Salinger bibliography. Biography of Jerome David Salinger. Early years and education
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Biography, life story of Jerome David Salinger
Jerome David Salinger is an American-born writer.
Childhood, family
Jerome was born on January 1, 1919 in New York in the family of Solomon Salinger, a Jew of Lithuanian origin. My father sold kosher smoked meats and cheeses. Mother's name was Miriam Salinger. She was born into a Scotch-Irish family. Solomon and Miriam had another child - a daughter, Doris, who was born eight years earlier than Jerome.
Early years and education
Solomon Salinger early years Jerome dreamed that his son received a decent education. In 1936, at the insistence of his father, Jerome graduated from a military school in the city of Valley Forge (Pennsylvania). In the summer of 1937, the young man began attending lectures at New York University, after which he left for Austria and Poland with his father for a year (in Poland, Solomon forced Jerome to study sausage production, hoping one day to transfer his business to his offspring).
In 1938, Jerome Salinger returned to his native land and briefly attended lectures at Ursinus College. In 1939, the young man entered Columbia University. With particular pleasure he attended the lectures of Mr. Burnett, editor of the magazine Story. One way or another, Jerome could not finish any of the educational institutions, which terribly angered his father. As a result, Solomon and Jerome terribly quarreled and stopped communicating.
Army
In 1942, Jerome Salinger was drafted into the army. He graduated from the officer-sergeant school of the signal troops and received the rank of sergeant. In 1943, Salinger was transferred to counterintelligence and sent to Nashville, Tennessee. On June 6, 1944, Jerome took part in the landing of amphibious troops in Normandy. During his service, he managed to work with prisoners of war, and also, together with his associates, freed several concentration camps.
Creation
As a young man, Jerome Salinger began publishing short stories in New York magazines. In 1948, his story "The banana fish is well caught" brought him his first fame. Critics praised Salinger's talent, his ability to emphasize the most important things and his excellent command of the language.
CONTINUED BELOW
After the first success, Jerome published several more of his stories, after which, in 1951, his first and only novel, The Catcher in the Rye, was published. The plot of the novel is based on the story of a seventeen-year-old boy, Holden, about his short life. Holden in a very frank form, not embarrassed in expressions, tells the reader about his perception of American reality, about his struggle with the generally accepted rules of morality, about his thoughts and experiences. Initially, the novel was intended for adults, but it gained particular popularity among the youth of those years. The book made a real revolution in the minds of people and had a huge impact on the world culture of the last century. At first, the scandalous content of the novel caused considerable discontent among the censors. The book was banned in several US states and in several countries for excessive depressiveness and profanity, which the author simply pours into the novel. However, over time, the ban was lifted and The Catcher in the Rye was even included in the list of literature recommended for American schoolchildren to read. In the USSR, Salinger's novel appeared only ten years after his birth - Salinger's work was published in the journal Foreign Literature, translated by Rita Yakovlevna Rait-Kovaleva.
Throughout his life, Jerome David Salinger wrote thirty-nine works, of which four remained unpublished (Baby Train (1944), Two Lonely Men (1944), The Birthday Boy (1946) and Ocean Full of Balloons for bowling "(1947)).
The unique style of Jerome Salinger
In almost all of Salinger's works, the main characters are children and adolescents under the age of fifteen. However, Jerome cannot be called a children's writer. In the lines written by this brilliant master of the word, one can easily trace the theme of opposing the norms and laws invented by people, opposing the vile world, which does not give a single chance for another life, except for the one that he [the world] has prepared.
In most of Salenger's stories, the main characters are members of the Glass family (they appear in Banana Fish Are Good, Seymour: An Introduction, Franny and Zooey, and other works). Through these characters, Jerome reveals the theme of confrontation between a person endowed with talent and the outside world, cruel and merciless.
retreat
After the resounding success of The Catcher in the Rye, Jerome Salenger went into hiding and began to lead the life of a real recluse. He refused to communicate with the press and did not give any interviews. In 1965, Salenger stopped publishing his editions. He imposed a strict ban on the reprinting of his early works, written before 1948, several times suppressed attempts by publishers to publish his letters. Jerome wanted to get away from this vile world once and for all. To do this, he even moved to the small town of Cornish (New Hampshire) and began to live in a house surrounded by a high fence. Being away from the outside world, from crowds of people, Salinger became interested in Buddhism, Hinduism, yoga, Dianetics and macrobiotics. Sometimes he set small experiments on himself - for example, he could eat only raw vegetables for a whole week, then for several days he could eat only meat. Jerome considered his own urine a panacea and drank it for any manifestations of health problems.
Personal life
After the war, Jerome worked for some time as an employee of the American counterintelligence. Salinger was perfect for this position, because with all his heart he hated Nazism and everything connected with it. Once he arrested a girl named Sylvia, who was a member of the Nazi Party. Paradoxically, but Sylvia became the wife of Jerome. True, their marriage was very short-lived. Ultimately, Sylvia's hatred of the Jews and Jerome's hatred of the Nazis won over the love and tenderness between the spouses.
In 1950, Jerome Salinger met sixteen-year-old Claire Douglas, a girl from a highly respected British family. Jerome and Claire got married before the latter had even graduated from high school. Salinger took Claire to his own home in the Corniche. The house was in a terrible state - there was neither normal heating nor water supply. However, Jerome forced his underage wife to cook delicious meals for him every day and demanded to change bed linen twice a week. A few years later, Claire realized that she was pregnant. Jerome did not want to have children, but did not do anything. He only began to treat the unfortunate girl even worse than before. At one point, Claire even began to think about suicide, but changed her mind in time. In 1995, Claire gave birth to a girl. Salinger wanted to name his daughter Phoebe after one of the characters in his story, Holden's sister, but Claire insisted that the baby be named Margaret. A little later, another child was born in the family - the son of Matthew. Despite the fact that children were unwanted for Jerome Salinger, he was a good father.
In 1985, Jerome and Claire divorced. And at sixty-six, Salenger still had a passion for young girls. His third wife was the young Colin, who was barely sixteen years old. Colleen volunteered to live in the Corniche in her elderly husband's detached cabin.
Death
On January 27, 2010, Jerome David Salinger passed away at his home. At the time of his death, the writer was ninety-one years old.
Years of life: from 01/01/1919 to 01/27/2010
One of the most influential American writers of the 20th century, he is best known as the author of The Catcher in the Rye, which charted a new course in post-war American literature, and stories that inspired writers such as Philip Roth and John Updike.
JD Salinger was born on January 1, 1919 in Manhattan, New York. His father was Saul Salinger (Solomon Salinger), a Jew, the son of a rabbi, and a successful merchant of kosher cheese and ham. His mother was Mary Gillick, a girl of Scotch-Irish descent. After her marriage, Mary not only changed her surname to Salinger, but also changed her name to the Jewish Miriam (the name of Aaron and Moses' older sister) - in those days, mixed marriages were viewed askance and Mary was forced to impersonate a Jewess, which even her son found out already in mature age. Jerome was the second child in the family - his older sister was Doris.
As a child, Jerome attended a public school on the West Side of Manhattan, and after that, a private McBurney School on Park Avenue. Due to his Semitic background at the McBurney School, young Salinger had some difficulties with adaptation, so he decided not to use his Semitic name David (David) in communication, but called Jerry. At home, his name was Sonny. At McBurney School, Jerry was the captain of the fencing team, wrote for the school newspaper, studied in the drama club, where his acting talent was actively manifested (in 1930, at the summer camp, he was awarded the title of "Best Artist of the Year"). However, Jerry studied poorly and was eventually expelled from school. After being expelled, his parents placed him at a military school in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1936. Here he writes his first stories. A year later, he listens to lectures at New York University and in the same year he and his father visit Europe (Austria and Poland), from where he returns in 1938. In 1939, he entered Columbia University, where he listened to a lecture course by Story magazine editor Burnett on a short story. However, he never finished university.
Before being drafted into the army, Salinger dated Una O'Neill, daughter of playwright Eugene O'Neill, who, after parting with Jerome Salinger, became the wife of Charlie Chaplin, and also worked as an executive director on a cruise ship that sailed to the Caribbean. In 1942, he was drafted into the army, graduated from the officer-sergeant school of the signal troops, and in 1943, with the rank of sergeant, he was transferred to counterintelligence (Nashville, Tennessee). On June 6, 1944, Salinger, as part of the counterintelligence department of the 12th Infantry Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division, participated in the landing in Normandy, and later participated in the "battle in the Hurtgen forest." During the war, he interrogated prisoners of war, took part in the liberation of several concentration camps. During the war, he met Hemingway, with whom he actively corresponded. After the end of the war, he was hospitalized with a nervous breakdown (CSR syndrome ( Combat stress reaction)).
After the war, JD Salinger participated in the German denazification program. One day he arrested a young Nazi named Sylvia Welter and suddenly married her. Together with her in April 1946, he returned to America, but the marriage lasted only 8 months. Jerome's daughter, Margaret Salinger, sees the reason for her father's breakup with Sylvia as follows: She hated the Jews with the same passion with which he hated the Nazis.". Later, for Sylvia, Salinger came up with the contemptuous nickname "saliva" (in English, "saliva" (saliva) is consonant with the name Sylvia).
Salinger's first story, The Young Folks, was published before the war in 1940 in Story magazine, but Salinger's first literary fame came with A Perfect Day for Bananafish in 1948. Until 1951, the young writer had already published 26 works. In 1951, he published his first and only novel, The Catcher in the Rye, which brought him not only worldwide fame, but also material wealth. As a result, he buys land plot with a house on the banks of the Connecticut River in the Corniche, the future residence of a recluse, where he leads a quiet country life and works on the Glass series. In 1953, a separate collection of previously published stories, Nine Stories, was published.
The already successful writer Salinger remarries in 1955. Claire Douglas becomes his wife. They met in 1950. He was 31 years old, she was 16. From his marriage to Claire Douglas, he had two children: Margaret (1955) and Matthew (1960). However, according to Margaret Salinger, this marriage could not have happened if she had not been born, and her father did not read the teachings of Lahiri Mahasaya, the guru of Paramahansa Yogananda, according to which enlightenment was possible if one followed the path of the “father of the family”.
It must be said that religious, mystical, esoteric and other kinds of teachings have always occupied the mind, made up the writer's lifestyle and influenced creativity. In the forties and fifties he studied Zen Buddhism. After he changes direction and is fond of Hinduism and yoga. In the sixties he is absorbed in Dianetics and meets with Ron Hubbard, then he is influenced by Tolstoy's ideas. He tries non-traditional medical practices on himself: macrobiotics, acupuncture, urine therapy and homeopathy, from which, however, he almost died. His daughter spoke of her father's spiritual quest as " throwing love teenager". At the same time, all of the above did not prevent him from coping with the role of a “good father”, although he remained a rather selfish person all his life.
In 1955, the novels "Above the Rafters, Carpenters" were published, in 1959 - "Seamore: An Introduction", in 1961 - "Franny and Zooey", and in 1965 - "Hapworth's 16th Day 1924", continuing the story of the Glass family, who appeared in earlier Salinger stories.
"Hapworth's 16th Day 1924" was the last published work of the writer, and since 1965 J. D. Salinger hid from the whole world in a house in the Corniche, where he lived until his death, avoiding communication with journalists. However, during these years he continued to write, make spiritual quests, and also made attempts to arrange a personal life. In 1966, he divorced Claire Douglas, and in 1972 entered into a relatively long relationship with 18-year-old journalist Joyce Maynard. In the first half of the 80s, the writer meets with American actress Elaine Joyce, and in 1988 he marries his nurse Colleen O'Neill, who was 40 years younger than him.
During the years of seclusion, the writer nevertheless gave one interview for The New York Times (1974) in connection with the release of a collection of his early stories. True, the interview turned out to be not very meaningful - the writer was outraged by the unauthorized publication of his early works, finding it an invasion of his personal life, and the published stories were unsuccessful.
Jerome David Salinger died of natural causes in his home in the Corniche on January 27, 2010 (January 28 in some sources) at the age of 91. His son announced the death and the writer's literary agent confirmed this information.
Information about the works:
According to Salinger's daughter, Margaret, the house in the Corniche was littered with her father's manuscripts. For his works, the writer developed a system of labels: some, for example, mean that this book should be published after his death without editing, others - after editing, but still only after the death of the author. However, there is still no information about any planned publications.
Salinger had three “numbered” cats in his house: Kitty-1, Kitty-2 and Kitty-3.
Journalists gave Salinger the nickname "Greto Garbo of Literature", comparing with an actress who left Hollywood early, but left an indelible mark on the history of cinema.
In 2009, Swedish writer Fredrik Kolting published under the pseudonym John David California the novel 60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye, a continuation of the famous novel. The main character - 76-year-old Mr. K. (Mr. Caulfield) wanders around New York, having escaped from a nursing home. On June 1, 2009, Salinger filed an intellectual property lawsuit in Manhattan District Court, accusing Colting of plagiarism. On July 1, 2009, a court banned publication of Colting's novel in the United States.
Some tragic associations are associated with the novel The Catcher in the Rye. So, Mark Chapman, the killer of John Lennon, after the murder, sitting under a street lamp, began to read this particular book. The Catcher in the Rye was also obsessed with John Hinckley, who assassinated US President Ronald Reagan in 1981.
Salinger was always against film adaptations of his works, except for the film adaptation of Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut in 1949, which, it must be said, failed. And even to Eli Kazan's request to stage The Catcher in the Rye on Broadway, Salinger replied: “I can't give my permission. I'm afraid Holden wouldn't like it." However, one adaptation did take place. Iranian director Dariush Mehrjui wrote to the writer asking for permission to film Franny & Zooey. The author of the story did not even answer this letter, apparently already tired of such requests, but Dariush Mehrjui understood the silence as a sign of consent. As a result, having adapted the story for Iranian everyday life: replacing Christianity with Islam, removing smoking and alcohol, changing names, etc., the film “Paris” was released in Iranian distribution in 1995, which, however, was banned by an American court from being shown in United States at the Salinger suit. At the same time, variations of the image of Holden Caulfield can be found in different films, for example, Rebel Without a Cause by Nicholas Ray (1955), The Graduate by Mike Nichols (1967), Wasteland by Terence Malick (1973).
Concerning the writer's reaction to requests for a film adaptation, a letter from 1957, which was published after Salinger's death, is very illustrative:
Dear Mr Herbert,
I will try to explain to you my attitude towards the film rights and the theatrical production of The Catcher in the Rye. I have had to sing this motive more than once, and I ask you to show indulgence if it seems to you that I am singing without a soul. Firstly, the possibility of selling the rights is not excluded at all. In view of the fact that I will most likely not succeed in dying a rich man, I am increasingly thinking about transferring the unsold rights to my wife and daughter - as a safety net, so to speak. However, I will note that the fact that I will not see the results of this transaction with my own eyes pleases me to no end. I say it over and over, but no one seems to agree with me: The Catcher in the Rye is a very "literary" novel. Yes, it contains ready-made "movie scenes", it would be foolish to argue with this, but for me the whole value of the book is concentrated in the voice of the narrator and his countless subtleties; what matters most to me is his legibility in his readers and listeners, his digressions on gasoline rainbows in puddles, his worldview, his attitude to cowhide suitcases and empty toothpaste boxes – in a word, I treasure his thoughts. It cannot be safely separated from the first-person narrative. I agree: even if they are forcibly separated, the remaining material will be enough for the so-called "Interesting (or maybe just Entertaining) Evening in Kinoshka." But this idea seems almost vile to me, in any case, it is vile enough that I did not sell the rights to the film adaptation. Many of his thoughts, of course, can be processed into dialogues or spoken as a stream of consciousness off-screen, but here I can’t find any other expression than “far-fetched”. Thoughts and actions that seem absolutely natural in the solitude of the novel, on stage, at best, will turn into pseudo-simulation, if such a word exists at all (I hope not). But I have not yet mentioned how risky it is to attract, God forgive me, actors! Have you ever seen a girl actress who would sit cross-legged on the bed and look at the same time at ease? I'm sure not. And Holden Caulfield, in my super-biased opinion, is basically impossible to play. You just can't get enough of a Sensitive, Smart, Talented Young Actor in a Reversible Coat. To do this, you need a truly mysterious person, and if some young man and there is a riddle in the soul, then how to dispose of it, he probably does not know. And no director, I assure you, will help him with this.
On this I, perhaps, will stop. In conclusion, I could clarify that my position is not subject to revision, but I believe you yourself have already understood this.
Nevertheless, thank you for your kind and surprisingly intelligible letter. Usually my mail interlocutors are not able to connect two words.
Best wishes,
J.D. Salinger.
Translation - Anton Svinarenko
The famous American writer Jerome David Salinger became one of the most influential authors of the 20th century. The most famous publication of the writer was the novel "The Catcher in the Rye". As for the volume, here the contribution to literature cannot be called great, but few writers could be put on the same level with him.
Childhood and youth
Jerome David Salinger was born on January 1, 1919 in New York City. The boy's father, Solomon Salinger, was a Jew of Lithuanian origin, who was engaged in the wholesale trade of smoked meats and cheeses. Miriam's mother, who before the wedding bore the name Mary Gillick, who was of Scotch-Irish descent, converted to Judaism. In the family, in addition to Jerome, his older sister Doris was brought up. The difference between the children is 8 years and 2 months.
The father sought to raise his son an educated person. In 1936, the young man graduated from a military school in the city of Valley Forge. Here he made his debut in literature: Jerome wrote 3 stanzas for the school anthem, which is still performed today.
In the summer of 1937, Salinger attended lectures at New York University, and after a year he was in Poland, where in the city of Bydgoszcz, at the request of his father, he studied the production of sausages. Returning home, he attended lectures at Ursinus College, in Pennsylvania, and in 1939 he entered Columbia University, where he listened to a course of lectures on short history, read by W. Burnett.
As a result, David did not finish any educational institution and showed no career aspirations. By this, he aroused the displeasure of his father, with whom he eventually quarreled forever.
In the spring of 1942, Jerome was drafted into the army, where he graduated from the officer-sergeant school of the signal troops. AT next year in the rank of sergeant, the man was transferred to counterintelligence and sent to the city of Nashville (Tennessee).
Creation
The main characters of most of Salinger's works are children under 17 years old. However, he can hardly be called a "children's" writer. In his work, the author raises the theme of confrontation between a teenager and the world around him. The heroes of the works contain an existence that does not find certain boundaries.
The debut story "Young People" in 1940 was published by the magazine "Stori". As for the first serious fame, she came after the publication of "It's Good to Catch a Banana Fish," which describes the day of Seymour Glass and his wife.
11 years after the publication of the first work, on July 16, 1951, the only novel “The Catcher in the Rye” was published, the author worked on this story for 10 years.
Literary critics of that time approved of the novel, which is still not losing popularity. However, the book was banned in some countries and US states due to depressiveness and swear words.
By the release of the novel, 26 works by Jerome were published in various editions, including 7 of 9 short stories. In 1953, they compiled a separate collection called Nine Stories. In the 60s, the work "Franny and Zooey" and "Above the rafters, carpenters" were published.
Personal life
In 1942, Jerome began dating Una, the daughter of playwright Eugene O'Neill. But soon she met and subsequently married him.
Salinger's first wife was a German woman, Sylvia Welter. He first arrested a Nazi, and then married her. Together they returned to America, where for some time they lived in the house of Jerome's parents. But the marriage was short-lived - not having lived even a year, the couple broke up.
According to Salinger's daughter, the reason for the gap was the incompatibility of opinions: later, the author came up with the contemptuous nickname "Salva" for the girl, which translates from English as "saliva".
The second wife of the writer was a student Claire Douglas, daughter of art critic Robert Langton Douglas. The meeting took place in 1950, at that time Claire was 16 years old, and the author was 31 years old. A girl from a respected British family traveled across the Atlantic away from the war.
Some sources claim that the author seduced the young Claire, but this is not entirely accurate. At that time, Jerome was spiritually cultivating and abstaining from intimacy. An Indian guru acted as his mentor, and the practices were reflected in the writer's works.
Claire and Jerome married in 1955, the family had a daughter, Margaret, and a son, Matthew. Salinger insisted that his wife drop out of school 4 months before graduation and move in with him. The girl succumbed to persuasion and did as her lover asked.
The house in which the young family lived could hardly be called habitable. Nevertheless, as Margaret reports from the words of her mother, the already famous writer demanded from his wife gourmet meals and a change of bed linen 2 times a week.
As a child, the daughter was often sick, but the man, based on his convictions, refused to call a doctor. Later, Claire confessed to her daughter that she literally walked on the edge, thinking about committing suicide during pregnancy.
According to Margaret, she and her brother were born by accident, the girl believes that for JD they were hardly desirable children. But the writer turned out to be a good father: he often played with the kids and carried away stories of his own composition.
However, he was constantly irresistibly attracted to women. In 1966, the writer divorced Claire, and soon her place was taken by the journalist Joyce Maynard, who at that time was 18 years old.
Salinger's last wife was Colin, she was 50 years younger.
Death
After The Catcher in the Rye became popular, Salinger led a reclusive life. After 1965, the author stopped publishing - he wrote stories only for himself.
In New Hampshire, Jerome David Salinger died of natural causes at his home on January 27, 2010. The writer's literary agent said that in 2009 Salinger injured his pelvic bone, but he felt good for a long time.
The documentary "The Catcher in the Rye" tells about the personality and life of Salinger.
- At school, Jerome was often mocked because of his middle name - David. To avoid trouble, Salinger forbade teachers to address him by his middle name. By the way, the boy studied very poorly, only expressive performances at drama circle performances can be distinguished from school successes.
- In 1942, the writer went to work, where he participated in the well-known operation to land paratroopers in Normandy. Returning home, Salinger was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of a nervous breakdown.
- The author had a hard time experiencing his popularity after the publication of The Catcher in the Rye. Jerome did not want to communicate with journalists, led a reclusive life. With a categorical refusal, the writer responded to an attempt to create a collection of his letters.
- The writer was engaged in the study of alternative medicine, Hinduism and Buddhism. His outlook was very peculiar.
- Despite the fact that Salinger bought himself a house in the distance, near the forest, surrounded it with a fence and hung signs "No Trespassing", the writer could be regularly seen in a bar with different girls.
- Salinger did give one interview to a student high school for the Claremont Daily Eagle. When the writer learned that the text of the article was on the front page of the local newspaper, he was furious. It was after this incident that Jerome, who felt betrayed, surrounded the house with a high fence.
- Salinger bequeathed his unpublished works to be published between 2015 and 2020. Among them are autobiographical information about interrogations conducted by him during the Second World War.
- In the story "The Lost Letter", the author's real phone number was published: 603-675-5244.
- At the end of 2016, The Center for Cartoon Studies opened a call for applications from artists wishing to live in Salinger's former residence. The winner was given a small scholarship, which allowed him to concentrate on creating a special work.
The house where Jerome Salinger lived for the last 45 years
- Once literary critic Ian Hamilton, clearly not looking for easy ways, tried to write a biography of the author. But Jerome was so furious that he sued Hamilton to ban the use of the previously unpublished letters.
- 3 "numbered" cats lived in Salinger's house: Kitty-1, Kitty-2 and Kitty-3.
Quotes
Because a person died, you can’t stop loving him, damn it - especially if he was better than all the living, you know?
It would be better if some things did not change. It would be nice if they could be put in a glass case and not touched.
A woman's body is a violin, you have to be a great musician to make it sound.
The day will come and you will have to decide where to go. And immediately you have to go where you decided. Immediately. You have no right to waste a minute. You can't do this.
I imagined how small children play in the evening in a huge field, in rye. Thousands of kids, and around - not a soul, not a single adult, except for me. And I'm standing on the very edge of the cliff, over the abyss, you understand? And my job is to catch the kids so that they do not fall into the abyss. You see, they are playing and do not see where they are running, and then I run up and catch them so that they do not break. That's all my work. Guard the guys over the abyss in the rye. I know it's stupid, but it's the only thing I really want. I must be a fool.
Bibliography
- 1940 - Teenagers
- 1940 - See Eddie
- 1941 - Guilty, I will correct
- 1941 - The Soul of an Unhappy Story
- 1942 - Lois Taggett's protracted debut
- 1942 - Unofficial report about one infantryman
- 1943 - Brothers Varioni
- 1943 - Overturned forest
- 1944 - By mutual agreement
- 1944 - Gentle Sergeant
- 1944 - Last day of the last dismissal
- 1944 - Once a week - you will not be lost
- 1945 - Elaine
- 1945 - I'm crazy
- 1945 - Soldier in France
- 1945 - Herring in a barrel
- 1945 - Outsider
- 1946 - Light riot on Madison Avenue
- 1948 - Familiar girl
- 1949 - The Man Who Laughed
- 1949 - In the boat
- 1951 - And these lips and green eyes
- 1952 - De Daumier-Smith's Blue Period
- 1953 - Teddy
- 1955 - Above the rafters, carpenters
- 1959 - Seymour: An Introduction
- 1965 - Hapworth's 16th Day
Jerome David Salinger- American writer, whose works were published in The New Yorker magazine in the 2nd half of the 1940s and in the 1950s.
His writing career began by publishing short stories in New York magazines. During the Second World War, the writer took part in the military operations of American troops in Europe from the very beginning of the Normandy landings. He took part in the liberation of several concentration camps.
His first story, The Young Folks, was published in the magazine Story in 1940. Salinger's first serious fame was brought by the short story A Perfect Day for Bananafish (1948) - the story of one day in the lives of a young man, Seymour Glass, and his wife.
Eleven years after the first publication, Salinger released his only novel, The Catcher in the Rye (1951), which met with unanimous critical acclaim and remains especially popular among high school students and students who find in the views and behavior of the hero, Holden Caulfield , a close echo of their own moods. The book was banned in several countries and in some places in the United States for being depressed and using abusive language, but is now included in the lists of recommended reading in many American schools.
In 1953, the collection Nine Stories was published. In the 60s, the novels Franny and Zooey (Franny and Zooey) and the story Raise High the Roof Beam (Carpenters) were published.
After The Catcher in the Rye became a resounding success, Salinger began to lead a reclusive life, refusing to give interviews. After 1965 he stopped publishing, writing only for himself. Moreover, he imposed a ban on the reprinting of his early writings (before “The banana fish is well caught”) and stopped several attempts to publish his letters. In recent years, he had little to no interaction with the outside world, living behind a high fence in a mansion in the town of Cornish, New Hampshire, and engaging in a variety of spiritual practices, such as Buddhism, Hinduism, yoga, macrobiotics, Dianetics, and alternative medicine. .
All these years he did not stop writing, but he lost all interest in the lifetime publication of his books. According to Margaret Salinger, her father developed a special labeling system - red marked manuscripts that should be published after death without any editing, blue - in need of editing. The exact number of future bestsellers, however, is also unknown.
As, however, about other aspects of the writer's life. Locals say they have occasionally seen him at Universalist churches and in local restaurants. They have long become accustomed to the neighborhood with the classic and imbued with respect for his seclusion. Everyone here knew about the location of his home, but it was revealed to crazy fans all these years with obvious reluctance. Moreover, attempts to penetrate this ivory tower were not crowned with particular success for anyone.
The last time the name of the writer appeared in the information field was in 2009, when he filed a lawsuit against the Swede Frederik Kolting. Hiding under a pseudonym, the author dared to compose a sequel to The Catcher in the Rye, entitled 60 Years Later: Coming Out of the Rye. The novel tells about a certain 76-year-old Mr. K., who escapes from a nursing home, and wanders around New York, remembering his youth, like Holden Caulfield, who once escaped from a boarding school. Salinger not without reason accused the Swede, hiding under the pseudonym JD California of plagiarism, and in July last year his claim was satisfied. Many hoped this summer that the writer would break his seclusion and tell at least a little about his life during these years, but this never happened. And he himself, it seems, was not necessary. Now more than ever it becomes clear that Salinger, like no one else, understood the truth, which has lost its meaning in our time - the author receives eternal life only thanks to his works. And this, third, life of Salinger is still waiting for us.
In the USSR and Russia, his works were translated and published, and gained popularity, especially among the intelligentsia. The most successful and famous are the translations by Rita Wright-Kovaleva.
J. D. Salinger was born and raised in the fashionable area of New York - in Manhattan. His father, Jewish by nationality, was a prosperous merchant of kosher cheese, his mother had Scotch-Irish roots. Jerome's childhood name was Sonny. The Salinger family had the most beautiful apartment on Park Avenue. After several years of study at preparatory schools Jerome attended Valley Forge Military Academy (1934-1936). Friends at the academy later recalled that he was a caustic and witty man. In 1937, at the age of 18, Salinger spent five months in Europe. From 1937 to 1938 he studied at Ursinus College, and then at New York University. She falls in love with Oona O'Neill and writes letters to her every day, later, to Salinger's considerable surprise, she married Charlie Chaplin, who was much older than her.
In 1939, Salinger studied short story writing at Columbia University with Whitt Burnett, founder and editor of Story Magazine. During the Second World War, Salinger was drafted and served in the infantry, participated in the Normandy operation, his comrades said that he was very brave, a real hero. In the very first months spent in Europe, Salinger manages to write several stories and meet Ernest Hemingway in Paris. He also took part in one of the bloodiest episodes of the Hürtgenwald war, a futile battle where he witnessed the horrors of war.
In his famous short story "Dear Esmé - With Love and Squalor" ("For Esmé - With Love and Squalor"), Salinger portrayed a weary American soldier. He begins a correspondence with a thirteen-year-old British girl who helps him regain his interest in life. According to Salinger biographer Ian Hamilton, the writer himself was hospitalized due to stress. After serving as an army signalman and counterintelligence officer from 1942 to 1946, he devoted himself to writing. He played poker with other aspiring writers and was known for being gloomy in character but winning all the time. Salinger regarded Hemingway and Steinbeck as second-rate writers, but praised Melville. In 1945 Salinger married a French woman named Sylvia, she was a doctor. They were later divorced, and in 1955 Salinger married Claire Douglas, daughter of the British art historian Robert Langton Douglas. The marriage broke up in 1967, when Salinger delved into his inner world and Zen Buddhism.
Salinger's early stories appeared in publications such as The Story, where his first story was published in 1940, The Saturday Evening Post, and Esquire, and then The New Yorker, which published almost all of his later stories. texts. In 1948, "A Perfect Day For Bananafish" appeared, about Seymour Glass committing suicide. This is the earliest mention of the Glass family, stories about which would become the mainstay of his writing. The Glass cycle continued in the collections Franny and Zooey (1961), Raise the Rafters, Carpenters (1963), and Seymour: An Introduction (1963). Several stories are told from the point of view of Buddy Glass. "Hapworth's 16th Day 1924" is written in the form of a letter from a summer camp, in which seven-year-old Seymour portrays himself and his younger brother Buddy. “So, when I look back and listen to those five or six most original old American poets—maybe more—and also read the many talented eccentric poets and—especially lately—those able, new-minded stylists who I am almost completely convinced that we had only three or four almost absolutely irreplaceable poets and that, in my opinion, Simor will certainly be numbered among them.(“Cimor: Introduction”, translated by R. Wright-Kovaleva).
Twenty stories published in the Colliers Saturday Evening Post, Esquire, Good Housekeeping, Cosmopolitan, and The New Yorker between 1941 and 1948 appeared in the 1974 "pirate" two-volume edition of J. .D. Salinger". Many of them reflect Salinger's army service. Subsequently, the writer experienced an Indo-Buddhist influence. He became a passionate follower of The Teachings of Sri Ramakrishna, a book on Hindu mysticism, which was translated into English language Swami Nihilananda and Joseph Campbell.
Salinger's first novel, The Catcher in the Rye, was immediately selected by the Book of the Month Club and gained immense international fame. It sold 250,000 copies annually. Salinger did not try to help the publicity, and stated that his photographs should not be used in connection with the book. He later turned down requests for a film adaptation of the book.
Initial reviews for the work were mixed, although most critics considered the novel to be brilliant. Its title is taken from a line by Robert Burns which is misquoted by the protagonist Holden Caulfield, seeing himself as a "catcher in the rye" who must keep all the children in the world from falling off some cliffs of madness. The work is written as a monologue, in living slang. The 16-year-old troubled hero - as Salinger was in his youth - runs away from school during the Christmas holidays to New York, finds himself and loses his virginity. He spends the evening going to night club, unsuccessfully meets with a prostitute, and the next day meets an old girlfriend. Then he gets drunk and sneaks home drunk. Holden's former teacher harasses him. Holden meets with his sister to tell her about the runaway and the breakdown. The novel's humor is similar to Mark Twain's classics The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, but its worldview is more disappointing. Holden describes everything as "fake" and is constantly on the lookout for sincerity. He is one of the first characters to embody teenage existential fear, but full of life, he is in many ways the literary opposite of the young Werther, the hero of Goethe.
Rumors circulated from time to time that Salinger would publish another novel, or that he was being published under a pseudonym, perhaps as Thomas Pynchon. “A real artist, I noticed, will endure everything. (Even praise, as I eagerly hope)”,” Salinger wrote in Simur: An Introduction. Since the late 60s, he has avoided publicity. Journalists assumed that since he did not give interviews, he had something to hide. In 1961, Time magazine sent a team of journalists to investigate his private life. “I like to write. I love to write. But I only write for myself and for my own pleasure,” Salinger said in a 1974 interview with The New York Times. However, according to Joyce Maynard, who has been close to the author for a long time since the 1970s, Salinger still writes, but does not allow anyone to see the work. Maynard was eighteen years old when she received a letter from the author, and after an intense correspondence she moved in with him.
Ian Hamilton's disapproved biography of Salinger was rewritten because he disagreed with the extensive quoting of his personal letters. A new version, “Looking for J.D. Salinger”, appeared in 1988. In 1992, a fire broke out in Salinger's home in the Corniche, but he managed to escape reporters who saw an opportunity to interview him. Since the late 80s, Salinger has been married to Colleen O'Neill. Maynard's story about her relationship with Salinger, "At Home in the World", appeared in October 1998. Salinger broke his silence through his lawyers in 2009, when they began legal action to stop publishing an unauthorized sequel to Caulfield's story, entitled Sixty Years Later: Wading Through the Rye, released in the UK under the pseudonym John David California. books.
About “The Catcher In the Rye”
part 2 , part 3
Story about the book (in English).
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