School symbol on the map. Symbols and abbreviations. Conventional signs and designations for some old maps and plans
A topographic map is a graphic representation of an area. This document contains accurate information about the terrain, objects and objects located on it. A topographic map is a reduced in size, universal image of the earth's surface.
Classification of topographic maps
Topographic maps are divided into different kinds according to the following features: scale, special content of information, purpose of use. Various maps of the area are also classified according to scientific areas.
Types of topographic maps:
- Geographic.
- Topographic.
- Geological.
- Historical.
- Political.
- Soil.
Topographic map scales
When compiling maps of the area, depending on the tasks, it is necessary to use different scales. Scale is the mathematical relationship between the length of the segment between certain points shown on the map and the actual distance between these points located on a particular area.
With the help of scales, you can determine the multiplicity of the reduction in the length on the plan in relation to the corresponding size on the ground. For example, a scale of 1: 10,000 indicates that all distances between points on the ground are reduced by a map of 10,000 times. Or 1 cm on the map is equal to 100 meters on the ground.
The number in the denominator affects the amount of zoom out. Smaller scale (small scale map) has more value in the denominator. For example, survey-topographic small-scale maps have values such as 1: 1,000,000 or 1: 500,000, etc. Large-scale documents contain more detailed information about the area depicted. More details can be seen here.
Data on the numerical value of the scale is located at the very bottom of the image (beyond the southern border of the document). The entry is in the form of a fraction. The numerator is always one. The denominator indicates the number of times the image has been reduced.
The scale value is how many real kilometers physically fit in one centimeter on the plan.
Conditional topographic designations
Objects and objects located on the ground are depicted on a topographic document in the form of conventional signs. For a competent reading of the information depicted, it is necessary to familiarize yourself and study the basic alphabet of the document - its conventional signs. Without this, it is impossible to study the area according to the topographic drawing.
Conventional topographic signs are divided into the following categories:
- large-scale conditional topographical signs;
- off-scale symbols;
- explanatory.
With the help of scale symbols, a description and image of local objects and objects is given, which can be shown on the drawing in the form of occupied areas and outlines on the scale of a plan or map. So rivers, lakes, swamps, mountains, forests, large buildings, bridges, railway and car roads, settlements.
Off-scale conventional signs denote objects that occupy small areas; they cannot be depicted on a scale: wells, radio masts, factory pipes, poles, individual buildings, etc.
With the help of explanatory topographic signs, Additional Information, characterizing the features of objects or objects located in a given area in combination with large-scale and off-scale signs: the direction of the flow of rivers, an indication of the type of forest plantations, etc.
In addition to graphic signs, topography uses various inscriptions for explanation, the purpose and purpose of the object is specified, for example, shk. - school. Numerical values and proper names are also used to indicate specific settlements, rivers, roads, characteristics of their parameters (width, height, etc.).
For each locality, there is a specific system of conventional signs, with their help they designate: relief, hydrography, a network of roads and road junctions, local objects, boundaries, features of soil and vegetation cover. Conventional signs help to create a visual representation of the actual state of the area under study.
The purpose of topographic maps is to present a section of a particular area in a three-dimensional three-dimensional image. With the help of the so-called contour lines, the terrain is depicted. These are lines connecting equal heights above sea level. The reference point is the zero of the Kronstadt water metering station - the average level Baltic Sea.
If a separate relief cannot be shown using horizontal lines, they are depicted in the form of special conventional signs: cliffs, gullies, pits, mounds, ravines, rocks, etc.
Distance measurements on the map
Measurements on the map are made using a measuring compass. The needles of the compass are applied to the end points of the segments on the plan. And then the resulting compass solution is deposited on a regular ruler, where the length of each segment is determined. If the lines are larger than the linear scale, the measurement is made in several steps.
The distances between points in the drawing along curved lines are measured step by step using small compass solutions. On average, the step length is 0.5 - 1.0 cm.
Long winding lines are measured with a special device called a curvimeter. It consists of a wheel and an arrow combined with a dial. The wheel moves along a specific line on the plan, the arrow indicates the distance traveled. The division price on the scale of the dial is equal to one kilometer or centimeter. The resulting readings in cm are multiplied by the scale of this plan.
Before the start of the journey, the arrow is set to zero. If, when rolling the wheel, the readings of the device decrease, it is necessary to turn the curvimeter by 180 °.
If you do not have a ruler with divisions or a curvimeter at hand, you can use a strip of paper or graph paper.
Orientation with a map
When orienting on the map, the standing point and comparison of the map with the surrounding area are first determined. The document is placed in such a position that its directions coincide with a specific area. In this case, the south is below, the north is above, the east and west are respectively on the right and left. Orientation of the map is carried out approximately by eye or with the help of a special line of sight or a compass.
Determination of the standing point
To determine the standing point, landmarks are used according to the following criteria:
- Local items.
- Characteristic details and landforms.
- The notches left when passing distances.
The standing point is determined by near landmarks after orienting the map to the cardinal points and identifying on the ground, as well as on the plan of nearby objects or relief elements. Taking into account the scale and approximate distance to the identified objects, a standing point is marked on the document.
A topographic map that graphically displays the tactical or special situation with all its changes in the course of combat operations using conventional tactical signs with the necessary explanatory inscriptions is called the commander's working map.
The process of displaying a tactical or special situation on a map or other graphic document is called "situation mapping". The set of conditional tactical signs is called "tactical situation" or abbreviated "situation".
Completeness of the situation:
1. About the enemy:
- the location of weapons of mass destruction, with details down to a single weapon, rocket launcher;
- infantry, motorized infantry, tank, artillery units with details up to platoon, guns;
- radiation environment in the amount necessary for work.
2.About your troops:
- the position of subunits with the detail two steps below their level (for example, the regimental commander applies the signs of battalions and companies).
- tasks assigned by the senior manager.
Applied topographic maps:
- 1:25000 - commanders of inputs and companies;
- 1:50000 - battalion commanders;
- 1:100000 - commanders of regiments, divisions, corps;
- 1:200000 - commanders of armies, fronts;
- 1:500000 - overview maps of the fronts, the main command.
The following colors are used for decorating:
- Basic - red, blue, black;
- Auxiliary - brown, green, yellow.
The use of other colors, as well as shades of primary or secondary colors is not allowed.
- RED It is used when designating for our troops the position, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment of motorized rifle, airborne, tank, aviation, and naval units. The same color indicates fire zones, regardless of who created these zones.
- BLUE It is used when designating for enemy troops the position, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment of all types of troops. Also, all inscriptions related to the enemy are applied with this color. The same color indicates flood zones, regardless of who created these zones.
- BLACK used when designating for our troops positions, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment missile troops, artillery, anti-aircraft troops, engineering troops, chemical troops, radio engineering troops, signal troops, railway and other special troops. Also, this color is used for all inscriptions related to all branches of our troops.
- BROWN It is used to draw roads, routes, columns of our troops, to fill in the zones of use of bacteriological (biological) weapons, to mark the outer border of the zone of radioactive contamination V.
- GREEN used to mark the outer boundary of the zone of radioactive contamination B.
- YELLOW used to fill the zone of chemical contamination.
All inscriptions are made in straight or oblique standard drawing font. The roman font is used for the map title and labels officials. In other cases, an oblique font is used (75 degree inclination). Italic capital letters are used for official headings and signatures, as well as at the beginning of a sentence and for abbreviations. Lowercase letters are used to write legends, explanatory inscriptions and a large number abbreviations. All inscriptions are made only horizontally. Vertical or oblique inscriptions are not allowed.
The size of labels should be proportional to the scale of the map and commensurate with the significance of the subdivision. The table shows the size of the labels depending on the scale of the map and the subdivision (size of the actual size). The font size for designating smaller units, individual objects, explanatory inscriptions cannot be larger than the font size for a platoon.
Drawings of tactical signs of our troops are always directed towards the enemy and vice versa. The exception is anti-aircraft weapons, which are always directed towards the top edge of the map.
If the tactical sign is clearly larger than the actual size of the object on the map scale, then the center of the tactical sign is considered the location of the object on the ground (for flags, the lower part of the flag stem, for arrows, the front end of the arrow).
Control points and means of communication
The command post of the regiment is in place. The inscription KP means - command post, TPU - rear control point. The inscription inside the flag is the number of the regiment.
Battalion command post. The inscription 1/10 MSP means 1 battalion of the 10th motorized rifle regiment.
The same is in motion.
1- Command and observation post of the company commander in place. 2- Infantry fighting vehicle of the company commander (respectively, the armored personnel carrier, the tank of the company commander is designated. A tact mark of this type of equipment and two dashes are put. The platoon commander has one dash.
Observation post of the 10th motorized rifle regiment. If there is a letter inside the sign, then this means that the NP is specialized (A-artillery, I-engineering, X-chemical, B-air surveillance, T-technical). In artillery, special forces, the badge is black.
Traffic control post (R-regulator, checkpoint-checkpoint, KTP-control and technical point.
Communication node. 1- field movable. 2- stationary
Radio. 305 is the brand of the receiver.
Radio station. 1-mobile, 2-wearable. 3- tank
Mobile radio relay station
Radar reconnaissance station. 1- air targets. 2 ground targets.
Radio network of wearable stations.
Radio direction of mobile stations.
March, reconnaissance and protection
1-foot column of troops. Regiment with number designation, battalion with three dashes, company with two dashes, platoon with one dash, squad without dashes.
2. A column of troops on vehicles. There are 2 MSRs on the BMP. if a tank column, then the tank badge, if an armored personnel carrier column, then the armored personnel carrier badge, etc.
1- Column of special troops. Here is the fifth engineer-sapper battalion.
2-Column artillery battalion (battery - two dashes, platoon - one dash, a separate gun on the march - the arrow is shorter and without dashes
The head marching outpost as part of the first motorized rifle company on an infantry fighting vehicle, reinforced by the first platoon of the second tank company (BPZ - side marching outpost, TPZ - rear.
Mobile barrier detachment of the tenth motorized rifle regiment.
Logistics platoon column (VOB), if the company mat. ensure that the inscription - rmob, battalion mob
Column technical closing of the battalion (P-regiment).
Reconnaissance squad.
Patrol squad on BMP
Combat reconnaissance patrol of the 2nd tank battalion by 0900 on 15 November. (ORD - separate reconnaissance patrol, RD - reconnaissance patrol, OFRD - officer reconnaissance patrol, IRD - engineering reconnaissance patrol, KhRD - chemical reconnaissance patrol), Color of the badge according to the type of troops.
Foot watch.
Foot patrol of the 7th tank company and its patrol route
1 platoon of reconnaissance company of the 10th motorized rifle regiment in search (raid)
1 platoon of the 9th tank company in ambush.
Location and actions of units
The area (area) occupied by the subdivision. There are 3 motorized rifle battalions here. An inscription indicating the unit is mandatory, the tactical sign of the unit's equipment is optional. The sign is large-scale, on the map it covers the entire area occupied by the unit. A dashed line indicates that the area is scheduled to be occupied by that unit. The letter "L" indicates that this is a false area.
The area occupied by a unit whose tactical color is black. Here is the area of the 5th engineer-sapper battalion.
Direction of attack of the unit.
The immediate task of the department. Here 1 - common sign-battalion (as indicated by three dashes on the arrow), 2-battalion on the BMP. If a battalion or a company, or a tank platoon, then tank badges, if on an armored personnel carrier, then armored personnel carrier badges, if the battalion is on foot, then sign No. 1 is used. Scale sign!
Follow-up task. Here 1 is the general badge of the battalion, 2 is the badge of the tank battalion. Big sign!
The position (line) reached by the unit by a certain time. Scale sign.
Machine-gun platoon in battle order. Below is the general sign of the battalion and company on the BMP. Scale sign.
The line of a probable meeting with the enemy.
Starting line (regulation line, line for entering second echelon battles, etc. lines
Front (line) occupied by units. Line of contact with the enemy
Deployment line in battalion columns (company - two dashes, platoon - one dash)
Line of transition to the attack. 1-general sign, 2-motorized rifle units.
The line of dismounting motorized rifle units
Firing line of a tank unit. Here is the third firing line of the third tank battalion.
Deployment line of an anti-tank unit
Mining line.
Landing area for tactical airborne troops. Here is the second battalion of the third motorized rifle regiment. disembarkation is expected at 09:00 on 10 July. If the landing has taken place, then the line is solid.
Helicopter landing pad.
Landing area and points for amphibious assault.
The unit was stopped at this turn.
Departure of the unit from the occupied line.
Dividing line between shelves
dividing line between battalions.
Line (position) not occupied by units.
The location of the unit in the defense.
1 - common sign, 2 - motorized rifle unit.
The place where the prisoner was taken. Here, a soldier of the 2nd Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment, 19th Mechanized Division was captured at 05:00 on 12 August.
The place of seizure of documents of the murdered.
Weapons of mass destruction and defense against them
Planned by us nuclear strike. 015 - target number, 1/5 order - the first battery of the fifth cancer division. -40 - ammunition power 40 kilotons, B - air explosion. "H + 1.10 - the time of the explosion.
Safe removal line (protrusions towards the explosion).
The area of destruction from the explosion of the enemy. The inner ring is a zone of continuous destruction, then - a zone of continuous blockages, weak destruction; the outer ring is the zone of neutron impact on openly positioned personnel.
The area of fire and the direction of the spread of fire.
The location of a nuclear explosion produced by the enemy, indicating the type of explosion, power and time, and the zone of radioactive contamination. The direction and size of the zones are scaled
A point for measuring the level of radiation with an indication of the level. time and date of infection.
Enemy nuclear mine with indication of charge power, depth of laying and detection time.
Field of chemical bombs.
The area contaminated with toxic substances and the direction of displacement of the OM cloud.
Bioweapon site.
Small arms and artillery
light machine gun
easel machine gun
Hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher
Automatic grenade launcher
Anti-aircraft missile wearable complex.
Anti-aircraft gun mount
Mounted anti-tank grenade launcher
Man-portable anti-tank missile systems (ATGMs). Here 1 - ATGM anti-tank-machine gun platoon, 2 - ATGM anti-tank platoon.
Flamethrowers. Here 1-reactive light, 2-reactive heavy.
Antitank gun. 1 - general designation, 2 - up to 85 mm, 3 - up to 100 mm, 4 - more than 100 mm.
A gun. 1 - general designation, 2 - up to 100 mm, 3 - up to 152 mm, 4 - more than 152 mm.
Howitzer. 1 - general designation, 2 - up to 122 mm., 3 - up to 155 mm., 4 - more than 155 mm.
Howitzer with a caliber over 155mm., firing nuclear weapons.
Self-propelled howitzer. Here the caliber is up to 122 mm.
Rocket artillery combat vehicle. 1 is a general designation. 2- medium caliber.
Mortar. 1 - general designation, 2 - small caliber, 3 - medium caliber, 4 - large caliber.
Anti-aircraft gun. 1 is a general designation. 2-small caliber, 3-medium caliber.
Anti-aircraft self-propelled gun. 1 - without radar, 2 - with radar.
Combat vehicle of the anti-aircraft missile system. The inscription of the sign depends on the type of the base machine, the icon inside depends on the type of rocket.
Anti-aircraft missile launcher. 1-short range. 2-short range, 3-medium range. The sign in the circle is the Zen.PU battery.
The area of firing positions of the artillery division. Here is the first division of the 12th artillery regiment. The signs of batteries are off-scale, the area is large-scale.
The firing position of the battery is 100mm. guns.
Firing position of a mortar battery
Separate target. 28 is the number of the target. The blue sign inside the circle is the location of the enemy weapon.
Areas of concentrated fire. The numbers are CO numbers. Scale signs.
A single fixed barrage with its code name.
Deep fixed barrage fire at three lines, indicating the code name So and the numbers of the lines.
A single mobile barrage with indication of its code name and line numbers.
Double mobile barrage
Sequential concentration of fire with indication of the conditional names of the lines and numbers of targets (solid lines - the lines on which it is planned to fire simultaneously; with a double PSO, targets at two lines are connected with solid lines, with a triple - at three. Lines and areas of targets are large-scale.
Massive fire with indication of its conditional name and section numbers.
A barrage of fire indicating the conditional names of lines, sections for divisions and their numbers, and numbers of intermediate lines.
Firing sector boundary line
The boundary line of the additional sector of fire.
Concentrated fire of a motorized rifle company (SO-1 - section number, 1,2,3 - numbers of platoon sections.
Line of barrage fire of a grenade launcher platoon with indication of its number and sections of squad fires.
Armored vehicles, cars and helicopters
Tank. 1 - general designation, 2 - battalion commander's tank, 3 - amphibious tank, 4 - flamethrower tank
Tank with a complex of anti-tank weapons.
Tank and infantry fighting vehicle with minesweeper
Tank with BTU
Tank with STU
Combat reconnaissance vehicle and combat reconnaissance patrol vehicle (BRDM)
Car and trailer
1-tank tractor, 2-caterpillar tractor, 3-vehicle tractor
Motorbike
ambulance car
Helicopter. 1- general designation, 2-combat, 3-transport.
Engineering equipment and facilities
Tank bridgelayer
Tracked floating conveyor
Caterpillar self-propelled ferry (ferry-bridge vehicle).
Engineering equipment on a wheelbase (Here is a heavy mechanized bridge TMM)
Engineering equipment on a caterpillar base (BAT here).
Pontoon-bridge park with an indication of its type.
Trench of a motorized rifle unit with a covered slot
Trench with communication.
The weapon in the trench. The color of the trench mark according to the type of troops. (same sign for all mobile weapons)
Open-type observation structure ( closed type with a black filled triangle.
Shelter for vehicles (vehicle icon by type)
Shelter indicating the degree of protection and capacity
Open slot
Covered gap
Escarp (counter-scarp) indicating the length.
Inconspicuous wire fence (spiral, net on low posts.
Anti-tank ditch with indication of the length.
Nadolby indicating the type, number of rows and length.
Mined obstruction with an indication of the length.
Wire fence (number of strokes - number of rows).
a section of hedgehog barriers indicating the number of rows and length
anti-tank minefield
Anti-personnel minefield (mixed minefield is indicated by alternating filled and unfilled circles)
minefields, established by means remote mining.
1 - unguided land mine, 2 - radio-controlled land mine, 3 - land mine, controlled by wire.
Passage in barriers with indication of number and width.
Bridge destroyed by the enemy
A section of the road destroyed by the enemy, indicating the extent of the destruction.
Landing crossing with an indication of the number and type of landing craft.
Crossing tanks under water indicating 3-depth, 180-width of the river, 40-width of the route, P-character of the bottom, 0.8-speed of the current.
Ferry crossing, indicating the number of ferries, their carrying capacity and type of fleet
Ferry crossing of three GSP ferries and 3 ferries of 40 tons each from PMM vehicles.
Bridge on rigid supports. N-low-water 120m long, 4m wide. and a load capacity of 60 tons.
Pontoon bridge 120 m long, with a carrying capacity of 60 tons from the PMP park
The ford is 0.8 m deep, the width of the river is 120 m, the bottom is solid, the speed of the current is 0.5 m/sec.
Ice crossing number five for loads of 60 tons.
Technical support and logistics units and their facilities
Collecting point for damaged cars. P-regimental, 1- its number, bt- for armored vehicles
Repair and evacuation group on an armored personnel carrier. P-regimental, bt - for armored vehicles.
Regimental warehouse. G- fuel, 10tp - tenth tank regiment.
Medical post of the regiment.
Medical center of the battalion.
Company medical post
Rifleman.
Ambulance post
Battalion fueling station
Battalion ammo station
Ammunition point of the company
Service point on the route. G-GSM.
Combined-arms units and divisions
- Motorized Rifle. regiment, battalion, company, platoon, squad - SME, SME, MSR, MSV, MSO
- Tank regiment, battalion, company, platoon tp, tb, tr, tv
- Machine-gun artillery battalion, company poolab, poolar
- Airborne battalion, company, platoon pdb, pdr, pdv
- Air assault battalion, company, platoon dshb, dshr, dshv
- Reconnaissance company, platoon, squad rr, rv, ro
- Machine-gun company, platoon, squad- pull, pull, pull
- Anti-tank platoon ptv
- Grenade launcher squad gv, go
- Anti-tank machine gun platoon ptpulv
Artillery units and divisions
- Artillery regiment, division, battery- up, adn, batr
- Self-propelled artillery battalion, battery- sadn, sabatr
- Battery of anti-tank guided missiles batr ATGM
- Mortar battery, platoon minbatr, minv
- control platoon- woo
Air defense units and divisions
- Anti-aircraft missile battery, platoon, squad - zrbatr, zrv, zro
- Anti-aircraft artillery battery, platoon, squad - zabatr, head, zo
- Anti-aircraft missile and artillery battery- zrabatr
- Battery, platoon of anti-aircraft self-propelled guns - batr ZSU, vzv. ZSU
Special Forces Units
- Engineering and sapper company, platoon, squad- isr, isv, iso
- Engineering assault company, platoon, squad ishr, ishv, isho
- Ferry-landing company- pdesr
- Pontoon company, platoon mon, mon
- Platoon, separation of caterpillar floating conveyors - vzvv. GPT, dep. GPT
- Platoon, department of caterpillar self-propelled ferries - vzvv. GSP, dep. GSP
- Department of Bridgelayers- otd. MTU
- Company, chemical protection platoon - rhz, vhz
- Platoon, department of radiation and chemical reconnaissance - vrhr, orhrr
- Platoon, department of special processing - wso, oso
- Flamethrower platoon, squad- ow, ooh
- Company, platoon, communications department - rs, sun, os
- Commandant's company, platoon kr, kv
Technical Support and Logistics Units
- Separate battalion, material support company- obmo, rmo
- Automobile company, platoon, squad avtr, avtv, auto
- Repair company- remr
- Economic platoon, branch - hozv, hoz
- Supply platoon, supply platoon- vob, sun
- Maintenance department- oto
Control points
- Command post- KP
- Rear control point - TPU
- Command and observation post KNP
- Alternate command post point- ZKP
- Observation post- NP
- Air observation post- PVN
- Artillery observation post ANP
- Point of technical supervision - PTN
- Engineering observation post INP
General terminology
- Vanguard (rearguard) - Av (Ar)
- Bacteriological (biological) weapon- BO
- Bacteriological (biological) infection - BZ
- Battalion filling point - BZP
- Fighting machine- bm
- Infantry fighting vehicle- BMP
- Combat reconnaissance vehicle BRM
- Combat reconnaissance patrol vehicle BRDM
- Lateral marching outpost - BPZ
- Armored personnel carrier armored personnel carrier
- Combat kit- bq.
- Explosives- BB
- Height- high
- Head marching outpost - GPZ
- head watch- DG
- Diesel fuel- DT
- Long-term firing structure (long-term fortification) - DOS (DFS)
- Incendiary weapons (incendiary means) - ZZhO (ZZhS)
- Filling- ban
- Protection against weapons of mass destruction- ZOMP
- Zone of radioactive, chemical, bacteriological (biological) contamination - ZRZ, 3X3, ZBZ
- Anti-aircraft self-propelled installation - ZSU
- Starting line (starting point) - ref. r-zh, (outgoing)
- Kiloton- kt
- Command vehicle - KShM
- Set- set
- Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank battalion - kmsb-1, ktb-2
- Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank company - kmsr-1, ktr-2
- Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank platoon kmsv-1, ktv-2
- Mine-explosive barrier- cost center
- Regiment medical center WFP
- Battalion medical center BCH
- Company medical post MNR
- Emergency ration- NZ
- Irreducible stock- NHS
- firing position- OP
- Outskirts- env.
- Poisonous substances (persistent poisonous substances, unstable poisonous substances) - 0V (OWN, NOW)
- Mark- elev.
- Separate- otd.
- Advance Squad- ON
- Mobile detachment of barriers - POS
- Field filling point - PZP
- Consistent concentration of fire- PSO
- Enemy- pr-to
- Air defense (anti-tank defense) - Air defense (PTO)
- Anti-personnel minefield- PPMP
- Anti-tank minefield- PTMP
- Antitank reserve- PTres.
- radioactive contamination- RZ
- Radioactive substances- RV
- Radiation and chemical reconnaissance- RHR
- Reconnaissance Squad- RO
- dividing line- boundary line
- Radio network (radio direction) - r/s (r/n)
- Area- district
- Repair and evacuation group (repair group) - REG (Rem. G)
- Limit of regulation (regulation point) - rr per. (p. per.)
- Collecting point for damaged cars - SMTA
- Guard detachment (outpost, outpost) - St.O (St.Z, St.P)
- North, south, east, west north, south, east, west
- northwest, northeast, west, southeast southwest northwest, northeast, southeast, southwest
- Focused fire - SO
- Daily dacha- s/d
- Tactical airborne Tact. VD
- Tank bridge layer MTU
- Rear outpost - TPZ
- Communication node- mustache
- Fortified area- UR
- Chemical observation post HNP
- Chemical contamination - HZ
- Chemical weapon- XO
- Chemical mine- HF
- Nuclear weapon- nuclear weapons
- nuclear mine-
- NM Nuclear-mine barrier- YaMZ
Selected local items
Plants, factories and mills with chimneys, expressed (1) or not expressed (2) at the scale of the map |
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Tower-type capital structures |
Light towers |
power plants |
Transformer booths |
Points of the state geodetic network |
Aerodromes and hydroaerodromes |
Water mills and sawmills |
Windmills |
wind turbines |
Plants, factories and mills without chimneys: 1) expressed on a map scale; 2) not expressed in the scale of the map. |
Radio stations and television centers |
Radio and television masts |
Fuel depots and gas tanks |
Separate trees that have the value of landmarks: 1) coniferous; 2) deciduous |
Individual groves of significant landmarks |
Narrow strips of forest and protective afforestation |
Narrow strips of shrubs and hedges |
Individual bushes |
Communication lines |
Mounds, height in meters |
Rocks-outliers |
Power lines on metal or reinforced concrete poles |
Pits, depth in meters |
Clusters of stones |
Power lines on wooden poles |
Weather stations |
Separately lying stones, height in meters |
Ground oil pipelines and pumping stations |
Open pit mining sites |
Peat mining |
Underground oil pipelines |
Churches |
Monuments, monuments, mass graves |
Stone, brick walls |
Dams and artificial ramparts |
Foresters' houses |
Roads
Three-track railways, semaphores and traffic lights, turntables |
Highway: 5 is the width of the covered part, 8 is the width of the entire road from ditch to ditch in meters, B is the coating material |
Double track railways and stations |
Improved dirt roads (8-way width in meters) |
Single track railways, sidings, platforms and stopping points |
dirt roads |
Electrified railways: 1) three-track; 2) double-track; 3) single track |
Field and forest roads |
Narrow gauge railways and stations on them |
hiking trails |
Freeways, embankments |
Fashinny sections of roads, gati and rowing |
Improved highways, cuts |
Crossings: 1) under the railway; 2) over the railway; 3) on the same level |
Hydrography
Small rivers and streams |
The banks are steep: 1) without a beach; 2) with a beach that does not end at the scale of the map |
Canals and ditches |
Lakes: 1) fresh; 2) salty; 3) bitter-salty |
Wooden bridges Bridges metal Bridges made of stone and reinforced concrete |
Bridge characteristics: K-material of the building (K-stone, M-metal, reinforced concrete concrete, D-wooden); 8-height above water level (on navigable rivers); 370 - bridge length, 10 is the width of the carriageway in meters; 60-capacity per ton |
Water level marks Arrows showing the direction of the flow of rivers (0.2 is the speed of the flow in m / s.) |
Characteristics of rivers and canals: 170-width, 1.7-depth in meters, P-character of the bottom soil piers Brody: 1.2-depth, 180-length in meters, T-character of the soil, 0.5-flow rate in m / s. |
Dams: K-material of the structure, 250-length, 8-width of the dam along the top in meters; in the numerator - the mark of the upper water level, in the denominator - the lower |
Gateways Ferries: 195-river width, 4x3-ferry dimensions in meters, 8-capacity in meters |
Surface water pipelines |
wells |
Underground water pipelines |
Sources (keys, springs) |
The system of basic conventional signs used in graphic documents of peacetime and wartime tactical level Part 4 "Motorized Rifle Battalion" -
The procedure for the formation of a combat graphic document. Fire card of a motorized rifle squad when planning offensive operations. Conditions of the situation: COMBAT ACTIVITIES. Type of hostilities - OFFENSIVE -
SYMBOLS FOR TOPOGRAPHIC PLANS -
In general, when hunting, you also need a certain tactic similar to the one that will be described in this article. And for hunting you do not need to buy firearms, just take a pistol-type rifles and start hunting. In general, it is more convenient and pleasant. Also, this kind of crossbow can be used for ordinary sports purposes - target shooting.
To correctly use a topographic map, you need to familiarize yourself with the generally accepted symbols and designations. When drawing up topographic maps and plans, various objects located on the displayed area are indicated by special conventional signs.
The main objects on the map include the following items:
- Cities.
- Settlements.
- Rivers, ponds and other bodies of water.
- The mountains.
- Industrial enterprises.
The presented list does not include all the objects placed on the maps.
Varieties of symbols
Conventional signs of topographic maps are large-scale (contour), off-scale, linear, explanatory.
Scale symbols of topographic maps are used to depict terrain objects, which are expressed in the appropriate scale. The area of such objects can be measured directly on the map using a ruler with divisions.
For example, in order to approximately know the size of a lake, forest, settlement, you need to calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe object on the map (draw it into cells of 1 cm2, count the number of full and incomplete cells), and then, using the scale, translate the result into kilometers.
With the help of off-scale symbols shows specific objects located on the terrain, not shown on the scale of the map. For example, if it is necessary to put on a map, a stand-alone pole, tree, building, geodetic point, etc. They are deliberately depicted in an enlarged form.
To indicate the exact position of a given object on the map, the main point is placed in the center of a symbol - a square, a circle, an asterisk, etc.
Linear conventional signs depict horizontal lines and extended objects on the ground. These include the following designations:
- railways;
- highways;
- electrical lines;
- glades;
- rivers, streams;
- border markings.
The length of such objects is expressed in accordance with the scale of the map. The width of these symbols is displayed regardless of the scale. It usually exceeds the actual size. The longitudinal axis of the conventional sign is applied to the terrain plan in accordance with the location of the object (parallel).
To give an additional description of one or more objects on the ground, explanatory conditional topographic signs, symbols and signatures are used.
For example:
- the outlines of a deciduous or coniferous tree in the forest area indicate the prevailing species of plantations, the average height and thickness of their trunks;
- with the help of transverse strokes on the conditional icon of the railway track, the number of tracks is indicated;
- letters and numbers on the highway - road surface material, track width;
- designation of the dimensions of the bridges, as well as their carrying capacity.
Explanatory symbols on topographic maps and plans provide more complete information about the nature of the area.
Proper names, explanatory inscriptions, etc. are applied to the topographic map in a special font, the letters have a certain size.
Permissible conventions on the map
Sometimes topographic map contains an image of individual objects in a conditional form. For example, the outer boundaries of a particular settlement are applied. In this case, the main highways and intersections are indicated. If some buildings are depicted, they characterize the building density, but not their exact number.
In order to show the dense arrangement of homogeneous objects (houses, mounds, wells, etc.), only objects that stand on the boundaries of a given area are depicted, in accordance with their exact location.
Conditional symbols of industrial enterprises (factories, factories) are placed in places where the main building or the highest factory chimney is located.
Symbol sizes
To the left of the conventional symbol are numbers that display its dimensions in millimeters on the map. The two captions indicate the height and width of the rectangular character. If the inscription is one, this indicates that both values are equal to each other.
The familiar conventional icon - a circle has a digital signature indicating its diameter. The star is the diameter of the circumscribed circle, the equilateral triangle is its height.
Symbol colors
Regardless of the scale of the map, various topographic symbols are painted in certain colors and shades:
- The contours of the borders, dashed signs of land plots are black.
- Relief elements - brown background shading.
- Rivers, glaciers, swamps - blue lines, hatching.
- Water mirror - blue background.
- Areas with trees, shrubs - green.
- Vineyards - light green.
- Fire-resistant buildings, asphalt roads - orange.
- Non-fireproof buildings, dirt roads - yellow.
In addition to conventional signs, topographic maps are marked with their own names in abbreviated form of various regions, districts, and other significant objects (Moscow, el.-st., SW, Bol. - swamp). Topographic maps provide additional information using standard fonts.
For example, the depth, the course of the river, as well as the possibility of navigation along it. Heights of hills, depths of wells, the number of people in towns and cities are marked with special fonts.
Conventional signs There are contour, linear and off-scale.
- contour(areal) signs shown, for example, lakes;
- Linear signs - rivers, roads, canals.
- Off-scale signs on the plans they mark, for example, wells, springs, and on geographical maps settlements, volcanoes, waterfalls.
Rice. 1. Examples of off-scale, linear and area symbols
Rice. Basic symbols
Rice. Conventional signs of the area
Contours
There is separate category conventional signs - isolines, i.e., lines connecting points with the same values of the depicted phenomena (Fig. 2). Lines of equal atmospheric pressure are called isobars, lines of equal air temperature - isotherms, lines of equal heights of the earth's surface - isohypses or horizontal lines.
Rice. 2. Examples of isolines
Mapping methods
To depict geographical phenomena on maps, various methods are used. ways .Way of habitats show areas of distribution of natural or social phenomena, such as animals, plants, some minerals. traffic signs used to show sea currents, winds, traffic flows. high quality background show, for example, states on political map, a quantitative background - division of the territory according to some quantitative indicator (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Cartographic methods: a - method of areas; b - signs of movement; c - method of qualitative background; d - quantitative background - dotted signs
To show the average value of the phenomenon in any territory, it is most expedient to use the principle of equal intervals. One way to get an interval is to divide the difference between the largest and smallest exponent by five. For example, if the largest indicator is 100, the smallest is 25, the difference between them is 75, its 1/5 -15, then the intervals will be: 25-40, 40-55, 55-70, 70-85 and 85-100 . When showing these intervals on the map, a lighter background or sparse shading depicts a lower intensity of the phenomenon, darker tones and dense shading - a greater one. This type of mapping is called cartogram(Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Examples of cartograms and cartograms
To the way chart diagrams are used to show the total magnitude of a phenomenon in an area, for example, electricity production, school enrollment, stocks fresh water, the degree of plowed land, etc. map called a simplified map that does not have a degree network.
Relief depiction on plans and maps
On maps and plans, relief is shown using contour lines and elevations.
Horizontals, as you already know, these are lines on a plan or map connecting points on the earth's surface that have the same height above ocean level (absolute height) or above the level taken as a reference point (relative height).
Rice. 5. Image of relief by contour lines
In order to depict a hill on a plan, you need to define it relative height, which shows how far vertically one point on the earth's surface is higher than another (Fig. 7).
Rice. 6. Image of a hill on a plane
Rice. 7. Determination of relative height
Relative height can be determined using a level. Level(from fr. niveau- level, level) - a device for determining the difference in height between several points. The device, usually mounted on a tripod (tripod), is equipped with a telescope adapted for rotation in a horizontal plane and a sensitive level.
Spend hill leveling - this means measuring its western, southern, eastern and northern slopes from the bottom to the top with the help of a level and driving in pegs in those places where the level was installed (Fig. 8). Thus, four pegs will be driven in at the bottom of the hill, four - at a height of 1 m from the ground, if the height of the level is 1 m, etc. The last peg is driven in at the top of the hill. After that, the position of all the pegs is applied to the terrain plan and first all points with a relative height of 1 m are connected with a smooth line, then - 2 m, etc.
Rice. 8. Hill flattening
Please note: if the slope is steep, the horizontals on the plan will be located close to each other, if it is gentle, they will be far apart.
Small dashes drawn perpendicular to the horizontal lines are berghashes. They show in which direction the slope goes down.
Horizontals on the plans depict not only hills, but also depressions. In this case, the berghashes are turned inward (Fig. 9).
Rice. 9. Image of contour lines of various forms of relief
Steep slopes of cliffs or ravines on the maps are indicated by small teeth.
The height of a point above mean ocean level is called absolute height. In Russia, all absolute heights are calculated from the level of the Baltic Sea. Thus, the territory of St. Petersburg is on average 3 m above the water level in the Baltic Sea, the territory of Moscow is 120 m, and the city of Astrakhan is 26 m below this level. Elevation marks on geographical maps indicate the absolute height of points.
On a physical map, the relief is depicted with the help of layered coloring, i.e., with colors of different intensities. For example, areas with a height of 0 to 200 m are painted over in green color. At the bottom of the map there is a table that shows which color corresponds to which height. This table is called height scale.
"Plan of the area. Conventional signs»
6th grade
Today we start studying new topic"Plan of the area. Conditional signs. Knowledge of this topic will be useful to you in the future. Terrain images are of several types: drawing, photograph, aerial photograph, satellite image, map, terrain plan (topographic plan).
Use to create topographic plans modern technology(helicopters, planes, satellites) (Fig. 1).
Fig.1. Aircraft M-101T "Sokol" - designed for shooting terrain
(http://www.gisa.ru)
Photographs obtained as a result of aerial photography of the earth's surface are called aerial photographs.
Consider an aerial photograph (Fig. 2) and a topographic plan (Fig. 3) of the same area (the channel of the Moskva River in the Vorobyovy Gory area). Which image gives us more complete information about geographical objects? What type of image is more convenient to use to take a walk around Moscow?
The comparison will allow us to conclude that it is from the terrain plan that we can find out detailed information about geographical objects (for example, the name of a river, the names of streets, metro stations, parks).
Rice. 2. Aerial photo shot (http://maps.google.ru) |
Rice. 3. Plan of the area (http://maps.google.ru) Scale 1:50 000 At
River word designations |
Imagine that you are going on a hike far from the city. You need to prepare for the conditions of an unknown area in which you have never been, you need to think about what equipment, what clothes to take, perhaps - prepare for crossing a river, a ravine, etc. You can get information about the hiking area by reading the map correctly.
Before you are two different images of the earth's surface: a satellite image (Fig. 1) and a topographic map (land plan) (Fig. 4-5).
Let's find out comparing satellite image and terrain plan. Find similarities and differences.
Using figures 4 and 5, we will fill in the table "Features of the image of the area."
Image features |
Terrain plan |
aerial view |
1. Top view |
+ |
+ |
2. You can find out the name of the settlement, river, lake, etc. |
+ |
_ |
3. You can determine the type of vegetation, the names of tree species |
+ |
_ |
4. All visible objects are shown from above |
_ |
+ |
5. Only important objects are shown |
+ |
_ |
6. You can recognize the sides of the horizon |
+ |
_ |
7. Objects are depicted by conventional signs |
+ |
_ |
To summarize - what is a topographic map or terrain plan?
Let's write down the definition of the concept of "land plan" in a notebook.
Terrain plan or topographic plan (from lat. "planum" - plane) - an image on a plane of a small area of \u200b\u200bthe earth's surface in a reduced form using conventional signs.
In order to work with a topographic plan, you need to be able to read it. The "alphabet" of the topographic plan are conventional signs. The symbols used to build terrain plans are the same for all countries of the world, which makes them easier to use even if you don't know the language.
Conventional signs- designations used on maps or plans to depict various objects and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In other words, conventional signs designate objects on the plan and are similar to these objects.
What can be learned using this terrain plan (Fig. 6)?
Rice. 6. Plan of the area (T. P. Gerasimova, N. P. Neklyukova, 2009)
And much more!
Topographic symbols are usually divided into: large-scale (or areal ), off-scale , linear and explanatory .
Z
Draw the following diagram in your notebook:
large-scale
, or areal
conventional signs serve to depict such topographic objects that occupy a significant area and whose dimensions in terms of plan can be expressed in
scale given map or plan. An areal symbol consists of a boundary symbol of an object and symbols that fill it or a symbolic coloring. The outline of an object is shown as a dotted line (outline of a forest, meadow, swamp), a solid line (outline of a reservoir, settlement) or a symbol of the corresponding boundary (ditch, fence). Filling characters are located inside the contour in a certain order (arbitrarily, in a checkerboard pattern, in horizontal and vertical rows). Areal symbols allow not only to find the location of an object, but also to evaluate its linear dimensions, area and shape ( http://www.spbtgik.ru).
Z
Let's draw examples of conventional signs and complete our scheme!
Orchard Bush Meadow vyr ubka L eu deciduous R hodwheel O zero Garden arable land Swamp Village |
Windmill
Well
School
Forester's house
Monument
Power station
wooden bridge
metal bridge
standalone tree
Spring
Factory
Building
Railroad station
Orchard Bush Meadow vyr ubka L eu deciduous R hodwheel O zero Garden arable land Swamp Village |
|
Linear conventional signs are designed to depict extended objects on the ground, such as railways and roads, clearings, power lines, streams, borders, and others. They occupy an intermediate position between large-scale and off-scale conventional signs. The length of such features is expressed at the scale of the map, while the width on the map is not to scale. Usually it turns out to be greater than the width of the depicted terrain object, and its position corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the symbol. Linear topographic symbols also depict horizontal lines.
Let's draw examples of conventional signs and complete our scheme!
Orchard Bush Meadow vyr ubka L eu deciduous R hodwheel O zero Garden arable land Swamp Village
|
Windmill Well School Forester's house Monument Power station wooden bridge metal bridge standalone tree Spring Factory Building
|
Highway clearing Trail Line power transmission
River
Ravine
|
Explanatory
conventional signs are used to additionally characterize the local objects shown on the map. For example, the length, width and carrying capacity of the bridge, the width and nature of the road surface, the average thickness and height of trees in the forest, the depth and nature of the ford soil, etc. Various inscriptions and proper names of objects on the maps are also explanatory; each of them is performed in a set font and letters of a certain size.
Let's draw examples of conventional signs and complete our scheme!
Orchard Bush Meadow vyr ubka L eu deciduous R hodwheel O zero Garden arable land Swamp Village
|
Windmill Well School Forester's house Monument Power station wooden bridge metal bridge standalone tree Spring Factory Building
|
Highway clearing Trail Line power transmission
River
Ravine
|
|
Let's take a closer look at this type of conventional signs.
If you want to get acquainted with other conventional signs, you can download the following document (Word file)
http://irsl.narod.ru/books/UZTKweb/UZTK.html
Now let's put the theoretical knowledge into practice.
You must complete the following five tasks.
Exercise 1.
The site plan is used for:
A) the study of a vast territory, for example, Russia;
B) construction, agricultural work in a small area;
C) traveling around the world;
D) for planning a route if you want to go hiking.
Task 2.
The "ABC of the plan" are conventional signs. But what do they correspond to on the ground? Choose the number under which the conventional sign is shown, corresponding to the letter denoting its meaning (Fig. 7).
For example: 1-A; 2- V.
A) a break B) swamp; B) a path D) shrub; D) meadow
Rice. 7. Conventional signs of the terrain plan
(Baranchikov, Kozarenko, 2007)
Task 3.
Roads are marked on the plan:
A) black solid or dashed lines;
B) brown lines;
B) blue lines
D) green lines.
Task 4.
Scale or areal symbols on the plans of the area indicate the following objects:
A) swamp, orchard, forest, arable land;
B) a well, a school, a spring, a separate tree;
C) path, clearing, river, ravine;
G) Railway, vegetable garden, plant, lake.
Task 5.
Carefully study the photograph (Fig. 8) and the plan adjacent to it (Fig. 9).
Answer the questions.
Question 1. Schoolchildren-tourists ford the river near the place where the stream flows into it?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 2. Is it possible to determine from the plan in which direction the Sona River flows?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 3. Is it possible to determine from a photograph what is the probable immediate goal of schoolchildren-tourists?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 4. Is it possible to determine from the plan of the area that tourists are heading towards the village of Sonino, where they can rest and replenish their food supplies?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 5. What lands occupy most of the territory depicted on the plan.
A) swamps
B) mixed forest;
B) shrub
List of literature used by the teacher when developing the lesson
Geography of the Earth: 6th grade: assignments and exercises: a guide for students / E.V. Baranchikov, A. E. Kozarenko, O. A. Petrusyuk, M. S. Smirnova. - M .: Education, 2007. - S. 7-11.
Elementary course in geography: textbook for grade 6. educational institutions / T. P. Gerasimova, N. P. Neklyukova. - M .: Bustard, 2010. - 174 p.
Working programs in geography. Grades 6-9 / N. V. Bolotnikova. - 2nd ed., Rev., add. - M .: Publishing house "Globus", 2009. - S. 5-13.
This material was prepared for you by the geography teacher of the Central Organ No. 109
Daria Nikolaevna Chekushkina.
E-mail address:chekushkina. daria@ gmail. com