Blame the people. Whose temple was the antediluvian Cathedral of St. Isaac? Vineta is the city of the White Axis. Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian
Our world has become noticeably smaller. And it's not at all about transport, which has reduced travel time. Over the past couple of millennia, vast areas of land have disappeared from the face of the earth, the memory of which remains only in folk legends and ancient chronicles. Moreover, the death of the forgotten Atlantis was not due to the gradual advance of the ocean, but to the frenzied onslaught of the elements that destroyed everything in a matter of days or even minutes, turning prosperous cities into underwater ruins. Thanks to modern equipment, archaeologists have a chance to find the lost territories...
Ancient chroniclers admired the wealth and grandeur of Vineta, a Slavic city that stood on a fortified island in the Baltic Sea. Trade flourished in it, ships from all over the world moored - Slavic, Saxon, Scandinavian and Byzantine. At the entrance to the harbor, for the first time in northern Europe, lighthouses were installed. The Germans called it Yumne (City of Light).
Many nations have a legend about their Atlantis. Whose attention will not be attracted by a colorful story about a mysterious ghost town flooded in ancient times, which disappeared, taking streets, houses, temples, people, animals with it into the abyss? A terrible catastrophe for those times for our contemporaries has become an interesting historical mystery, a mystery that I want to investigate and reveal.
As a rule, such ghost towns in the eyes of all mankind personified the ideal of a joyful, happy and serene life. True, these cities were always threatened with destruction. The authors of poetic tales did not know how to dispose of them future fate, therefore, most often they sent their mythical cities to the bottom of the seas and oceans. But often the legends about the disappeared cities had quite good reasons for them to become interested and scientists began their research. In this regard, it suffices to recall the history of the famous Sodom and Gomorrah, perhaps resting under a thick layer of silt and volcanic ash at the bottom of the Dead Sea. Or accidentally discovered Pompeii with Herculaneum, covered with ash and lava of Vesuvius. And for Russia it is the mysterious city of Kitezh.
Some ports and prosperous cities of antiquity were destroyed not as a result of their sinking to the bottom of the sea, but, on the contrary, as a result of moving away from it. Such a fate befell, for example, the Turkish city of Ephesus, the ruins of which are today south of Izmir. About two and a half thousand years ago, the Menderes River, which flowed into the sea, practically buried the city with its deposits of silt. Only the road has survived from it, which ends four kilometers from the sea.
The northern Germans did not lag behind the Italians, Greeks, Slavs. They also wanted to have their own fabulous ghost town, once located on the shores of the Baltic Sea. But where did he disappear to, if he ever existed at all? As far as is known, there have never been volcanoes in those areas in the foreseeable past, no known strong earthquakes have occurred. Floods, however, happened, but all the cities remained in their places. The elements after several days of revelry, as a rule, receded.
Nevertheless, some scientists from Berlin still quite seriously argue that in the Middle Ages, on the coast of the Baltic Sea (near the island of Wolin), at the confluence of the Oder River into the sea, there was a large port city of Vineta. It is listed in all the encyclopedias of the world, but very little is known about it.
Chronicles briefly report that about seven hundred years ago (before the devastation in the XII century by the Danes) Vineta was the largest trading center of the German north. Trade flourished in the city, ships from all over the world moored in the port. In terms of its scope, Vineta was in many ways reminiscent of medieval Hamburg and Lübeck. But these two cities are still alive today, nothing happened to them, except for rare floods, but Vineta completely disappeared. Where and how? Archaeologists from the land of Mecklenburg-Predpomerania are sure that the legendary city is not fiction, it really existed. And today it lies at the bottom of the Bartets Bay, not far from the small ancient city Bart, mentioned in the chronicles of the XIII century. Getting to Vineta is not easy, as it is covered with a multi-meter layer of silt.
It is also called the Venice of the North, Atlantis of the Baltic, Slavic Amsterdam and even the German Titanic. About a thousand years ago, the beautiful Slavic city of Vineta was swallowed up by the sea. For centuries, the tragic fate of Vineta inspired not only poets and musicians, but above all scientists - historians, geographers. Because Vineta is not a figment of the imagination, but a real city hidden under water and silt. With bells, houses, a market square and treasures. Underwater treasure in "especially large sizes". So far no one has been able to find him.
The wondrous beauty of the house shone with colored glass. White marble columns adorned the brick façades, glittering with golden frames. The wealth of the townspeople seemed to be on display. The men wore fur-trimmed robes, and feathers swayed on their berets. Women wrapped themselves in silks and velvet. Like the new Russians, they loved thick gold chains, large precious stones, gold dishes, and even spun on gold spindles.
Here is what was reported about Vineta in the Russian encyclopedic dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron: “Vineta, otherwise called Yulin or Yumna, in the 10th and 11th centuries a lively Slavic city, was located on the island of Voline at the mouth of the Oder. Adam of Bremen (1067) speaks of Vineta as one of the largest seaside towns on the Baltic coast. Not far from Vineta, on Silver Mountain, there was a fortification of the Scandinavian Vikings Jomsburg.
In 1184, in the war between the Danish king Knut VI and the Duke of Pomerania, Bohuslav, Vineta was burned and destroyed by the Danes. Later, a legend was formed that, as a result of an earthquake, the city sank into the sea, where you can supposedly see its ruins. The latest research (Virchow and Friedel) did not confirm this and proved that Vineta was located on the site of the present city of Wollina
Historian Adam Bremensky
And here is what the German geographer Adam Bremensky himself wrote about Vineta, who called it Yumna: “The city is full of goods from all the peoples of the North. It is bigger and more beautiful than any other city in Europe. Vineta is overrun with barbarians, Greeks, Slavs and Saxons. Sailors, merchants, craftsmen - everyone is welcome here. But only if they do not profess Christianity. Because everyone here is in error and worships pagan idols.”
A long, long time ago, when not only us, but also our grandfathers and great-grandfathers were not yet in the world, the rich and commercial Slavic city of Vineta stood on the seashore; and in this city lived the rich merchant Usedom, whose ships, loaded with expensive ...
So did this blessed city exist or not? And if he existed, where did he disappear to? What preceded the disaster? The modern Berlin historian Ponter Vermusch believes that Vineta is not the city of Wolin. We are talking about Vineta, which existed and died as a result of those floods that periodically flood the lands of Holland. “The inhabitants of Vineta blocked today's bay with dams and locks, protecting them from the destructive effects of sea waves.
They were the first who began to protect themselves from the rampant sea elements. But the conquerors who came, the Danish warriors, destroyed all these dams. They did not want to preserve the beautiful free city, which, together with its inhabitants, aroused envy in them. And in order to hide the act of their hands and annoy the inhabitants, they decided that Vineta should die. It was they who destroyed the locks, dams. And the water poured into the streets of the city. In other words, they acted according to the principle: "Carthage must be destroyed" - and it was destroyed. And a century after the flooding of Vineta, merchants noted that they saw the roofs and spiers of the city under water.
But the gaze of the chroniclers also noticed something else - the arrogance and arrogance of rich townspeople: cracks in the walls of houses are plugged with bread, babies' bottoms are wiped with rolls!
Since the 8th century, Vineta, inhabited by barbarians, Greeks, Slavs, Saxons, was considered the most important trading metropolis of the Baltic Sea. Seafarers, traders, artisans were welcomed here, but visitors had to hide their Christian (read: Catholic) faith, because, according to Adam von Bremen, Vineta worshiped pagan gods. For the same reason, the Catholic scientist himself never visited a foreign land, but obtained information from the Danish king.
- In the Pomeranian sagas, Vineta is mentioned quite often, - says Dr. historical sciences Klaus Goldman. - The name itself has a Slavic origin. Legends say that once every hundred years the city rises to the surface and even a child can save it, but born on Sunday (such children are especially pleasing to God), who will enter Vineta and pay a penny. Once a young man who was tending sheep saw a wonderful city, only he did not have a penny. To this day, romantic natures hear the indistinct ringing of bells, coming from the depths of the sea. There were indeed bells in Vineta.
Literally a hundred years after Adam von Bremen, another scientist, author of the history of the Slavic peoples, Helmold von Bosau, who devoted an entire chapter to Vineta, repeating his predecessor almost word for word, added that the city was attacked by the fleet of the Danish king and completely destroyed. Only half-submerged ruins remained. After 1170, Vineta is not mentioned in the chronicles, as if it never existed.
Dr. Klaus Goldman
- Attempts to find the sunken city have been made repeatedly since the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, continues Dr. Goldman. - To date, there are two versions of the location of the German Atlantis, but they are untenable. Yes, in those places - Volin and Usedom - there really were early Slavic settlements, but not Vineta.
The whereabouts of Vineta are still being debated. According to the description of Adam of Bremen, the city could also be located near the island of Rügen at the mouth of the Peene River. Historians could also confuse the names of the cities, Vineta was later called Volin. But be that as it may, the researchers plan to check the old outlines and direction of the Pene River in the near future in order to start searching for the disappeared city. If they can find even the slightest trace of a flooded ancient city, it will be a truly scientific sensation. None of the ghost towns have yet surfaced. Perhaps the palm in this will belong to Vineta.
Adam von Bremen would not be a geographer if he did not give an accurate description of the location of Vineta. The “chief witness” clearly indicated that from Vineta to Demmin (this city can be found on modern map) a few hours of rowing along the Peene River, a tributary of the Oder. But since that distant time, much on earth has changed, including the mouths and beds of rivers. The fourth mouth of the Oder has not been preserved either. But there is no doubt that it was. According to Klaus Goldman, this is evidenced by satellite photographs during last year's flood on the Oder - scientists dubbed it the Millennium Flood. The muddy waters of the river rushed into the Baltic Sea along their ancient path. Now all that remained was to put Adam von Bremen's recordings on their feet.
The Peene River in the 11th century did not flow to the east, as it does today, but to the west. And to Demmin - only a few hours on the oars. The hypothesis of modern researchers was “confirmed” by the great Greek Claudius Ptolemy. Back in the 2nd century, in his work on Germany, the ancient geographer gave the exact coordinates of the mouth of a large river flowing in moss-covered lands, where Vineta later grew. By the way, the Volga appears in Ptolemy under the name of Ra.
The only discrepancy remained: in the manuscript of Adam Wyneth it is called Yumne, Iumne, Uimne. According to the hypothesis of Berlin historians, we are talking about the name "imne". Gothic letters consist entirely of vertical sticks, and scribe monks could easily confuse them. The word "imne" meant forest beekeeping, or beekeeping. The most interesting thing is that the current town, near which the excavations of Vineta will take place, is called Bart. In the VIII-IX centuries, honey was the only sweet and was valued as highly as salt. From honey, the Slavs brewed intoxicated mead - the wine of that time.
How did the wonderful city die? According to the unanimous opinion of the majority of climatologists, over the past five thousand years, no special cataclysms have happened in the Baltic Sea.
- It is known that Vineta went under water for three days and nights, - says Dr. Goldman. - This could happen only for one reason: the city was flooded. But not by force.
Dr. Klaus Goldman
In the Germanic and Slavic coastal villages, they knew how to build dams and locks. In this matter they succeeded no worse than the Romans, who built viaducts. The country, lying below sea level, protected by skilful dams, was extraordinarily fertile. Harvested there twice a year. Although, according to ancient sources and, in particular, excerpts from the travel diaries of the traveler-diplomat Ibrahim ibn Jacob (X century), the lands of Vineta are entirely pastures, forests and swamps. That is, they seemed to be unsuitable for agriculture.
But it turned out that there was an inaccuracy in the translation. When Dr. Goldman showed the phrase about swamps to an Arabic scholar, it turned out that the word meant fertile muddy lowlands. By the way, in Latin the word "swamp" is interpreted in the same way.
The disaster of Vineta was caused artificially: the enemies, most likely the Danes, broke through the dam and flooded the country. The man-made tide swept away the dams, and the storm waves of the Baltic, unrestrained by anything, poured over the defenseless city. Vineta's fate was sealed.
However, Klaus Goldman doubts that it was the Danes who signed the death warrant for the prosperous city. Vineta was like a thorn in the side of the people living nearby, looking at the riches of the free land with mixed feelings. economic system rich country could surprise anyone. In the city, along with silver coins, there were original checks - patches, which, probably, at any moment could be exchanged for gold. They were ruled not by princes and kings, but by elders. The same was the structure of Venice and the Hanseatic cities.
Freedom was very difficult to maintain, being surrounded by peoples who professed a different religion, even Christian. The inhabitants of Vineta felt their involvement with Kyiv, Byzantium, Novgorod - this is clearly evidenced by the documents. Perhaps Vineta was an Orthodox city and fell victim to a crusade in 1147?
And further. The Viking cities that stretched to Novgorod were about a day's journey apart, strung like pearls on a chain. But in this chain, according to Dr. Goldman, just one link is missing. Wines?
In order to test the put forward theory, it is necessary to conduct serious research and finally answer the questions: did the Oder flow in those parts, did the dams maintain the water level. Pollen analysis will be carried out in moss-covered river valleys. In short, all the weapons of modern archeology will be put on alert.
And finally, the most interesting. Klaus Goldman is convinced that in the Kievan and Byzantine annals there will certainly be information (mentions) about the sunken city. Therefore, our historians, specialists in Byzantium, have a chance to contribute to the discovery of their German colleagues. But what was the name of the Kyiv monks-chroniclers Vineta? This question is yet to be answered
Fragment of the dismantled third St. Isaac's Cathedral. Lithograph after a drawing by Montferrand. 1845
What do we see in the lithograph? Destroyed, not dismantled, the majestic building of the ancient imperial style! With colossal walls, buried in the ground no less than the Hermitage.
And, for a minute, this is the THIRD temple! The only association I have in this connection is a similar figure of speech used for Solomon's temple. Naturally, the Nazis will categorically preserve such a heritage, giving a strict order not to shoot or bomb the temple. Given their serious interest in ancient technology.
The building is destroyed, what does this mean? What kind of events have taken place since the time of Peter I, who allegedly built the city from scratch, so that the building would suffer like this? History tells us nothing of the kind. Therefore, we see an artifact of antediluvian times, over which a temporary wooden roof was built to protect its remnants from heavenly moisture.
In connection with all this, I remembered the "fairy tale" of the court adviser M.D. Chulkov, in which he writes strange things, stating from the first pages that in the place of St. Petersburg there was an ancient capital city of Vineta (Venets). In which there were temples of Belobog and so on, which in itself is surprising, even for a fairy tale.
And one more thing that I just noticed. Describing Big city on the shores of the Varangian Sea, the author informs us that it is located on the noon side of Vineta. Noon, it's south, isn't it? But the shores of the Varangian Sea are in the west! Now, anyway. And before the disaster that washed away Vineta, God knows ...
And whether Chulkov wrote this fairy tale, or took it from the archives in finished form, that's what I thought ...
Original taken from tar_s in Vineta, the moral city of Vineta...
Mikhail Dmitrievich Chulkov, (1743-1793) - Russian publisher, writer, historian.
In 1770, Chulkov entered the civil service, becoming a collegiate registrar in the Senate Chancellery. In 1771, he moved to the King of Arms office with the rank of registrar. In 1772, he entered the service of a collegiate registrar in the position of secretary at the College of Commerce, where he served until 1779. After which he was promoted. He began work in the Chief Magistrate with the rank of collegiate assessor, where he rose to the rank of court counselor.
In the 1770s, while serving at the College of Commerce, Chulkov focused his attention on historical and economic topics. As secretary of the College of Commerce, he dealt with many materials, including legislative acts and treaties of previous years, and also had access to the archive.
In 1783 he published The Dictionary of Russian Superstitions (2nd edition was published in 1786 under the title " Abevega of Russian superstitions”), where he described rituals, everyday customs, signs, etiquette and folk holidays. Chulkov adhered to the principle of equality of all peoples whose beliefs and traditions deserve equal attention and interest.
In the XIX century, the works of M. Chulkov were not republished, because. considered "immoral".
Hare
The Tale of Siloslav
In the time of our ancient princes, before the time of the still great Kiy, in the place where St. Petersburg is now, there was a magnificent, glorious and populous city named Vineta; it was inhabited by the Slavs, a brave and strong people. The sovereign of this city was called Nravoblag; he was a brave commander in his time, took up arms against Rome and Greece and conquered many neighboring peoples under his region. Prosperity and wise laws from time to time brought his possession into a flourishing state; happiness, reason and strength assigned everything to him according to his desire, and he was comforted and pleased, looking at the abundance and tranquility of his state, for the peace and prosperity of the people were all his well-being.
He was already coming into extreme old age and had no heir by himself; for this sake, he sacrificed Didilia (Didilia, the Slavic goddess of childbirth; she was asked for the fertility of children, had temples in many cities, as the goddess of childbirth, and asked her son to inherit her throne. Having learned this, some sorceress, who had a great disagreement with the strongest some evil spirit, set out to take revenge on him by this mortal, whom she set out to make strong and brave.Assuming the appearance of a hermit, she appeared to Nravoblagu at a time when he poured milk on the victim to his domestic gods, and said the following:
The gods who rule over you, having heard your prayer, send you a son, whose name will thunder with glory throughout the universe.
Then she gave him two fruits, of which beauty and incense were inexplicable, with such an order that the empress, his wife, ate them, and, having finished this, disappeared. Filled with surprise and joy, the sovereign thanked the gods and soon fulfilled the will of the sorceress. The fruits were eaten, and Zvenislava (that was the name of the Nravoblagova wife) admitted that she had never eaten anything sweeter than them all her life. After this, she conceived, and at the end of ordinary time she gave birth to a son worthy of herself and the gift of the gods.
Meanwhile, the whole city was amazed at her burden, for she was already in happy years and so they did not hope for fruit from her, but they did not know about the appearance and promise of the sorceress.
When Zvenislava was relieved of the burden, then the prince, after calling the people to his court, announced to him through the proclaimer the following:
Prince Nravoblag, always considering the happiness of his subjects above his own well-being, had hourly care for their well-being. Finally, in old age, not seeing a successor in himself, but in the people of a patron and a prince, he asked the almighty gods to reward him with a son. The gods fulfilled his prayer and sent their holy man to him, who reassured the prince with their mercy, as a token of which he brought two preposterous fruits from the heavenly garden, never seen before, with such a proposal that Princess Zvenislava should eat them, which she did, and from that very day she conceived a son, who is now born, on whose birth Prince Nravoblag now congratulates the Slavic people.
Having heard this, the people exclaimed and splashed to the glory of the ruler and heir. And from that hour joy spread throughout the city. The sovereign ordered that sacrifices be made in all the deities and the people celebrate for a whole month; and the princely palace during this celebration was always filled with people. Throughout the city and its environs, nothing but fun and feasting was heard.
Finally, joy gave way to the fulfillment of necessary needs. At the age of five years of infancy, Siloslavov was taken care of by the sages of that time: everything was used to adorn his mind. And at the end of the seventeenth year, they saw in the young prince an image of incomprehensible beauty and intelligence.
Then Nravoblag, seeing his desire in perfect pleasure, began to propose marriage to him in order to extend his legacy to the tranquility of the state, which his subjects also desired. The respectful and obedient son followed without question the will of his parent and willingly agreed to everything. Then Nravoblag showed him a large picture, on which there were small images of many princesses and princesses of other possessions, because then it was such a custom and all young sovereigns had to choose their spouses according to these images.
The very first image in the picture was hung. Siloslav looked at the others for a very long time and did not announce his opinion, then he asked his father to show him the one that was closed. The stubbornness of his parent inspired great curiosity in him, and Nravoblag was bound to agree to his request. As soon as he discovered the image representing the most beautiful maiden, then Siloslav in joyful delight declared her his wife.
Such admiration alarmed his parent: he, wanting to hide the adventure with this princess from his son, who, as he thought, would not fail to follow her and look for her in the whole world, announced to him that she had recently died. This empress was the daughter of Stanidarov, who possessed the multinational city of Host. Siloslav, once having a meeting with her, fell mortally in love with her. As soon as he heard this, he was confused by thought and became speechless, his joy turned into despair, and, not answering his parent, he followed to his halls. The indescribable beauty of Prelepa (that was the name of Stanidarov's daughter) struck Siloslav's heart. He began to complain and tried to be always alone; his reflections produced in him such fervor that he already began to despise his own life and tried to seek death. Krepostan, his favorite, seeing the contrition of his sovereign and equally sympathetic, undertook to show zeal to him and notify the abduction of the empress that Siloslav suffers. So, he appeared to him and said the following:
Great sovereign! Your contrition and my duty demand that I alleviate your sorrow and reveal to you the secret that your parent hides from you. Prelepa is the daughter of a great sovereign, who has a multinational Host. This city, as you know, is on the coast of the Varangian Sea to the midday side of Vineta. For her excellent beauty, which you have long known, she was kidnapped by some evil spirit, who keeps her in his castle. After this kidnapping, her contrite parent called from distant lands skillful sorcerers who cast great spells on the kidnapper and forced him to return Prelepa back. Sometimes they reached the point with their art that the spirit was afraid of their power and, read it, was forced to return her to her father.
For three whole years he worried about such spells and, finally, arming himself with all his strength, turned the whole city and the entire princely generation into stone idols, and killed all the Magi in an unknown way. This sovereign loved the image of a snake, and so the whole city was dotted, all its vessels, and, in a word, all things had the mark of this animal and splashing on the ground. Outside the city, the wall was fenced with a great serpent, whose tail was fixed in its jaws. The Spirit, turning people into stone, gave movement to these animals, which now inhabit the whole city, and not a single person dares to enter it, fearing terrible killing from those reptiles. Their movement, the whistle and the stench coming from them several miles away, are felt by those passing by; and the abduction of Prelepa is now in its fifth year, and I think, sir, that she is still alive under the rule of that spirit.
Siloslav, hearing this, seemed to wake up from sleep and, filled with great joy, which depicted hope on his face, embraced his confidante and assured him of eternal gratitude. Then he announced that he intended to travel and look for her all over the world. Krepostan advised him to leave this enterprise and suggested that it was impossible to return Prelepa, because where she lives is unknown, and how to find her is unknown. However, the advice of his young and passionately in love young man inspired even more the desire to follow his passion, and did not turn away from the enterprise.
So, it was determined by Siloslav to wander the world. Neither the tears of the mother, nor the threats of the father, nor the requests of the subjects could refute his desires. In this case, he became obedient to his parents and forgot what he owed to his subjects, from which one can judge how much power love has over our heart. Every minute seemed to him that it was taking time away from him in order to obtain something that was not more pleasant to him in the world. Although he did not know in the least where he should look for her, he always imagined that he already had her in his hands; he imagined all the comforts that he imagined having upon receiving Prelepa, and her name alone gave wings to the desire. He thought of nothing else but to leave.
Meanwhile, as he reasoned about which road to start the journey, everything was prepared for his departure; only all these preparations were not suitable for him. He ordered to bring a lot of horses and chose one of them, on which he could go on a journey: he put his hand on the back of each horse, and the one that buckled under it was not good for him. Finally chose one at will and, taking a forced blessing from his parents, left the city, which saw him off with tears and a desperate cry. Krepostan followed him with a small youthful squad, which Siloslav ordered to return to the city.
The open field, feeling in itself a young, beautiful and brave knight, admired this adornment of mortals; the forests that met him seemed to bend their branches, and thereby did him due honor; the splendid appearance, brilliant clothes and vivacity of his horse really represented that he had no opponent in the whole universe. Krepostan himself was surprised at him, seeing him in heroic clothes, for the first time he saw him in it, and Siloslav, being filled with love, forced only his horse to run as soon as possible, not thinking in the least where and why he was going. Finally, after a long journey, they arrived at the beautiful meadows of the city of Sonma.
This city stood on a flat place and looked like a hexagonal figure, and each of its corners ended in a high tower like the Egyptian pyramids; the tops of these towers were covered with cast copper, which was gilded with Arabian gold. Each tower had one gate and a bridge across the moat, which surrounded the whole city. In the middle of the city lofty and splendid chambers shone; Atlas sat on their narrow top and held the sky on his shoulders in the form of a ball, which was showered with rubies and carbuncle, whose brilliance represented it to the audience as another sun. It was the palace of the Stanidars.
The walls of the city were closed by the serpent that surrounded the city behind the moat, for it was of enormous size and had movement, and emitted a terrible roar. The whistle and movement of animals in the city inspired fear in all those approaching it. However, Siloslav without shyness looked at this terrible monster and, going around, was looking for a way how to be inside the city. Then he saw a great square stone, on which these lines were carved:
"This city will then take on its former existence when the earth feels such a strong hero on itself, who will bring this stone on ramen into the middle of the city."
Siloslav, having read this, felt an impulse that his white spirit aroused in him (White spirit: the pagans believed that from birth two spirits were assigned to a person, one white and the other black. The first prompted to good, and the other to evil.) , and hit the stone with a spear, which crumbled into small pieces. Suddenly, from under it, a naked woman appeared before him; her body was burned, the hair on her head withered, bloody wounds covered her legs, her face and lips were all cracked from the heat, and blood flowed from them; in her hands she had a cane with magical images on it. Approaching Siloslav, she ordered him to get off his horse; then, taking him by the hand, she led him into an underground abyss, with which the hole was closed by this stone, and Krepostan followed them.
"The life and work of Saltykov-Shchedrin" - Museum of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Book titles. Belinsky. Russian writer. The nature of his work. Mother's death. Childhood. Time for creative achievement. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Collection of insects. Stages of biography and creativity. Museum. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Succession connections. Administrator. Artistic type.
“A lesson on the fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin” - “I grew up in the bosom of serfdom” M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. General-polite. Grotesque. The meaning of satire by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Satire is a merciless, destroying ridicule, criticism of reality, a person, a phenomenon. A fairy tale is an instrument of socio-political satire. What caused the writer to choose the genre of fairy tales? Allegory.
"The life and work of Shchedrin" - The writer's mother. "Domestic Notes". House on Liteiny Prospekt. The writer's wife. Arsenal guardhouse. Lord Golovlyov. Life, creativity. "History of a city". Saltykov-Shchedrin. Writer's father. Daughter of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. N.V. Gogol. Creativity Shchedrin. Son of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Moscow noble institute.
"Biography of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin" - Street. The beginning of literary activity. Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin. Last years life. History of one city. Museum opened. Mikhail Evgrafovich with his wife. Writer's childhood. I love Russia to the point of heartache. In exile. Writer. Olga Mikhailovna. Creativity Shchedrin. Memorial plaque. The composition of the editorial board of the journal.
"Wild landowner" - 7) epithet. 4) sarcasm. The tale was first published in 1869 in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski. Fairy tale "The Wild Landlord". Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov - Shchedrin (1826 - 1889). 8) humor. 10. what did the landowner treat all the guests to? Theoretical dictation. What brings the fairy tale of Saltykov-Shchedrin closer to folk tales?
"Biography of Shchedrin" - Met his future wife Lisa Boltina. The decomposition of the foundations of an exploitative society is shown: property, family and state. Stages of the biography and creativity of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826-1889). Break in literary activity. 1856 Writer-satirist, publicist, critic, editor. "Vyatka captivity".
First, a long introductory quote.
City of Vineta, gone under water
"Chronicles briefly report that about seven hundred years ago (before the devastation in the 12th century by the Danes) Vineta was the largest trading center of the German north. Trade flourished in the city, ships from all over the world moored in the port. Vineta in many respects resembled medieval Hamburg and Lübeck: But these two cities are still alive today, nothing has happened to them, except for rare floods, but Vineta has completely disappeared.Where and how?
/ The assumptions are very different. Here is a map of options:
Archaeologists from the land of Mecklenburg-Surprise are sure that the legendary city is not fiction, it really existed. And today it lies at the bottom of the Bartets Bay, not far from the small ancient city of Bart, mentioned in the chronicles of the 13th century. Getting to Vineta is not easy, as it is covered with a multi-meter layer of silt.
Ancient legends describe this mysterious city in this way. “Luxury houses in it were decorated with stained glass windows. Columns of white marble and alabaster held the canopies over the entrances to the dwelling. Gilded tiles, reflective sunlight and until sunset filled the streets with a yellow glow.
Men in Vineta wore robes trimmed with expensive fur and berets with long feathers. The women were wrapped in velvet and silks, heavy gold jewelry with huge precious stones wrapped around their necks. The girls spun on small spinning wheels with a golden spindle. They drank wine there from golden cups, and the holes in the walls were plugged with bread.
In this story, much resembles what Plato wrote about Atlantis: admiration for a beautiful city, rich and contented people. And as a punishment - the same disappearance in the depths of sea waters, disappearance into eternity. And since it is impossible to check this description, every chronograph tried in its own way. Here is what was reported about Vineta in the Russian encyclopedic dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron: “Vineta, otherwise called Yulin or Yumna, in the 10th and 11th centuries a lively Slavic city, was located on the island of Voline at the mouth of the Oder. Adam of Bremen (1067) speaks of Vineta as one of the largest seaside towns on the Baltic coast.
Not far from Vineta, on Silver Mountain, there was a fortification of the Scandinavian Vikings Jomsburt. In 1184, in the war between the Danish king Knut VI and the Duke of Pomerania, Bohuslav, Vineta was burned and destroyed by the Danes. Later, a legend was formed that, as a result of an earthquake, the city sank into the sea, where you can supposedly see its ruins. The latest research (Virchow and Friedel) did not confirm this and proved that Vineta was located on the site of the present city of Wolin.
And here is what the German geographer Adam Bremensky himself wrote about Vineta, who called it Yumna. “The city is full of goods from all the peoples of the North. It is bigger and more beautiful than any other city in Europe. Vineta is overrun with barbarians, Greeks, Slavs and Saxons. Sailors, merchants, craftsmen - everyone is welcome here. But only if they do not profess Christianity. Because everyone here is in error and worships pagan idols.”
So did this blessed city exist or not? And if he existed, where did he disappear to? What preceded the disaster?
The modern Berlin historian Günther Wermusch believes that Vineta is not the city of Wolin. We are talking about Vineta, which existed and died as a result of those floods that periodically flood the lands of Holland. “The inhabitants of Vineta blocked today's bay with dams and locks, protecting them from the destructive effects of sea waves. They were the first who began to protect themselves from the rampant sea elements. But the conquerors who came, the Danish warriors, destroyed all these dams.
They did not want to preserve the beautiful free city, which, together with its inhabitants, aroused envy in them. And in order to hide the act of their hands and annoy the inhabitants, they decided that Vineta should die. It was they who destroyed the locks, dams. And the water poured into the streets of the city. In other words, they acted according to the principle: "Carthage must be destroyed" - and it was destroyed. And a century after the flooding of Vineta, merchants noted that they saw the roofs and spiers of the city under water.
The whereabouts of Vineta are still being debated. According to the description of Adam of Bremen, the city could also be located near the island of Rügen at the mouth of the Peene River. Historians could also confuse the names of the cities, Vineta was later called Volin. But be that as it may, the researchers plan to check the old outlines and direction of the Pene River in the near future in order to start searching for the disappeared city. If they manage to find even the slightest trace of the flooded ancient city, then this will be a truly scientific sensation. None of the ghost towns have yet surfaced. Perhaps the palm in this will belong to Vineta.
But where did he disappear to, if he ever existed at all? As far as is known, there have never been volcanoes in those areas in the foreseeable past, no known strong earthquakes have occurred. Floods, however, happened, but all the cities remained in their places. The elements after several days of revelry, as a rule, receded.
Nevertheless, some scientists from Berlin still quite seriously argue that in the Middle Ages, on the coast of the Baltic Sea (near the island of Wolin), at the confluence of the Oder River into the sea, there was a large port city of Vineta. It is listed in all the encyclopedias of the world, but very little is known about it.
http://www.itishistory.ru/1i/10_katasrofi_15.php
And now to the point. Where could the lost city be?
"In the scope of its activities, Vineta was in many ways reminiscent of medieval Hamburg and Lübeck." Let's try to understand from the location and configuration of these cities that still exist today what the missing city could be and where to look for it.
Hamburg. City on an island in the middle of the Elbe, 80 km from the sea. The Elbe is a 1165 km long river that originates in the Czech Republic and flows through the whole of Germany. Its basin is 148 thousand sq. km. Hamburg is the key to access to the North Sea for this entire area. The island is conveniently located in the depths of the territory, two or three passages from the mouth, so that it can always be prepared in time for an attack from the sea. With a diameter of 6800 m, it resembles the round island capitals of Antilles (22 ° 7 "51.55" N 81 ° 30 "26.71" W) and Taiwan (25 ° 4 "17.10" N 121 ° 28 "22.02" E) Atlantis - their sizes are 6600 and 6800 m. Is the center of Hamburg an artificial island? Maybe yes. It is too conveniently located, too "standard" in size, only the channels are badly destroyed and distorted.
But if you try to increase the contrast, the vegetation of the central part of the island with a diameter of 3800 ... 4000 m stands out in a darker green circle. Was there a canal there too?
Such a double ring was in the capital of the Amazonian Atlantis, which, like the Antilles, today lies on a shallow shelf (0 ° 50 "28.30" N 50 ° 17 "11.81" W).
It seems that Hamburg was indeed founded during the reign of the Atlanteans, and the choice of location turned out to be so convenient for trade and defense. trade routes that this artificial island was also used by later civilizations.
Lübeck. A port on the Baltic Sea near the mouth of the Trave River. In history it is known as the largest center of the Hanseatic League. Lies on an island in the riverbed. Grass at its confluence with the river. Wakenitz.
The island, like the one on which Hamburg is located, lies on the axis of the channel, and it seems that it once had a round shape with a diameter of about 1100 m. It also has the left part of the second water ring. Has there ever been a right or its role has always been played by r. Wakenitz - it is not clear.
The Trave River does not represent any significant economic interest. So why on Grass? Well, firstly, Lübeck stands at least on a small, but still on a hill. This means that the riverbed could, for example, flow around it on one side, and it remained to dig a channel on the other side of the hill. True, among the Atlanteans all such islands are perfectly round. Exceptions are similar to Lübeck - in a living river, the bed of which is located in eroded soils, "tails" of sediments grow in front of the island and behind it with time. Here they are very large, and if this is alluvium near the man-made ring, the island is very old. Then the hill can be just a high cultural layer, like Hisarlik - but archaeologists will say that better.
Of course, it is also possible natural origin islands, but on the short Grass there is another one of the same kind. It is smaller, about 250 m in diameter, also with "tails", and on it stands Bad Oldesloe - a small town with at least a thousand-year history of settlement of the territory, according to archaeologists. Two once round islands on the axis of the channel of one river - already too much for chance.
For especially doubters - Bremen, the third leader of the Hanseatic League, like Hamburg, standing 70 km (two crossings) from the North Sea, like Lübeck, standing on an island (but already on the axis of the Weser channel), like Lübeck, which has a neat diameter inscribed in the "tails" of the circle about 1000 m.
But surely there must be some economic sense in the appearance of Lübeck?
He is. There is access to the Elbe along the Wakenitz River and lakes, which means that goods from the upper Elbe could be redirected to Lübeck and further to the Baltic. It is also a route from the Baltic through Wakenets and the lower reaches of the Elbe to the North Sea by inland river routes, bypassing sea robbers off the Danish Isles and avoiding paying high tolls for passage through the straits.
So what are we looking for? Remains of a round island at the mouth of the river or on its shelf (not necessarily on the largest river, but always not far from it) with a diameter of 1 to 7 km, at a distance of 20...70 km from the sea. And somewhere at the mouth of the Odra. With a high degree of probability, this will be Vineta.
According to these signs, it is easy to find an island at the mouth of the river. Pene, exactly as described by Adam of Bremen. Its initial diameter is about 1100 m, like Lübeck and almost like Bremen. Building standard? And the location from the sea - 20 km, and 370-meter narrowness is covered from the near, left exit to the sea. Very comfortably. It can be seen that the island is old, survived both river sediments ("tail" from the side of the mouth of Pene), and erosion or flooding from the side closest to the sea.
There is also a harbor, however, its depth is unknown today. Its coastal perimeter is about 550 m. If we assume that the width of a "typical" drakkar is 4...6 m, then about a hundred ships could fit in the harbor.
No serious artifacts are visible on the island. Well, except for a few incomprehensible 12-meter circles of various preservation and a meaningful series of swollen foundations (?):
The location of the city shopping center, very comfortably. He could control the flow of goods to and from the Odra, and this is a huge basin - 125,000 square kilometers. And from the Odra "at hand" to the Morava and the Danube, to the Black and Mediterranean Seas. No wonder, apparently, Vineta was considered a rich city.
Did the inhabitants of Vineta use the backlog of the Atlantean civilization?
The round islands are typical cult and administrative centers of the Atlanteans. One of them is described by Plato, but in fact there are hundreds of them - from Alaska to South Africa, from the Amazon to Vologda, the Kola Peninsula and Siberia.
Near Vineta are Gdansk and Gdynia. The root ГЪД, КЪД is typical for coastal warehouses, Atlantean storages. This is Gadir (Cadiz), and Agadir, and many others - up to and including India. It is possible that our tub for storing food supplies is of the same root.
And if we look into Russian-English dictionary, then we will find the main occupation of the Wends, the inhabitants of Vineta: to sell (vb) (also: trade) - to vend (vb)
And of course, the main thing is satellite images. Look, think, draw conclusions.
Many have probably heard or read about the cities of Ker-Is and Kitezh, which went under water under mysterious circumstances. Today the story will be about the mysterious Vineta - the richest medieval port on the shores of the Baltic. There are many legends and even several records of medieval travelers about this mysterious city, which once stood in the North German lands. The Swedish writer Selma Lagerlöf also spoke about him in her famous fairy tale "Niels' Journey with Wild Geese."
Selma Lagerlöf, who has studied ancient legends for a long time, describes Vineta as a wonderful city with large houses, many shops full of expensive goods, and residents (Vendi) dressed in rich clothes. I must say that perhaps this tale is not so far from the truth, because, according to the notes of medieval German scientists Adam von Bremen and Helmold from Bosau, Lagerlöf did not embellish anything in her book at all.
It is known that Vineta was founded in early Middle Ages Western Slavic tribe of the Wends and very quickly became one of the largest Baltic ports that received ships from all over the world. The wealth of the city grew day by day, which was the envy of all of Europe.
Adam von Bremen wrote that the houses in Vineta are very tall and decorated with colored glass, marble columns and golden tiles that fill all the streets with a yellow glow. Men and women flaunt in luxurious dresses made of silk and velvet, wear expensive jewelry made of gold and rare gems, and girls spin on golden spinning wheels. There is an unprecedented abundance of bread in Vineta, so the townspeople plug cracks in their houses for them, and wipe the bottoms of babies with rolls. Every stranger in the city is given honor and respect, but only if he worships pagan gods, but Christians are not favored there. This city has 12 gates, and its harbor can accommodate 360 long boats at the same time, which illuminates the way at night from a lighthouse located in a high tower.
The records of a German scientist are also confirmed by the testimonies of a traveler from the Caliphate of Cordoba, Ibrahim ibn Yakub, who remembered Vineta as a free city - a real earthly paradise. He noted that all the townspeople were free and rich, there were no slaves here, and the harvest from the fertile muddy fields was harvested twice a year. The Cordoba guest also noted that in Vineta there is neither a king nor a prince, but the elders rule the city on the island. They are elected from the most worthy citizens of all adult residents of Vineta on general meeting- Veche, which is held once a year on the main square. And the ringing of a huge bell gathers people to this meeting. Nobody pays taxes here, everyone lives for their own pleasure.
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According to researchers, Vineta disappeared from the map of Europe presumably in 1170, since at a later time it is not mentioned in any historical document. But under what circumstances did the island on which the blessed city stood die?Various versions are put forward about this cataclysm. So, in the book of Selma Lagerlof it is said that the inhabitants of Vineta quarreled with the sea king, and he destroyed the high wall that protected the city from floods, and then huge waves flooded the streets of the medieval metropolis.
European and Scandinavian traditions say that the citizens of Vineta incurred the wrath of God by not wanting to accept the true Christian faith, but worshiping a golden idol that stood in a huge temple that towered in the center of the city. There were rumors that the Wends sacrificed honest Catholics to their god, and he rewarded them with gold and prosperity. As a punishment for apostasy and bloodthirstiness, the Lord plunged the island, along with Vineta and all its inhabitants, to the bottom of the sea, and only once a year for one night does it rise to the surface. It is believed that only a Christian with a pure soul can save the city from this punishment, who will enter Vineta on the cherished night and spend at least a copper coin in one of its shops.
However, historians have their own opinion on this matter. According to their research, the Danish Christian king Knud IV, who for a long time was haunted by the wealth of his pagan neighbors, sent a huge army to conquer the free city in the second half of the 11th century. At first, the valiant Danes captured a small but well-fortified fortress, which was located on Silver Mountain not far from Vineta, and then broke into the city itself. For a long time, enemies rushed through its streets, sowing destruction, murder and violence on their way. Tradition says that, having captured rich booty, the Danes decided to hide the atrocities they had committed and, leaving, destroyed the city dams. For three days, the plundered Vineta plunged into the depths of the sea, which to this day is her refuge.
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I must say that to this day, researchers cannot determine the exact location of the deceased metropolis of the Middle Ages. Berlin scientists believe that it was located on the Baltic coast near the island of Wolin and not far from the mouth of the Oder.Burial ground Galgenberg near Wolin. Poland
However, the records of Adam von Bremen say that the city was located near the island of Rügen at the mouth of the Peene River (a tributary of the Oder) and a few hours by boat from the city of Demen. which can also be found on the modern map of Germany. But according to archaeologists from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Vineta lies at the bottom of the Bartets Bay, next to the ancient town of Barth. All these discrepancies make it difficult to start a full-fledged search for the drowned city.
However, attempts to find Vineta, which has always attracted people with its legendary treasures, have been made more than once since the 16th century. But the management took this search especially seriously. Nazi Germany. Funding has been generous for this event and for the excavations that have been initiated at the proposed locations of the city. It should be noted that the Third Reich was not so much interested in Vineta's wealth as her technical achievements, thanks to which in the early Middle Ages high-rise buildings and a lighthouse were built in the northern lands, while the rest of the tribes of Northern Europe at that time huddled in miserable semi-dugouts. I must say that Hitler personally visited the excavation site, but, alas, this project did not bring positive results - the underwater city was never found.
Excavations near Volin. 2002
Esotericists believe that it is impossible to find Vineta because the term of her punishment has not yet expired. Apparently, the inhabitants of the city did not repent of their apostasy, and the righteous Christian has not yet bought anything in one of Vineta's shops. Although, according to German legends, the city had a chance to be saved. So, according to legend, one young shepherd from a coastal Pomeranian village once dozed off on the seashore. Waking up at night, he saw that in the place of splashing waves there was a huge beautiful city. Burning with curiosity, the shepherd entered the city gates, and immediately many richly dressed merchants began to offer him their expensive goods asking only one coin for them. But the poor young man did not even have a broken copper with him, and therefore he rushed as fast as he could to his village to ask his friends for money. Alas, the search for the coin dragged on until the morning, and when the shepherd boy returned to the shore at dawn, the fabulous city disappeared without a trace.
I must say that there are many similar legends both in Germany and in the Scandinavian countries. It is no coincidence that Selma Lagerlöf placed the plot of one of them on the pages of her book. But, besides, lately, people relaxing on the shores of the Baltic sometimes hear the lingering ringing of a bell coming from the bottom of the sea.