Kolchak - a traitor and a traitor, a double agent - testifies an adviser to President Wilson. Alexander Kolchak: hero or anti-hero? Kolchak hero
Kolchak's regime was an ugly combination of outward Russian state paraphernalia with Socialist-Revolutionary ministers, semi-English uniforms and French advisers. Among these advisers was the brother of Yakov Sverdlov. Especially blasphemous is the title of Kolchak - "Supreme Ruler". It is known that such a title belonged to only one person in Russia - the Sovereign Emperor. Who and by what right awarded this title to Vice Admiral Kolchak?
The picture "Admiral" with K. Khabensky in the title role has just appeared on the screens of our cinemas. Despite many "blunders" and historical inaccuracies, the film looks good compared to today's filmmaking. Of course, traces of Hollywood and a clear imitation of the famous "Titanic" can be traced in the picture quite clearly, but in general it lacks that sea of vulgarity and absurdity that is inherent in our today's historical cinema. If the story in the film was about an unknown brave sailor officer from some unknown to us "Bohemia", then, probably, such a film could only be welcomed. But the film is not about an "unknown sailor", but about a very famous person in the history of Russian turmoil, Admiral Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak. I repeat, Kolchak is known primarily not as a hero of the First World War, but as one of the leaders of the white movement, the so-called "supreme ruler of Russia." Thus, the film, voluntarily or involuntarily, creates for us a heroized image of a white general and, thus, creates a myth about the heroic white movement as a whole. But how accurate is this interpretation? historical aspect and is the heroic myth about Admiral Kolchak so harmless?
Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was born on November 4, 1873. He came from a Turkish family, and his grandfather Ilias Kolchak Pasha was the commandant of the Turkish fortress of Khotyn, in the 1790s he was captured by the Russians and went to their service. Already Kolchak's father heroically distinguished himself in the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War.
The future admiral received his primary education at home, and then studied at the 6th St. Petersburg classical gymnasium.
On September 15, 1894, Kolchak was promoted to the rank of midshipman and on August 6, 1894, he was assigned to the 1st-rank cruiser Rurik as an assistant watch officer.
Kolchak deserved the highest characteristics about himself. The commander of the cruiser G.F. Tsyvinsky later, becoming an admiral, wrote: “Midshipman A.V. Kolchak was an unusually capable and talented officer, had a rare memory, spoke perfectly three European languages, knew well the sailing directions of all seas, knew the history of all almost European fleets and naval battles.
On the cruiser "Rurik" Kolchak departed for Far East. At the end of 1896, Kolchak was assigned to the cruiser of the 2nd rank "Cruiser" to the position of chief of the watch. On this ship, for several years he went on campaigns in the Pacific Ocean, in 1899 he returned to Kronstadt. On December 6, 1898, he was promoted to lieutenant. In the campaigns, Kolchak not only performed his official duties, but also actively engaged in self-education. He became interested in oceanography and hydrology. In 1899 he published an article "Observations on surface temperatures and specific gravity of sea water, made on the cruisers "Rurik" and "Cruiser" from May 1897 to March 1898.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Kolchak participated in the polar expedition of Baron E. V. Toll to the Taimyr Peninsula. Throughout the expedition, Kolchak led an active scientific work. In 1901, E. V. Toll immortalized the name of A. V. Kolchak - he named the island and cape discovered by the expedition after him.
Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, Kolchak reported to the Academy of Sciences on the work done, and also reported on the enterprise of Baron Toll, from whom no news had been received either by that time or later. In January 1903, it was decided to organize an expedition, the purpose of which was to clarify the fate of Toll's expedition. The expedition took place from May 5 to December 7, 1903. It consisted of 17 people on 12 sledges harnessed by 160 dogs. During Kolchak's expedition, it became clear that Toll's expedition had perished.
Then there was the Russo-Japanese War. Kolchak was wounded and captured by the Japanese. After four months in captivity, Kolchak returned to Russia through the United States of America. Upon his return from captivity, he was awarded the St. George weapon "for courage" and promoted to captain of the 2nd rank.
Then there was work at the Naval General Staff, then service at the headquarters Baltic Fleet. While working at the Naval Staff, Kolchak met Admiral L. A. Brusilov. At the same time, Kolchak took part in the work of the Duma Committee on State Defense, which was chaired by the leader of the Octobrist Party and one of the worst enemies of the Sovereign, A. I. Guchkov. It must be said that Admiral L. A. Brusilov was also very critical of Emperor Nicholas II.
It was in the Baltic, in the rank of captain of the 1st rank, that Kolchak met the First world war. We will not expand here on Kolchak's activities as a naval commander. Suffice it to say that his activities were highly valued by the Russian naval command and the Sovereign himself. It was Nicholas II who promoted Kolchak to vice admiral and appointed him commander of the Black Sea Fleet. At the same time, those around him noted such negative qualities in Kolchak as excessive ambition and irritability. Sometimes Kolchak had nervous breakdowns, during which he retired from business and closed himself in. One of these disruptions was reflected in the memoirs of Rear Admiral A. D. Bubnov, who then held the post of head of the naval department at the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. Bubnov recalled how the news of the fire on the battleship "Empress Maria", which occurred in 1916 and cost the lives of many people, affected Kolchak.
“The death of the Empress Maria,” wrote Admiral Bubnov, “deeply shocked A. V. Kolchak. With his characteristic sublime understanding of his superior duty, he considered himself responsible for everything that happened in the fleet under his command [...]. He withdrew into himself, stopped eating, did not talk to anyone, so that those around him began to fear for his sanity. Upon learning of this, the Sovereign ordered me to immediately go to Sevastopol and hand over to A.V. Kolchak, that he does not see any guilt behind him in the death of the "Empress Maria", treats him with invariable goodwill and orders him to calmly continue his command. Arriving in Sevastopol, I found at the headquarters a depressed mood and anxiety about the state of the admiral, which now began to express itself in extreme irritation and anger. Although I was close to A. V. Kolchak, I confess that I went to his admiral's quarters not without fear; however, the gracious words of the Sovereign conveyed to him by me had an effect, and after a long friendly conversation, he completely came to his senses, so that in the future everything went into its own track.
But it was not ambition and irritability that became the reason that the gendarmerie took Kolchak into a secret development. General Spiridovich writes in his memoirs about important meetings in St. Petersburg, in October 1916, under the chairmanship of M. M. Fedorov, in private apartments, including those of Maxim Gorky. These meetings took place at least twice a month. In 1916, at meetings in Gorky's apartment, a "sea plan" of a palace coup appeared, to which A.V. Kolchak, Kapnist allegedly agreed (the initials are unknown).
It is not known whether Spiridovich is right in his memoirs or not, but here are the memoirs of the murderer of G. E. Rasputin, Prince Felix Yusupov. Yusupov recalled that immediately after the February coup, he met with one of the main rebels, M. V. Rodzianko. Yusupov further writes:
“Seeing me, Rodzianko got up, came up and asked straight away:
- Moscow wants to declare you emperor. What do you say?
It's not the first time I've heard this. We had already been in Petersburg for two months, and all sorts of people - politicians, officers, priests - told me the same thing. Soon Admiral Kolchak and Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich came to repeat:
- The Russian throne was not achieved by inheritance or election. He was captured. Take advantage of the opportunity. All the cards are in your hands. Russia is impossible without a tsar. But trust in the Romanov dynasty has been undermined. The people don't want them anymore."
So, according to Yusupov, Kolchak was among those who tried to replace Emperor Nicholas II on the throne with another person, in particular Felix Yusupov. This passage by Yusupov coincides with the information of Spiridovich. You can, again, not believe Yusupov, especially since the prince was a liar.
But here is some more information. In 1916, shortly before the February coup, the mayor of Tiflis A. I. Khatisov met in Tiflis with Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich and offered the latter to take the throne after the overthrow of the Emperor, which should happen in the very near future. At the same time, Khatisov assured the Grand Duke that Admiral Kolchak was completely on their side and was ready to provide the forces of his fleet for these purposes. At the same time, another Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich came to Tiflis to meet with Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich and also persuaded his relative to support the plot against the Tsar, again referring to the loyalty of the Black Sea Fleet. In this regard, it is interesting that in the memoirs of Yusupov, Kolchak and Nikolai Mikhailovich also act in the same bundle.
Immediately after February, it became known about the plan according to which the Black Sea Fleet was to go to Batum and there, and along the entire coast, make a demonstration in favor of Nikolai Nikolaevich, and deliver him through Odessa to the Romanian front and declare Emperor, and the Duke of Leuchtenberg - heir
Thus, there are so many references to Kolchak's involvement in the conspiracy against Emperor Nicholas II that they can hardly be considered mere coincidences.
Be that as it may, but Kolchak immediately and completely recognized both the February coup and the regime of the Provisional Government. On March 5, Kolchak ordered a prayer service and a parade on the occasion of the victory of the revolution; at a rally in Sevastopol, he "expressed his devotion to the Provisional Government."
The admiral spoke about the same devotion during interrogation by the Chekists in 1920. To the question of the interrogator: “Which form of government seemed to you personally the most desirable for you?” Kolchak frankly answered: “I was the first to recognize the Provisional Government, I believed that as a temporary form it is desirable under the given conditions; it must be supported by all means; that any opposition to him would cause a collapse in the country, and I thought that the people themselves should establish a form of government in the constituent body, and whatever form they chose, I would submit. I thought that some sort of republican form of government would probably be established, and I considered this republican form of government to meet the needs of the country.
And here is another saying of Kolchak characterizing his "monarchism":
“I took an oath to our first Provisional Government. I took the oath in good conscience, considering this Government as the only Government that had to be recognized under those circumstances, and I was the first to take this oath. I considered myself completely free from any obligations in relation to the monarchy, and after the revolution took place, I took the point of view on which I always stood - that I, after all, did not serve this or that form of government, but I serve my homeland, which I put it above everything, and I consider it necessary to recognize the Government that then declared itself at the head of Russian power.
It is said very clearly, and completely dismisses all subsequent aspirations of Kolchak's fans "about the compulsion" of his service to the Provisional Government, about Kolchak's "secret monarchism". There was no monarchism, but there was great ambition and a desire for personal power. Throughout the spring of 1917, Kolchak communicated directly and by telegraph with Guchkov and Rodzianko. Guchkov repeatedly thanks Kolchak for his professionalism and devotion to the new government. At the same time, it is clear that certain forces saw Kolchak as a new dictator. When Kolchak arrived in Petrograd in June 1917, the so-called “right-wing” newspapers came out with huge headlines: “Admiral Kolchak is the savior of Russia”, “All power to Admiral Kolchak!”.
Interestingly, Admiral Kolchak arrived in Petrograd already in the new naval uniform of the Provisional Government. In the film "Admiral" this form is coquettishly presented in the form of either an American naval uniform, or in the form of a merchant marine uniform. In fact, the new naval uniform of the Provisional Government, introduced by order of the new Minister of War Guchkov, was deprived of shoulder straps, and the cockade was crowned with a five-pointed star. It is clearly visible in Kolchak's photograph of the summer of 1917. It is clear why the authors of the film betrayed the historical truth! How would they show the “fighter against Bolshevism”, who had a five-pointed star on his forehead!
Arriving in Petrograd, the Russian "monarchist" Kolchak hurries to meet with the worst enemies of the Russian monarchy and assure them of his full respect. Kolchak paid his first visit to the oldest Marxist G.V. Plekhanov. This is how Plekhanov himself recalled his meeting with Kolchak. “Today... I had Kolchak. I really liked him. It is evident that in his field well done. Brave, energetic, not stupid. In the very first days of the revolution, he took her side and managed to maintain order in the Black Sea Fleet and get along with the sailors. But in politics, he seems to be completely innocent. He led me straight into embarrassment with his cheeky carelessness. He entered cheerfully, in a military way, and suddenly said: - I considered it my duty to introduce myself to you, as the oldest representative of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party.
Enter my position! I am a socialist-revolutionary! I tried to amend: – Thank you, very glad. But let me tell you...
However, Kolchak, without stopping, minted: ... to the representative of the Socialist Revolutionaries. I am a sailor, I am not interested in party programs. I know that in our navy, among the sailors, there are two parties: the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats. I saw their proclamations. I don’t understand what the difference is, but I prefer the Socialist-Revolutionaries, since they are patriots. The Social-Democrats, on the other hand, do not love their fatherland, and besides, there are a lot of Jews among them...
I fell into complete bewilderment after such a greeting, and with the most gracious meekness tried to lead my interlocutor out of error. I told him that not only was I not a socialist-revolutionary, but I was even known as an opponent of this party, who broke many copies in ideological struggle with her... He said that I belong precisely to the Social Democracy he does not love, and despite this, I am not a Jew, but a Russian nobleman, and I love my fatherland very much! Kolchak was not at all embarrassed. He looked at me with curiosity, muttered something along the lines of: well, it doesn’t matter, and began to talk vividly, interestingly and intelligently about the Black Sea Fleet, about its state and combat missions. He spoke very well. Probably a good admiral. Only it is very weak in politics ... ".
From this passage, the whole cynicism of Kolchak is visible. He calls the Socialist-Revolutionaries, bloody murderers and terrorists, "patriots of Russia", with only one purpose: to please the "Socialist-Revolutionary", as he suggests, Plekhanov. Hearing from Plekhanov that he had nothing to do with the Socialist-Revolutionaries, but, on the contrary, was a "Social Democrat", Kolchak carelessly throws "it's not important" and continues the conversation. Plekhanov decided that this was a sign of a weak politician, but in fact it was Kolchak's complete moral promiscuity. In this he is very reminiscent of another tsarist officer - Tukhachevsky. We can safely put forward the assumption that if the situation had developed differently, then Kolchak would have joined the Red Army without hesitation.
In addition to Plekhanov, the "monarchist" Kolchak met another "patriot" of Russia, the Social Revolutionary Boris Savinkov, the organizer of the assassination of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and the organizer of the assassination attempts on Emperor Nicholas II. Close relations were established between the "monarchist" and the "patriot". Suffice it to say that Savinkov represented the Kolchak government and his Union Bureau abroad.
Kolchak's connection with Savinkov, a freemason and a secret agent of British intelligence, gave reason to some authors to believe that Kolchak himself was recruited by the British. However, it seems that these statements do not take into account the frenzied ambition of people like Kolchak. The assertion that Kolchak was an English spy is just as absurd as the assertion that Lenin was a German spy. Another thing is that such people were ready for the sake of their ambition to enter into a tactical alliance with anyone to achieve their personal goals.
Kolchak's relationship with Kerensky was also not as acrimonious as it is portrayed in the film. Of course, Kolchak did not say any proud words about Kerensky's responsibility for the collapse of the army and navy to the head of the Provisional Government. Moreover, he turned to him for help. Another thing is that by the summer of 1917, almost the same anarchy was already happening in the Black Sea Fleet as in the Baltic. Performances of sailors and riots were replaced one after another. June 6, 1917 Kolchak was removed from the post of commander of the Black Sea Fleet. Then the admiral, apparently, did not assume that he would never return to naval service again.
They are constantly trying to explain to us that the removal of Kolchak from the post of commander of the fleet was caused solely by Kerensky's fear of the popular personality of the admiral. But in fact, this is not entirely true. Even before the resignation of Kolchak, American Vice Admiral J. G. Glennon and the personal representative of the American president, Senator E. Ruth, arrived in Sevastopol. Apparently already then, in Sevastopol, they turned to Kolchak with a proposal to go to the United States to assist the Americans who had entered the war in organizing the mine business. It is not clear what the real goals of this proposal were and when Kolchak agreed to them, but already in July 1917, in a letter to his mistress A.V. Timereva, Kolchak writes the following: “Now I can speak more or less definitely about my future future. Upon my arrival in Petrograd, I received an invitation from US Ambassador Root and from Admiral Glennon's Naval Mission to serve in the US Navy. Despite the severity of my position, I still did not dare to immediately irrevocably break with the Motherland, and then Ruth and Glennon rather ultimatum suggested that the Provisional Government send me as the head of a military mission to America to serve during the war in the U. S. Navy [US Navy]. Now this issue has been resolved by the government in a positive way, and I am waiting for the final formation of the mission.”
On July 27, 1917, Kolchak leaves for the USA, but on the way he stops in England, where he spends almost a month. Officially, the Russian admiral studied British military achievements. However, Kolchak was not going to leave an active political life. Just before leaving, he received a telegram from Petrograd with a proposal to put forward his candidacy for the Constituent Assembly from the Kadet Party. He agreed.
In early August, Kolchak arrives in the United States, where he is met in person. high level. He met with the US Secretary of the Navy, his assistant, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of War. On October 16, Kolchak was received by President V. Wilson.
Just two months later, Kolchak leaves the United States and heads to the island of Yokohama (Japan). The purpose of this trip is again unclear. One gets the impression that Kolchak is being deliberately brought to the future theater of operations. Here in Yokohama, Kolchak learns about the October Revolution.
Upon learning of the coup, Kolchak began to ask to serve in the British army "at least as a simple soldier." He turned with such a request to the British envoy in Tokyo, Sir Green. After some time, he received a positive response and was sent to Bombay, from where he was supposed to be transported to the British possessions in Mesopotamia. But halfway through, Kolchak received a telegram saying that he should not go to Mesopotamia, since the British crown did not need his services. Therefore, Kolchak moved to Beijing to the Russian Embassy. From here, his path to seizing power in the East of Russia will begin.
The circumstances under which Kolchak's star rose as the "supreme ruler" of Russia are full of ambiguities. It should be said that after the overthrow of the monarchy, France and England considered the territory of Russia as their prey. In the spring of 1918, the high command of the Allies in the Entente decided to overthrow the "pro-German" regime of the Bolsheviks, and establish their full control over Russia. All anti-Bolshevik forces were subordinate to the French general M. Janin. The French plans included the occupation of the Far East and Siberia, as well as the Crimea in the South, the British planned to capture Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, the Romanians - Bessarabia. Meanwhile, this situation did not suit the Americans, who seemed to be left with nothing. The United States urgently needed a man in Russia. And Admiral Kolchak became such a person. On November 18, 1918, Kolchak overthrew the pro-Anantov directory and proclaimed himself the "Supreme Ruler of Russia." It is noteworthy that the first of the foreign representatives who visited the admiral was the US Consul General in Irkutsk, Harris. He officially told Kolchak that the US government would give him full support. In 1918-1919, the Americans handed over to Kolchak 600 thousand rifles, more than 4.5 million rounds of ammunition, 220 thousand shells, a large number of guns and machine guns, 330 thousand pairs of army shoes. In February 1919, the American government sent a special military mission to the south of Russia. It was led by the former US military attache in Petrograd, Lieutenant Colonel Riggs. The task of the mission included organizing all kinds of assistance to the Kolchak armies.
Relying on American support, Kolchak was able to remove General Zhanin from the post of de facto commander in chief, for which the latter did not fail to subsequently take revenge on the admiral by handing him over to death. Kolchak's regime was an ugly combination of outward Russian state paraphernalia with Socialist-Revolutionary ministers, semi-English uniforms and French advisers. Among these advisers was the brother of Yakov Sverdlov, Zinovy Sverdlov, who then bore the surname Peshkov. The head of the Kolchak government was V.N. Pepelyaev, a cadet who enthusiastically greeted the February Revolution, a former commissar of the Provisional Government.
Especially blasphemous is the title of Kolchak - "Supreme Ruler". It is known that such a title belonged to only one person in Russia - the Sovereign Emperor. Who and by what right awarded this title to Vice Admiral Kolchak?
Kolchak was never free in his decisions. He spoke about this himself. Lieutenant General K. V. Sakharov, a close associate of Kolchak, gives the following conversation with him:
“- The Russian people cannot,” continued the admiral, “stop on anyone, nor be satisfied with anyone.
- How do you imagine, Your Excellency, the future?
Just like every honest Russian. /.../ All layers of the Russian people, starting with the peasants, think only about the restoration of the monarchy, about calling their people's Leader to the throne - the legitimate Tsar. Only this is successful.
- So why not announce now that the Omsk government understands the people's desires and will follow them this way?
The admiral laughed sarcastically.
– And what will our foreigners, allies, say? What will our ministers say?
The most frankly democratic nature of the Kolchak regime was revealed by the head of the "Arkhangelsk government" Socialist-Revolutionary N.V. Tchaikovsky. In 1919, he was summoned to Versailles for a conference of the victorious powers, where on May 9 he had a conversation with US President Wilson and British Prime Minister Lloyd George. It was about Kolchak. Tchaikovsky assured high-ranking interlocutors that "Kolchak is supported by democratic forces" and that the admiral would follow a "democratic policy."
In this regard, I would like to say a few words about the role of Kolchak in the investigation of the Yekaterinburg atrocity. There is an order from Kolchak to assist the investigation of N. A. Sokolov to investigate the murder of the Royal Family. On the margins of this document is the following resolution of General Dieterichs, apparently made by him later: “The Supreme Ruler really did not want to give me this order, since he is under the strong influence of the German-Jewish party and any establishment of the truth in this matter is extremely undesirable to him”
Kolchak's regime could not fail to collapse. At its basis, as well as the Bolshevik basis, there was a big lie. But unlike the Bolshevik lie, Kolchak's lie was spiritually more dangerous, because it was covered with national banners, golden shoulder straps, Russian state symbols. Kolchak usurped the sacred rights and prerogatives of the Russian Tsar, and the pathetic propaganda of the "Constituent Assembly" emphasized this usurpation even more.
General Sakharov wrote in his memoirs: “The version was widely spread among the people that the white army was marching with priests in full vestments, with banners and singing “Christ is Risen!” This legend spread deep into Russia; two months later we were told by those who made their way through the red front to our side from the Volga region: the people there joyfully crossed themselves, sighed and looked with enlightened eyes to the east, from where their native, close Russia was already coming in their dreams. Five weeks later, when I arrived at the front, they conveyed their thoughts to me when I went around our combat units west of Ufa:
- You see, Your Excellency, what a deal happened, bad luck. And then, after all, the people were completely dreaming, the end of the torment, they thought. We hear that Mikhail Lyaksandrych himself is walking with the white army, he has declared himself Tsar again, he has mercy on everyone, he gives land. Well, the Orthodox people came to life, grew bolder, which means they even began to beat the commissars. Everyone was waiting, ours will come, there is little left to endure. And in fact, it didn’t turn out that way.”
It is precisely this feeling that “it didn’t work out that way” that explains the main reason for the people’s passivity. And although at the beginning the people gladly went with the admiral against the Reds, more than 150 thousand Ural workers fought in the ranks of the Kolchak army, then as the fighting continued, popular support left Kolchak. The people intuitively felt that Kolchak was not the legitimate leader of Russia, that he was the same impostor as the commissars were.
At the end of the Kolchak epic, under the blows of the Red armies, everyone turned away from Kolchak. The allies betrayed him first. General Zhanin, following a secret order from Paris, handed over the admiral and the head of his government, V.N. Pepelyaev, to the Reds. On February 7, 1920, by personal order of Lenin, Kolchak and Pepelyaev were shot. Kolchak met death courageously, as befits an officer. What can not be said about Pepelyaev. Contrary to the film, Pepelyaev, according to eyewitnesses, lost his presence of mind and begged for mercy. The bodies of Kolchak and Pepelyaev were thrown into the Angara.
They say that Kolchak liked to repeat the phrase: "Nothing is given for free, you have to pay for everything and not evade payment." His life and death were the best proof of the truth of this saying.
The White Army gave many examples of brave and courageous, disinterested Russian officers and soldiers. General Kappel, General Markov, General Mamontov, Lieutenant Nezhentsov. The same examples were given by the Red Army: Chapaev, Budyonny, Mironov. These people, each in their own way, thought that they were fighting for Russia, for her better lot. You can talk about these people with respect and give them their due. But you can never make heroes out of them. For there can be no heroes in a fratricidal war.
Moreover, it is impossible to glorify and exalt the leaders of the fratricidal war: Kolchak, Denikin, Frunze, Kamenev, Vatsetis, Wrangel. And no matter how different Kolchak and Lenin were from each other, they were united by one thing: the readiness to shed fraternal blood in the name of foreign political goals, in the name of an ephemeral “bright future”. Admiral Kolchak openly wrote about this after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: “The war is lost. Will wait new war, as the only bright future, but for now it is necessary to finish the present, and then take up the new one.
The victory of Kolchak, Denikin or Wrangel would mean the economic occupation of Russia by the British, French and Americans. Let's not forget that the governments of Kolchak and Wrangel had clear obligations on this issue to the allies. The same thing would have happened, only outwardly in milder forms, which happened under the Bolsheviks. But if the robbery of Russia by the Bolsheviks was perceived precisely as a robbery, then the robbery of Russia under the rule of the whites would be perceived as legitimate actions of the national Russian government.
They will tell us, but why shouldn't we have fought Bolshevism at all? Why was it necessary to give the country to desecration without any resistance? No, we say. Of course, it was necessary to fight the Bolshevik monster. But this should have been done by people with a clear conscience and clean hands. These were supposed to be new Minins and Pozharskys, new Ivan Susanins, and not politicians-generals who forgot their duty to the Tsar and the Fatherland and dreamed of the laurels of "supreme rulers." But the whole paradox lies in the fact that if in the Russian army and Russian society there were Pozharskys and Susanins, faithful to their duty and oath, no fight against Bolshevism would be needed, since it simply would never have happened.
Of course, the real Kolchak and the Kolchak performed by Khabensky are two completely different people. But still the hero of the film is Kolchak. Millions of people who today do not know history at all will perceive Kolchak precisely through the talented play of Khabensky, which means that the very ambiguous figure of the admiral, one of the organizers of the Civil War, will firmly enter the consciousness of generations as a positive figure. Such a person wants to imitate. What to imitate? Kolchak's participation in the First World War is shown little and sparingly. But Kolchak's love story is painted in all colors. Abstracting from the real Kolchak and not at all wanting to delve into his personal life, I would still like to note that the story of an officer who stole his lawful wife from his comrade-in-arms and left his wife and child for arbitrariness of fate.
Peter Multatuli
Yekaterinburg Initiative
What times, such heroes. The phrase is already rather hackneyed, but has not lost its relevance. With the change of the socio-political system in Russia, new ideals are being imposed on our society. Fighting the Soviet consciousness in the minds of citizens, the authorities are trying in every possible way to denigrate the values of socialist society.
One of the tools is an attempt to present as new heroes and role models those historical figures who were not at all popular in society and were staunch enemies of the Soviet regime.
This series of articles will be devoted to these individuals, as well as their "merits" to the fatherland. Let's start with the figure of Admiral Alexander Kolchak, the favorite of the current government. A true patriot and hero of his fatherland - this is how he was presented in the movie "Admiral". So anyway, Admiral Kolchak hero or enemy of Russia? Let's try to figure it out.
In order to answer the question posed above, it is necessary to get to know the specific facts from the life and work of this “hero” of the “white movement”, the “Supreme Ruler of Russia” more closely.
Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich(1873-1920), one of the main organizers of the counter-revolutionary movement in the Civil War in Siberia, the Urals and the Far East. In 1916-1917. commanded the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral.
In 1918-1920. A. V. Kolchak- "The supreme ruler of the Russian state", who was actively supported by the Entente. The Kolchak regime was liquidated by the Red Army with the support of partisans in 1920. By the decree of the Irkutsk Military Revolutionary Committee, Kolchak was shot (Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1975).
Such individuals are held in high esteem by the bourgeois authorities. The leadership of the Irkutsk region decided to contribute to the process of "humanizing" one of the main executioners of Russia during the Civil War, and in November 2004 a monument was erected to the rebellious admiral. And now a museum is being created in one of the cells of the pre-trial detention center in Irkutsk to perpetuate his memory. Local chiefs even organized a tourist route along Kolchak places.
In essence, the decision of the Irkutsk authorities is highly immoral. Why? First of all, because Kolchak has not yet been formally rehabilitated. In February 1998, the military prosecutor of the Trans-Baikal Military District refused to recognize the admiral Kolchak victim of political repression. The basis for the refusal was the available evidence that, with the knowledge Kolchak the military counterintelligence under his control carried out mass executions of the civilian population, Red Army soldiers and their sympathizers. Government Kolchak encouraged the military with monetary rewards for the number of "heads" destroyed by them. Counterintelligence shot people even for having calloused hands. Since you are a worker, it means you are for the Reds, so you are subject to execution. In this way, Kolchak as having committed crimes against peace and humanity is not subject to rehabilitation.
Current defenders Kolchak extol him as an outstanding polar explorer and naval commander. The future admiral also took part in the Russo-Japanese War. (True, he did not win special laurels there, but he was captured by the Japanese). In 1916 Kolchak appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet with the rank of Vice Admiral.
No one can take these merits from him. What was, was. But the fact is that all their former merits Kolchak crossed out himself, becoming in 1918 a puppet of the Entente. Having received the post of “supreme ruler of Russia” from the hands of Western moneybags, the white admiral with an iron hand began to restore order in the territory entrusted to him, so much so that Siberia was washed with blood. Thousands of hanged, executed, tortured in prison Red Army soldiers, flogged village women, ruined children and burned villages - that's business card Omsk executioner allegedly "giving himself all to Russia."
In a short reign Kolchak in Siberia, during the punitive operations of the White Guard troops and their allies, more than 40 thousand civilians were hanged, shot and burned alive and about 100 thousand were thrown into prison. In those days, it was the atrocities Kolchak guardsmen contributed to the fact that quite prosperous Siberian peasants took the side of Soviet power, having Kolchak fierce resistance, although at first the Bolsheviks in Siberia were not successful.
The book by A. Aldan-Semenov "Reds and Whites" contains a dialogue between the Minister of the Interior and the "supreme ruler". V. N. Pepelyaev reports Kolchak on the results of the investigation into peasant unrest in Cannes:
“- Your Excellency, on the Angara, the punishers hang people for no reason at all, Ataman Krasilnikov is especially mad.
- What is he doing?
— You announced an amnesty for the partisans. One hundred and thirty men came home from the taiga. Krasilnikov immediately hanged them all as Bolsheviks.
— It can't be.
“Excuse me, Your Excellency, but…”
— What else does Krasilnikov do?
“He shoots priests, village elders, gendarmes who honestly served us. "This pop has not changed yet, but he can change, therefore, the priest is better to hang." But other chieftains are no better. Annenkov, Kalmykov, Semenov, Baron Ungern. I can show you documents about the monstrous torture...
-No need…".
Kolchak chose not to notice the atrocities of his guardsmen, none of whom were punished. None of them even received a reprimand. It is natural that Kolchak's chieftains, using the connivance of their leader, did such outrages against the civilian population, from which the hair of an ordinary person stood on end.
***
In 1919, the power of the leader of the operetta "Siberian Government", called the "supreme ruler of Russia", relied solely on the troops of the Western allies in the face of a motley Anglo-French-American-Japanese coalition. received from them Kolchak"humanitarian" assistance, for which he generously paid with Russian gold, stolen by him from the workers' and peasants' state.
The fact that Kolchak is a puppet of the moneybags of the West was known to the people from the very beginning. It is no coincidence that then they said about him: "English uniform, French epaulettes, Japanese tobacco - the ruler of Omsk."
Kolchak's life changed dramatically in February 1917. It was during this period of time that his true essence and poverty of spirit were fully manifested. However, judge for yourself.
A seemingly convinced monarchist, who took the oath to the king, betrayed this king as soon as he saw that the throne was swaying under him. Together with other generals and admirals, he signed a letter demanding the resignation of the tsar, and after learning about the revolution, he threw the golden dagger into the sea, but immediately took the oath to the Provisional Government.
But the Provisional Government either could not or did not want to offer the ambitious admiral a decent position. At the request of the indignant sailors, he had to be removed from command of the Black Sea Fleet. Then the Provisional Government, at the request of the United States on June 28, 1917, sent him to the United States as a mine specialist.
Arriving in the United States, Kolchak began to conduct secret negotiations with representatives of the governments of the United States and England about his transfer to serve in their armed forces or to the fleet.
The financial sharks of England decided that he would be extremely useful for them in Russia as the leader of the armed struggle against Soviet power. At the official suggestion of the British government Kolchak arrived in the Far East and in the spring and summer of 1918 began to advance the British to the post of head of the anti-Soviet front.
Englishmen who bought and recruited Kolchak, believed that he would be the most "solid contender for power" and had a real chance of becoming the "supreme ruler of Russia", with whom it would be possible to deal with if the entire anti-Soviet campaign was successful.
In October 1918 Kolchak was sent by the British to Omsk as Minister of War of the Directory (democratic government of Siberia and the Urals). Dealing with local authorities Kolchak declared himself the "Supreme Ruler of Russia" with the support of the Entente.
TV and media called the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks in January 1918, which refused to recognize the decrees of Soviet power, a crime. But then the majority of the deputies did not submit to the Bolshevik government. Anti-Soviet deputies organized the Committee of Participants of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), seized power with the support of the Czechoslovak Corps in the Volga region and the Urals, announced the creation of an independent republic and started a war with the Soviet government. The organizers of Komuch, that is, the deputies of the Constituent Assembly, were shot on Kolchak's orders without trial or investigation. If Lenin, who ordered the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, is called a usurper and a criminal, then whatever you want to call A. Kolchak who ordered the execution of these deputies?
The Entente gave Kolchak 1200 guns, a million rifles, thousands of machine guns, ammunition, aircraft, armored cars, uniforms for hundreds of thousands of people. Kolchak paid off with the third part of the gold reserves of Russia, where the rest of the gold and valuables are still not known for sure.
Kolchak generously thanked the interventionists. He gave the Americans the Lena River basin in concession, the Japanese - the mineral deposits of Transbaikalia, the British - the Northern Sea Route and the ores of Altai (and this is not counting the gold reserves). The British plundered Russia from all sides. In Arkhangelsk, furs were taken from warehouses and even dogs were taken out - Siberian Laikas.
How many tears were shed by the current Western liberals about the sale of masterpieces from the Hermitage and other Russian museums in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century for the starving Volga region and the needs of the industrialization of the USSR! But none of them ever remembered the gold reserves of Russia, sent by Kolchak to fight Bolshevism. Moreover, it is considered a "merit" Kolchak, his contribution to the liberation of Russia from the yoke of Bolshevism.
side by side with Kolchak his White Czech friends raged in Siberia. A huge amount of gold and silver items, jewelry, paintings, carpets, furs and even purebred trotters were taken out in echelons ... ["Tankograd". No. 24. 2008].
Power Kolchak lasted two years and left a terrible memory of itself in Siberia, the Urals and the Volga region, Pokamye, Vyatka and other places. And when today the townsfolk, zombified by television, begin to admire Kolchak as a talented polar explorer, an experienced naval commander, a brave and highly educated person with an intelligent and expressive look, they forget about what the same Kolchak did, becoming the "supreme ruler of Russia."
BUT. Kolchak stands out among the leaders of the white movement in that he was defeated not so much by the Red Army, but by the general indignation of the population of Siberia! This is how Kolchak had to try so that in just two years the Siberians would hate him so much!
And there was something to hate. In the book by V. Zazubrin "Two Worlds", published in 1921, all the horrors of Kolchakism are presented by a man who experienced them on his own skin. In words, Kolchak promised people a paradise life: “I set my main goal ... the establishment of law and order, so that the people could ... choose their own form of government and realize the ideas of freedom ... ".
But what he did not in words, but in deeds.
“... The village of Medvezhye. All the peasants were gathered for a prayer service in the square. Machine guns are aimed at the crowd. The bells are ringing. The priest reads prayers and longevity to Kolchak ...
Then the same priest gives the officer a long list of peasants - "Bolsheviks". At the church fence, 49 executed people are writhing in agony. All the other men and women of this village were flogged with ramrods and whips, all the girls were raped.
... Wild orgies of officers, where peasant women are being dragged; gallows, where children are hanged along with adults. Czechs, Poles, French, Romanians, Japanese are rampaging and raging. The feast of the winners is in full swing.
Gentlemen, the officers are driving the Russian cattle, Russian working cattle - back to the barn.
***
The army rolled like a fiery tornado Kolchak in Siberia and the Urals in 1918. A huge danger hung over the young Soviet Republic. All her forces were gathered into a fist and thrown into the fight against Kolchak, although at the same time Denikin was rushing towards Moscow from the south, and Yudenich from the north. If they managed to combine their forces and hit Moscow together, the Soviet government would have had a very hard time. But this did not happen for many reasons, including because each of the leaders of the white movement sought to appropriate all the glory of the winner.
The Bolshevik government took advantage of the ambition of the white leaders and went on the offensive. It began on the Eastern Front in the spring of 1919 with the strike of the Southern Group of Forces by M.V. Frunze. And before that, in the Southern Urals, in the rear of the whites, the famous raid of partisan detachments under the command of the Kashirin brothers, who were part of the group of troops of the member of the Revolutionary Military Council V.K. Blucher, was made.
In the summer of 1919, the Southern Group of Forces under the command of M.V. Frunze began an unstoppable advance to the east with fighting and approached Ufa in June. The legendary 25th division of V. I. Chapaev especially distinguished himself in these battles.
After the capture of Ufa and Perm, the road to Zlatoust and Chelyabinsk opened. It was here that the fate of the revolution was decided then. V. I. Lenin sent a telegram to the Eastern Front: "If we do not conquer the Urals before winter, then, I believe, the death of the revolution is inevitable."
Army Kolchak rolled to the east, practically without any serious resistance to the Red Army. Demoralized, panic-stricken, armed crowds of whites rolled uncontrollably towards Omsk. Siberian partisans beat them from the rear and from the fronts.
On November 14, 1919, the Reds took Omsk, capturing 30,000 prisoners and many trophies. But the cellars of the bank, where Russia's gold reserves were stored, were empty. Kolchak took his remains - 21442 pounds of gold with him.
Let's hope that this historical figure will not be rehabilitated, and the truth about the crimes and betrayal of Kolchak will not drown in the lies of bourgeois propaganda. Otherwise, this can be regarded as a real spit in the soul of the citizens of Russia and their history.
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43 comments
Alexander 26.05.2011 08:22
The very existence of the current rotten government, under which this bastard was pulled out of musty chests, is already a spit in the soul of the victorious people in two bloody wars
Sergey-1 26.05.2011 09:40
Kolchak? Don't ask too much of a puppet.
Vasily, Gorky 26.05.2011 11:19
Yes, at least Vlasov is being rehabilitated.
"There will be a holiday on our street" - STALIN
Nicholas 26.05.2011 13:47
It is not surprising that so much attention was paid to the PR of this bourgeois film. It's amazing how you can make a hero out of such a non-human!
Nikolai Alexandrovich 26.05.2011 15:04
The glorification of Kolchak is a link in a long chain of falsifications of history, with the aim of discrediting Soviet power, denigrating the victories and achievements of a powerful state, and forming a negative perception among young people. Only the lazy, from the newborn democrats, will not openly “kick” and “bite” the destroyed state. Well, the most sophisticated do it gradually, not intrusively, in order to change the assessment of the past among the adult population, who often has access to only one - three television channels and, at best, one newspaper. But they were the most reading country!
who came in 26.05.2011 20:51
No matter how they praise their spirit and aspirations (for profit), the current ones running ahead of the locomotive (the power elite of Irkutsk), the fact will remain a fact. The overwhelming majority of the people then stood up for justice. In the most difficult conditions, the hordes of interventionists of 15 states of "civilized" Europe defeated. And did what it did. It is sad, of course, that the people of Irkutsk allowed this masterpiece unworthy of the city to be created. Actually, like the Saratovites, they did not oppose the hoisting of Stolypin. In truth, they don't know what they're doing.
Nick 27.05.2011 10:29
In Omsk, they are also going to perpetuate, put up a monument
anti-communist 29.05.2011 01:37
It is interesting to read both the article about Kolchak and the comments on it. All in the communist style: throwing facts and fiction about enemies into one heap, hiding the crimes of the communists, and then publishing laudatory comments. Russia will not rise from its knees as long as the Communists and their heirs remain in power here.
Alexei 29.05.2011 02:43
Yes, mister anti-communist, you would be delighted if you read this in the article: “On November 14, 1919, the Reds took Omsk, captured 30 thousand prisoners and shot them all, loaded the meat into sealed wagons and sent it to Moscow and Petrograd, where Stalin fried from this meat shish kebab fed Lenin and Krupskaya! :))
N.T. 29.05.2011 04:31
Well, the Anti-Communist is just… it’s interesting that Russia still won’t rise from its knees…
hide 17.06.2011 20:09
The article does not carry any information load. Here are mixed facts and fictions, legends and simple rumors that existed among the people or that arose over time. No reliance on documents, except for quoting Kolchak and Pepelyaev, the origin of which is also very doubtful.
It's not about whether the hero is Admiral Kolchak or an anti-hero. The fact is that any statement requires the existence of facts. For example, this phrase:
"His remains - 21442 pounds of gold Kolchak took with him."
Where, excuse me, did you take it? To Irkutsk? He did not even reach Irkutsk - the "allies" betrayed him along the way. And what, where did he take the gold with him? Did he organize the treasury in prison? The facts that Kolchak plundered the royal treasury are doubtful. After the execution of the admiral, they did not find any foreign accounts (which many people like to talk about now), nor "houses and estates in Europe." Read the record of the inventory of the property that was in the car. Of the valuable - only orders, and a few decorations that belonged to Anna Timireva. And his family lived in poverty for a long time.
I am not writing this to make the Admiral a hero. Let everyone form their own opinion about this person. Just do not mix facts and fiction, and then introduce it to the people.
Pinocchio 21.07.2011 13:09
Recently I read a novel about Kolchak "The Admiral's Hour" (author - Mark Yudalevich). I recommend to all!
From the author's preface:
“In this novel, the times of Kolchakism in Siberia are recreated. For many decades, Russian Admiral Alexander Kolchak was portrayed in the press as a bloody executioner and unscrupulous servant of foreigners, a puppet in their hands. On the basis of archival materials and stories of contemporaries, I tried to show Kolchak as a tragic figure. Alexander Vasilyevich was not a politician and failed to understand the situation of those years, much less master it. But subjectively he was a brave and honest man. It is impossible to cross out his merits as a polar explorer and naval commander, a hero of the Russian-Japanese and World War I. It is impossible to be like those people who until recently accused anyone who said at least one kind word about Kolchak of idealizing this person, and now they zealously demand that monuments be erected to him in Omsk and Irkutsk ... "
(Mark Yudalevich. Admiral hour)
phoebus 21.07.2011 23:25
By the way, I agree with this preface.
Human 09.08.2011 23:08
It is very strange to read about the executioner-Kolchak, after 70 years of the Gulag and everything that we know about the Soviet regime, that selected human material was destroyed. Is Kolchak also to blame for this? Personality, of course, outstanding! And time will put everything in its place.
Citizen 20.09.2011 00:44
"selected human material."
Well, here it is - the rhetoric of anti-communists. Their cheloek is matreial…. well, that’s exactly what Kolchak reasoned when he sold out to the Entente and fought against his country. Well, he paid for it. There he is dear, freak.
Irenka 20.09.2011 20:36
And what, the existence of the Gulag automatically makes Kolchak an angel in the flesh? This is some nonsense…
And it would also be worth thinking about where Russia would roll if the Whites managed to somehow miraculously take over? Well, leaving aside the fact that Russia would probably have been cut in half, but do you think that there would have been no repression?
Irenka 20.09.2011 20:38
And this nauseating film about him is not only opportunistic to disgrace, worse than any Soviet lubok, it is also completely devoid of artistic merit, like, indeed, all new Russian cinema. Why fill the screen with such rubbish is generally incomprehensible.
phoebus 24.09.2011 17:28
Yes, Kolchak was not sold to anyone. They spread this nonsense even under Stalin - and you won’t get rid of it already. That is, since we are talking about history, putting aside ideology for the time being, we are speaking OBJECTIVELY, then there is no evidence, except, of course, party archives, which have little confidence.
a-r 04.10.2011 12:55
Kolchak is an ambiguous figure. But honor to him and praise for the fact that he was one of the few who sought to pull Russia out of the cellars of the Cheka.
Zubkov Vladislav 21.12.2011 14:40
What are you people! I spent 3 years studying historical figure as Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich. Don't listen to anyone or anything! After the death of Kolchak, the ideology in the country changed and the Bolsheviks were now writing history! Kolchak is a noble man! And he has never been involved in bloodthirsty cases! And those who think badly about him, just closed their eyes!!! Be smart and don't lose your head!!! for KOLCHAK and his ideology!!!
Evgeny Zabroda, historian 21.12.2011 14:48
I will study history not for 3 years, but for the rest of my life. And I read a lot of literature about Kolchak. Everything that is written in the article is the absolute truth. Kolchak is a traitor who sold himself to the West.
Sergei s. 08.01.2012 14:48
Only bastards and subhumans can erect monuments to this executioner! I read the diaries of his advisers assigned by the Entente, my hair stands on end! They tied people in pairs and put them on the rails under an armored train, managed to roll off the rails, which means they were lucky, no - the arms and legs and the head were in different directions, the officers had so much fun! .... Who do we make Heroes! Okay, A. Chapman, this is a harmless whore, but Executioner! It is terrible to live in such a state!
Your name 02.02.2012 16:54
Admiral kalchak))) bugaga!
Your name 24.02.2012 17:14
That's right, demolish the monuments to Lenin, Peter the Great, Stalin, Alexander 2.
Ivan 24.02.2012 17:21
To the count of the communists!! for White Russia
Ivan 24.02.2012 17:24
Mr. Zabroda, grandmother's tales do not belong to history
Valentina 02.04.2012 05:31
It was a civil war, the enemy beat the enemy, but did the communists massacre less peaceful people in this war? And in the 1920s and 1940s, who organized outrages without trial or investigation? History has shown that the communist system is no less rotten than those whom they scold. Why judge some executioners and praise others Lenin Stalin, gentlemen, communists are ridiculous!
Human 06.02.2013 04:04
At least three times less. In fact, six times. Denikin's commission to investigate the atrocities of the Bolsheviks set the figure at six thousand people. Can Denikin be called objective and disinterested? Something I doubt. And to remind you how much, for example, one ataman Krasnov ruined? Why, look at Denin himself.
Anna 11.02.2013 15:49
Admiral is a GREAT man who did not spare his life in the name of his Fatherland. If at least one of the “comrades” who spoke here read the real archival documents, studied the facts, then they would not write such nonsense, from which the more or less educated historian simply becomes ridiculous. It's time to learn history from documents, not Soviet textbooks.
In principle, I do not consider the article worthy of commentary, I would like to ask a person of what state of mind it was.
Athlete 21.09.2013 06:03
The entire white movement is a reaction to the rebellion of the Bolsheviks \ Jews \ in the capital, to the gangster dispersal of the Constituent Assembly, which was assembled on the basis of free democratic elections, where the Bolsheviks suffered a crushing defeat. The white movement had no other goals, except for defending the results and goals of the February Revolution. Kolchak was an active participant in this democratic white movement.
Che 03.02.2014 20:17
Kolchak was so outraged by the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly that he decided to shoot him. Kolchak defended the values of the February Revolution so much that, at the numerous requests of the sailors, he was recalled abroad. Where is the logic, athlete? In general, it is now fashionable to glorify people who fought mercilessly, and not with the Bolsheviks, but with the working Russian people. Nicholas 2 (only on January 9, 1905, peaceful demonstrators were killed, among whom there were more than one thousand women and children) Stolypin, who was associated by contemporaries with a tie and a wagon (arranged a merciless terror for rebellious peasants, who were hung on rafts and allowed down the river) , Kolchak (methods of dealing with civilians are comparable to fascist ones)
Victor Dorozhkin 18.11.2014 03:18
that's right, Lieutenant Zanin with a punitive detachment ran the show in our village and hanged the hard workers, and the rest managed to go to Shchetinkin
lotus 07.10.2015 02:21
You read about the fate of the admiral generals and marvel at all the great and beautiful) And who drove the peasants into a bestial state, who did not shield the soldiers for the people.
Gennady Stupnitsky 08.04.2016 06:59
About the king of the most terrible cruelty
Time will not smooth the edges of this abyss -
Remembers the people on the Chitinka River
About the king of the most terrible cruelty
Kolchak, beloved by everyone now.
Memory keeps what the Kolchakites did.
(Let the crosses dry up on the graves)
How the whole of Siberia shuddered with executions,
How the poles went along the backs.
He was considered a great friend in America
I also fell in love with England.
I already see how they fight in hysterics
New whites of troubled times.
I don't understand where you made the choice
AT kindergarten Or maybe in the movies?
Began to be called all around white
Grandfathers were red for a long time.
Chapay 05.05.2017 22:10
How many remind grandfather Shchukar!
Sergey 04.07.2017 18:16
At a meeting in Paris on December 23, 1917, the Entente Plan was adopted and promulgated by US President Woodrow Wilson on the eve of 1918. The plan provided for the division of Russia into spheres of influence and was called the "Terms of the Convention."
It was after the adoption of this plan that Kolchak (precisely with a small letter), as a colonel of the British army, was sent to Siberia to implement it.
A. Kolchak in the letters of A. Timireva:
"December 30, 1917. I am accepted into the service of His Majesty the King of England"
Singapore, 16 March. (1918) Met by order of the British government to return immediately to China to work in Manchuria and Siberia. It found that it would be preferable to use me there in the form of allies and Russia over Mesopotamia.
I wonder why the interventionists were in the camp of noble "patriots"? Why did whites fight with foreign bastards shoulder to shoulder for the destruction of Russia? And the "vile" Bolsheviks saved our statehood?
Sergey 04.07.2017 18:27
The communists saved our country twice - in 1917 and in 1941. They rebuilt the economy twice from scratch. Twice overcame hunger, devastation. Twice withstood against the whole world and still remained rich enough, did not slide down to the level of third countries! (the United States also until 1944 helped the Nazis with materials, equipment, like us under Lend-Lease, through private firms). Twice saved our identity, our culture.
And what did the liberals do? compare the period from 1922 to 1941 and the period from 1985 (Gorbochev came to power) to the present day? Is there anything to be proud of?
Sergey 04.07.2017 18:44
Kolchak (white movement), Vlasov (service to the Third Reich) and Yeltsin (drunkard) have one flag.
Kolchak (white movement), Vlasov (service to the Third Reich) and Yeltsin are liberals and "democrats".
Kolchak (white movement), Vlasov (service to the Third Reich) and Yeltsin (drunkard) have one task - to dismember the Russian Empire, and, as the successor of the USSR.
Yeltsin succeeded ... now we clearly see the "zones of influence" (Georgia, Chechnya ... now Ukraine) ... Is it not enough for you? So who is this stalker? for me, he is an executioner and a traitor, just like Vlasov, like Bandera ...
Abdurakhman 29.09.2017 21:35
Kolchak is a corrupt skin, a mishandled Cossack, it was necessary to put him on trial and then there would be no disagreement now, Kolchak deserved death penalty and dot.
VILORA73 03.07.2018 18:29
Sergei, after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the country was threatened with anarchy and anarchy. In this dangerous case for Russia, the great powers gathered and decided to divide the country into spheres of influence and by no means to conquer it. This is the true meaning of the so-called and slandered by the Bolsheviks of the Entente.
On December 31, 1917, Admiral Kolchak deliberately went over to the side of the British King, after which he faithfully served him, and all his actions, again consciously, were directed purely against his own Motherland - Russia. And if specifically, then the destruction of its territorial integrity.
Therefore, if we talk about his honor and loyalty, then yes, in relation to the British crown, he kept them until his death - which naturally followed in the form of execution for the betrayal of the Motherland that nurtured and exalted him - Russia and faithful service to her primordial and vile enemies.
Nevertheless, the Public Chamber of the Omsk region held a round table dedicated to the installation of a monument to A.V. Kolchak in Omsk. The discussion was sharp and heated, different, sometimes diametrically opposed opinions were expressed about the role of Admiral Kolchak in the history of Russia and Omsk. As a result of the event, it was decided to bring the discussion of this issue to the court of Omsk residents and conduct a public opinion poll.
Recall that in the group of the Public Chamber of the Omsk region in the social network vkontakte ( http://vk.com/club40954506) more than 1,130 people took part in the survey, 77% of whom voted for the installation of the monument.
We repeat the publication from 2009 Admiral Kolchak: a traitor and only a traitor! and we strongly recommend that everyone who is involved in the decision to erect a monument to a traitor and a traitor who worked to destroy the territorial integrity of their homeland familiarize themselves with it. We also note that in our opinion, this issue should not be decided only by the residents of Omsk.
Admiral Kolchak: a traitor and only a traitor!
Recently, almost demands have been heard more and more often for the rehabilitation of Admiral Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak as an allegedly innocent victim of the political repressions of the Bolsheviks. Sometimes it comes almost to the point of hysteria on the part of the "rehabilitator democrats" who demand a full justification for the actions of this traitor to Russia. So, shortly before his death, the extremely odious "architect of perestroika" and the same traitor - Alexander Nikolayevich Yakovlev, foaming at the mouth from the TV screens, demanded the complete rehabilitation of A.V. Kolchak. What for? Why do some traitors care so much about the "honest name" of other traitors who preceded them?! After all, since the gray biblical times, betrayal has been the only a priori unforgivable act forever and ever, and, therefore, regardless of any previous merits to Russia, a traitor must remain a traitor! Have we managed to erect a monument in Irkutsk to a traitor who officially entered the service of the British king!? And a multiple traitor. Even worse. To a traitor who not only managed to officially formalize his transition to the side of ardent enemies of Russia, but also de jure formalize the forcible dismemberment of the Russian State! After all, many territorial and political problems, in particular, with the same Baltic limitrophes, were generated precisely by his activities! Judge for yourself.
Kolchak was recruited by British intelligence when he was a captain of the 1st rank and commander of a mine division in the Baltic Fleet. It happened at the turn of 1915-1916. This was already a betrayal of the Tsar and the Fatherland, to whom he swore allegiance and kissed the cross! Have you ever thought about why the fleets of the Entente in 1918 calmly entered the Russian sector of the Baltic Sea?! After all, he was mined! In addition, in the confusion of the two revolutions of 1917, no one removed the minefields. Yes, because Kolchak's entry ticket for joining the British intelligence service was the surrender of all information about the location of minefields and barriers in the Russian sector of the Baltic Sea! After all, it was he who carried out this mining and he had all the maps of minefields and obstacles in his hands!
Further. As you know, on June 28, 1916, Kolchak was appointed to the post of commander of the Black Sea Fleet. However, this happened with the direct patronage of the British intelligence resident in Russia, Colonel Samuel Hoare, and the British ambassador to the Russian Empire, Buchanan (the tsar is also good - no, to send English allies to the "Bigben mother" so that they do not interfere in the internal affairs of the empire). This is the second betrayal, because, under such patronage, becoming the commander of one of the then most important Russian fleets, Kolchak assumed obligations to fulfill the official task of British intelligence to disorganize and reduce the combat capability of this fleet. And, in the end, he fulfilled it - he simply abandoned the fleet and in August 1917 secretly fled to England. What do you want to call the commander of the fleet, who during the war vilely abandons his fleet and secretly flees from the country abroad?! What does he deserve in this case?! At a minimum, more than a clear definition - TRAITOR AND TRAITOR!
Kolchak received the title of Admiral from the hands of the Provisional Government, to whom he also swore allegiance. And who also betrayed! At least by the fact that, having secretly fled to England, already in August 1917, together with the Chief of the Naval General Staff of Great Britain, General Hall, he discussed the need to establish a dictatorship in Russia! Simply put, the question of overthrowing the Provisional Government! If even simpler, then the question of a coup d'état. Otherwise, sorry, how could a dictatorship be established?! To swear allegiance to the already vile Provisional Government that overthrew the tsar, to receive a promotion from him in rank and immediately betray him too!? This is already a genetic pathology! Below I will explain what is the matter here.
Then, at the request of the American ambassador in England, Kolchak was sent to the United States, where he was also recruited by the diplomatic intelligence of the US State Department. Recruitment was carried out by former Secretary of State Eliahu Ruth. That is, along the way, he now betrayed the British too. Although the Britons, of course, knew about this recruitment. The fact that he temporarily betrayed the British - and to hell with him, and with them. The point is different. Having gone to recruit with the Americans, for the second time in a short time he betrayed the same Provisional Government, to which he also swore allegiance and thanks to which he became an admiral. And in general, the list of his betrayals only lengthened.
As a result, becoming a double Anglo-American agent, immediately after the October 1917 coup, Kolchak turned to the English envoy to Japan, K. Green, with a request to the government of His Majesty King George V of England to take him into service! So he wrote in his petition: "...I place myself entirely at the disposal of His government...".“His government” means the government of His Majesty the English King George V! On December 30, 1917, the British government officially granted Kolchak's request. From that moment, Kolchak had already officially gone over to the side of the enemy, dressed in the toga of an ally. Why an enemy?! Yes, because at that time only the laziest of the agents of England, the USA and the Entente as a whole could not know that, firstly, On November 15 (28), 1917, the Supreme Soviet of the Entente adopted an official decision to intervene in Russia. Secondly, already on December 10 (23), 1917, the leaders of the European core of the Entente - England and France - signed a convention on the division of Russia into spheres of influence! And almost a year later, when in November 1918 the German Empire (and the Austro-Hungarian Empire too) was sent to the dustbin of History, and Kolchak was finally thrown back to Russia, under the patronage of the United States, the Anglo-French allies on November 13, 1918 confirmed that the convention itself or, to put it in a purely legal language, prolonged its operation. And Kolchak, who knew all this and was already a double Anglo-American agent, precisely after the confirmation of this convention, under the patronage of the same states, agreed to become supposedly the Supreme Ruler. That's why I say that it was a bastard and a traitor, officially in the service of the enemy! If he simply cooperated (suppose, within the framework of military-technical supplies) with the former allies in the Entente, as many White Guard generals did, then this would be one thing. Even despite the fact that they also took on not too benevolent obligations that affected the honor and dignity of Russia. However, they at least de facto acted as something independent, without formally transferring to the service of a foreign state. But Kolchak officially entered the service of Great Britain. And the same Admiral Kolchak, whom the Bolsheviks shot like a mad dog, was not just the self-proclaimed Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral Kolchak, against whom the Bolsheviks fought, but the official representative of the English king and his government, who was officially in their service, who tried to rule over all of Russia! The British General Knox, who oversaw Kolchak in Siberia, at one time openly admitted that the British were directly responsible for the creation of the Kolchak government! All this is now well known, including from foreign sources.
And along the way, Kolchak also carried out an equally important task for the Americans. No wonder E. Ruth "trained" him for the role of the future Cromwell of Russia. And do you know why?! Yes, because the excessively “compassionate” E. Ruth developed a barbaric plan for the enslavement of Russia that had a decent name - “A plan for American activities to preserve and strengthen the morale of the army and civilian population of Russia”, the essence of which was simple, like the revered Yankee popcorn. Russia was supposed to continue to “supply” the “cannon fodder” to the Entente, that is, to fight for the interests of the Anglo-Saxons alien to Russia itself, while paying with its political and economic enslavement, the “first violin” in which the United States was supposed to play. I emphasize that the central place in this plan was occupied by the economic enslavement of Russia, primarily the seizure of its railways, especially the Trans-Siberian Railway. Damn Yankees even formed a special "railway corps" to manage Russian railways, especially the Trans-Siberian (by the way, the British at that time set their sights on Russian railways in our North, in the area of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk). And in parallel, the Yankees set their sights on the natural resources of Russia.
So it's time to end the hysterical screeching about the supposedly innocently murdered allegedly honest and decent Admiral A.V. Kolchak. A bastard and a traitor - he is a bastard and a traitor! And he must remain so in history (without denying at the same time his previous scientific merits to Russia, it is impossible not to notice that he crossed them out with his own hand). It has now been finally and documented for sure that he was a traitor to Russia and that he must and will remain so in its history of the 20th century. In the documents of British intelligence, the US Department of State, in the personal correspondence of the "gray eminence" of American politics during the First World War - Colonel House - A. V. Kolchak is directly called their double agent (these documents are known to historians). And it was precisely as their double agent that he had to implement the most criminal plans of the West towards Russia. And the "finest hour" of this traitor came in 1919. However, the West began to pave the way for his future crimes against Russia back in November 1918, at the end of the First World War.
As you know, on November 11, 1918, in the suburbs of Paris - Compiègne - the Compiègne Agreement was signed, which put an end to the First World War. When it is mentioned, it is usually quite "elegant" to forget to mention that it was just a 36-day armistice agreement. In addition, it was signed without the participation of Russia, which bore the brunt of the war in the status of the tsarist empire, and then, having already become Soviet, rendered a colossal service to the same Entente with its revolutionary banditry in Germany. Without the help of Lenin and Co., the Entente would have been fiddling with Kaiser Germany for a long time to come. But this is so, a saying ...
The main thing is that Article 12 of the Compiègne Armistice Agreement stated: “All German troops that are now in the territories that constituted Russia before the war must equally return to Germany as soon as the Allies recognize that the moment has come for this, accepting into account the internal situation of these territories. However, the secret subparagraph of the same article 12 already directly obliged Germany to keep its troops in the Baltic to fight Soviet Russia until the arrival of troops and fleets (in the Baltic Sea) of the Entente member countries. Such actions of the Entente were openly anti-Russian, because no one had the slightest right to decide the fate of the occupied Russian territories without the participation of Russia, I emphasize, even if it was Soviet. But it's still "flowers".
The fact is that the terminological "pearl" - "... in the territories that made up Russia before the war"- meant that the Entente de facto and de jure not only agreed with the results of the German occupation of the territories, the legality of which was part of Russia until August 1, 1914 and even throughout the First World War, it never occurred to anyone to dispute , in any case, openly, but in a similar way, that is, both de facto and de jure, is trying to tear away, or, as the Anglo-French allies then “elegantly” expressed it, “evacuate” these territories already after the fact of the German occupation. Simply put, as if in the order of the "legitimate trophy" obtained from the defeated enemy - Germany.
And in this regard, I want to draw attention to the following circumstance. As mentioned above, on November 15 (28), 1917, the Supreme Soviet of the Entente made an official decision to intervene in Russia. Unofficially, this decision was agreed upon as early as December 1916 - they were only waiting for the now vaunted "February workers" to plant their "revolutionary ax" in the back of the Entente's most loyal ally, Nicholas II. And in the development of this decision, on December 10 (23), 1917, the Anglo-French convention on the division of the territory of Russia was signed. For the information of readers: this vile convention has not been officially canceled so far! According to this convention, the allies deigned to divide Russia as follows: the North of Russia and the Baltic states fell into the zone of British influence (this, of course, did not exhaust the “appetites” of the Britons, but this is a separate conversation). France got Ukraine and the South of Russia. On November 13, 1918, the same Anglo-French allies, under the patronage of the United States, brazenly extended the duration of this convention. Simply put, they declared Russia for the second time, even if it was Soviet, really a war, and really a world war, and really the second in a row in the scenario “from the wheels” of the First World War! In fact, it really was a re-announcement of the first "Second World War" in the 20th century in the "off-the-wheels" scenario of the First World War.
As for the second "pearl" from Article 12 of the Compiègne Agreement - “Having regard to the internal situation of these territories”,- then here is another international legal "trick" of the Entente. Not risking calling these territories states—the question of recognizing their fake sovereignty would only be raised on February 15, 1919, during the Versailles so-called “peace” conference—the Entente, nevertheless, prepared to steal them. Especially in the part concerning the Baltics, although I knew very well that it would be completely illegal! Because in this way, behind the scenes and without any participation of Russia, the Nishtad Treaty of August 30, 1721 between Russia and Sweden will be brazenly broken! According to this agreement, the territories of Ingria, part of Karelia, all of Estonia and Livonia with the cities of Riga, Revel (Talinn), Derpt, Narva, Vyborg, Kexholm, the islands of Ezel and Dago passed to Russia and its successors in full, undeniable and eternal possession and ownership! By the time the Compiègne truce was signed, for almost two centuries no one in the world even tried to challenge it, especially since the Nishtad Treaty itself was confirmed in writing and guaranteed by the same England and France.
But the Entente was afraid to openly steal. First of all, because during the period of the actual German occupation, as well as after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the German occupation authorities forcibly “cut” huge pieces of purely Russian territories to the Baltic territories. To Estonia - parts of the St. Petersburg and Pskov provinces, in particular, Narva, Pechora and Izborsk, to Latvia - the Dvina, Lyudinsky and Rezhitsky districts of the Vitebsk province and part of the Ostrovsky district of the Pskov province, to Lithuania - parts of the Suwalki and Vilna provinces inhabited by Belarusians (not very , obviously capable of understanding something, but with giblets sold to the West, the authorities of the modern Baltic limitrophes are now trying all the time, speaking in a purely folk language, to “spread their mittens” wider on these lands). The Entente was also afraid because first it was necessary to change the power structures of a purely pro-German orientation formed by the German occupation authorities (German intelligence widely planted its agents of influence there) to authorities with a pro-Entente orientation. But this is just one side of the coin. The second was the following.
Under the direct pressure of the Entente, which put this as a strict precondition for a truce, on November 5, 1918, the Kaiser's government of Germany unilaterally severed diplomatic relations with Soviet Russia. There was no need to look for a blessing and a reason - the Soviet embassy, headed by a long-time patient of the best European and Russian psychiatrists A. Ioffe, interfered so openly and so brazenly in the internal affairs of Germany that it was impossible not to notice it. However, it was, as they say, “a debt paid off” - a year before that, the Nemchura behaved in exactly the same way in Russia.
The rupture of diplomatic relations meant that even according to the norms of the then robbery international law, all previously signed and ratified agreements between the two states automatically lost their legal force. Moreover, on November 9, 1918, the Kaiser empire also sank into oblivion: the monarchy fell, the Kaiser went on the run (hid in Holland), and the Social Democrats led by Ebert-Scheidemann came to power in Germany. At the time of signing on November 11, 1918, the Compiègne truce is social democratic, we use the parliamentary rule and put an exclusion so as not to use foul language, …. led by Ebert-Scheidemann, she managed a super-unique, super-unprecedented even for the robbery history of the West and the same trick of its jurisprudence. Automatically devoid of any legal force, the already predatory Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of March 3, 1918, just six days after its, I emphasize, automatic denunciation by the German side, is suddenly resurrected by the Social Democrats who came to power in Germany . Even worse. Together with the function of control over its execution, as if supposedly continuing to operate, the treaty was voluntarily handed over to the Entente as a "trophy"!? Naturally, with all the ensuing extremely negative geopolitical, strategic and economic consequences for Russia, even for the Soviet one! After all, it was about the theft of a Million Square Kilometers of Strategically Important Territories of the Russian State, along with their natural, economic and demographic resources! Resources, which, even at that time, were measured in more than tens of billions of gold rubles!
Lenin, who tried to recapture the Baltic states by force of arms, no matter how you treat him personally, was absolutely right de facto. And, what is especially important in this regard, de jure too. Because official diplomatic relations were unilaterally severed by the Kaiser's Germany, which soon collapsed, and the Brest-Litovsk Treaty automatically lost any force whatsoever. Consequently, the Baltic States, which remained under German occupation, both de facto and de jure, turned into the territory of Russia, illegally seized and occupied by the troops of the state that had died in the bose, which the Entente also openly steals! Yes, and for the second time declaring Russia, even Soviet, the next, that is, the next world war, the second in a row and in the scenario “from the wheels of the first”! From a purely military-geopolitical point of view, the armed onslaught of the Bolsheviks on the Baltic states that began on November 13, 1918 was absolutely justified in the nature of an objectively necessary counter-offensive in order to protect the state's own territory.
But from an ideological point of view, Lenin was just as wrong, for he gave this armed campaign the appearance of an attempt to "come to the aid of the German revolution", violently rejected by all of Germany, which Ilyich and Co. did not want to understand, since their enthusiasm at that moment, to put it mildly to put it, the idea of “field revolution”, inadequate to the then realities, simply turned off in their minds even a hint of a hint of any kind of rational thinking. The result was logical - the defeat was inevitable, especially since the whole of Europe, with desperate efforts, up to inciting vicious anti-Semite phobia in most of its countries, repelled the attacks of Lenin, Trotsky and Co., stunned by the bloody taste of the "world revolution" and their German and other "colleagues" .
But, despite the failure of this armed campaign, the fate of these territories could not be decided without the participation of Russia, even if in the person of some traitor. And the Entente entrusted this vile deed to the now praised Admiral Kolchak, who by that time had become a direct agent of the strategic influence of the Entente.
On May 26, 1919, the Supreme Council of the Entente sent Admiral Kolchak, who was completely controlled by British intelligence (his actions on behalf of the allied command were directly led by the British General Knox and, subsequently, the legendary British geopolitician, and then, as, indeed, until the end of his life, the most authoritative British military spy-intellectual J. Halford Mackinder) a note in which, announcing the break in relations with the Soviet government, he expressed his readiness to recognize his own double agent of strategic influence in admiral's shoulder straps for the Supreme Ruler of Russia!? And here is what is typical. To admit, they recognized him, but only de facto. But de jure - miles sorry, the three fingers of the Entente were shown. But with all this, they demanded purely legal actions from him - they put forward a tough ultimatum to him, according to which Kolchak had to agree in writing to:
1. The separation of Poland and Finland from Russia, which made no sense, especially in relation to Finland, except for the furious desire, especially of Great Britain, to arrange everything in such a way that these countries allegedly gained independence from the hands of only the Entente (the West). The fact is that the independence of Finland was granted by the Soviet government on December 31, 1917, which, by the way, Finland is still celebrating. That was the right step, because her stay in Russia, where, under the Friedrichsham Treaty of 1809, Alexander I included her (by the way, at the request of the ancestor of the future Fuhrer of Finland, Mannerheim), was not only meaningless, but also dangerous due to separatism blazing there purely nationalist.
As for Poland, after the events of October 1917, it already became independent - Lenin did not interfere. Consequently, from this point of view, the ultimatum to Kolchak was also meaningless.
2. The transfer of the issue of the separation of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania (as well as the Caucasus and the Trans-Caspian region) from Russia for consideration by the arbitration of the League of Nations in the event that agreements necessary for the West are not reached between Kolchak and the puppet governments of these territories.
Along the way, Kolchak was given an ultimatum to recognize that the Versailles "peace" conference had the right to decide the fate of Bessarabia as well.
In addition, Kolchak had to guarantee the following:
1. That as soon as he captures Moscow (the Entente, obviously, naturally "went crazy" that he set such a task for him), he would immediately convene the Constituent Assembly.
2. That it will not interfere with the free election of local self-government bodies. A little explanation. The fact is that under an outwardly very attractive wording, a delayed-action mine of enormous destructive power was hidden. The country then blazed a fire of separatism of various stripes. From purely nationalist to regional and even small-town. Moreover, literally everyone was involved in this destructive process, including, regrettably, even purely Russian territories, almost completely Russian in terms of population composition. And giving them the freedom to elect local self-government bodies automatically meant giving them the freedom to separately declare the independence of their territory, and, accordingly, secession from Russia. That is, the ultimate goal was to destroy the territorial integrity of Russia by the hands of its own population! The West, by the way, always tries to do just that. In the same way, by the way, in 1991 the USSR was destroyed.
3. That he will not restore "special privileges in favor of any class or organization" and in general the former regime, which restricted civil and religious freedoms. A little explanation. Simply put, the Entente was not at all satisfied not only with the restoration of the tsarist regime, but even with the regime of the Provisional Government. And if it is even simpler, then a single and indivisible Russia, as a state and country. It is at this point, not to mention others, that the meanness of Kolchak's repeated betrayal is most clearly manifested. Someone, but he was well aware that the news of the overthrow of the king was perceived, in particular, in the same England, to the service of the king of which he volunteered, by the British parliament with standing ovations, and its prime minister, Lloyd George just exclaimed: "The goal of the war has been achieved!" That is, he openly admitted that the First World War was started precisely for this! And, therefore, recognizing this point of the Entente's ultimatum, Kolchak once again proved that he was a traitor deliberately acting against Russia!
On June 12, 1919, Kolchak gave the necessary written answer to the Entente, which she considered satisfactory. Once again I draw attention to the special meanness of the Entente. After all, she recognized Kolchak only de facto, but she issued an ultimatum de jure. And the answer from the only recognized de facto traitor to Russia, the Entente recognized de jure! That's what the West means!
As a result, some Kolchak in one fell swoop crossed out all the conquests of Peter the Great and the Nishtad Treaty of August 30, 1721 itself! When he completed the tasks assigned to him and huge chunks of the territory of the Russian state were de jure torn away, his fate was sealed. The Moor has done his job - the Moor can not only retire, but it is also obliged to be killed, preferably by proxy. So that the ends would all really be in the water. Through the hands of the representative of the Entente under Kolchak, General Janin (the Anglo-Saxons remained true to themselves here too - they framed the representative of France for this unseemly deed) - and with the assistance of the Czechoslovak corps (they were still enemies of Russia, who raged at the direction of their Western masters on the Trans-Siberian Railway), the puppet admiral was surrendered Bolsheviks. Well, they shot him like a dog, and rightly so! There is no need to squander the territory of a great state and a great country that has been gathering for centuries!
It remains to say the following. On what the Anglo-Saxons "took" Kolchak - whether on boundless vanity, whether on the use of drugs (Kolchak was an avid cocaine addict) or on both at the same time, or on something else - now can not be established. But something can still be said. Apparently, in Kolchak they “kindled” a sense of tribal revenge for their distant ancestor, the commander of the Khotyn fortress in 1739, Ilias Kalchak Pasha, from whom the Kalchak family began in Russia. Ilias Kalchak Pasha - this is how his name was written in the 18th century. - was forced to surrender to Russian troops under the command of Minich during the next Russian-Turkish war. After 180 years, a distant descendant of Ilias Kalchak Pasha - A.V. Kolchak - handed over to the West all the conquests of Peter I and his heirs!
That was an openly Jesuit move of the West! With the hands of a traitor, it was in admiral's shoulder straps, moreover, not of Russian origin - after all, Kolchak was a "Krymchak", that is, a Crimean Tatar - to deprive Russia of access to the Baltic Sea, for the right to have which, Russia of Peter the Great waged the Northern War with Sweden for over 20 years ! All the works of Peter the Great, his predecessors and successors were completely crossed out, including the famous Nishtad Peace Treaty of August 30, 1721, which legitimized Russia's right to free access to the Baltic Sea and further to the Atlantic! Furthermore. This is how Russia got a headache in the face of the viciously Russophobic so-called Baltic states. So it was before the Second World War, so it continues today.
And now “the scum of democracy” — this inherently charming expression belongs to one of the most respected people in the whole world, the “king of dynamite” and the founder of world famous Nobel Prizes Alfred Nobel - Kolchak is sung not only allegedly as a patriot of Russia, but also as an innocently murdered victim of the political repressions of the Bolsheviks!? Yes, the Bolsheviks did the right thing three times, that they shot him like a mad dog - for a traitor, especially of such a level, there can be nothing else !!!
Martirosyan Arsen Benikovich
Kolchak's regime was an ugly combination of outward Russian state paraphernalia with Socialist-Revolutionary ministers, semi-English uniforms and French advisers. Among these advisers was the brother of Yakov Sverdlov. Especially blasphemous is the title of Kolchak - "Supreme Ruler". It is known that such a title belonged to only one person in Russia - the Sovereign Emperor. Who and by what right awarded this title to Vice Admiral Kolchak?
Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was born on November 4, 1873. He came from a Turkish family, and his grandfather Ilias Kolchak Pasha was the commandant of the Turkish fortress of Khotyn, in the 1790s he was captured by the Russians and went to their service. Already Kolchak's father heroically distinguished himself in the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War.
The future admiral received his primary education at home, and then studied at the 6th St. Petersburg classical gymnasium.
On September 15, 1894, Kolchak was promoted to the rank of midshipman and on August 6, 1894, he was assigned to the 1st-rank cruiser Rurik as an assistant watch officer.
Kolchak deserved the highest characteristics about himself. The commander of the cruiser G. F. Tsyvinsky later, becoming an admiral, wrote: “ Midshipman A.V. Kolchak was an unusually capable and talented officer, had a rare memory, spoke perfectly three European languages, knew the sailing directions of all seas well, knew the history of all almost European fleets and naval battles».
On the cruiser "Rurik" Kolchak departed for the Far East. At the end of 1896, Kolchak was assigned to the cruiser of the 2nd rank "Cruiser" to the position of chief of the watch. On this ship, for several years he went on campaigns in the Pacific Ocean, in 1899 he returned to Kronstadt. On December 6, 1898, he was promoted to lieutenant. In the campaigns, Kolchak not only performed his official duties, but also actively engaged in self-education. He became interested in oceanography and hydrology. In 1899 he published an article "Observations on surface temperatures and specific gravity of sea water, made on the cruisers "Rurik" and "Cruiser" from May 1897 to March 1898.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Kolchak participated in the polar expedition of Baron E. V. Toll to the Taimyr Peninsula. Throughout the expedition, Kolchak conducted active scientific work. In 1901, E. V. Toll immortalized the name of A. V. Kolchak - he named the island and cape discovered by the expedition after him.
Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, Kolchak reported to the Academy of Sciences on the work done, and also reported on the enterprise of Baron Toll, from whom no news had been received either by that time or later. In January 1903, it was decided to organize an expedition, the purpose of which was to clarify the fate of Toll's expedition. The expedition took place from May 5 to December 7, 1903. It consisted of 17 people on 12 sledges harnessed by 160 dogs. During Kolchak's expedition, it became clear that Toll's expedition had perished.
Then there was the Russo-Japanese War. Kolchak was wounded and captured by the Japanese. After four months in captivity, Kolchak returned to Russia through the United States of America. Upon his return from captivity, he was awarded the St. George weapon "for courage" and promoted to captain of the 2nd rank.
Then there was work at the Naval General Staff, then service at the headquarters of the Baltic Fleet. While working at the Naval Staff, Kolchak met Admiral L. A. Brusilov. At the same time, Kolchak took part in the work of the Duma Committee on State Defense, which was chaired by the leader of the Octobrist Party and one of the worst enemies of the Sovereign, A. I. Guchkov. It must be said that Admiral L. A. Brusilov was also very critical of Emperor Nicholas II.
It was in the Baltic, in the rank of captain of the 1st rank, that Kolchak met the First World War. We will not expand here on Kolchak's activities as a naval commander. Suffice it to say that his activities were highly valued by the Russian naval command and the Sovereign himself. It was Nicholas II who promoted Kolchak to vice admiral and appointed him commander of the Black Sea Fleet. At the same time, those around him noted such negative qualities in Kolchak as excessive ambition and irritability. Sometimes Kolchak had nervous breakdowns, during which he retired from business and closed himself in. One of these disruptions was reflected in the memoirs of Rear Admiral A. D. Bubnov, who then held the post of head of the naval department at the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. Bubnov recalled how the news of the fire on the battleship "Empress Maria", which occurred in 1916 and cost the lives of many people, affected Kolchak.
« The death of the "Empress Maria",- wrote Admiral Bubnov, - deeply shocked A. V. Kolchak. With his characteristic sublime understanding of his superior duty, he considered himself responsible for everything that happened in the fleet under his command [...]. He withdrew into himself, stopped eating, did not talk to anyone, so that those around him began to fear for his sanity. Upon learning of this, the Sovereign ordered me to immediately go to Sevastopol and hand over to A.V. Kolchak, that he does not see any guilt behind him in the death of the "Empress Maria", treats him with invariable goodwill and orders him to calmly continue his command. Arriving in Sevastopol, I found at the headquarters a depressed mood and anxiety about the state of the admiral, which now began to express itself in extreme irritation and anger. Although I was close to A. V. Kolchak, I confess that I went to his admiral's quarters not without fear; however, the merciful words of the Sovereign I conveyed to him had an effect, and after a long friendly conversation he completely came to his senses, so that in the future everything went into its own track.».
But it was not ambition and irritability that became the reason that the gendarmerie took Kolchak into a secret development. General Spiridovich writes in his memoirs about important meetings in St. Petersburg, in October 1916, under the chairmanship of M. M. Fedorov, in private apartments, including those of Maxim Gorky. These meetings took place at least twice a month. In 1916, at meetings in Gorky's apartment, a "sea plan" of a palace coup appeared, to which A.V. Kolchak, Kapnist allegedly agreed (the initials are unknown).
It is not known whether Spiridovich is right in his memoirs or not, but here are the memoirs of the murderer of G. E. Rasputin, Prince Felix Yusupov. Yusupov recalled that immediately after the February coup, he met with one of the main rebels, M. V. Rodzianko. Yusupov further writes:
« Seeing me, Rodzianko got up, walked over and asked straight away:
- Moscow wants to declare you emperor. What do you say?
It's not the first time I've heard this. We had already been in Petersburg for two months, and all sorts of people - politicians, officers, priests - told me the same thing. Soon Admiral Kolchak and Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich came to repeat:
- The Russian throne was not achieved by inheritance or election. He was captured. Take advantage of the opportunity. All the cards are in your hands. Russia is impossible without a tsar. But trust in the Romanov dynasty has been undermined. The people no longer want them».
So, according to Yusupov, Kolchak was among those who tried to replace Emperor Nicholas II on the throne with another person, in particular Felix Yusupov. This passage by Yusupov coincides with the information of Spiridovich. You can, again, not believe Yusupov, especially since the prince was a liar.
But here is some more information. In 1916, shortly before the February coup, the mayor of Tiflis A. I. Khatisov met in Tiflis with Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich and offered the latter to take the throne after the overthrow of the Emperor, which should happen in the very near future. At the same time, Khatisov assured the Grand Duke that Admiral Kolchak was completely on their side and was ready to provide the forces of his fleet for these purposes. At the same time, another Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich came to Tiflis to meet with Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich and also persuaded his relative to support the plot against the Tsar, again referring to the loyalty of the Black Sea Fleet. In this regard, it is interesting that in the memoirs of Yusupov, Kolchak and Nikolai Mikhailovich also act in the same bundle.
Immediately after February, it became known about the plan according to which the Black Sea Fleet was to go to Batum and there, and along the entire coast, make a demonstration in favor of Nikolai Nikolaevich, and deliver him through Odessa to the Romanian front and declare Emperor, and the Duke of Leuchtenberg - heir
Thus, there are so many references to Kolchak's involvement in the conspiracy against Emperor Nicholas II that they can hardly be considered mere coincidences.
Be that as it may, but Kolchak immediately and completely recognized both the February coup and the regime of the Provisional Government. On March 5, Kolchak ordered a prayer service and a parade on the occasion of the victory of the revolution; at a rally in Sevastopol, he "expressed his devotion to the Provisional Government."
The admiral spoke about the same devotion during interrogation by the Chekists in 1920. To the interrogator's question: What form of government seemed to you personally for you the most desirable? Kolchak frankly answered: “ I was the first to recognize the Provisional Government, I considered that as a temporary form it is desirable under the given conditions; it must be supported by all means; that any opposition to him would cause a collapse in the country, and I thought that the people themselves should establish a form of government in the constituent body, and whatever form they chose, I would submit. I thought that some sort of republican form of government would probably be established, and I considered this republican form of government to meet the needs of the country.
And here is another saying of Kolchak characterizing his "monarchism":
“I took an oath to our first Provisional Government. I took the oath in good conscience, considering this Government as the only Government that had to be recognized under those circumstances, and I was the first to take this oath. I considered myself completely free from any obligations in relation to the monarchy, and after the revolution took place, I took the point of view on which I always stood - that I, after all, did not serve this or that form of government, but I serve my homeland, which I put it above everything, and I consider it necessary to recognize the Government that then declared itself at the head of Russian power.
It is said very clearly, and completely dismisses all subsequent aspirations of Kolchak's fans "about the compulsion" of his service to the Provisional Government, about Kolchak's "secret monarchism". There was no monarchism, but there was great ambition and a desire for personal power. Throughout the spring of 1917, Kolchak communicated directly and by telegraph with Guchkov and Rodzianko. Guchkov repeatedly thanks Kolchak for his professionalism and devotion to the new government. At the same time, it is clear that certain forces saw Kolchak as a new dictator. When Kolchak arrived in Petrograd in June 1917, the so-called “right-wing” newspapers came out with huge headlines: “Admiral Kolchak is the savior of Russia”, “All power to Admiral Kolchak!”.
Interestingly, Admiral Kolchak arrived in Petrograd already in the new naval uniform of the Provisional Government. In the film "Admiral" this form is coquettishly presented in the form of either an American naval uniform, or in the form of a merchant marine uniform. In fact, the new naval uniform of the Provisional Government, introduced by order of the new Minister of War Guchkov, was deprived of shoulder straps, and the cockade was crowned with a five-pointed star. It is clearly visible in Kolchak's photograph of the summer of 1917. It is clear why the authors of the film betrayed the historical truth! How would they show the “fighter against Bolshevism”, who had a five-pointed star on his forehead!
Arriving in Petrograd, the Russian "monarchist" Kolchak hurries to meet with the worst enemies of the Russian monarchy and assure them of his full respect. Kolchak paid his first visit to the oldest Marxist G.V. Plekhanov. This is how Plekhanov himself recalled his meeting with Kolchak. " Today... I had Kolchak. I really liked him. It is evident that in his field well done. Brave, energetic, not stupid. In the very first days of the revolution, he took her side and managed to maintain order in the Black Sea Fleet and get along with the sailors. But in politics, he seems to be completely innocent. He led me straight into embarrassment with his cheeky carelessness. He entered cheerfully, in a military way, and suddenly said: - I considered it my duty to introduce myself to you, as the oldest representative of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party.
Enter my position! I am a socialist-revolutionary! I tried to amend: - Thank you, very glad. But let me tell you...
However, Kolchak, without stopping, minted: ... to the representative of the Socialist Revolutionaries. I am a sailor, I am not interested in party programs. I know that in our navy, among the sailors, there are two parties: the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats. I saw their proclamations. I don’t understand what the difference is, but I prefer the Socialist-Revolutionaries, since they are patriots. The Social-Democrats, on the other hand, do not love their fatherland, and besides, there are a lot of Jews among them...
I fell into complete bewilderment after such a greeting, and with the most gracious meekness tried to lead my interlocutor out of error. I told him that not only was I not a socialist-revolutionary, but I was even known as an opponent of this party, who had broken many spears in the ideological struggle against it... , - not a Jew, but a Russian nobleman, and I love my fatherland very much! Kolchak was not at all embarrassed. He looked at me with curiosity, muttered something like: well, it doesn’t matter, and began to talk vividly, interestingly and intelligently about the Black Sea Fleet, about its state and combat missions. He spoke very well. Probably a good admiral. Only very weak in politics ...».
From this passage, the whole cynicism of Kolchak is visible. He calls the Socialist-Revolutionaries, bloody murderers and terrorists, "patriots of Russia", with only one purpose: to please the "Socialist-Revolutionary", as he suggests, Plekhanov. Hearing from Plekhanov that he had nothing to do with the Socialist-Revolutionaries, but, on the contrary, was a "Social Democrat", Kolchak carelessly throws "it's not important" and continues the conversation. Plekhanov decided that this was a sign of a weak politician, but in fact it was Kolchak's complete moral promiscuity. In this he is very reminiscent of another tsarist officer - Tukhachevsky. We can safely put forward the assumption that if the situation had developed differently, then Kolchak would have joined the Red Army without hesitation.
In addition to Plekhanov, the "monarchist" Kolchak met another "patriot" of Russia, the Social Revolutionary Boris Savinkov, the organizer of the assassination of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and the organizer of the assassination attempts on Emperor Nicholas II. Close relations were established between the "monarchist" and the "patriot". Suffice it to say that Savinkov represented the Kolchak government and his Union Bureau abroad.
Kolchak's connection with Savinkov, a freemason and a secret agent of British intelligence, gave reason to some authors to believe that Kolchak himself was recruited by the British. However, it seems that these statements do not take into account the frenzied ambition of people like Kolchak. The assertion that Kolchak was an English spy is just as absurd as the assertion that Lenin was a German spy. Another thing is that such people were ready for the sake of their ambition to enter into a tactical alliance with anyone to achieve their personal goals.
Kolchak's relationship with Kerensky was also not as acrimonious as it is portrayed in the film. Of course, Kolchak did not say any proud words about Kerensky's responsibility for the collapse of the army and navy to the head of the Provisional Government. Moreover, he turned to him for help. Another thing is that by the summer of 1917, almost the same anarchy was already happening in the Black Sea Fleet as in the Baltic. Performances of sailors and riots were replaced one after another. June 6, 1917 Kolchak was removed from the post of commander of the Black Sea Fleet. Then the admiral, apparently, did not assume that he would never return to naval service again.
They are constantly trying to explain to us that the removal of Kolchak from the post of commander of the fleet was caused solely by Kerensky's fear of the popular personality of the admiral. But in fact, this is not entirely true. Even before the resignation of Kolchak, American Vice Admiral J. G. Glennon and the personal representative of the American president, Senator E. Ruth, arrived in Sevastopol. Apparently already then, in Sevastopol, they turned to Kolchak with a proposal to go to the United States to assist the Americans who had entered the war in organizing the mine business. What real goals this proposal had and when Kolchak agreed to them is not clear, but already in July 1917, in a letter to his mistress A.V. Timereva, Kolchak writes the following: “Now I can speak more or less definitely about my future future. Upon my arrival in Petrograd, I received an invitation from US Ambassador Root and from Admiral Glennon's Naval Mission to serve in the US Navy. Despite the severity of my position, I still did not dare to immediately irrevocably break with the Motherland, and then Ruth and Glennon rather ultimatum suggested that the Provisional Government send me as the head of a military mission to America to serve during the war in the U. S. Navy [US Navy]. Now this issue has been resolved by the government in a positive way, and I am waiting for the final formation of the mission.”
On July 27, 1917, Kolchak leaves for the USA, but on the way he stops in England, where he spends almost a month. Officially, the Russian admiral studied British military achievements. However, Kolchak was not going to leave an active political life. Just before leaving, he received a telegram from Petrograd with a proposal to put forward his candidacy for the Constituent Assembly from the Kadet Party. He agreed.
In early August, Kolchak arrives in the United States, where he is met at the highest level. He met with the US Secretary of the Navy, his assistant, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of War. On October 16, Kolchak was received by President V. Wilson.
Just two months later, Kolchak leaves the United States and heads to the island of Yokohama (Japan). The purpose of this trip is again unclear. One gets the impression that Kolchak is being deliberately brought to the future theater of operations. Here in Yokohama, Kolchak learns about the October Revolution.
Upon learning of the coup, Kolchak began to ask to serve in the British army "at least as a simple soldier." He turned with such a request to the British envoy in Tokyo, Sir Green. After some time, he received a positive response and was sent to Bombay, from where he was supposed to be transported to the British possessions in Mesopotamia. But halfway through, Kolchak received a telegram saying that he should not go to Mesopotamia, since the British crown did not need his services. Therefore, Kolchak moved to Beijing to the Russian Embassy. From here, his path to seizing power in the East of Russia will begin.
The circumstances under which Kolchak's star rose as the "supreme ruler" of Russia are full of ambiguities. It should be said that after the overthrow of the monarchy, France and England considered the territory of Russia as their prey. In the spring of 1918, the high command of the Allies in the Entente decided to overthrow the "pro-German" regime of the Bolsheviks, and establish their full control over Russia. All anti-Bolshevik forces were subordinate to the French general M. Janin. The French plans included the occupation of the Far East and Siberia, as well as the Crimea in the South, the British planned to capture Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, the Romanians - Bessarabia. Meanwhile, this situation did not suit the Americans, who seemed to be left with nothing. The United States urgently needed a man in Russia. And Admiral Kolchak became such a person. On November 18, 1918, Kolchak overthrew the pro-Anantov directory and proclaimed himself the "Supreme Ruler of Russia." It is noteworthy that the first of the foreign representatives who visited the admiral was the US Consul General in Irkutsk, Harris. He officially told Kolchak that the US government would give him full support. In 1918-1919, the Americans gave Kolchak 600 thousand rifles, more than 4.5 million rounds of ammunition, 220 thousand shells, a large number of guns and machine guns, 330 thousand pairs of army shoes. In February 1919, the American government sent a special military mission to the south of Russia. It was led by the former US military attache in Petrograd, Lieutenant Colonel Riggs. The task of the mission included organizing all kinds of assistance to the Kolchak armies.
Relying on American support, Kolchak was able to remove General Zhanin from the post of de facto commander in chief, for which the latter did not fail to subsequently take revenge on the admiral by handing him over to death. Kolchak's regime was an ugly combination of outward Russian state paraphernalia with Socialist-Revolutionary ministers, semi-English uniforms and French advisers. Among these advisers was the brother of Yakov Sverdlov, Zinovy Sverdlov, who then bore the surname Peshkov. The head of the Kolchak government was V.N. Pepelyaev, a cadet who enthusiastically greeted the February Revolution, a former commissar of the Provisional Government.
Especially blasphemous is the title of Kolchak - "Supreme Ruler". It is known that such a title belonged to only one person in Russia - the Sovereign Emperor. Who and by what right awarded this title to Vice Admiral Kolchak?
Kolchak was never free in his decisions. He spoke about this himself. Lieutenant General K. V. Sakharov, a close associate of Kolchak, gives the following conversation with him:
« - The Russian people cannot, continued the admiral, stop at anyone, nor be satisfied with anyone.
- How do you imagine, Your Excellency, the future?
—Just like every honest Russian. /.../ All sections of the Russian people, starting with the peasants, think only about the restoration of the monarchy, about calling their people's Leader to the throne - the legitimate Tsar. Only this is successful.
- So why not announce now that the Omsk government understands the people's desires and will follow them this way?
The admiral laughed sarcastically.
- And what will our foreigners, allies say? What will our ministers say?
The most frankly democratic nature of the Kolchak regime was revealed by the head of the "Arkhangelsk government" Socialist-Revolutionary N.V. Tchaikovsky. In 1919, he was summoned to Versailles for a conference of the victorious powers, where on May 9 he had a conversation with US President Wilson and British Prime Minister Lloyd George. It was about Kolchak. Tchaikovsky assured high-ranking interlocutors that "Kolchak is supported by democratic forces" and that the admiral would follow a "democratic policy."
In this regard, I would like to say a few words about the role of Kolchak in the investigation of the Yekaterinburg atrocity. There is an order from Kolchak to assist the investigation of N. A. Sokolov to investigate the murder of the Royal Family. On the margins of this document is the following resolution of General Dieterichs, apparently made by him later: “ The Supreme Ruler really did not want to give me this order, since he is under the strong influence of the German-Jewish Party and any establishment of the truth in this matter is extremely undesirable to him.»
Kolchak's regime could not fail to collapse. At its basis, as well as the Bolshevik basis, there was a big lie. But unlike the Bolshevik lie, Kolchak's lie was spiritually more dangerous, because it was covered with national banners, golden shoulder straps, Russian state symbols. Kolchak usurped the sacred rights and prerogatives of the Russian Tsar, and the pathetic propaganda of the "Constituent Assembly" emphasized this usurpation even more.
General Sakharov wrote in his memoirs: The version was widely spread among the people that the white army was marching with priests in full vestments, with banners and singing “Christ is Risen!” This legend spread deep into Russia; two months later we were told by those who made their way through the red front to our side from the Volga region: the people there joyfully crossed themselves, sighed and looked with enlightened eyes to the east, from where their native, close Russia was already coming in their dreams. Five weeks later, when I arrived at the front, they conveyed their thoughts to me when I went around our combat units west of Ufa:
- You see, Your Excellency, what happened, bad luck. And then, after all, the people were completely dreaming, the end of the torment, they thought. We hear that Mikhail Lyaksandrych himself is walking with the white army, he has declared himself Tsar again, he has mercy on everyone, he gives land. Well, the Orthodox people came to life, grew bolder, which means they even began to beat the commissars. Everyone was waiting, ours will come, there is little left to endure. And in fact, it didn’t turn out that way.”
It is precisely this feeling that “it didn’t work out that way” that explains the main reason for the people’s passivity. And although at the beginning the people gladly went with the admiral against the Reds, more than 150 thousand Ural workers fought in the ranks of the Kolchak army, then as the fighting continued, popular support left Kolchak. The people intuitively felt that Kolchak was not the legitimate leader of Russia, that he was the same impostor as the commissars were.
At the end of the Kolchak epic, under the blows of the Red armies, everyone turned away from Kolchak. The allies betrayed him first. General Zhanin, following a secret order from Paris, handed over the admiral and the head of his government, V.N. Pepelyaev, to the Reds. On February 7, 1920, by personal order of Lenin, Kolchak and Pepelyaev were shot. Kolchak met death courageously, as befits an officer. What can not be said about Pepelyaev. Contrary to the film, Pepelyaev, according to eyewitnesses, lost his presence of mind and begged for mercy. The bodies of Kolchak and Pepelyaev were thrown into the Angara.
They say that Kolchak liked to repeat the phrase: "Nothing is given for free, you have to pay for everything and not evade payment." His life and death were the best proof of the truth of this saying.
The White Army gave many examples of brave and courageous, disinterested Russian officers and soldiers. General Kappel, General Markov, General Mamontov, Lieutenant Nezhentsov. The same examples were given by the Red Army: Chapaev, Budyonny, Mironov. These people, each in their own way, thought that they were fighting for Russia, for her better lot. You can talk about these people with respect and give them their due. But you can never make heroes out of them. For there can be no heroes in a fratricidal war.
Moreover, it is impossible to glorify and exalt the leaders of the fratricidal war: Kolchak, Denikin, Frunze, Kamenev, Vatsetis, Wrangel. And no matter how different Kolchak and Lenin were from each other, they were united by one thing: the readiness to shed fraternal blood in the name of foreign political goals, in the name of an ephemeral “bright future”. Admiral Kolchak openly wrote about this after the Brest Peace: “ The war is lost. We will wait for a new war, as the only bright future, but for now we need to finish the present one, and then start on a new one.
The victory of Kolchak, Denikin or Wrangel would mean the economic occupation of Russia by the British, French and Americans. Let's not forget that the governments of Kolchak and Wrangel had clear obligations on this issue to the allies. The same thing would have happened, only outwardly in milder forms, which happened under the Bolsheviks. But if the robbery of Russia by the Bolsheviks was perceived precisely as a robbery, then the robbery of Russia under the rule of the whites would be perceived as legitimate actions of the national Russian government.
They will tell us, but why shouldn't we have fought Bolshevism at all? Why was it necessary to give the country to desecration without any resistance? No, we say. Of course, it was necessary to fight the Bolshevik monster. But this should have been done by people with a clear conscience and clean hands. These were supposed to be new Minins and Pozharskys, new Ivan Susanins, and not politicians-generals who forgot their duty to the Tsar and the Fatherland and dreamed of the laurels of "supreme rulers." But the whole paradox lies in the fact that if in the Russian army and Russian society there were Pozharskys and Susanins, faithful to their duty and oath, no fight against Bolshevism would be needed, since it simply would never have happened.
Of course, the real Kolchak and Kolchak performed by Khabensky are two completely different people. But still the hero of the film is Kolchak. Millions of people who today do not know history at all will perceive Kolchak precisely through the talented play of Khabensky, which means that the very ambiguous figure of the admiral, one of the organizers of the Civil War, will firmly enter the consciousness of generations as a positive figure. Such a person wants to imitate. What to imitate? Kolchak's participation in the First World War is shown little and sparingly. But Kolchak's love story is painted in all colors. Abstracting from the real Kolchak and not at all wanting to delve into his personal life, I would still like to note that the story of an officer who stole his lawful wife from his comrade-in-arms and left his wife and child for arbitrariness of fate.
Many argue that Kolchak was a monarchist, fought de "for the faith, the tsar and the Fatherland." Let's leave the question of faith. Consider "for the Tsar and the Fatherland."
The fact is that Kolchak was not a monarchist. Furthermore.
According to the memoirs of General Spiridovich, Count Yusupov, known for the murder of Grigory Rasputin and others, Kolchak supported a conspiracy against Tsar Nicholas II, promising the loyalty of the Black Sea Fleet in the event of a coup.
Former minister of war in the government of Kerensky A.I. Verkhovsky , who served with Kolchak, recalled the first days of the February Revolution and Kolchak:
« ... We will hold a prayer parade tomorrow, he said, to which we will withdraw all parts of the fleet and the garrison ...
We will solemnly proclaim many years to the Provisional Government
and I will say a few words about the same. In the evening we will gather the officers and talk to them.
Kolchak spoke calmly and confidently. This was vertically challenged, a weakly built person who stood straight and looked directly into the eyes of the interlocutor. His high forehead, deeply sunken black eyes and protruding cheekbones involuntarily made me remember his ancestors - Batu warriors, predators of the steppe expanses of Asia.».
Upon arrival in Petrograd, immediately after the February Revolution, the future Supreme Ruler made his first visit to the first of the Russian Marxists Plekhanov, leaving an impression of himself confirming his anti-monarchist reputation:
« Today... I had Kolchak. I really liked him. It is evident that in his field well done. Brave, energetic, not stupid. In the very first days of the revolution, he took her side and managed to maintain order in the Black Sea Fleet and get along with the sailors. But in politics, he seems to be completely innocent. He led me straight into embarrassment with his cheeky carelessness. He entered cheerfully, in a military manner, and suddenly said: “I considered it my duty to introduce myself to you, as the oldest representative of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party.”
Yes, Kolchak was mistaken: Plekhanov was a Social Democrat, but the Socialist-Revolutionaries were not monarchists either.
A little later, Kolchak spoke about his obligations to the Tsar and the monarchy, leaving no chance for supporters of the version of his devotion to the Tsar:
«… I received a message about this in the Black Sea,
took the oath of allegiance to our first Provisional Government, which then entered. I took the oath in good conscience, considering this Government as the only Government that had to be recognized under those circumstances, and I was the first to take this oath. I considered myself completely free from any obligation to the monarchy, and after the revolution took place, I took the point of view on which I always stood - that I, after all, did not serve this or that form of government, but I serve my homeland, which I put above all else, and I consider it necessary to recognize the Government that then declared itself at the head of Russian power.
When the coup took place, I considered myself free from obligations in relation to the previous government.
»
Finally.
"There is an order from Kolchak to assist the investigation of N. A. Sokolov on the investigation of the murder of the Royal Family. On the margins of this document is the following resolution of the general Diterichs, apparently made by him later:
« The Supreme Ruler really did not want to give me this order, since he is under the strong influence of the German-Jewish Party and any establishment of the truth in this matter is extremely undesirable to him.»"
It is undesirable to contribute to the investigation of the death of the Tsar, you understand?
About the Fatherland.
Distinguished Officer* left the Fatherland in July 1917, at the height of the 1st World War. He “missed” the October Revolution for almost a year and returned to his homeland only at the end of September 1918. (Note that he returned, as he himself testified repeatedly).
He left the Fatherland, leaving the Black Sea Fleet with the words " I consider myself so offended that I consider it below my dignity to command there, and therefore I will not return to the command of the Black Sea Fleet under any circumstances
.»
a business trip to the USA:
«... Just at that time Kerensky left, and therefore the final consent of the government to the American mission could not be obtained. Finally, the answer turned out to be positive, shortly after Kerensky's arrival from the southwestern front, after the offensive of June 18th. As far as I know, this question was then discussed in the Council of Ministers, and the Council of Ministers agreed without any objection to sending me to America.» [ibid.]
At the same time, he agreed to irrevocably break with the Motherland, as Timireva reported:
« ... in July 1917, in a letter to his mistress A.V. Timereva, Kolchak writes the following: “Now I can speak more or less definitely about my future future. Upon my arrival in Petrograd, I received an invitation from US Ambassador Root and from Admiral Glennon's Naval Mission to serve in the US Navy. Despite the severity of my position, I still did not dare to immediately irrevocably break with the Motherland, and then Ruth and Glennon rather ultimatum suggested that the Provisional Government send me as the head of a military mission to America to serve during the war in the U. S. Navy [US Navy]. Now this issue has been resolved by the government in a positive sense, and I am waiting for the final formation of the mission.».»
Then A.V. Kolchak went to the service of the British crown:
« ... Two weeks later, a response came from the War Office of England. I was first informed that the British government was willing to accept my proposal for enlistment in the army and asked me where I would prefer to serve. I replied that in applying to them to accept me for service in the English army, I did not put any conditions on it, and suggested that they use me in any way they found possible.»
A.V. Kolchak - A. Timireva:
"December 30, 1917. I am admitted to the service of His Majesty the King of England."
His Majesty sent him first to the Mesopotamian front, and then, due to the changed situation on the Mesopotamian front, to Russia:
«
I left Shanghai by boat for Singapore. In Singapore, the commander of the troops, General Ridout, came to greet me, handed me an urgent telegram sent to Singapore from the director of the Intelligence Department of the intelligence department of the military general staff in England.
This telegram read as follows: the British government accepted my proposal, however, due to the changed situation on the Mesopotamian front (later I found out what the situation was, but earlier I could not foresee this), considers it in view of the request addressed to him from side of our envoy, Prince. Kudashev, useful for the common allied cause, for me to return to Russia, that I am recommended to go to the Far East to start my activities there, and from their point of view it is more profitable than my stay on the Mesopotamian front,
especially since the situation there has completely changed.» [ibid.]
In Russia, Kolchak worked in the interests of other countries that wanted the "reconstruction" of Russia: American Ambassador Morris In a letter to the US Secretary of State, he writes:
“The Kolchak government cannot hold out without the open support of our government. Thanks to our timely and active support, Kolchak will hold on, we will find ourselves in a privileged position in order to promote and lead the cause of the reconstruction of Russia.
This is also mentioned in his memoirs by one of the leaders of the "white cause", white minister of the Southwestern, then the Northwestern governments M.S. Margulies:
« Kolchak is a Republican, but easily influenced. He is strongly influenced by Mikhailov, a strong, ambitious man with a definite plan, who stops at nothing. In America, through which Avksentiev, Zenzinov and others, expelled by Kolchak from Siberia, passed,
it turned out that the whole plan of the coup, which put Kolchak at the head of the government, was conceived by the British and played out by Kolchak, as if by notes.
»
« The US government transferred to Kolchak loans that were previously intended for the bourgeois Provisional Government, and provided 600,000 rifles on account of these loans; Great Britain gave 200 thousand sets of uniforms, France - 30 aircraft, over 200 vehicles.- writes TSB, 1969-1978.
What did Kolchak pay for the generous help of foreigners in the reconstruction of Russia?
-
Kolchak had a gold reserve of Russia, captured in the summer of 1918 by the command of the Czechoslovak Corps in Kazan in the amount of 651.5 million rubles in gold and 100 million credit notes. For the supply of weapons and other materials in 1919, 2883 poods of gold were transferred to Great Britain, 2672 to Japan, 2118 to the USA, 1225 to France, and in total - over 9200 poods of gold.
At the rate Kappel , Kolchak took away from Soviet Russia: “ Trophies are incalculable, Russia's gold reserves of 650 million have been captured ... ".
As V. Shigin writes in "Mysteries of the Golden Convoys":
« The archive of the Hoover Institute for War, Revolution and Peace (California, USA) contains the final inventory for 1923, compiled by V.I. Moravsky, who was the Minister of Finance in the government of D.A. Croatian in Vladivostok. If you trust the former minister, then the foreign exchange reserves of Russia, which remained in the banks of the West and East after 1922, look like this:
Japan - 10 million gold rubles, 170 thousand dollars;
USA - 424 thousand gold francs, 450 thousand Mexican dollars;
Hong Kong - 44 million gold rubles;
New York - 27 million 227 thousand dollars;
London - 1 million 100 thousand pounds;
Paris - 22 million 500 thousand gold francs.
Alas, not a single gram of gold exported by the Kolchak government ever returned to Russia.
And here, for example, is a real representative of the service elite, the military representative of the tsarist government in France, Major General Count Ignatiev from abroad 225 million gold francs.
Of course, Ignatiev brought good to Russia, and Kolchak harmed her: he withdrew these funds from Russia. Take them out of the country. But what about the Fatherland?
Kolchak and his team did not fight for the Fatherland.
About what they fought with the Reds, the already mentioned white minister Manuil Sergeevich Margulies well described in his diary:
« November 21, 1919. Friday.
I had Lieutenant Colonel X ... a Guards officer, and he told me his impressions from the front. According to him, the higher officers go to the Bolsheviks in order to return the estates, apartment property, hang the commissars and punish the “bastard people” who overthrew the tsar and supported the Bolsheviks - they don’t think much about Russia; among the officers there are not a few "lovers" of private property".
That's what the board is for.
=
***
Notes.
* «
To an outstanding officer, scientist and researcher
»
- so it is written on the memorial plaque installed to Kolchak on November 12, 2016 in St. Petersburg.
(We examined his merits as an "outstanding scientist and researcher" in the material
« »)
***
References.
A.I. Verkhovsky "On a difficult pass."
P.Multatuli. Alexander Kolchak: hero or anti-hero?
Interrogation of Kolchak. - Leningrad, State Publishing House, 1925.
M.S.Margulies. year of intervention. Berlin, 1923. V.2. p.95
N. Grishchenko. 7 facts from the life of General Kappel. Russian newspaper. 01/13/2014
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