Typical mistakes in Russian: grammatical, speech and spelling. Incorrect use of case and preposition after control words Varieties of speech errors
In order to express yourself correctly in written and oral speech, you must constantly work on your education. Sometimes it is terribly embarrassing to read the largest news portals, whose journalists make simply enchanting mistakes.
We draw your attention to the fact that in the headings the correct variants of the words are indicated in brackets.
cardinally (cardinally)
Where the word monster came from is not clear. After all, the word "cardinal" and "coordinates" have absolutely nothing in common in meaning.
Cardinally - it is completely, fundamentally, in its entirety, in its entirety, in a radical way.
In general (in general or in general)
In general, I must say this: this error does not tolerate any compromises, therefore, either “in general” or “in general”.
In general, we add that the origin of this error, in general, is quite clear.
participate (participate)
Here, remembering the correct spelling and pronunciation is quite simple. To do this, ask yourself a test question: Are you ready to become a teacher? V stnik or not?
If not, then get involved, become a participant and start participating in self-education. There are only two "BB"s in the word, not three.
Tsya / tsya
One of the most favorite mistakes in Russian. Although to check it is enough to ask a simple question to the verb.
If we get “What to do?”, That is, there is a soft sign at the end, then the verb will also have it. If the question is put differently: “What is he doing?”, then there will be no “b” in the verb either.
Sorry (sorry)
If you have a certain And on, then must be brought out And knowledge. But don't even think about stuttering about e opinions. Izv And leafy And also cannot be considered And thread. If there is guilt, then ask for an apology.
put on / put on
Often on the street you can hear the irritated cry of a young mother: “Put on your hat immediately.” Not good…
It will be right to either dress someone or wear something. At school, teachers helped us remember this rule with an elementary example: put on clothes, but dress Nadezhda.
Coffee Expresso (espresso)
An express train is a transport that moves at an increased, against the usual, speed. But there is only espresso. No more "K" in "espresso" is inserted.
To the white knee (to the white heat)
It is possible that our knees under the meat, that is, the bones, are really white. But in this it is correct to say "up to a white heat." It means the following.
When a metal is tempered in fire, it first turns red, then turns yellow, and finally white. If you waited for a white color, then you brought it to the limit, that is, to white heat. There is nowhere further.
creaking heart (reluctantly heart)
The heart is not a cart and not the door of an old castle to creak. The correct spelling of this expression is reluctantly, and it denotes something that is done reluctantly, contrary to one's will. Reluctantly heart - it means having strengthened the heart, or in general - having strengthened.
During / during
This is also one of the most common mistakes in the Russian language. In order not to confuse the use of these two words, remember a simple rule: during e – This is a preposition that is associated with some period of time. That is, if the expression can be replaced by "during", then at the end there will be "E": during.
"During" is written only when it comes to the course of the river. For example: in a powerful current And the waters of their boat swirled uncontrollably.
Theirs (theirs)
One of the most terrible words for modern literate people. Although, in fact, in Russian classical literature (in particular at), this word is often found.
It's just that today it is outdated, so only an abbreviated version is used: them.
This is their home, their family, not their home, not their wife, and not her husband.
Also / the same
Errors in this use of Russian words come from an unwillingness to concentrate. But it's so simple: "also" is the same as the conjunction "and". For example: “Petya, Vanya will go to the store And Angela" = "Petya, Vanya will go to the store, and Also Angela."
But “the same” means “exactly the same”: he loves his wife as much as his mother; he loves hunting as much as he loves fishing.
Painting / signature
Well, everything is quite simple here. You can paint the walls with graphics, but only a signature is put in the documents.
to lay down (lay down)
With the words "I lay down, I lay down" there is a wonderful anecdote about a lieutenant and an ordinary soldier. But the author of this article did not remember him, so if you know him, please write him in the comments. Very useful for memorization.
So, in what cases is it correct to use the words "put" and "put"?
And a few examples to reinforce.
- I already have you laid tiles, but I will put again.
- luggage chips. You too put chips on the table.
- So I I put this card here.
If the principle is still not fully understood, save it to your wall at any social network the following picture.
In Kratsia (briefly)
Judging by the statistics, such an absolutely wild mistake is quite common in the Russian language. The word "short" means "abbreviated".
What is a walkie-talkie - we also know. But what is the mysterious “in Kratz” is hard to even imagine.
Inside (inside)
It is correct to speak and write only together: “inside”.
- This medicine is taken by mouth.
- They wanted to look inside the tank.
- They entered the building.
- It was dark inside the room.
Sunday / Sunday
If you mean the day of the week, then be sure to use a soft sign: Sunday b e. If you are talking about how Christ rose from the dead, then say through "and": resurrected And e.
Creams (creams)
In a professional environment, you can often hear the wrong version of this word, that is, with pronunciation through "A". However, correctly, after all, there will be “creams”. Just remember it.
Agency (Agency)
Also a fairly common mistake found in Russian. But here the test word "agen T". Therefore, the correct option is only "agen T stvo".
scrupulous (scrupulous)
A difficult word that many pronounce and spell incorrectly. We offer this option for memorization (fix only the underlined words): tearful the poor man eats groats . Now let's combine these two parts: groats lezny.
It sounds absurd, but tomorrow try to write this word correctly without peeping, and you will immediately have lacrimal the face of a poor man who devours groats for both cheeks. You immediately remember: groats lezny.
Too much (too much)
In the Udmurt Republic () there is the Chur River. If you are talking about her, then you can say this: we passed through Chur.
In all other cases, this word is written together and through the letter “C”: too much.
Functionality (Functionality)
As a rule, the word "functional" is mistakenly called a set of some functions. However, it is correct to say "functionality". For example, the functionality of a new smartphone or computer.
The functional is from the area . Therefore, if you are not a mathematician, simply forget the word "functional" and do not use it in your speech.
Try (try)
We will not go into details, but simply give the well-known rule of the Russian language: if in the first person singular of the present or future tense the verb ends in -th or -th, then in the indefinite form and in the past tense, the suffixes -eva-, -ova- are used . Try wow– try ova th.
Komforka (burner)
Previously, this word could be written and spoken through "M". But today only one norm is considered correct: “burner”.
Extreme (extreme)
Regrettably, but for the word "extra e small" cannot use "extra And m" as a test word. This has happened historically, so just remember.
From under the quiet (on the sly)
It is written only in one piece. To remember, read a few simple examples.
- He looked down at her.
- The children were spoiled and did everything on the sly.
- He is kind only in appearance, but he himself is dirty on the sly.
My birthday (my birthday)
As soon as the "lovers" of the Russian language did not distort this phrase! How to remember the correct option? Yes, simple! We are talking about the DAY, therefore, it is not “mine”, but “mine”. Next, we ask the question: the day of what? Birth. My birthday.
Here it is appropriate to recall that the names of public holidays containing the word "day" are capitalized, and only the word "Day". For example: Knowledge Day, National Unity Day, Cosmonautics Day, etc.
But the names of personal holidays are usually written with a small letter: birthday, angel's day, etc.
to adore (to adore)
The explanatory dictionary of the Russian language claims that “to adore” comes from “god O create." Therefore, it is written exclusively through "O": about O reap.
slip (slip)
There is no "D" in this verb and never was. A man was walking on a slippery road, slipped and fell. The question is, what does the letter "D" have to do with it? Don't know either? Then don't write it.
By the way, many also try to insert the letter “D” into the verb “mock”, which, of course, is completely wrong.
Sympathetic (pretty)
Simp A tic is the one who causes the symptom A tiyu. But the letter "O" is completely useless here.
Well, this is where we will finish the list of the most common mistakes in the Russian language, although the list, no doubt, can be continued for a long time.
In the end, we only note that a person who reads regularly will simply not be able to make the above mistakes of the Russian language. Well, except perhaps as an exception or inattention.
If any acute errors are not indicated in this article, write about it in the comments.
Let's hit the rampant illiteracy with education together!
If you like Interesting Facts and everything related to - be sure to subscribe to the site on any social network. It's always interesting with us!
Assessment of knowledge, skills and abilities of students in the Russian language(Classification of logical, speech, factual errors)
Grade- this is a violation of the requirement of correct speech, a violation of the norms literary language. We say about her: you can’t say that, it’s wrong.
defect- this is a violation of the recommendations associated with the concept of good speech. We evaluate a defect from the standpoint of “worse or better” said or written. In other words, a defect is a minor mistake, a roughness of speech. You could say that, but it's better to say otherwise.
Language errors(grammatical) are associated with a violation of the structure of a language unit: these are incorrect word formation, violation of control links or agreement in a phrase, errors in the structure of a sentence (31%). All violations of grammatical norms are grammatical errors.
Speech errors do not contain structural disorders (69%). They arise as a result of incorrect or unsuccessful use of words or syntactic constructions.
Grammatical errors- this is a violation of the norms of word and form formation, the norms of the syntactic connection between words in a phrase and sentence. To detect a grammatical error, context is not required, just one word, phrase, sentence is enough. A grammatical error can be made in both written and oral speech. These are non-linguistic errors associated with an incorrect presentation of facts (their substitution), as well as their exaggeration or understatement (actual defect).
Factual Errors- these are errors with violations of the informational reliability and accuracy of the material presented in the source text (background facts): facts of the biography of the author or hero of the text, dates, surnames and authorship of the named works.
Classification of logical, speech, factual errors
TO |
LOGICAL ERRORS |
||
Varieties of errors |
Illustrative material |
||
An example with an error |
Comments. Correct option |
||
L-1 |
Violation of cause-and-effect relationships in content Explanation: A conclusion does not follow from a cause; the given consequence does not correspond to the stated cause. |
1. The poet perceives the music of the blizzard with his heart, because it is alive ... 2. Lyceum teachers, who instilled respect for each other in their pupils, expanded the horizons of the poet. |
1. The poet perceives music with his heart, not because it is alive, but because he loves music! 2. reason: teachers of the lyceum, who instilled in their pupils respect for each other; consequence: expanded the horizons of the poet: respect for each other is not the cause of intellectual development. Lyceum teachers instilled in their pupils respect for each other. They also broadened the horizons of the future poet. |
L-2 |
Violation of the logic of combining words into a homogeneous series TO CONNECT WITH A UNION AND TWO OPPOSITIVE (DIFFERENT) WORDS IN MEANING IS ILLOGICAL |
Sofia considers Molchalin a very kind and helpful person. “Molchalin is ready to forget himself for others ...” But I think she is mistaken, because in fact the heroine “caused this love in herself.” |
The definitions of "kind" and "helpful" are not synonymous, since the words corresponding to them have different lexical meaning. Wherein: Kind is a positive characteristic of a non-evil person. Helpful - always ready to provide a service. first, the student talks about how Sophia Molchalina sees; then wants to argue with the comedy heroine A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" and claims that "she is mistaken"; But! instead of proving exactly what Sophia is wrong about, the student asserts a new and therefore ILLOGICAL thought: “the heroine herself aroused this love in herself.” We don't know what kind of love we are talking about. Apparently, after the words “she is mistaken”, a sentence was missed: “because in fact, Molchalin does not love her at all, but his dream to quickly climb up the career ladder ...”, etc. |
L-3 |
Violation of the logic of the example in reasoning |
Molchalin flatters everyone. He is ready to "crawl in front of everyone on his knees." So, for example, Khlestova, he talks about what a lovely dog she has: “Your Spitz is a lovely Spitz, no more than a thimble - I stroked it all: what silky fur!” But in fact, this dog is disgusting to him: he despises all people from high society. |
Is everything Khlestova and her dog? It is in front of them that Molchalin is ready to crawl on his knees? Perhaps...but! doggy is not a person from high society. Namely, this is what happened as a result of an incorrectly constructed last sentence. Apparently, it should have been like this: he despises her just as much as all representatives of Moscow's high society, to which he would so much like to belong. |
L-4 |
Violation of the logic of text construction (construction of a new paragraph). |
Molchalin is very cunning. He understands that only by respect for rank and helpfulness can one achieve a high position in the world. Molchalin and Chatsky ... The relationship of these comedy heroes is a confirmation of this idea. |
The student created a sharp transition from one thought to another. The general topics of the sentences of the text of the essay are fragments in italics, but! the general idea is torn apart by an unexpected, sharp, and therefore ILLOGICAL thesis (statement): Molchalin and Chatsky ... This is true: This idea is also confirmed by the complex relationship between the opportunist Molchalin and Chatsky, who does not want to “serve”. |
L-5 |
Violation of assertion logic |
Molchalin is scary in his own way. I'm scared to realize how prudently and cynically he treats the feelings of Sophia, who is in love with him. Therefore, I feel very sorry for this hero. |
Molchalin is terrible. Further, there should be a proof of this thought: why is the hero Molchalin terrible. It should be about the idea laid down by A.S. Griboedov into this image. But! The student, neglecting the necessary proofs for the first thesis, puts forward a new one: I am afraid to realize... The logic of the conclusion is broken: I am afraid to realize ... and therefore I am very sorry for Molchalin. (We can hardly pity the one who is terrible to us!) |
L-6 |
Violation of the logic of attaching a new evidence |
Playgrounds are being built in the city, new shops are opening, places for entertainment appear: clubs, restaurants. The sports life of the city is also developing. |
It is not clear how the sports life of the city is developing in the same way? How about in clubs and restaurants? (Hopefully it's not the same) |
L-7 |
Breaking the logic of assertions |
A monument to V.I. Lenin. Behind the monument is the House of Culture. |
A monument to V.I. Lenin was erected, and the House of Culture is located on Victory Square (for example). |
L-8 |
Violation of the logic of proportionality in the statements |
Winters in Karelia are very snowy, very cold. And in the summer in the Karelian village (?) it is very hot, there are famous white nights. |
Thought: it's cold in Karelia, but hot only in a Karelian village. - the logic of the assertion and conclusion is broken: is it hot in Karelia in summer because there are white nights? Hardly… It is true: And in the summer in the Karelian village it is so hot that even on the famous white nights ... |
L-9 |
Violation of the logic of subject-object relations |
Everything was mixed up in the Prostakovs' house: the estate was taken under guardianship, the authorities, so important for the masters, no, the peasants, their main (?) income, was taken away from them (?). |
Who performs the action (subject) and who is affected by this action (object). It is not clear: whose income is selected - the peasants or the Prostakovs? That's right: Peasants, the main income of the family, were taken away. |
L-10 |
Violation of the logic of the question and answer. |
How did this (?) become possible? First of all, this is the fault (?) of Mrs. Prostakova. |
The question is vaguely worded and suggests a different answer. It is true: How did such a state of affairs of the Prostakov family become possible? First of all, Prostakova herself is to blame for this. |
L-11 |
Violation of the logic of the thesis and conclusion |
“Learning is the plague, learning is the cause” is said at a time when education for the nobles becomes compulsory. This (?) proves (?) that they are all (?) uneducated and stupid. |
The last sentence must be interchanged with the first, excluding its first part: Representatives Famus Society uneducated and stupid because they say that "Learning is the plague, learning is the cause." And this is said at a time when education for the nobility becomes obligatory and necessary for serving the Fatherland. |
L-12 |
Violation of the logic of the construction of the essay. |
Lately the city hasn't looked in the best way. Firstly, the flow of cars on the main roads of the city has tripled. Near the tracks it is impossible to breathe from exhaust gases and dust. Secondly, everywhere there is dirt and unremoved snow. Thirdly, a huge number of billboards simply crushed the inhabitants with their aggressive obsession. |
The beginning of the essay does not correspond to the topic of the work. There is no introduction about the native land, the expression of which for the student was the native city. The logic of the content of the work is broken. You should not start the argument with the negative, it is more correct to start with what causes love and pride in the heart. |
L-13 |
Violation of the logic of paragraphing (arranging paragraphs of text in a certain sequence). |
Chatsky denounces the right of feudal lords to own living people. He stands up for the disenfranchised, whose forced labor was the basis of the well-being of the Famus society. (?) Chatsky is a true patriot of Russia. He is ready to serve, but he is "sickening to be served." To people of the “gone century” such a position seems ridiculous and even dangerous. (?) Hypocrisy flourishes in the lordly society. |
It was necessary to break the text into 3 paragraphs and supplement each of them: 1: proof needed (quote) 2: a transition to a new thought is necessary (The hero of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov cannot think differently.) 2: it is necessary to complete paragraph 2 with a proof of reasoning (quote) 3: a transition to a new thought is necessary, related to the theme of the composition “The current century” and “the past century” (Chatsky cannot accept the laws of a secular society in which hypocrisy flourishes). |
L-14 |
violation of the logic of constructing a paragraph. |
I was born and live in the wonderful city of Sergiev Posad. I'm graduating from high school, I have final exams, then college entrance exams, a new life awaits me, which intrigues with the unknown. In my essay, I would like to tell how my hometown wakes up. |
2 sentence does not correspond to the stated topic. It's redundant. One could be built from two sentences: In the essay, I would like to talk about how my hometown Sergiev Posad is waking up. |
L-15 |
Violation of the logic of completing the text of the essay. |
Essay ending 1. Being in any corner of our country, I often remember my hometown. 2. On a winter morning, I often go to the forest to see how the nature of my land “lives”. |
Two sentences are given, which are independent non-spread paragraphs. After the theses, there is no evidence. Being in any corner of our country, I often remember my hometown, because my heart has settled there forever. Everything is dear to me: wide roads, snow-covered streets, old merchant houses of my city. And on winter mornings, I often go to the forest to see how the nature of my land “lives”. |
L-16 |
Violation of the logic of comparison of figurative-plot concepts, subject-object relations. |
Pugachev filled Grinev's life with deep content, and the story " Captain's daughter with deep meaning. |
The student in one sentence compares the image of the hero of Pushkin's story and the intention of the writer himself. Pugachev filled Grinev's life with new deep content, helped to rethink his life and establish himself in his ideas of duty and honor. |
L-17 |
Violation of the logic of sentence construction. |
Kalashnikov can be called an epic hero. Firstly, he is characterized by courage in relation to Tsar Ivan the Terrible (his answer after the battle). (?) |
The bracketed part of the sentence is probably proof. But when creating a detailed text, and not a thesis plan, such a construction of sentences is incorrect. After the battle with Kiribeevich, Kalashnikov speaks with the tsar on an equal footing. |
L-18 |
Violation of the logic of subject-quantitative relations. |
Girls in black suits perform exercises with a hoop. The right hand with the hoop is raised up, and the left is smoothly laid back. (?) The girls are graceful, slender, graceful. Looking at the girls, we can confidently say that in a few years they will become famous gymnasts (D). |
There are a lot of girls at school. But the expressions right hand” and “left hand” emphasize the singular number of described objects in the image. |
ACTUAL ERRORS |
|||
The actual error is called distortion: Quoted material; Information concerning the life and work of poets and writers. |
|||
F-1 |
Inaccurate quoting |
I recall the words of a famous song: “To live without love may be simple, but how can one live without love in the world?” |
I recall the words of a famous song: “To live without love, perhaps, is simple, but how in the world can one live without love?” |
F-2 |
Incorrect indication of the dates of life and activity (creativity) of writers, writing works, titles and genres of works. |
M. Lermontov's poem "On the Death of a Poet" was written in 1837. Comedy A.S. Griboyedov was published in 1825. The tragedy of A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" was a completely new phenomenon in Russian literature. |
M. Lermontov's poem "The Death of a Poet" was written in 1837. Comedy A.S. Griboyedov was published in 1833. The drama of A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" was a completely new phenomenon in Russian literature. |
F-3 |
A.S. Pushkin, like N.A. Nekrasov, animates nature in a poem. |
Violation of chronology: N.A. Nekrasov, like A.S. Pushkin, animate nature in their works. |
|
F-4 |
Distortion of events, literary material, names of heroes. |
In the poem by F.I. Tyutchev's "Day and Night" there is no lyrical hero, but there are key images of night and day. In F. Tyutchev's poem "Day and Night" there is a circular composition. I.A. Bunin uses epithets in the poem, with the help of which harmony of stylistic figures and emotional image is achieved. |
And who thinks about day and night? So, after all, there is a lyrical hero, maybe it's the author himself? It should be written not circular, but circular. The epithet is not a stylistic figure, it is a trope. |
F-5 |
Exaggerated coverage of minor facts. |
Frost and Metelitsa are real national heroes. |
National hero is a socio-political term. He has nothing to do with the literary heroes of A. Fadeev. Frost and Metelitsa proved to be real heroes. |
SPEECH ERRORS |
|||
Accuracy and clarity of speech. Under the accuracy and clarity of speech is understood the possession of a sufficient vocabulary, a variety of grammatical means for an accurate and understandable expression of thought. |
|||
Wherein: 1. The work retains the artistic and expressive means of the original presentation (emotional and evaluative vocabulary, metaphors, epithets, poetic syntax, paraphrases, intonation created by the appropriate selection of words) 2. The work meets the requirements for the syllable of an essay of any nature (literary, critical, literary and creative, on a "free" topic): a) the accuracy and purity of the language (selection of words that convey exactly those thoughts that the writer wanted to express; the absence of extra words in the sentence); b) simplicity and beauty (accessibility for understanding, perfection of speech, sincerity, absence of abstruse phrases, pretentious words and phrases, false pathos, far-fetched emotions, standard, primitive expressions, verbal cliches); c) accuracy and brevity (selection of words that convey exactly the thoughts that the writer wanted to express; the absence of extra words in the sentence); d) figurativeness (expressiveness, emotional expression of thought, causing visual representations, certain feelings). |
|||
R-1 |
The use of words and expressions that inaccurately convey the idea of the essay |
Griboyedov has long been gone, the history of his time is less and less close to us, and comedy does not get old, and Griboedov is undoubtedly more alive in his hero than as a historical figure. |
See the expression history of his time: there is a confusion of the meanings of the word history - a case, a story or history - is it an objective course of events, a period of development (of a state, individual, society)? And now for us Griboyedov is alive in his literary hero not as a historical person, but as a spokesman for the general free-thinking, progressive ideas and views of the early 19th century. |
R-2 |
The use of words in their own meaning. (The replacement word distorts the meaning of the sentence; acquires a different meaning; is used in a different context.) |
The truth is often hidden in the depths of the work. The block follows the tradition of the ancestor. |
The meaning of the word is often different from the meaning of the word often; the meaning of the word depth gives the text (sentence) a different meaning. The truth is often hidden by the writer between the lines of the work. The meaning of the word ancestor distorts the author's thought. Replacement: ancestor-predecessor. |
R-3 |
Inappropriate use of words of a different stylistic coloring. (The replacement word has a shade of a different style of speech (instead of an artistic one - journalistic, official business or scientific style), violates the stylistic harmony of the text. |
In this regard, Boris Pasternak's poem is more calm, more measured. We were shocked by the wonderful performance of the actors. |
The word track is of limited use. Replacement - "send in the other direction." The expression in this regard has a shade of official business style, its use in the essay is undesirable. This poem by Boris Pasternak sounds more measured, smooth. The word shocked needs to be replaced. We liked the acting. |
R-4 |
Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words or phraseological units (The word (expression)-replacement gives a shade of excessive emotionality; they “embellish” the text. The work is distinguished by falsely pathetic speech.) |
The reflections of poets on these topics that are especially exciting to them are especially clearly presented. Thanks to the creations of the amazing authors of the Silver Age, we hear the "loud melody of the era." |
The expression represented by the reflections of the poets needs to be replaced. The reflections of poets on topics that concern them are especially clearly expressed. The word amazing needs to be replaced. Thanks to the great works of famous poets of the Silver Age, we hear the "loud melody of the era." |
R-5 |
Unjustified use of colloquial words |
Such people always manage to fool others. After two hours the performance ended and everyone went home. |
The word swear needs to be replaced. Such people always manage to deceive others. The expression everyone went home needs to be replaced After two hours, the performance ended, and everyone dispersed. |
R-6 |
Violation of lexical compatibility. (Words cannot be related to each other in meaning and grammatically: each of them has its own sphere of lexical use, its own conditions of prepositional connection. When replacing words in stable phrases, the meaning of the statement as a whole is distorted.) |
By the twenties, a change had taken place in the social life of the country. |
Need to change the number of expressions change in social life. In the twenties there were changes (changes) in the social life of the country Expressions increase impression and artistic features needs to be replaced. |
R-7 |
Pleonasm (Words that duplicate semantic content violate the integrity of the sentence, text.) |
In these two works, the theme of despair sounds. There have been social changes in society. |
In the expression, these two contain a repetition. In these works the theme of despair sounds. The words social and society have a common semantic core. Great changes have taken place in the social structure of the country. |
R-8 |
Errors associated with the use of single-root words in one sentence. |
Under the feet of the hero of the story is the step of the carriage. This story tells about real events. |
The hero of the story jumps out onto the footboard of the carriage. The words story and told have the same root (tautology) This story is about… |
R-9 |
Poor and monotonous syntactic constructions. (In the conditions of one context, sentences of the same type of construction were used (subject - predicate - circumstance); used only complex or compound sentences; Words that are significant for expressing thought are missing in the sentence.) |
When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted Chief Editor. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel. Tyutchev's poem is called "Night", and Bunin's poem is called "Night". |
The construction of the second sentence needs to be changed. At the end of the conversation, Petrov went to the hotel. Similar constructions were used: subject - object - predicate - circumstance - subject - object - predicate - circumstance. The poems of Tyutchev and Bunin have the same name - "Night". |
R-10 |
Violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms. (One sentence uses verbs or verb forms different kind and time. |
The heart stops for a moment and suddenly beats again. Watching the movement of a magical rainbow, the lyrical hero of the poem seemed to plunge into a fairy tale. |
Freezes - imperfective verb, present tense; Zastuchit is a perfective verb, future tense. Freeze ... knock. observing - present participle, formed from an imperfective verb; plunged - past tense verb, perfective. Watching the movement of a magical rainbow, the lyrical hero of the poem seems to be immersed in a fairy tale. |
R-11 |
Poor use of pronouns. (The use of pronouns instead of nouns with a specific meaning, instead of other pronouns that have a temporal, spatial meaning.) |
The work shows real events and heroes of their time. We get to know their characters and philosophy of life, as they open their souls to the reader. It is the understatement that gives the poem "Escape" its charm, its charm. |
It is necessary to change the pronoun them. The work depicts real events and heroes of that time. It is necessary to replace the pronoun with a noun with a specific meaning. We get to know the characters and philosophy of the life of the heroes who open their souls to the reader. It is necessary to exclude pronouns from the composition of the sentence. It is the understatement that gives charm and charm to the poem "Escape". |
R-12 |
Incoherence of sentences (And one sentence is about unrelated events, phenomena, actions. In the middle of one sentence, a new one is "wedged" that is not related to it in meaning. The sequence of presentation of thoughts is broken. An important semantic fragment of the sentence is missing.) |
Much in Dubna is given to culture. After all, speaking of this closest, dear person, you are afraid not to say something, at first glance small and inconspicuous, but in fact very, very important. |
the replacement of the word much is necessary; clarification of the word culture is needed. Much attention is paid to the development of culture in Dubna. It is necessary to break the sentence into two independent syntactic units. After all, speaking about the closest, dearest person, we are afraid that we will not be able to express in words the most important thing. Something that at first glance seems unimportant, insignificant. |
R-13 |
Stylistic inexpressiveness of the sentence (Words-substitutions bring new shades to the text (journalistic, scientific styles), "impoverish" the sentence, the text.) |
In the spring it is good everywhere: in the open field, and in the birch grove, as well as in the pine and mixed forests. These poets made a huge contribution to Russian literature. |
The word also adds a touch of publicity to the sentence, the word mixed (forest) is a term, therefore, their use in artistic style texts is undesirable. The expression to make a great contribution has the connotation of a political set phrase. There is a mixture of styles within the same sentence. These poets had a great influence on the development of Russian literature. |
R-14 |
Unsuccessfully chosen expressive means. |
A teacher is a necessary, fair, painful profession. It is difficult to define the literary heart of the Dead Souls work. |
One of the epithets is not lexically combined with the previous two; The word painful is better to replace. A teacher is a necessary, fair profession that requires full dedication. It is difficult to determine the most exciting place in the Dead Souls poem. |
R-15 |
Violation of the order of words in a sentence. (Some members of the sentence "wedged" between the main members, violating the logic of the statement.) |
In F. Tyutchev's poem at the very beginning - night. During the day we wake up, enjoy life, unlike at night. |
Change the middle of the sentence and its beginning, add the missing fragment of the statement. At the very beginning of F. Tyutchev's poem, the night is discussed. Change the beginning of the sentence and its ending. Unlike at night, during the day we wake up, enjoy life. |
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS |
|||
Compliance with grammatical rules. Erroneous word formation; Violation of the connection of agreement, control in phrases, errors in the construction of sentences with common definitions and circumstances; homogeneous members. |
|||
G-1 |
Incorrect replacement of prefixes, suffixes in single-root words. |
Hairy bumblebee - for fragrant hops. |
The word hairy was probably coined by analogy with the adjective "eared". That's right, "furry". |
G-2 |
Wrong form of the noun. |
There are few paths in the poem. There are no clouds overhead. Empty treaties were signed and the world collapsed again. |
Tropes are the visual means of language: metaphors, epithets, personification, comparison, etc. There are few paths in the poem. |
G-3 |
Wrong formation of the form of the adjective. |
This fact is less significant than its coverage in the press. |
Education comparative degree adjectives occur with the help of the suffix her, her, or with the help of the words more, less. For example: strong - stronger, (s), stronger. This fact is less significant than its coverage in the press. |
G-4 |
Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral. |
Olga was bewitched by the power of sixty rings of time. Both sides put forward fair demands. |
Olga was bewitched by the power of sixty rings. Both sides put forward fair demands. |
G-5 |
Wrong use of pronoun form. |
A bullet whistled past him. Their joy knew no bounds. What we are - to judge by us. |
A bullet whistled past him. Their joy knew no bounds. What we are - to judge by us. |
G-6 |
Erroneous formation of the form of the verb. (Mistakes in the formation of participles, gerunds, past, present and future forms of the verb, reflexive and irrevocable verbs, suppletive forms.) |
The deer stood motionless and stared without blinking. Bars trembled and rushed to run. After reading the title - "Night", the reader immediately imagines the stars, the night splash of the waves, the moon. |
The adverb (not) moving is formed from a perfective verb, and denotes an additional imperfect action. The deer stood without moving or blinking. Bars trembled and rushed to run. The participle is formed with an imperfective suffix, and the sentence refers to an action that has already taken place. After reading the title... |
G-7 |
Disruption of communication connection. |
It's like I'm standing on a hill shrouded in darkness. |
I'm standing on a hill shrouded in darkness. |
G-8 |
Disruption of communication control. (when constructing a phrase, a preposition is mistakenly used; the rules for using nouns and pronouns are violated.) |
His creations have always been consistent with the worldview. Many spectators gathered in the theater to watch the play. |
Ask a question from the verb corresponded to the noun attitude. The works of the poet have always corresponded (to what?) to his worldview. Spectators gathered (where?) in the theater to watch the play. |
G-9 |
Violation in the structure of the phrase (With the inept use of prepositions that “wedged” into the utterance of new words, the lexical and grammatical structure of a stable expression is destroyed.) |
Becoming a famous poet who is known all over the world. |
Ask a question from the word know (where?) ... which is known all over the world ... |
G-10 |
Errors associated with the violation of the syntactic norm of the use of demonstrative and allied words. |
In this poem, the future is presented in the same way as M. Tsvetaeva. She didn't like everything she wrote. |
Ask the question: the future looks like (how?) ... In this poem, the future is presented as in the works of M. Tsvetaeva. Replace the allied word what with the allied word about what. She didn't like everything she wrote about. |
G-11 |
Errors associated with the incorrect construction of a sentence with homogeneous members. (Homogeneous members are unreasonably different parts of speech; Replacement words of homogeneous members have their own lexical and grammatical context; Replacement words are not related grammatically and in meaning to common words.) |
And the heroine hopes, makes incredible efforts, how to escape from the circle of torment. |
Expand the phrases by asking the question: hopes (for what?), Makes efforts (for what?) |
The issue of classifying errors in the speech of schoolchildren continues to be one of the sore points of teaching the Russian language at school. This problem is painful not only for teachers, methodologists, specialists in the culture of speech, it is also relevant for all people who write and read in Russian.
Grammatical errors are a violation of the grammatical norms of the formation of language units and their structure.
The analysis of grammatical errors helps the teacher to determine which norms of the language (word-formation, morphological, syntactic) the student does not know.
Varieties of grammatical errors
- word-building , consisting in unjustified word composition or modification of the words of the normative language. Such errors should not be taken as spelling errors.
- Morphological, associated with non-normative formation of word forms and the use of parts of speech.
- syntactic, associated with violation of syntactic norms.
Grammatical errors
Error type |
||
word-building |
||
1 | Violation of the norms of Russian literary word formation:
erroneous wording, word distortion |
Hard-working, mock, mockery, underline, bend down, pinzhak, ruthlessness, publicism raznochinskaya intelligentsia; completeness of the image; nobility of soul; bribery; perseverance; mockery; miser; boredom; their words; regulars of the tavern; craves. |
2 | “Replacement” word formation, manifested in the replacement of a morpheme. | Dodge (instead of scatter), weigh (from hang); |
3 | Word writing (creation of a non-existent derived unit that cannot be considered as occasional) | winder, reviewer, not looking back. |
Morphological Incorrect shaping, violation of the systemic properties of the shaping system in different parts of speech |
||
4 | Misformation of the noun form | Many marvels of technology, not enough time |
5 | the formation of the form V.p. an inanimate noun, as in an animate | I asked for a breeze (instead of: a breeze); |
6 | the formation of the form V.p. animate noun, as in an inanimate | Harnessed to the sleigh two bears (instead of: two bears); |
7 | gender change during the formation of case forms: | jam pie, february blue; |
8 | declension of indeclinable nouns | play the piano; |
9 | the formation of plural forms in nouns that have only the singular, and vice versa | a tray of teas, the sky was overcast. |
Misformation of the adjective form |
||
10 | Wrong choice of long and short forms | hat was full of water, the boy was very full |
11 | Incorrect formation of forms of degrees of comparison: | the new ones become more combative, she was weaker than Petya; more interesting, prettier |
12 | Violation of the norms of verb formation | The man rushes about the room; |
13 | Violation of the formation of gerunds and participles | Riding in the bus, the hunter walked, looking around |
14 | Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral | With five hundred rubles |
15 | Erroneous formation of the pronoun form | Their pathos, their children, did not want to tear myself away from her (book) |
16 | Misformation of the verb form | They travel, they want, they write about the life of nature. |
|
||
17 | Negotiation violation | I know a group of guys who are seriously into jazz, Bazarov cannot overcome the feeling of love that engulfs him; There were hills on both sides of the road; poachers who break the law; Bazarov tells Arkady that your father is a retired man. |
18 | Disruption of control | We need to make our nature more beautiful, tells the readers, according to the law, he is shown as a man of strong will, rich in mind, good health; special attention was paid to the drawing up of the plan; it should be noted that everything in Nozdryov's house had a chaotic appearance; he is characterized by many negative traits; confident in the future, Sonya felt sorry for and worried about Raskolnikov; thirst for glory; |
19 | Errors in the structure of a simple sentence: violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate, |
The sun has set; but neither youth nor summer is eternal; this was my only book during the days of the war; |
20 | Supply Boundary Violation |
The dogs attacked the trail of the hare. And they began to drive him along the clearing. When the hero comes to his senses. It was too late. |
21 | Bad use of pronouns | The newcomer removed a heavy bundle from a chair and pushed it aside. Manilov asked Pavel Ivanovich to go to his office. Sobakevich demanded that Chichikov write himself a receipt. |
22 | Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate | Most objected to such an assessment of his work. Usually young people are carriers of advanced ideas. A number of other events took place. To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, clarity (instead of: .... you need courage, knowledge, honesty); |
23 | Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in separate constructions | He wrote a book that is epic. Everyone was happy, happy and cheerful. |
24 | Errors in the construction of a sentence, leading to a distortion of its meaning, structure | In his play, Chekhov also showed the working part of the intelligentsia with its dreams of a bright and beautiful life, of which Trofimov is a representative. Porfiry was a favorite since childhood of his mother. She persuaded them to give carts for the wounded, on which things were already packed. |
25 | Errors related to the use of particles | It would be nice if the painting was signed by the artist ; separation of particles from the component of the sentence to which it refers (usually particles are placed in front of those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern was often violated in essays): In total, two problems are revealed in the text, (limiting particle “ of all” should stand before the subject: “... just two problems.” |
26 | Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members | The country loved and was proud of the poet. In the essay, I wanted to talk about the meaning of sport and why I love it. |
27 | Destruction of a number of homogeneous members |
A real teacher is true to his cause and never deviate from his principles. Almost everything in the house is large: cabinets, doors, and also a truck and a harvester. |
28 | Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover |
Reading the text, there is such a feeling ... The painting “Goalkeeper” depicts a boy with his legs wide apart, resting his hands on his knees. |
29 | Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover | The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot; a boat moored to the shore. |
30 | Pronominal duplication of one of the members of the sentence, more often the subject. |
Bushes, they covered the river bank. |
31 | Missing necessary words. |
Vladik nailed the board and ran to volleyball. |
32 | Errors in the structure of a complex sentence: mixing of coordinating and subordinating connection. |
This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to a person that this was a dream. When the wind intensifies, and the crowns of trees rustle under its gusts. |
33 | Separation of the subordinate clause from the word being defined. |
The sons of Taras had just dismounted from their horses, which were studying in the Kyiv bursa. |
34 | Mixing direct and indirect speech | The author said that I do not agree with the opinion of the reviewer. |
35 | The destruction of a phraseological phrase without a special stylistic setting, for example: |
I hate to sit with my hands folded; laughed like crazy. |
36 | Unjustified omission (ellipsis) of the subject |
His courage - to stand up for honor and justice attract the author of the text. |
37 | Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms | The heart stops for a moment and suddenly beats again. |
Literature
- Narushevich A.G. – Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Linguistic Education of the Southern federal university. Refresher courses; rus.1september.ru No. 17, 2007, Russian language. Pedagogical University “First of September” “Methods of preparation for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language; lesson planning, lesson organization, exercise system”.
- Pedchak E.P. "Russian language. Series “Unified State Exam”, Rostov-on-Don, “Phoenix”, 2003
- R.N. Popov, D.P. Valkova. "Modern Russian language", tutorial for students of pedagogical institutes, Moscow, “Prosveshchenie”, 1978
- Toolkit for teachers, YANOIPKRO, Salekhard, 2007
If a person seeks to fully master all the possibilities of the language, to belong to the elite type of speech culture, then he must master all styles of speech, and not only make spelling, punctuation, pronunciation, etc., but also stylistic mistakes.
Stylistic errors are, on the one hand, the use of language means that are inappropriate in a given style, and on the other hand, a violation of the requirements for clarity, accuracy, brevity, richness and expressiveness.
Among the mistakes associated with poor mastery of the resources of the Russian language, the most common are the following:
Among the mistakes associated with an underdeveloped linguistic stylistic sense, the most common are the following:
Error type | Examples |
---|---|
Stylistically unmotivated use of expressive means (epithets, comparisons, etc.). | Zhukovsky's ballad rings like a bell. Titanic Teachers' efforts have paid off: student performance has clearly increased in the past year. |
Mixing vocabulary of different styles, in particular, unmotivated use of colloquial or book vocabulary. | Andrei Bolkonsky is a person with progressive views. Secular society to him not related(the word is not motivated not only in meaning, but also stylistically - it refers to colloquial vocabulary). |
The dissonance created by the accumulation of vowels, hissing, etc. | A at A Andrew Bolkonsky... This is great sh her work depicts Yu lu chsh their people of that time, dedicating sh their lives will fight for the light sch her humanity. |
Violation of the overall functional and stylistic integrity of the work. | For example, the theme of an essay requires an emotional expression of one's impressions, and it is embodied in a dry scientific or stationery style. |
Various types of stylistic errors can be played up in speech, in particular, in literary texts. So, in the "Tale of the Troika" by A. and B. Strugatsky, the passion of officials for compiling unnecessary memos and instructions is ridiculed. There was a notice posted on the elevator door saying that "no sleeping or bouncing" was allowed there. In this case, not only the absurdity of the content of the instruction is played out, but also the clerical method of splitting the predicate:
sleep - engage in sleep, bounce - engage in bouncing.
Stylistic errors are quite common in both formal and informal speech. Many of them become so typical that we hardly notice them. That is why it is necessary to carefully monitor your speech from this point of view.
In Latin there is a word lapsus. It denotes a mistake in a person's speech. From this word, the well-known abbreviation of a blunder appeared. Only if a blunder is considered a gross violation of the norms of speech, then lapsus does not have such a strict meaning. Unfortunately, there is no analogue of this word, which denotes speech errors, in modern Russian. But lapsus are found everywhere.
Speech errors are divided into normative errors and misprints. Misprints are mechanical errors. In the text, the word may be spelled incorrectly, which will complicate the perception of information. Or, instead of one word, another is accidentally used. Misprints are also found in spoken language. These are reservations that can be heard from people every day.
Mechanical errors occur unconsciously, but a lot depends on them. Mistakes in writing numbers create a distortion of factual information. And the wrong spelling of words can completely change the meaning of what was said. One scene from Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day, directed by Miguel Arteta, illustrates well the problem of typos. The printing house mixed up the letters "p" and "s" and in the children's book they wrote the phrase "You can burp on the bed" instead of "You can jump on the bed." And according to the plot of the film, this situation resulted in a scandal.
Special attention was paid to misprints during the Stalinist repressions, when an incorrectly written word cost a person his life. It is impossible to eradicate the problem of typos, since a person makes them unconsciously. The only way you can avoid this type of speech error is to be careful when writing the text, carefully choosing the words you will pronounce.
Types of regulatory errors
Speech errors are associated with a violation of the norms of the Russian language. Types of speech errors:
- orthoepic;
- morphological;
- spelling;
- syntactically-punctuation;
- stylistic;
- lexical.
spelling error
A pronunciation error is associated with a violation of the norms of orthoepy. It appears only in oral speech. This is an erroneous pronunciation of sounds, words or phrases. Pronunciation errors also include incorrect stress.
The distortion of words occurs in the direction of reducing the number of letters. For example, when instead of "thousand" the word "thousand" is pronounced. If you want to speak competently and beautifully, you should rid your speech of such words. The erroneous pronunciation of the word "of course" - "of course" is also common.
Pronouncing the correct stress is not only correct, but also fashionable. Surely you have heard how people correct the wrong accent in the words “Alcohol”, “ringing”, “contract” to the correct ones - “alcohol”, “ringing” and “contract”. Incorrect emphasis has recently been more noticeable than before. And the opinion of your erudition depends on the observance of the norms of pronunciation.
Morphological error
Morphology is a branch of linguistics in which words and their parts are the object of study. Morphological errors are obtained due to the incorrect formation of word forms of various parts of speech. The reasons are incorrect declension, errors in the use of gender and number.
For example, "doctors" instead of "doctor". This is a morphological error in the use of the plural.
Often use the wrong form of the word when changing the case. The genitive case of the word apples is apples. Sometimes the words use the wrong form of "apples" instead.
Common morphological errors - incorrect spelling of numerals:
"The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches." In this example, the word "fifty" was not declined. Correct spelling: "The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches."
In the use of adjectives, the mistake of misusing the comparative degree is common. For example, such usage: "more beautiful" instead of "more beautiful". Or "the highest" instead of "the highest" or "the highest".
Spelling mistake
Spelling errors are the wrong spelling of words. They arise when a person does not know correct spelling words. Have you ever received a message where you found grammatical errors. A common example is writing the word "sorry" with an "e". To prevent such spelling errors from happening to you, read as much as possible. Reading stimulates the perception of the correct spelling of words. And if you are used to reading correctly written text, then you will write without making grammatical errors.
Spelling errors, in principle, happen due to ignorance of the correctness of words. Therefore, if you are not sure about the written word, you should consult a dictionary. At work, learn the list of words specific to your field that you need to remember and in which you should never make grammatical errors.
Syntax and punctuation errors
These types of speech errors occur when punctuation marks are incorrectly set and words are combined incorrectly in phrases and sentences.
Missing dashes, extra commas - this refers to punctuation errors. Do not be too lazy to open the textbook if you are not sure about setting the comma. Again, this is a problem that can be dealt with by reading a lot of books. You get used to the correct punctuation and already on an intuitive level it is difficult for you to make a mistake.
Syntax violations are common. Coordination errors are common. “For happiness, a person needs a favorite place to relax, work, a happy family.” The word "need" in this sentence does not fit in the enumeration. You need to use "need".
Professional editors find that management error is common. When a word is replaced with a synonym or a similar word, but the control does not agree with the new word.
An example of a management error: "They praised and congratulated Alina for the victory."
They praised Alina. They brought congratulations to Alina. Parts of the proposal do not agree due to mismanagement. After "praised" you need to add the word "her" to correct the mistake.
Stylistic mistakes
Unlike other types of errors, stylistic errors are based on a distortion of the meaning of the text. Classification of the main stylistic speech errors:
- Pleonasm. The phenomenon occurs frequently. Pleonasm is a redundant expression. The author expresses the thought, supplementing it with all understandable information. For example, “a minute of time has passed”, “he told the true truth”, “a secret spy was following the passenger”. A minute is a unit of time. Truth is truth. A spy is a secret agent anyway.
- Cliche. These are well-established phrases that are very often used. Cliches cannot be fully attributed to speech errors. Sometimes their use is appropriate. But if they are often found in the text, or the cliché of the conversational style is used in business, this is a serious speech error. The expressions "to win", "golden autumn", "overwhelming majority" belong to the cliché.
- Tautology. A mistake in which the same or single-root words are often repeated. In one sentence, the same word should not be repeated. It is desirable to exclude repetitions in adjacent sentences.
Sentences in which this mistake was made: “He smiled, his smile filled the room with light”, “Katya blushed from red wine”, “Peter loved to go fishing and catch fish.”
- Violation of word order. IN English language word order is much stricter than in Russian. It is distinguished by a clear construction of parts of the sentence in a certain sequence. In Russian, you can swap word combinations as you would like. But at the same time, it is important not to lose the meaning of the statement.
To prevent this from happening, follow two rules:
- The order of words in a sentence can be direct and reverse, depending on the subject and predicate.
- Secondary members of the sentence must agree with the words on which they depend.
Lexical speech errors
The vocabulary is lexicon language. Mistakes occur when you write or talk about something you don't understand. More often, errors in the meanings of words occur for several reasons:
- The word is obsolete and rarely used in modern Russian.
- The word refers to a highly specialized vocabulary.
- The word is a neologism and its meaning is not common.
Classification of lexical speech errors:
- False synonym. A person considers several words that are not synonyms as synonyms. For example, authority is not popularity, and features are not differences. Examples where the mistake was made:"The singer was an authority among young people" instead of "The singer was popular among young people." "The brother and sister had many differences in character" instead of "The brother and sister had many differences in character."
- Use of similar sounding words. For example, the use of the word "single" when it is necessary to say "ordinary". Instead of the word "Indian" they can write the erroneous "turkey".
- Confusion in close-meaning words. "Interviewer" and "Interviewee", "Subscriber" and "Subscription", "Address" and "Addressor".
- Unintentional formation of new words.
It's easy to make a speech error. Sometimes this happens in the case of a reservation, and sometimes the problem lies in ignorance of any norm of the Russian language or because of the confusion of the meanings of words. Read a lot of books, speak correctly and do not hesitate to once again refer to a dictionary or textbook. Constantly work on oral and writing so that the number of errors is close to zero.
- Crocus flower. Growing crocus. Crocus care. Crocus: description, reproduction, care, planting, use in the garden, photos, varieties and types of Crocus ruby giant description
- Alphabetical index of plants from "A" to "Z" Elderberry ornamental trees and shrubs
- Reeds: photos, recommendations for care, average price
- Potato wet rot causes