where the same letter is missing in all the words.
1 Pan..slamism, super..nustrialization, near..skovy, ob..sk 2 Ped..institute, sanitary..inspector, v..mother, pre..blowing, with..improvise 3 Pre..skusny , inter..building, before..July, vz..skaniye, vz..mother 4 , pre.. infarction,without.. pulse 6 Roses.. sk, by.. sk, from.. throw off, vz.. scan, times.. cabbage soup, from.. Scanned 7 Under.. mother, without.. proactive, not.. interesting, heavenly.. famous 8 C.. to improvise, about.. faceted, with.. sk, vz.. play, rose.. gorysh
CARD "SPELLING OF PREFACES" (TASK A - 15)
Insert letters, specify the conditions for their selection. In which row in all words is the same letter missing?
1 pr..rotation, pr..increase, pr..huge, pr..follow, pr..foot intent 2 in..section, load-bearing..puller, necessary..atny, ar..ergard, con.. yuktivit 3 and .. take, not .. bendable, ra .. throw, .. burn, ra .. lay, .. health 4 under .. roar, wireless .. roar, on .. roar, sanitary .. inspector, counter..gra 5 n..right, p..lift, under..tear, pr..tongue, pos..yesterday, ..throw 6 turns..yat, from..yan, necessary..travelled, times ..ared, go around..ride, interview.. 7 pr..motherland, with..knowledge, go..go, away..take, ..twist, ..moral 8 tell..sk, you.. throw off, under .. heal, disinfect .. infection, take .. mother, super .. interesting 9 pr.. amazing, pr.. cut, pr.. sunrise, pr.. follow, pr. lingual, two .. storey, inter .. tiered, sub .. ect, ad. mind, and.. subtly 12 and.. subtly, not.. grouped, to.. get together, .. burn, cross.. saddle, ..here 13 pan..american, pan..european, trans..oceanic, counter..tier, injection 14 not..paid, under.. warm, not .. eat, from .. revenge, not .. grasping, heater 15 pr .. habit, pr .. follow, impassable .. foot mountains, pr .. be able, pr .. education 16 times. .to drop, post..industrial, under..to live, take..mother, sports..inventory 17 s..driving, im..yany, trans..european, necessary..intelligent, with..impossible..to start 18 not ..visible, with ..sound, s..grow, ..logical, ..watched, d..faithful 20 be..road, to..disturb, not..constricted, not..behavior, not..send 22 before..reveal, car..era, fel..eton, ad..yutant, in..riding, coming up. , Bur..yan, v.. 24 careerist, curl, video ..emka, p..edestal, in..south, pre..anniversary 25th be..final, v..to climb, not..talkative, ..burn, ra..set, nor..fall 26 av. by .. say, between .. goal ny, vz..mother, from..jan 28. laid down, in..image, pr..grandmother, n..to cut, s..cloudy 29 neither..to throw, not..hunched, ra.. double vision, and .. to stumble, through .. mind you, and .. subtly 30 pr.. touch, pr.. carry, pr..gatekeeper, pr.. to visit Moscow, pr.. priority 31 ..informburo, super..skussy, super..gra, without..pulse 32 battles..on, super..natural, p..esa, with..snickering, three..storied, sparrow..and 33 be ..characteristic, ra..throw, ..escaping, ..giving, ra..growing, ra. .scratch 34 pick up, forbid..throw, pos..yesterday, pr..grandson, with..glas, not..grasping 35 before..applicant, irrelevant..acceptable, three..lingual, trans. .European, ad..jutant 36 pr..dismal, pr..formed, hospitable..impressive, pr..follow, pr..overcome, pr..miracle 37 pr..give strength, pr..clap, pr.. ..trampling, pr..crawl, pr..baltika, pr..vilegia 38 pr..to turn, pr..civilize, pr..dress up, pr..follow, pr..quietly, pr..tendant 39 pr. ..decoy, pr..to overcome, pr..foot intent, pr..to take action, pr..priority 40 pr..to own, impervious..foot fortress, pr..to be in the city, pr..to bow before by force 41 pr..vilegia, pr..bring, pr..possessing, stone pr..knocking, signs of pr..kicking 42 pr..priority, pr..follow, pr..to see an orphan, pr..to bend branches , pr .. create a door
SPELLING OF PREFACES
PREPARED DICTION
1 Read the text carefully, mark difficult spellings, explain punctuation marks. Pay attention to the studied spellings.
When it dawned on the southern outskirts of the city, the third battery had already dug in and stood camouflaged. The winter sun rose behind the snows, and everyone saw the German tanks ready to attack. They did not hide, and because they were moving all the time, it was difficult to count them. But there were many. Ahead somewhat to the left of the third battery was a heavy battery of another regiment. From afar, her battalion commander could be distinguished by a high black hat with a red top. He stood at the wheel of the cannon, holding the binoculars with one hand, making signs to the calculation with the other, in a glove, and, obeying his hand, the barrels of the cannons unfolded. You could see how the numbers were working under the shield, the gunner was turning the wheels of the swivel and lifting mechanisms. The battery was preparing to open fire on the tanks. After the first shell, the tanks came to life. They were waiting for this, they were afraid to go on the attack across the snowy field, not knowing our firing points, and they called fire on themselves. Now, with all their might, they fell upon the battery. Shells were bursting thickly around her, and the fighters only shot back.
Dictation assignment.
- Graphically explain punctuation marks.
- Break down the words:
HEARD, CLEARED, KEEPING, AROUND, READY
- Indicate all spellings in prefixes.
2 Insert missing letters and punctuation marks , open parenthesis.
Now it’s already n (e, and) who (not) count .. melts super .. nature (n, nn) and (not) ob .. clear the fact that (from) the beginning of Christianity and before the Tatar (Mongolian ) n.. processions Kievan Rus was a country of high and so on .. red writing (nn, n) oh culture. (B) the conduct of Christianity and so on.. its communication to Byzantine bookishness established..new the pr..emstv (n, nn) of two writing.. cultures. This greatly pr..multiplied the interest of the Oriental sl..vyan to the book and contributed to the spread of writing..oste still in the z..re of their c..vilization.
(Not) without foundation .. pr .. it is believed that literacy was perceived by us (in) during (and, e) the shortest time and was .. pr .. five times developed .. developed at first. (Not, and) what (not) pr .. gave the people the path to literacy and our pr.. parents quickly mastered .. made a relatively high level .. in it letters. This p..d is confirmed with..hr..pisami on..pisami on spinning wheels, pr..fancy combs for ra (ss, s) combing on (not) pr..hotty clay ..yanoy dishes.
Science (not) for nothing pr.. gives great importance to the study of old .. objects. Without pr..increase, we can say that the archaeological finds pr..succeeded all the expectations of scientists, pr..discovering the paintings of living antiquity.
Task 1 #5328
1) vz..mother, previous..history, inter..university
2) not without .. interesting, with .. to play, under .. to live
3) counter..gra, pedagogical..institute, super..interesting
4) super..gra, medical..institute, vz..mother
5) dez..information, without..initiative, under..play
Background. After the prefix PRE- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Interinstitutional. After the prefix INTER- we write AND, because this plugin is an exception.
2) Not without interest. After the prefix WITHOUT- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Play. After the prefix C- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
To sum up. After the prefix, we will write S (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
3) Counterplay. After the prefix COUNTER- we write AND, because this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
Pedagogical institute is a complex abbreviated word, there are no prefixes in it. The root starting with AND remains unchanged.
Super interesting. After the prefix OVER- we write AND, because this plugin is an exception.
4) Super game. After the prefix SUPER- we write AND, because. this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
Medical Institute is a complex abbreviated word, there are no prefixes in it. The root starting with AND remains unchanged.
charge. After the prefix VZ- we write And, because. This is an exception.
5) Disinformation. After the prefix DEZ- we write AND, because. this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
Play along. After the prefix, we will write S (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Answer: 234
Task 2 #5329
Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all the words of one row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) Pedagogical institute, previous
2) dis..integration
3) over..excessive, over..play, post..imperial
4) transfer .. to start, inter .. editorial, v.. mother
5) with .. improvise, under .. ask, from .. mother
1) Pedagogical Institute. This is a compound word, there is no prefix in it. The root starting with AND remains unchanged.
Previous. After the prefix PRE- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Initiativeless. After the prefix WITHOUT- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
2) Disintegration. After the prefix DEZ- we write AND, because. this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
Notorious. After the prefix WITHOUT- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Jump up. After the prefix VZ- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
3) Superfluous. After the prefix OVER- we write AND, because this plugin is an exception.
In all words, at the place of the pass I. We write out the number 3.
4) Change. After the prefix RE- leave And, because is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Interpublishing. After the prefix INTER- we write AND, because this plugin is an exception.
charge. After the prefix VZ- we write And, because. This is an exception.
In all words, at the place of the pass I. We write out the number 4.
5) Improvise. After the prefix C- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Find. After the prefix, we will write S (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Withdraw. After the prefix IZ- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant. It is important to remember that this word is no exception.
Answer: 345
Task 3 #5330
Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all the words of one row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) without .. active, anti .. endearing, s.. old
2) grown..mother, super..surplus, post..industrial,
3) under..play, over..play, super..tendant
4) sports..equipment, pro..ignore, re..building
5) from .. mother, without .. similarity, for .. lazy
1) Unprincipled. After the prefix WITHOUT- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Anti-wear. After the prefix AGAINST, we leave And, because. is a prefix that ends in a vowel.
Long time ago. After the prefix C- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
2) Charge. Although the prefix VZ- ends in a consonant, we write And, since this is an exception. Should be remembered.
Overexcessive. After the prefix OVER- we write AND, because this plugin is an exception.
Post-industrial. After the prefix POST, we write AND, because this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
In all words, at the place of the pass I. We write out the number 2.
3) Play along. After the prefix, we will write S (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Replay. After the prefix RE- leave And, because is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Superintendent. After the prefix SUPER- we write AND, because. this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
4) Sports equipment. This is a compound word, there is no prefix in it. The root starting with AND remains unchanged.
In all words, at the place of the pass I. We write out the number 4.
5) Withdraw. After the prefix IZ- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant. It is important to remember that this word is no exception.
Hopelessness. After the prefix WITHOUT- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Silty. After the prefix FOR- leave AND, because. is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Answer: 24
Task 4 #5331
Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all the words of one row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) for..isolation, disinfection, infection, pro..inspection
2) without .. mint, rose .. sk, move .. climb
3) without..similarity, sports..equipment, by..keep
4) carry..meet, for..interest, rose..grysh
5) special..ternat, military..engineer, party..property
1) Insulate. After the prefix FOR- leave AND, because. is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Disinfection. After the prefix DEZ- we write AND, because. this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
Inspect. After the prefix PRO-, we leave And, because. is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
2) Nameless. After the prefix WITHOUT- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Wanted. After the prefix ROS- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Re-elected. After the prefix RE- leave And, because is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
3) Hopelessness. After the prefix WITHOUT- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Sports equipment. This is a compound word, there is no prefix in it. The root starting with AND remains unchanged.
Spending more. After the prefix PO-, we leave AND, because is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
4) Get it. After the prefix WHO- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
5) Special boarding school. Military engineer. Party property. These are complex abbreviated words, there are no prefixes in them. Roots starting with AND remain unchanged.
In all words, at the place of the pass I. We write out the number 5.
Answer: 15
Task 5 #5332
Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all the words of one row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) under..hold, hyper..inflation, without..ugly
2) dis..insector, pro..ignore, sub..index
3) with..imitate, re..building, post..imperial
4) for .. lazy, for .. interested, sanitary .. inspector
5) without..skusny, pre..infarction, out of..sk
1) Held up. After the prefix, we will write S (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Hyperinflation. After the prefix HYPER- we write AND, because. this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
Needleless. After the prefix WITHOUT- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
2) Exterminator. After the prefix DEZ- we write AND, because. this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
Ignore. After the prefix PRO-, we leave And, because. is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Subindex. After the prefix, we will write S (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
3) Simulate. After the prefix C- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Reissue. After the prefix RE- leave And, because is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Post-imperial. After the prefix POST, we write AND, because this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
4) Silty. After the prefix FOR- leave AND, because. is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Interest. After the prefix FOR- leave AND, because. is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Sanitary inspector. This is a compound word, there is no prefix in it. The root starting with AND remains unchanged.
In all words, at the place of the pass I. We write out the number 4.
5) Artless. After the prefix WITHOUT- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Pre-infarction. After the prefix PRE- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
In all words at the pass Y. We write out the number 5.
Answer: 45
Task 6 #5333
Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all the words of one row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) for .. to be interested, to .. name, about .. to put
2) pre..infarct, rose..grysh, without..illusory
3) agricultural .. inventory, de .. deologization, post .. impressionism
4) s..sk, time..scanning, tourism..industry
5) from..changed, pre..interesting, from..sk
1) Get interested. After the prefix FOR- leave AND, because. is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Name. After the prefix HA-, we leave And, because is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Get dressed up. After the prefix OB- we will write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
2) Pre-infarction. After the prefix PRE- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Draw. After the prefix ROS- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Non-illusory. After the prefix WITHOUT- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
In all words at the pass Y. Write out number 2.
3) Agricultural implements. This is a compound word, there are no prefixes in it. The root starting with AND remains unchanged.
Deideologization. After the prefix DE- we write And, because. this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
Post-impressionism. After the prefix POST, we write AND, because this is a foreign prefix; all foreign language prefixes are an exception to this rule.
In all words, at the place of the pass I. We write out the number 3.
4) Detective. After the prefix C- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix that consists of only one consonant.
Search. After the prefix RAZ- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Travel industry. This is a compound word, there is no prefix in it. The root starting with AND remains unchanged.
5) Denominated. After the prefix FROM- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Preinteresting. After the prefix, we leave AND, because is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Search. After the prefix IZ- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Answer: 23
Task 7 #5334
Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all the words of one row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) re .. start, special .. nternat, for .. call
2) with .. malice, over .. individual, military .. engineer
3) look.. bored, party.. property, for.. undevely
4) from..changed, from..scanny, rose..grysh
5) without..skusny, with..sk, super..intuition
1) Change it. After the prefix RE- leave And, because is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
Special boarding school. This is a compound word, there is no prefix in it. The root starting with AND remains unchanged.
Notify. After the prefix FOR- leave AND, because. is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
In all words, at the place of the pass I. We write out the number 1.
2) Since childhood. After the prefix C- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix that consists of only one consonant.
Supraindividual. After the prefix OVER- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Military engineer. This is a compound word, there is no prefix in it. The root starting with AND remains unchanged.
3) Seeker. After the prefix VZ- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant. The exception is the word "charge".
Party property. This is a compound word, there is no prefix in it. The root starting with AND remains unchanged.
Frosty. After the prefix FOR- leave AND, because. is a Russian prefix ending in a vowel.
4) Denominated. After the prefix FROM- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Exquisite. After the prefix IZ- we write Y (instead of I), because is a Russian prefix ending in a consonant.
Draw. The prefix ends in a consonant. Therefore, at the beginning of the root, we replace And with Y.
In all words at the pass Y. We write out the number 4.
5) Artless, detective. Prefixes end in a consonant. Therefore, at the beginning of the root, we replace And with Y.
Superintuition. After the prefix OVER- we write AND, because this plugin is an exception.
Answer: 14
Knowledge of the basic spelling rules of prefixes will allow graduates to successfully pass examination tests in the Russian language and receive passing the exam decent points. Such tasks are a mandatory part of the certification test. At the same time, the fact that not all high school students perform such exercises quickly and correctly is confirmed by annual statistics. This means that graduates should definitely remember the basic rules on this topic.
Key points to remember
A prefix is the part of a word that comes before the root. Thanks to this morpheme, the language unit acquires a specific meaning. Most of the prefixes present in Russian were derived from prepositions. In one word they can be from one to three.
So that the assignments for writing prefixes in certification tests do not confuse students, it is important to remember the basic rules.
- Immutable prefixes. Their spelling in any position will be the same. Such prefixes include: o- (drop), do- (carry), po- (hang), pro- (carry), great- (great-grandfather), on- (pour), for- (bury), over- / need- (bite), under- (break), from- / oto- (tear off), ob- (break off), in- (make), pre- (prediction), re- (transfer), s- (hand over) . The spelling of these parts of the word must be learned.
- Prefixes that end in s- and s-. Among them stand out: without-/bes-, times-/ras-, voz-/vos- (vz-/sun-), from-/is-, down-/nis-, through-/through-. The spelling of these parts of the word is carried out according to a certain rule. The prefix will end in z when there is a voiced consonant immediately after it. For example: run away, publish. If a deaf consonant is written immediately after the prefix in a word, you should put s. For example: ascend, count.
- Prefixes pre- and pre-. When writing such words, you must be guided by the following rule:
The prefix will be written if:
It is used in the meaning of "very". For example: beautiful;
It can be replaced by the prefix re-, and the meaning of the word will not change from this. For example: to transgress - to cross.
The prefix is attached if:
It is used in the sense of attachment. For example: approach;
It indicates the presence of an object near something. For example: house adjoining;
It indicates an action brought to its logical conclusion. For example: come up with;
It is intended to express the incompleteness of the action. For example: open.
- Prefixes non- and ni- in indefinite and negative pronouns and pronominal negative adverbs. Writing is carried out according to the following rule:
- in the stressed position, the prefix is \u200b\u200bne-. For example: no one, several;
- in an unstressed position, the prefix ni- is written. For example: not at all, no one.
Get ready to pass the certification test together with Shkolkovo
By choosing online classes on our educational portal, high school students will learn how to correctly complete tasks on the topic "Prefix" in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. The teachers of "Shkolkovo" have created a unique system of preparation for the certification test. We are convinced that, moving from simple to complex, graduates will be able to identify the most difficult topics for themselves.
First, we suggest refreshing your memory theoretical part(norms of writing invariable parts of words, etc.). Then high school students can move on to completing assignments on our website. A selection of exercises with correct answers is presented in the corresponding section. In our opinion, such an approach to exam preparation will allow schoolchildren to eliminate knowledge gaps and successfully pass certification testing.
Prefixes in Russian are an absolutely indispensable morpheme, thanks to which a lot of words with completely different meanings can be formed from one root.
There are prefixes that do not cause difficulties for the writer, but there are also those over which you have to rack your brains so as not to make a mistake. What attachments are more? Unfortunately, precisely those for the spelling of which you need to learn the rules.
What is an attachment? It is one of the five parts of a word.
Let's remember what parts of the word are:
- prefix (or prefix),
- root,
- suffix,
- the ending,
- stem - the whole word without an ending.
Prefixes are used to create new words.
On a note! In a wonderful book for younger students, Secrets of Spelling, there is a chapter on the spelling of prefixes.
In total, there are 49 prefixes in Russian (along with their variants). They are classified into groups, each of them has its own characteristics.
Prefix groups:
- the first - are written as in the list (unchanged);
- the second - prefixes ending in z and s, here the spelling of prefixes depends on whether the sound is voiced or deaf at the root (the spelling was formed in 1918, when the Russian language was reformed);
- the third - only two, pre- and pre-, the most difficult to spell
Comparison of prefixes and prepositions
Interestingly, the complexity of spelling increases from the first group to the third.
Prefixes of the first group (unchangeable)
Table of prefixes of the first group:
B- (in-) (in-) | Over- (must-) | Pa- |
You- | Not-, under- | Re- |
Before- | O- | By- |
For- (iso-) | Ob- (ob-) | Under- (under-) |
On the- | From- (from-) | Great- |
Pre- (pre-) | Pro- (razo-) | C- (co-) |
Su- | U- |
This is the largest group. Some are no problem at all, such as:
- great-.
Pra- meets infrequently. The pa-vowel is always stressed. Also safe are those that have the sounds "y" and "y".
Most of the prefixes of the first group can sound differently. Here are typical tricks:
- unstressed sound "o" turns into "a", and vice versa;
- a paired voiced sound "stalls" when meeting with a deaf sound;
- a dull sound is voiced in the neighborhood with a voiced "relative" (exception - c).
Because of such "wolf pits" it is not difficult to make a mistake. You need to remember the rule: the prefixes of the first group are always written the same way. You need to get to know them.
For example, a schoolboy suddenly wondered what to write in the word "cut" - a or o? It is enough to remember the rule, and all doubts are dispelled: ob - in the first group, and therefore the sound a is simply a mirage.
And here is another "wolf pit": in the word "insert" one can clearly hear f. And again, the rule about the immutability of the prefixes of the first group comes to the rescue.
Another tricky situation is obtained, for example, in the word "give". Here, the younger student has thoughts that it would be possible to write not t, but d. But it is enough to remember the rule, and all doubts will be dispelled.
The most insidious of the first group - s-. And all because c is a half hissing sound. Therefore, s- is dangerous not only before paired voiced consonants, but also before hissing (deaf and voiced). There are five variants of sounding with-:
- "Normal" when with before a deaf (not hissing) sound or "wizard" (a, e, o, y, u, l, m, n, r, c), for example, in the word "compare".
- You hear u - in this case, after s is h or u, an example is the word "count".
- Sh is heard when meeting with and sh, as in the word "sew".
- It is heard when meeting with and, as in the word "compressed".
- Z is heard when after with a voiced paired sound, an example is the word "knock down".
Sometimes schoolchildren confuse s- and prefixes with z and s. This happens when the rule about the immutability of the prefixes of the first group is not firmly learned.
Spelling prefixes in Russian
And in order to better remember the rule, it is useful to play a couple of games. For example, you need to find out what will happen if two identical letter combinations are subtracted from two different words.
Let's take the words "overtake" and "carriage" and subtract both. In the first case, the root -drive- remained, which means that ob- is a prefix. And when both were separated from the second word, an absurd “heat” came out. So, here obo was part of the root.
Another game is related to ... hide and seek. A novice student will be surprised by the question: what kind of hide-and-seek can consoles have? It's simple: when creating new words, a situation is obtained when the prefix falls into the center of the "glued word".
And it also happens that the “effect of a double / triple locomotive” is obtained, when there are two or three prefixes in a word at once. A good visual memory is needed here.
Interesting! Spelling Secrets invites young readers to take a short test by finding words with unchangeable prefixes.
Prefixes of the second group (on z and s)
Interestingly, before the reform of the Russian language in 1917–1918, there was no second group of prefixes. Were immutable:
- through- (through-)
As a result of the reform, the prefix “kingdom backwards” appeared, where, when meeting with the deaf vowel of the root, the sound z turned into s (“adjusting” to the neighboring letter). This is how the prefix demon appeared, very unkind, because the evil spirit in the face of the demon (it is also called the devil) was constantly commemorated.
Considering that the sounds z and s are real "chameleons", it is not difficult to make a mistake. It is easy to confuse sounds either with each other, or with hissing "relatives" - w, w, w. Compared to the first prefix group, the second is much more complicated.
And there is another trick. Quite often in words, a meeting of two with is obtained: one from the prefix, the other from the root. Common Mistake in such cases - the so-called "eating" of the second s. It's time to joke: "Whoever has a bad breakfast, he swallows the letters."
Too many difficulties? This is not so bad, the biggest problems are ahead.
Prefixes of the third group (pre- and pre-)
This is the most complex of the prefix groups. Spelling pre- and depends on their meaning, you need to remember the meanings of prefixes, and this is associated with three problems:
- to correctly write pre- or pre-, you need to understand their meaning;
- six rules have been written about the spelling of these prefixes;
- many words do not obey any of the six rules (such words must be remembered).
Spelling of changeable, unchangeable, depending on the stress and on the meaning of prefixes
And all these problems must be solved at the same time, and this is very difficult for a beginner. Here the proverb “Patience and work will grind everything” will come in handy.
In order not to confuse pre- and pre-, you need to get acquainted with the rules of spelling. At - four meanings:
- approximation,
- accession,
- to be near someone or something
- incomplete, unfinished action.
The first rule is related to approximation. A living or inanimate object can approach.
And objects do not always approach themselves - it can happen with someone's help (for example, the word "brought").
The second rule is related to attaching one object to another using different tools (an example is the word “glue”, that is, attach with glue).
This rule has additional subtleties:
- short approach and attachment,
- adding to something
- appropriation,
- connection in a figurative sense.
A good example of the third rule is the "roadside ditch", that is, a ditch near the road.
An example of the fourth rule is the word "burnt", that is, a little burnt.
There are two rules associated with spelling. The first one is easy to remember. For example, the meaning of the word “unpleasant” is “very unpleasant”. True, there are exceptions - the words "deplorable" and "bizarre".
And another rule is not easy. Its essence: it is pre-written in those words where it is connected in meaning with the prefix re-. Here is a good example: “transformation” is the same as “remaking”.
Important! There are words where it is impossible to explain the spelling with either of the two rules for writing prefixes. Such words must be remembered.
What attachments are there and which ones are not?
Already in the first group, "wolf pits" appeared. The reason is simple: vowels and consonants have counterparts. Because of this, ghost attachments appear. For example, sub- has three variants of sound:
- pad-;
- sweat-;
- pat-.
You might be tempted to write "patrick". However, knowledge of the rule will directly say: there are no prefixes “pat”, “pad”, “sweat”. There are only sub-.
Why, then, in the word “beat off” is clearly heard “od”, or even “hell”? The reason is the influence of the neighboring consonant. Game "Do as I do!".
If the second sound is deaf, then the paired voiced one in front of it “stalls”. And if the “commander” is any of the paired voiced voices, except for c, then the paired deaf voice is voiced. There are two rules: “the deaf call the deaf”, “the voiced calls the voiced”.
Vowels have only one strong position - stressed. An unstressed o is easily confused with a, therefore, in the word “knock out”, a is clearly heard.
With the second group, there are more difficulties due to the “chameleonism” of h and s. For example, an inexperienced student may want to write "fire up." But there is no “rage” prefix, there is only raz- and ras-.
Pre- and pre- can be confused, because the sounds e and and are twins. To avoid this mistake, you need to remember the spelling rules, as well as words that do not fall under these rules.
Useful video
Summing up
Prefixes of the Russian language are a complex, but at the same time an interesting object for studying their spelling. It is enough to remember which prefixes simply do not exist, learn the meanings of pre- and pre-, and there will be much fewer errors in writing.