old new world
What parts of the world are not taken into account when dividing the earth's land into old light and the New World? The Old World is the common name of the three parts of the world known to ancient people: Europe, Asia and Africa. This name arose after the discovery of America, which was called the New World. Australia, Oceania and Antarctica are not included in this division.
Why did America get its name from Amerigo Vespucci and not Christopher Columbus who discovered it?
Departing on his famous journey, Christopher Columbus set himself the task of reaching, sailing from the west, the shores of Asia. When on October 12, 1492, on the 74th day of the journey, land appeared ahead, he announced to the team that this was Japan, and then plowed the waters of the Caribbean Sea for three months, hoping to reach the coast of China and India. Having made three more voyages after that, Columbus twice landed on the American continent, but until his death in 1506, he was convinced that he had opened the way to Asia. The Florentine Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512) participated in several expeditions across the Atlantic in 1499-1504, which reached the coast South America, while historians doubt that his position was command in at least one of these voyages.
In any case, his merits in the discovery of America are incommensurable with the merits of Columbus, who will forever remain the central figure of the great era of European overseas expansion. However, Amerigo Vespucci fascinatingly described his travels in letters, in which he proposed to name the new continent, “completely unknown to the ancients,” the New World. America. For South America, this designation quickly found general recognition, and in 1538, on the Mercator map, it was first extended to North America.
Why Abel Tasman's voyage to Oceania is called a brilliant failure
The task of the expedition, led by the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman (1603-1659), was to search for the "unknown southern mainland." In 1642-1643 he made in the Indian and Pacific Oceans sailing along the circular route, during which he discovered Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and New Zealand. Tasman was unfortunate in that, having circled Australia, he did not see her. However, at the same time, Tasman proved with all certainty that the area of \u200b\u200bAustralia is not as large as it was believed at that time, and it is not part of some other “Southern Land”.
What was the name of Australia before 1814
Since the discovery of Australia and all the major discoveries of its coasts in the 17th century were made by Dutch sailors, it was first called New Holland. However, in the 18th century, the British seized the initiative to explore the new continent. In 1699, the English pirate W. Dampier discovered a number of bays and bays on the northwestern coast of the mainland. In 1770, the English navigator James Cook during his first round the world expedition opened the eastern coast of the mainland and passed through the Torres Strait from the Coral Sea to the Arafura Sea. An English penal colony (modern Sydney) was founded in Port Jackson Bay in 1788, and after its foundation, intensive work began on surveying the coast of the mainland. In 1798, the English surveyor George Bass discovered the strait, later named after him, separating Tasmania from the mainland. His compatriot Matthew Flinders, during three expeditions (1798-1803), went around the entire mainland, explored the Great Barrier Reef and the Gulf of Carpentaria and discovered a number of bays. Having published a report on his journey in London in 1814, Flinders proposed to give the mainland a new name - Australia (South Land).
How long ago it was proved that Sakhalin is an island
Sakhalin was discovered by Europeans in the 17th century. In 1640, the Cossacks of I. Yu. Moskvitin's detachment visited it, in 1643 - the Dutch navigator Martin de Vries, who mistook Sakhalin for part of the Japanese island of Hokkaido. In 1787, the French captain Jean-Francois La Perouse entered the Tatar Strait from the Sea of Japan and, having reached its narrowest part, turned back, and then went around the southern tip of Sakhalin, thereby proving that it does not connect with the island of Hokkaido (the strait between Sakhalin and Hokkaido subsequently received the name La Perouse - site). At the beginning of the 19th century, the coast of Sakhalin was explored by I.F. Kruzenshtern during the first Russian round-the-world expedition (1803-1806). At first, he repeated the route of La Perouse and sailed to Kamchatka, but then returned to the northern coast of Sakhalin and explored the northern part of the strait between it and the mainland. Krusenstern erroneously concluded that Sakhalin is connected to the mainland and is a peninsula.
This mistake was corrected almost half a century later by G. I. Nevelskoy, who in 1848-1849, being the commander of the Baikal transport, conducted a study of the northern part of Sakhalin, the Sakhalin Bay and the mouth of the Amur River and proved that Sakhalin is an island. The strait between Sakhalin and the mainland, connecting the Tatar Strait with the Amur Estuary, is named after Nevelsky.
What was the original name of the island of Haiti?
Before the advent of Europeans, this island in the Greater Antilles group was called by the Indians (its indigenous inhabitants) Haiti (“Mountainous”). In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on it and, sticking the flag of his king into the ground and setting up a cross, he called Hispaniola, which means “Little Spain” in Spanish. Later, the Spanish filibusters gave the island the name of Santo Domingo ("Holy Sunday"). On January 1, 1804, the Declaration of Independence of the island from France was proclaimed and its original name, Haiti, was restored.
There are several versions of the origin of the terms "Old" and "New World". According to one of them, they were introduced by Amerigo Vespucci in 1503, according to another, Christopher Columbus used them as early as 1492 to separate known and new discovered lands. The expressions Old and New Worlds were used for several centuries, until they completely went out of fashion and lost their relevance due to the discovery of new islands and continents.
Old World and New World: geography
Europeans traditionally attributed to the concept of the Old World two continents - Eurasia and Africa, i.e. only those lands that were known before the discovery of the two Americas, and to the New World - North and South America. These designations quickly became fashionable and became widespread. The terms quickly became very capacious; they referred not only to the geographical concepts of the known and unknown world. The Old World began to be called something well-known, traditional or conservative, the New World - something fundamentally new, little studied, revolutionary.In biology, flora and fauna are also usually divided geographically into gifts from the Old and New Worlds. But unlike the traditional interpretation of the term, the New World biologically includes the plants and animals of Australia.
Later, Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania and a number of islands in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans were discovered. They were not included in the New World and were designated by the broad term Southern Lands. At the same time, the term Unknown Southern Land appeared - a theoretical continent on south pole. The icy continent was discovered only in 1820 and also did not become part of the New World. Thus, the terms Old and New Worlds refer not so much to geographical concepts as to the historical-temporal border "before and after" the discovery and development of the American continents.
Old World and New World: winemaking
Today, the terms Old and New Worlds in the geographical sense are used only by historians. These concepts acquired a new meaning in winemaking to designate the founding countries of the wine industry and countries developing in this direction. The Old World traditionally includes all European states, Georgia, Armenia, Iraq, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. To the New World - India, China, Japan, the countries of North, South America and Africa, as well as Australia and Oceania.For example, Georgia and Italy are associated with wine, France with Champagne and Cognac, Ireland with whiskey, Switzerland and Great Britain with Scotland with absinthe, and Mexico is considered the ancestor of tequila.
In 1878, on the territory of the Crimea, Prince Lev Golitsyn founded a factory for the production of sparkling wines, which was named "New World", later a resort village grew around it, which is called the New World. The picturesque bay annually receives crowds of tourists who want to relax on the Black Sea coast, get to taste the famous Novy Svet wines and champagne, walk along the grottoes, bays and the reserved juniper grove. In addition, the eponymous settlements is on the territory of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
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There are several versions of the origin of the terms "Old" and "New World". According to one of them, they were introduced by Amerigo Vespucci in 1503, according to another, Christopher Columbus used them as early as 1492 to separate known and new discovered lands. The expressions Old and New Worlds were used for several centuries, until they completely went out of fashion and lost their relevance due to the discovery of new islands and continents.
Old World and New World: geography
Europeans traditionally attributed to the concept of the Old World two continents - Eurasia and Africa, i.e. only those lands that were known before the discovery of the two Americas, and to the New World - North and South America. These designations quickly became fashionable and became widespread. The terms quickly became very capacious; they referred not only to the geographical concepts of the known and unknown world. The Old World began to be called something well-known, traditional or conservative, the New World - something fundamentally new, little studied, revolutionary.In biology, flora and fauna are also usually divided geographically into gifts from the Old and New Worlds. But unlike the traditional interpretation of the term, the New World biologically includes the plants and animals of Australia.
Later, Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania and a number of islands in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans were discovered. They were not included in the New World and were designated by the broad term Southern Lands. At the same time, the term Unknown Southern Land appeared - a theoretical continent at the South Pole. The icy continent was discovered only in 1820 and also did not become part of the New World. Thus, the terms Old and New Worlds refer not so much to geographical concepts as to the historical-temporal border "before and after" the discovery and development of the American continents.
Old World and New World: winemaking
Today, the terms Old and New Worlds in the geographical sense are used only by historians. These concepts acquired a new meaning in winemaking to designate the founding countries of the wine industry and countries developing in this direction. The Old World traditionally includes all European states, Georgia, Armenia, Iraq, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. To the New World - India, China, Japan, the countries of North, South America and Africa, as well as Australia and Oceania.For example, Georgia and Italy are associated with wine, France with Champagne and Cognac, Ireland with whiskey, Switzerland and Great Britain with Scotland with absinthe, and Mexico is considered the ancestor of tequila.
In 1878, on the territory of the Crimea, Prince Lev Golitsyn founded a factory for the production of sparkling wines, which was named "New World", later a resort village grew around it, which is called the New World. The picturesque bay annually receives crowds of tourists who want to relax on the Black Sea coast, get to taste the famous Novy Svet wines and champagne, walk along the grottoes, bays and the reserved juniper grove. In addition, there are settlements of the same name on the territory of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
Let's start with what is geographically referred to in the wine world as the concept of "Old World"? This is the part of the land between Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and the Atlantic Ocean. This primarily includes all of Europe and other countries of the Mediterranean basin: the Middle East and North Africa. The last two regions, in terms of wine production, cannot yet compete even closely with “old Europe”, therefore, speaking of Old World wines, of course, they first of all mean Europe.
Since it is almost unanimously accepted that the birth of winemaking took place somewhere in the area covering modern Georgia, Armenia, Turkey and Iraq, we can say that the Old World is considered the birthplace of winemaking and no one disputes this. The wines of the Old World include products from Russia and other former republics USSR - Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Moldova, etc.
The New World refers to such wine-producing countries as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, both Americas, in other words, places where active winemaking began relatively recently by historical standards - 200-300 years ago. Apparently, the wines of China, Vietnam, India and other Asian countries, where mass production of wine also began recently, should also be attributed to the drinks of the New World.
So, what characterizes each of the worlds? Let's say right away that listing similarities and differences can take several volumes. We do not pretend to describe them completely, immediately making a reservation about certain conventions and approximations due to the incredible variety of factors.
old light
Time
Wine-making traditions in this part of the world last for many centuries, if not millennia. Winemaking has become an integral part of the local culture. More than a thousand years of natural adaptation experience.
Determining Factors
Two main factors have the greatest influence on the styles of Old World wines - centuries of tradition and terroir. And if the former refers to the long history of winemaking in the region, the latter is due to geography and the unique characteristics of a particular place. The technique of working in vineyards and wine cellars in the Old World is less based on science - geography is much more important here than technology.
A long period of experimentation in Old World vineyards made it possible to find and define those grape varieties and vineyard practices that would best suit the site, respecting the natural expression of the local terroir. This also includes the most efficient ways of pruning the vines, maximum yields, winemaking techniques. Later, this invaluable experience of previous generations was the basis of the rules in France - Appellation d" origine contrô lé e(AOC), in Italy - Denominazione di origine controllata(DOC), in Spain - Denominació n de Origen(DO), etc. All this can be controlled by the grower and winemaker.
The term terroir is used to describe aspects of a wine region such as soils, climate and topography that are often beyond the winemaker's control.
Labels
Old World wine labels usually indicate the name of the region or place where the wine was made or the grapes for it were grown. This comes from the fact that winemakers of the Old World believe that the unique properties of each particular terroir have a much greater influence on the characteristics of the resulting wine than the grape varieties used to produce it.
Varietal composition
As a rule, blends of varieties to maintain the historically established taste and aroma characteristics of wines
Taste
Largely mineral, earthy, more complex, less strong. More originality and refinement thanks to the huge variety and terroir.
Marketing
Optional, non-aggressive, and in France it is generally prohibitive.
Quality
Traditional, classic, reliable, proven by time and generations
Excerpt
Wines, as a rule, only win if they lie down for a year or two in a bottle. The best wines are meant to be stored for a long time and only get better with time.
Peculiarities
Old World wines tend to be more refined in their flavor and aroma characteristics, have lower alcohol content and higher acidity, they are less fruity on the palate, less time spent in barrels, new barrels are used less often, giving the wine less oaky characteristics. High production costs due to more manual labor, unions and shorter working hours (especially in France). As a rule, they lose to the New World in terms of price / quality ratio. Also, these wines are characterized by a huge variation in quality depending on the year.
Attitude towards the environment
In the countries of the Old World, with its centuries-old wine-making traditions, nature is seen as a defining and guiding force.
Fashion
Slowly respond to changing fashion and market demands. They are bound by the rules of appellation, which is why they are less mobile. Their creators honor traditions and are sometimes sure that this will pass anyway, but they also take the loss of a monopoly on the world wine market hard. As a rule, these wines are poorly adapted to competition and are not ready for the globalization of the market.
The creation of Super Tuscan wines is an attempt to go beyond existing rules and have more freedom to experiment.
New World
Time
Winemaking history lasts no more than a few centuries. Wine is seen more as a commodity than a cultural symbol.
Determining Factors
More faith in science and modern technologies. Terroir is taken into account, but as a factor one of many. Constant experimentation, the search for something new. A much smaller number of restrictive and prohibitive rules makes it easier to innovate. The dramatic difference between European and New World winemaking is the result of various systems regulation. And first of all it concerns irrigation. In Europe, it is banned in most regions, but is widely used in the New World. The result is different criteria when choosing a site for a vineyard.
Labels
Grape variety(s) used, winery name, brand name. The movement to indicate the varietal composition on wine labels in the 1960s and 70s was led by the famous Californian winemaker Robert Mondavi, and since then this trend has spread throughout the New World, and is now gaining more and more popularity in the Old.
Varietal composition
Wines are often made from a single grape variety, which is almost always indicated on the label. The variety of these wines is well expressed in taste and aroma.
Taste
New World wines are said to be dominated by a fruity flavor that comes from grapes. At the same time, the fruity taste prevails over other taste characteristics introduced into the wine from other technological methods used in the production of wine, such as fermentation in barrels, aging in them, contact with the sediment, malolactic fermentation, etc.
Marketing
Omnipresent and ubiquitous. Being less dependent on geography, New World winemakers pay more attention to branding as a marketing tool. One of characteristic features this fashion for brands was the creation more animal labels.
Quality
More "technical precision" in wines. Mature, with a strong structure, sweeter tannins and high level alcohol, they are easier to understand.
Excerpt
Typically made for immediate consumption, especially mass-produced wines.
Peculiarities
Since most of the New World vineyards are located in a hotter climate and there are no special restrictions on irrigation, the berries here are more mature, with a high concentration of sugar and consistent quality from year to year. The result is wines that are more alcoholic and body-bodied. Unlike in Europe, in the New World, specific areas are not associated with particular styles of wine, and winemakers tend to buy grapes from many sources. The vineyards of the New World escaped the Napoleonic Code, when they, especially in Burgundy, were divided among all heirs, so the vineyard areas are usually large, they produce more wine from them, it turns out cheaper, which means it is easier to negotiate with supermarket chains, which have now become the main retailer wine trade. The best price/quality ratio compared to the Old World, which contributes to more successful sales of wines, especially during the economic crisis.
The victory of Californian wines at the famous Paris tasting in 1976 boosted interest in American wines, gave confidence to New World producers and at the same time revealed some archaic practices in French winemaking.
Attitude towards the environment
In most countries of the New World, nature is regarded with suspicion, as if it were some kind of enemy that must be subdued and controlled by the methods that science provides.
Fashion
Wines of the New World respond faster to changing fashion, adapting to it. This happens because the winegrowers and winemakers of the New World are "less bound" by various rules and regulations and they are more free in their experiments.
General
The world of wine does not stand still, it is mobile. It has a huge effect modern facilities communications and speed of movement around the world. It is now much easier to manage vineyards and wineries in different countries around the globe than it used to be when ideas and information were exchanged through letters and this went on for centuries. Due to this, new technologies spread around the world very quickly. All this leads to more similar homogeneous wines in these two parts, where the influence of a particular winemaker is more important than terroir or history.
“Flying” consultants have become very popular, who make good use of the fact that the cycles of vine development and harvesting in different hemispheres are shifted by half a year and they manage to work first in the South, and then fly to the North in time. Here it is necessary to mention two of them - the Frenchman Michel Rolland and the Italian Alberto Antonini (Alberto Antonini). Each of them advises on hundreds of households in more than a dozen countries around the world.
Sometimes you can read phrases that hardly surprise anyone: “this wine from the Spanish Priory is more reminiscent of the New World” or “international style wine”.
New World winemakers are increasingly using the art of creating blends of varieties - shiraz / cabernet sauvignon or semillon / sauvignon blanc, or Rhone blends - grenache, syrah and mourvèdre. The division of wines into representatives of the Old and New Worlds is becoming increasingly difficult. There are multinational companies that own wineries on all continents, leveling the differences between the two worlds. In addition, cheaper transport costs contribute to the rapid delivery of wines anywhere in the world.
What awaits us? Convergence, convergence and merging of wine styles, monotonous mass-produced wine around the world, a kind of McWine like McDonald's? We hope that this will not happen after all.
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