Drawing up a layout drawing. Making a master plan. Norms
General plan - a summary document of the planned development of the territory, which shows the location of the designed, existing, reconstructed and subject to demolition buildings, structures, engineering networks, roads, railways, landscaping, landscaping, terrain planning, etc.
The composition and rules for drawing up the drawings of the master plan and transport of the enterprise (GT brand) must comply with SPDS GOST 21.204-93.
Horizontal lines are applied to the master plan and tied to the topographic base. The master plan is a drawing of the territory, which shows the location of the designed, existing, reconstructed and subject to demolition of buildings and structures. Newly constructed buildings are placed depending on their functional or technological connection and in accordance with fire and sanitary standards. These norms define the minimum distances between buildings, water sources, etc. Fire-prevention distances between them depend on the degree of fire resistance of the building (Table 14.2.1)
The sanitary gap between the ends of buildings with windows is set depending on the height of the higher building. It must be at least 12 m. If there are no windows, the gap is determined according to fire safety standards. Between the long side and the end of the building, it is taken at least 12 m. Between single-section buildings of five floors and above, as well as tower-type houses, the sanitary gap must be at least one and a half heights of a higher building, but not less than 30 m.
Sanitary gaps are also established between the boundary of residential development and the zone of industrial construction and between other objects.
In addition, the master plan also depicts the boundaries of the site to be built, auxiliary buildings, green spaces, various sites, driveways and roads.
Master plans may show power, lighting, telephone and telegraph lines, water supply, sewerage, heating and other networks.
If necessary, a drawing of energy and sanitary mains with an indication of the necessary structures and their connection to the designed and existing facilities can be separated separately into the master plan of engineering communications.
Scales. To perform various drawings of the Sh brand, scales of 1:500, 1:1000 are used, fragments of plans - 1:200, nodes - 1:20. If necessary, it is allowed to use a scale of 1:2000 for the drawings of the general plan, and a scale of 1:10 for nodes.
Master plan drawings include:
- layout plan (layout of buildings and structures);
- relief organization plan;
- plan of earth masses;
- master plan of engineering networks;
- landscaping plan.
When placing complex objects, sometimes a master plan scheme is performed, on the basis of which, after agreement with the customer, working drawings are made.
Master plan schemes are drawn, as are training drawings.
If the drawing contains one or more images in the same scale, then it is indicated in the main inscription after the name of the image. If several images have a different scale, it is signed under the name of each image.
Dimensions on master plans are given in meters with two decimal places. The same dimension is accepted for coordinates.
Angles are indicated in degrees with an error of no more than 1", if necessary - 1"".
Slopes are expressed in ppm without indicating the unit of measurement.
The steepness of the slopes is given in the form of ratios 1:1.5; 1:2.
Marks. The system of marks adopted on a topographical basis must correspond to the system of marks of the master plan. Marks on the master plan are expressed in meters with two decimal places. The mark mark is taken in accordance with GOST 21.101-97 in the form of an arrow.
Stroke lines are regulated by GOST 2.303-68*. The contours of the designed buildings and structures are solid thick main (S).
Designed above-ground engineering networks, design horizontals with marks that are multiples of 0.5 and 1 m - solid thick (S). Designed underground engineering networks, zero work line - dashed (S/2). The fracture line of the design relief is dashed (S/Z). Construction geodetic grid, territory fencing, grid of squares for calculating the volume of earth masses, contours of designed buildings, design horizontals, berghashes, etc. - solid thin (S / 3).
The conditional border of the territory is dash-dotted with two points (2/3S). The line thickness S is taken depending on the scale and clarity of the drawing.
Conditional images. In the drawings of master plans, they use "Symbols for topographic plans at scales 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000, 1:500" to depict and designate existing buildings and structures, engineering networks and transport devices. Existing railways at scales of 1:1000 and 1:500 can be depicted with one solid thin line.
Designed ground and underground buildings and structures, engineering networks and transport devices are depicted on master plans in accordance with GOST 21.204-93.
Buildings, structures, engineering networks and transport devices to be developed or demolished are depicted as shown in Fig. 14.2.1, and those to be reconstructed - as shown in Fig. 14.2.2, and the distance between the hatching lines is taken for a scale of 1: 2000 and 1:5000 - 1.5-2 mm, and for scales 1:500, 1:1000 - 2.5-3 mm.
Conventional signs for topographic plans, conditional graphic images and designations in the drawings of master plans, as a rule, are used without explanation. Some conditional images according to GOST 21.204-93 are given in Table. 14.2.2 and tab. 14.2.3. When using conditional images that are not provided for by GOST, appropriate explanations should be given in the master plan drawings.
If it is necessary to show existing and planned buildings on one drawing, then the symbols of existing buildings are made with thinner lines. If it is difficult to distinguish the conventional graphic designations of the same-named designed and existing buildings, you can accompany them with an explanatory inscription or give an explanation in the explication or instructions for the drawing.
The contours of the designed buildings and structures on the master plans are depicted according to the plans of the working drawings of the objects, taking the coordination axes of the buildings and structures aligned with the inner faces of the walls.
If the distance from the outer wall of the building to the coordination axis on the scale of the image exceeds the thickness of the contour line, the latter is referred from the coordination axis to the corresponding distance (Fig. 14.2.3).
Sheet layout. When making master plan drawings, attention should be paid to the uniform filling of the working field of the sheet and to the clarity of the image. The master plan drawing has the long side of the territory along the long side of the sheet. The top of the image should correspond to the northern part of the site. A deviation from the north orientation is allowed within 90 ° to the left and to the right. On all sheets, the master plan drawings are made with the same orientation.
Orientation direction, i.e. the line "south - north", in all cases is indicated by an arrow. Different types of arrows are shown in Fig.14.2.4.
If necessary, a chart showing the number of windy days as a percentage for a given area and the direction of the wind relative to the cardinal points during the year is depicted on a sheet with a master plan drawing. This diagram is called the wind rose, the construction sequence of which is shown in Figure 14.2.5, a-c. Wind data are plotted on a scale from the point taken as the center towards the wind (Fig. 15.2.5, c). Thus, each pending segment shows the direction to the center of the wind rose and the duration of the wind as a percentage relative to the cardinal points. The sum of all segments that determine the direction of the wind and the number of windy days in different directions should be equal to 100%.
On general plans it is not allowed to draw buildings in a mirror image in relation to the applied project. For all designed and existing buildings, as a rule, door and gate openings are shown as breaks in the contour with the center line.
Buildings and structures on the master plan are marked with Arabic numerals. The marking number is recommended to be placed in the lower right corner of the building outline.
General plan drawings are performed both in line graphics and in hillshade - plain or color.
All paints are suitable for washing, except for bright ones, washing with black ink is especially good.
Examples of various layouts of master plans are shown in fig. 14.2.6-14.2.8.
The arrangement of graphic material on the master plan sheets may be different. For example, in the upper left part of the sheet, a south-north arrow or a wind rose is drawn, a situational plan with a highlighted construction site. In the lower left part of the sheet, you can place conditional images that are not included in GOST 21204-93, with appropriate explanations. In the center of the sheet is a drawing of the general plan. On the right side, from top to bottom, there are tables (explication of buildings and structures, a list of residential and public buildings and structures, etc.), as well as textual indications (notes). Their width, as a rule, is taken equal to the width of the main inscription. Between these data and the main inscription, it is recommended to leave a free margin of at least 45 mm for making changes that have arisen at the end of the design. An approximate location is shown in fig. 14.2.9.
A layout drawing is made only after drawing on the design plan of all design lines, designed objects and records on it of all segments (measurements) and angles necessary to transfer the project to nature.
The layout drawing is a technical document. It is compiled on the basis of applying the volume of work that can be completed in 2-3 days, then a new layout drawing is drawn up (in order to avoid damage - more than one for the entire period of work).
Only the necessary for transferring the project to nature is applied to the layout drawing:
· design boundaries;
the magnitude of the design angles and lines that need to be built or measured on the ground;
· points of geodetic substantiation, which are used when transferring the project;
· contours of the situation, facilitating the location of geodetic justification points on the ground or serving as a support for transferring the project;
Numbers and names of land holdings and land uses.
The layout drawing shows:
black ink existing on the ground borders, contours, inscriptions, conventional signs, rhumbs, line lengths;
· in red ink all projected boundaries, site numbers, geodetic data;
· projected theodolite traverses, auxiliary main lines and related geodetic data in blue ink.
It is better to record readings (measurements) on a measuring instrument on an accrual basis (to avoid errors, to increase accuracy), and even better - double data: both the distance between points and the length of an accrual total. The route is marked with arrows.
The more thoroughly the preparation for the transfer of the project is carried out, the faster and with less errors the field work is carried out.
Signs at the design points are installed in the alignment of the line on which the design boundaries are based. However, if the location of the sign falls on a road, in a ravine, swamp, etc., then the sign is placed away from the reference line, but on the design boundary.
With a sufficiently reliable geodetic justification for transferring the project, when repeated measurements, calculations and amendments to the dimensions of the sides of the sections are not required, measurements are usually performed quickly, only the setting of signs is delayed. Therefore, it is necessary that there be at least 2 - 3 pairs of diggers with well-honed shovels. They put up boundary markers at the points marked by the land surveyor in place
stakes. At these points, the land surveyor leaves signs, on them he writes down the numbers of the fields between which these signs are installed with oil paint. In order for the setting of signs at the marked points to be sufficiently accurate, along one line (in the alignment), the place for setting each sign is taken to the cross or to the alignment. To do this, at a distance of 2-3 m from the point marked with a stake, four thin pegs are placed, so that the place for setting the sign is at the point of intersection of the lines connecting them. After that, they dig a hole and put a sign in it, checking its position by pegs. Sometimes, instead of pegs, grooves are dug on the ground, and one of them, where the line between the inscriptions of field numbers should be directed, is dug another groove in the form of an arrow. Then the workers will be able to accurately place the sign, correctly orienting it in accordance with the inscriptions. The signs are dug in mounds 0.3 - 0.5 m high and 1.5 - 2 m in diameter. A ditch is dug around the mound, the earth from which is poured onto the mound. All boundaries between fields and plots, roads and cattle passes are plowed into one furrow.
A layout drawing is made only after drawing on the design plan of all the design lines of the designed objects and recording on it all the segments (measurements) and angles necessary to transfer the project to nature. It is a technical document, as well as the outline of a theodolite survey, is attached to the technical office work and indicates the order and correctness of the field work. It provides for such a procedure for transferring the project that will ensure the highest productivity of the contractor, reduce idle movements of the workforce and allow the work to be completed with the required accuracy.
Layout drawings are drawn up to the scale of the project plan only for those parts of the land use on which the project will be transferred within one to three working days (to avoid damage to the entire layout drawing in the field). If the project is simple, then the layout drawing can be drawn up schematically on a piece of paper.
Only what is necessary for transferring the project to nature is applied to the layout drawing: design boundaries; the magnitude of the design angles and lines that need to be built and measured on the ground; geodetic justification points that are used when transferring the project; contours of the situation, facilitating the location of geodetic justification points on the ground or serving as a support for transferring the project; numbers and names of fields and plots.
On the layout drawing, it is customary to depict in black the boundaries existing on the ground, the contours of the lands, conventional signs (significantly sparse) and the inscriptions of geodetic data related to the existing boundaries (points, line lengths), and in red - everything designed: boundaries, plot numbers, geodetic data. At the same time, it is better to show new (projected) theodolite traverses, auxiliary trunk lines and geodetic data related to them in a different color (blue, purple).
Measurements to the boundaries of the sections on the layout drawing (Fig. 6.3) are recorded on an accrual basis along the way, starting from one reference point to the next, near the design and final reference points. This is useful when placing a line on the ground. Firstly, it eliminates errors when summing line segments. Secondly, it makes the measurement process continuous from the starting point with a measuring tape or an electronic range finder (total station) when the reflector is moved along the line. Thirdly, obtaining a control reading at the end of the reference line, equal to its length, that it is along this line that the project is transferred to nature.
When compiling a layout drawing, they think over the route of movement when performing field work and mark it with index arrows (Fig. 6.3. and 6.4). At the same time, points are marked at which milestones will be installed for orientation when laying side passages and lines that serve as reference points for laying out other sections .
Site master plan
The starting point for creating a successful landscape is the development of a detailed plan of action, expressed in graphic drawings. Basic documents: general plan, dendroplan and layout layout drawing. Knowledge of the basic terms and symbols will allow not only to easily read the drawings, but also to keep abreast of all landscape work with an understanding of the matter.
The project documentation will graphically show how the adjacent territory will look like after all the design and construction work, serve as the main guide on the basis of which all work will be carried out, and in addition, it will help to correctly calculate the final cost and implementation time. The general list of required drawings and documents includes, in particular: a plan of the existing situation, several options, sketches of the general plan with drawing the most interesting areas, a general plan, a layout drawing of a layout, a layout of plantings and laying coatings, an assortment list, an estimated cost of main and additional types works, specifications.
Additionally, the following can be developed: a list and an inventory scheme of existing plantations, a plan for felling and crowning of plantations, a geo-base (when conducting a geodetic survey), a vertical layout scheme (in case of significant processing or changes in the existing relief), a drainage system scheme, a storm sewer scheme, a decorative lighting scheme , automatic irrigation scheme.
In order to start design work, the customer must provide the designer, architect with some documents and information, such as:
- Geodetic survey of the site is carried out on a scale of 1:100 or 1:200 with reference to all existing objects, with the designation of cardinal points. The terrain is displayed, because when designing, the direction of the slope will be of great importance - southern, northern, whether there are lowlands on the site, etc.
- Technical conditions necessary for the design of an automatic irrigation system (where is the source of water, what is the water pressure in the water supply, etc.).
- Specifications required for the landscape lighting system (supply cable diameter, etc.).
- The level of occurrence of groundwater.
- Insolation of the site (this factor largely affects the selection of plants when developing a dendroplan. The direction of the shadow from future buildings and plants is also taken into account).
- Direction, strength and dynamics of the wind (the resulting turbulent currents can harm plants and make it uncomfortable to stay in the garden).
- The results of soil analysis - its composition, acidity are determined, it is also possible to establish its chemical and radiation contamination.
The customer can collect all the necessary information, or entrust these functions directly to the landscape designer.
A master plan is a carefully thought-out plan, done electronically in color or by hand on paper. Based on the master plan, other drawings are also carried out.
The master plan shows the boundaries of the site, the planned plants, flower beds, paths, playgrounds, all existing plantings, all buildings and architectural structures (house, garage, utility rooms, swimming pool, as well as projected objects, such as a road and path network, as well as sites for recreation, gazebos, decorative pond, etc.).
The following are applied to the fields of the master plan drawing: explication, symbols, technical and economic indicators of external improvement and landscaping, the scale and cardinal points are indicated.
Explication
1. Residential building
2. Premises for protection
3. Bath
4. Flower bed in a retaining wall
5. Aviary
6. Fruit and vegetable garden
7. Grotto
8. Playground with a canopy
9. Access to the river
underground networks
sewers
outdoor lighting points
Conventions in landscape design
Decorative inert material (pine bark, marble chips)
Road surface made of FEM or clinker bricks
Road surface made of natural stone (slate)
Projected deciduous shrubs
Designed deciduous trees
Projected coniferous shrubs
Projected conifers
Vertical gardening (vines)
Dendroplan
Dendrological plan, or layout drawing, needed by landscapers. Only a house, a fence, other objects to which binding will be carried out, flower beds and planting pits for trees and shrubs are applied to the drawing.
Vegetation designations in the drawings consist of the name of the breeds and the number in the form of a fraction. The numerator is the number in the assortment sheet, the denominator is the number of plants in this group.
Symbols for outdoor lighting points
Main outdoor lighting h - 1300-1600 mm
Main outdoor lighting h - 400-600 mm
Main outdoor lighting - built-in stair lighting h - 1300-1600 mm
Additional outdoor lighting - spotlight
Additional outdoor lighting - built-in lawn lighting
Additional outdoor lighting - built-in road lighting
Explication
1. Residential building
2. Premises for protection
3. Bath
4. Flower bed in a retaining wall
5. Aviary
6. Fruit and vegetable garden
7. Grotto
8. Playground with a canopy
9. Access to the river
10. Additional entrance to the site
The assortment sheet is a numbered list of plants that are designed on the master plan. It indicates the genus, species and variety of the plant in Russian and Latin, as well as their number. This document is compiled in a certain sequence. The assortment sheet can be placed on the fields or attached separately.
To lay out in kind planting pits (for trees) and pits (for shrubs), the dimensions (length, width) of arrays, group planting, the distance between trees, as well as the necessary auxiliary distances from the edges of paths, alleys, sites to landing sites are applied on the planting drawing .
Layout drawing in landscape design
layout drawing- a graphical appendix to the master plan, according to which the project is carried out in nature. All paths, platforms, retaining walls, gazebos, pergolas, sheds, rockeries, ponds, streams and other structures are applied to it.
Binding is carried out to existing buildings, fencing, groups of existing plantations. The layout drawing does not include green spaces in order not to complicate its reading.
Pavement type plan with the assignment of hard surface types, which displays the types of pavements of paths and platforms, whether it is paving stones, paving slabs, gravel filling, etc.
Explication
1. Residential building
2. Premises for protection
3. Bath
4. Flower bed in a retaining wall
5. Aviary
6. Fruit and vegetable garden
7. Grotto
8. Playground with a canopy
9. Access to the river
10. Additional entrance to the site
outdoor lighting points
Main outdoor lighting h - 1300-1600 mm
Main outdoor lighting h - 400-600 mm
Main outdoor lighting - built-in stair lighting h - 1300-1600 mm
Additional outdoor lighting - spotlight
Additional outdoor lighting - built-in lawn lighting
Additional outdoor lighting - built-in road lighting
road surface from FEM
1. FEM - 60 (40) mm
2. Mounting ball from a c / n mixture with the cost of cement M400-150 kg / m 3 -50 mm
3. Concrete base V-12.5, F-100, W-2, reinforced with mesh F10 A400 C 200 * 200 -100 mm
4. Crushed stone of granite fraction 20-40 mm - 200 mm
5. Compacted soil