Lenin Vladimir Ilyich: short biography, facts, video. Who is Lenin? IN AND. Lenin: a brief biography What was Lenin's goal
How did the children of serfs become hereditary nobles, why did the Soviet authorities keep information about the maternal ancestors of the leader secret, and how did Vladimir Ulyanov turn into Nikolai Lenin in the early 1900s?
Ulyanov family. From left to right: standing - Olga, Alexander, Anna; sitting - Maria Alexandrovna with her youngest daughter Maria, Dmitry, Ilya Nikolaevich, Vladimir. Simbirsk. 1879 Provided by M. Zolotarev
Biographical chronicle of V.I. Lenin” begins with the entry: “April, 10 (22). Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was born. Vladimir Ilyich's father Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov was at that time an inspector, and then the director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. He came from the poor townspeople of the city of Astrakhan. His father was previously a serf. Lenin's mother Maria Alexandrovna was the daughter of the doctor A.D. Blanca".
It is curious that Lenin himself did not know many details of his ancestry. In their family, as in the families of other commoners, it was somehow not customary to delve into their "genealogical roots". It was only later, after the death of Vladimir Ilyich, when interest in such problems began to grow, that his sisters took up these studies. Therefore, when in 1922 Lenin received a detailed party census questionnaire, when asked about the occupation of his paternal grandfather, he sincerely answered: “I don’t know.”
GRANDSON OF serfs
Meanwhile, Lenin's paternal grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather were indeed serfs. Great-great-grandfather - Nikita Grigorievich Ulyanin- was born in 1711. According to the revision tale of 1782, he and the family of his youngest son Feofan were recorded as a courtyard man of the landowner of the village of Androsov, Sergach district of the Nizhny Novgorod governorship, Marfa Semyonovna Myakinina.
According to the same revision, his eldest son Vasily Nikitich Ulyanin, born in 1733, with his wife Anna Semionovna and children Samoila, Porfiry and Nikolai lived there, but were considered yard cornets Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov. According to the revision of 1795, Lenin's grandfather Nikolai Vasilievich, 25 years old, single, lived with his mother and brothers all in the same village, but they were already listed as servants of ensign Mikhail Stepanovich Brekhov.
Of course, he was listed, but he was no longer in the village ...
The Astrakhan archive contains the document “Lists of registered landlord peasants who have come in from different provinces and are expected to be counted”, where under number 223 it is written: “Nikolai Vasiliev, son of Ulyanin ... Nizhny Novgorod province, Sergach district, Androsov village, landowner Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov, a peasant. Absent in 1791. He was a fugitive or released for quitrent and redeemed - it is not known for sure, but in 1799 in Astrakhan Nikolai Vasilyevich was transferred to the category of state peasants, and in 1808 he was accepted into the bourgeois class, into the workshop of artisans-tailors.
Having got rid of serfdom and becoming a free man, Nikolai Vasilievich changed his surname Ulyanin to Ulyaninov, and then Ulyanov. Soon he married the daughter of the Astrakhan tradesman Alexei Lukyanovich Smirnov, Anna, who was born in 1788 and was 18 years younger than her husband.
Based on some archival documents, the writer Marietta Shahinyan put forward a version according to which Anna Alekseevna is not Smirnov’s own daughter, but a baptized Kalmyk girl, rescued by him from slavery and allegedly adopted only in March 1825.
There is no indisputable evidence of this version, especially since already in 1812 they had a son Alexander with Nikolai Ulyanov, who died four months old, in 1819 son Vasily was born, in 1821 - daughter Maria, in 1823 - Theodosius and, finally, in July 1831, when the head of the family was already over 60, his son Ilya was the father of the future leader of the world proletariat.
FATHER'S TEACHER'S CAREER
After the death of Nikolai Vasilyevich, the care of the family and the upbringing of children fell on the shoulders of his eldest son Vasily Nikolayevich. Working at that time as a clerk of the well-known Astrakhan firm "The Sapozhnikov Brothers" and not having his own family, he managed to provide prosperity in the house and even gave his younger brother Ilya an education.
ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV GRADUATED FACULTY OF PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS OF KAZAN UNIVERSITY.
He was asked to stay at the department for "improvement in scientific work" - the famous mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky insisted on this
In 1850, Ilya Nikolayevich graduated from the Astrakhan gymnasium with a silver medal and entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kazan University, where he completed his studies in 1854, receiving the title of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and the right to teach in secondary schools. And although he was asked to stay at the department for "improvement in scientific work" (the famous mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, by the way, insisted on this), Ilya Nikolayevich preferred a career as a teacher.
Monument to Lobachevsky in Kazan. Beginning of XX century. Provided by M. Zolotarev
The first place of his work - from May 7, 1855 - was the Noble Institute in Penza. In July 1860, Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov came here as an inspector of the institute. Ilya Nikolaevich became friends with him and his wife, and in the same year Anna Aleksandrovna Veretennikova (nee Blank) introduced him to her sister Maria Alexandrovna Blank, who came to visit her in the winter. Ilya Nikolaevich began to help Maria in preparing for the exam for the title of teacher, and she helped him in spoken English. The young people fell in love, and in the spring of 1863 they were engaged.
On July 15 of the same year, after successfully passing the external exams at the Samara Men's Gymnasium, "the daughter of the court counselor, the maiden Maria Blank" received the title of primary school teacher "with the right to teach the Law of God, the Russian language, arithmetic, German and French." And in August they already played a wedding, and “maiden Maria Blank” became the wife of court adviser Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov - this rank was also granted to him in July 1863.
"ON THE POSSIBILITY OF JEWISH ORIGIN"
The pedigree of the Blank family began to be studied by Lenin's sisters, Anna and Maria. Anna Ilyinichna said: “The elders could not find out for us. The surname seemed to us a French root, but there was no evidence of such an origin. For a long time, I personally began to think about the possibility of Jewish origin, which was prompted mainly by the mother’s message that my grandfather was born in Zhytomyr, a well-known Jewish center. Grandmother - mother's mother - was born in St. Petersburg and was a German by origin from Riga. But while mother and her sisters kept in touch with their mother’s relatives for quite a long time, her father’s relatives, A.D. Blanc, no one heard. He was like a cut off piece, which also led me to think about his Jewish origin. None of the grandfather's stories about his childhood or youth have been preserved in the memory of his daughters.
Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova reported to Joseph Stalin in 1932 and 1934 about the results of the searches that confirmed her assumption. “The fact of our origin, which I assumed before,” she wrote, “was not known during his [Lenin's] life ... I don’t know what motives we Communists can have for hushing up this fact.”
“To be absolutely silent about him” was Stalin's categorical answer. Yes, and the second sister of Lenin, Maria Ilyinichna, also believed that this fact "let it be known sometime in a hundred years."
Lenin's great-grandfather Moshe Itskovich Blank- Born, apparently, in 1763. The first mention of it is contained in the revision of 1795, where among the townspeople of the city of Starokonstantinov, Volyn province, Moishka Blank is recorded at number 394. Where he came from in these places is unclear. However…
Panorama of Simbirsk from the side of the Moscow tract. 1866–1867. Provided by M. Zolotarev
Some time ago, a well-known bibliographer Maya Dvorkina introduced a curious fact into scientific circulation. Somewhere in the mid-1920s, an archivist Yulian Grigorievich Oksman, who, on the instructions of the director of the Lenin Library, Vladimir Ivanovich Nevsky, studied the genealogy of the leader of the world proletariat, discovered a petition from one of the Jewish communities of the Minsk province, allegedly dating back to the beginning of the 19th century, for the release of a certain boy from the tax, because he is "the illegitimate son of a major Minsk official", and therefore, they say, the community should not pay for it. The boy's last name was Blank.
According to Oksman, Nevsky took him to Lev Kamenev, and then the three of them came to Nikolai Bukharin. Showing the document, Kamenev muttered: "I always thought so." To which Bukharin replied: “What do you think, it doesn’t matter, but what are we going to do?” They took the word from Oksman that he would not tell anyone about the find. And since then no one has seen this document.
One way or another, Moshe Blank appeared in Starokonstantinov, already an adult, and in 1793 he married a local 29-year-old girl Maryam (Marem) Froimovich. From subsequent revisions, it follows that he read both Jewish and Russian, had his own house, was engaged in trade, and besides, he rented 5 morgues (about 3 hectares) of land from the town of Rogachevo, which were sown with chicory.
In 1794, his son Aba (Abel) was born, and in 1799, his son Srul (Israel). Probably, from the very beginning, Moshe Itskovich did not have a relationship with the local Jewish community. He was "a man who did not want or, perhaps, did not know how to find a common language with his fellow tribesmen." In other words, the community simply hated him. And after in 1808, from a fire, and possibly arson, Blank's house burned down, the family moved to Zhytomyr.
LETTER TO THE EMPEROR
Many years later, in September 1846, Moshe Blank wrote a letter to Emperor Nicholas I, from which it is clear that already "40 years ago" he "renounced the Jews", but because of his "excessively pious wife", who died in 1834 , converted to Christianity and received the name Dmitry only on January 1, 1835.
But the reason for the letter was something else: while maintaining hostility towards his fellow tribesmen, Dmitry (Moshe) Blank proposed - in order to assimilate the Jews - to prohibit them from wearing national clothes, and most importantly, to oblige them to pray in synagogues for the Russian emperor and the imperial family.
It is curious that in October of that year the letter was reported to Nicholas I and he fully agreed with the proposals of the "baptized Jew Blank", as a result of which in 1850 Jews were forbidden to wear national clothes, and in 1854 they introduced the corresponding text of the prayer. The researcher Mikhail Stein, who collected and carefully analyzed the most complete data on the Blank pedigree, rightly noted that due to hostility to his people, Moshe Itskovich “can be compared, perhaps, only with another baptized Jew - one of the founders and leaders of the Moscow Union of the Russian people V.A. . Gringmuth "...
Alexander Dmitrievich Blank (1799–1870). Provided by M. Zolotarev
The fact that Blank decided to break with the Jewish community long before his baptism was evidenced by something else. Both of his sons, Abel and Israel, like their father, also knew how to read Russian, and when a county (district) school was opened in Zhytomyr in 1816, they were enrolled there and successfully graduated from it. From the point of view of believing Jews, this was blasphemy. And yet, belonging to the Jewish faith doomed them to vegetate within the boundaries of the Pale of Settlement. And only the event that happened in the spring of 1820 dramatically changed the fate of young people ...
In April, a "high rank" arrived in Zhytomyr on a business trip - the ruler of the affairs of the so-called Jewish Committee, senator and poet Dmitry Osipovich Baranov. Somehow, Blanc managed to meet him, and he asked the senator to assist his sons in entering the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. Baranov did not sympathize with the Jews at all, but the conversion of two "lost souls" to Christianity, which was quite rare at that time, in his opinion, was a good deed, and he agreed.
The brothers immediately went to the capital and filed a petition addressed to Metropolitan Mikhail of Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Estland and Finland. “Having now settled down to live in St. Petersburg,” they wrote, “and having the constant treatment of Christians who profess the Greco-Russian religion, we now wish to accept it.”
The petition was granted, and already on May 25, 1820, the priest of the Church of St. Sampson the Hospitable in St. Petersburg Fyodor Barsov “enlightened” both brothers with baptism. Abel became Dmitry Dmitrievich, and Israel became Alexander Dmitrievich. The youngest son of Moshe Blank received a new name in honor of his successor (godfather) Count Alexander Ivanovich Apraksin, and a patronymic in honor of Abel's successor Senator Dmitry Osipovich Baranov. And on July 31 of the same year, at the direction of the Minister of Education, Prince Alexander Nikolayevich Golitsyn, the brothers were identified as “pupils of the Medical and Surgical Academy”, which they graduated in 1824, having received the academic title of doctors of the 2nd department and a present in the form of a pocket set of surgical tools.
MARRIAGE OF THE HEADQUARTER
Dmitry Blank remained in the capital as a police doctor, and in August 1824 Alexander began his service in the city of Porechie, Smolensk province, as a county doctor. True, already in October 1825 he returned to St. Petersburg and was enrolled, like his brother, as a doctor in the city police staff. In 1828 he was promoted to the staff physician. It's time to think about getting married...
His godfather, Count Alexander Apraksin, was at that time an official for special assignments at the Ministry of Finance. So Alexander Dmitrievich, despite his origin, could well count on a decent game. Apparently, at his other benefactor, Senator Dmitry Baranov, who was fond of poetry and chess, who visited Alexander Pushkin and almost all of “enlightened Petersburg” gathered, the younger Blank met the Groshopf brothers and was received in their house.
Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov (1831–1886) and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (1835–1916)
The head of this very respectable family Ivan Fedorovich (Johann Gottlieb) Groshopf was from the Baltic Germans, was a consultant of the State Justice College of Livonian, Estonian and Finnish affairs and rose to the rank of provincial secretary. His wife Anna Karlovna, nee Estedt, was a Swedish Lutheran. There were eight children in the family: three sons - Johann, who served in the Russian army, Karl, vice director in the foreign trade department of the Ministry of Finance, and Gustav, head of the Riga customs, and five daughters - Alexandra, Anna, Ekaterina (married von Essen) , Carolina (married Biuberg) and the younger Amalia. Having got acquainted with this family, the staff doctor made an offer to Anna Ivanovna.
MASHENKA BLANK
At first, Alexander Dmitrievich's affairs were going well. As a police doctor, he received 1,000 rubles a year. For "quickness and diligence" he was repeatedly awarded thanks.
But in June 1831, during the cholera riots in the capital, his brother Dmitry, who was on duty in the central cholera hospital, was brutally killed by a rebellious crowd. This death shocked Alexander Blanc so much that he quit the police and did not work for more than a year. Only in April 1833 did he again enter the service - as an intern at the City Hospital of St. Mary Magdalene for the poor from the river regions of St. Petersburg. By the way, it was here that Taras Shevchenko was treated by him in 1838. At the same time (from May 1833 to April 1837) Blank worked in the Naval Department. In 1837, after passing the exams, he was recognized as an inspector of the medical board, and in 1838 - a medical surgeon.
IN 1874, ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV RECEIVED THE POSITION OF DIRECTOR OF THE PEOPLE'S SCHOOLS OF THE SIMBIRSK PROVINCE.
And in 1877 he was awarded the rank of real state councilor, equal in the table of ranks to the rank of general and giving the right to hereditary nobility
The private practice of Alexander Dmitrievich also expanded. Among his patients were representatives of the highest nobility. This allowed him to move to a decent apartment in the wing of one of the luxurious mansions on the English Embankment, which belonged to the emperor's life physician and president of the Medical and Surgical Academy, Baronet Yakov Vasilievich Willie. Maria Blanc was born here in 1835. Mashenka's godfather was their neighbor, former adjutant of the Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, and since 1833 Ivan Dmitrievich Chertkov, the ringmaster of the Imperial Court.
In 1840, Anna Ivanovna fell seriously ill, died and was buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk Evangelical Cemetery. Then her sister Ekaterina von Essen, who was widowed in the same year, completely took care of the children. Alexander Dmitrievich, apparently, had sympathized with her before. It is no coincidence that he named his daughter, born in 1833, Catherine. After the death of Anna Ivanovna, they become even closer, and in April 1841 Blank decides to enter into a legal marriage with Ekaterina Ivanovna. However, such marriages - with the godmother of daughters and the sister of the late wife - were not allowed by law. And Catherine von Essen becomes his common-law wife.
In the same April, they all leave the capital and move to Perm, where Alexander Dmitrievich received the post of inspector of the Perm Medical Council and doctor of the Perm Gymnasium. Thanks to the latter circumstance, Blank met the Latin teacher Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov, who became the husband of his eldest daughter Anna in 1850, and the mathematics teacher Andrei Alexandrovich Zalezhsky, who married another daughter, Catherine.
Alexander Blank entered the history of Russian medicine as one of the pioneers of balneology - treatment with mineral waters. Having retired at the end of 1847 from the post of doctor of the Zlatoust arms factory, he left for the Kazan province, where in 1848 the Kokushkino estate with 462 acres (503.6 hectares) of land, a water mill and 39 serfs was bought in the Laishevsky district. On August 4, 1859, the Senate approved Alexander Dmitrievich Blank and his children in the hereditary nobility, and they were entered in the book of the Kazan noble assembly.
ULYANOV FAMILY
This is how Maria Alexandrovna Blank ended up in Kazan, and then in Penza, where she met Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov ...
Their wedding on August 25, 1863, like the weddings of the other Blanc sisters before, was played in Kokushkino. On September 22, the newlyweds left for Nizhny Novgorod, where Ilya Nikolayevich was appointed to the position of senior teacher of mathematics and physics at the male gymnasium. On August 14, 1864, daughter Anna was born. A year and a half later - on March 31, 1866 - son Alexander ... But soon - a sad loss: daughter Olga, who was born in 1868, did not live even a year, fell ill and died on July 18 in the same Kokushkino ...
On September 6, 1869, Ilya Nikolayevich was appointed inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province. The family moved to Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), which at that time was a quiet provincial town with a little over 40 thousand inhabitants, of which 57.5% were listed as petty bourgeois, 17% as military, 11% as peasants, 8.8% as nobles, 3.2% - merchants and honorary citizens, and 1.8% - people of the clergy, persons of other classes and foreigners. Accordingly, the city was divided into three parts: noble, commercial and petty-bourgeois. In the nobles' quarters there were kerosene lanterns and plank sidewalks, and in the petty-bourgeois quarters they kept all sorts of cattle in the yards, and this living creature, contrary to prohibitions, roamed the streets.
Here, on April 10 (22), 1870, the Ulyanovs' son Vladimir was born. On April 16, priest Vasily Umov and deacon Vladimir Znamensky baptized the newborn. The godfather was the head of the specific office in Simbirsk, the actual state councilor Arseniy Fedorovich Belokrysenko, and the godfather was the mother of a colleague Ilya Nikolaevich, collegiate assessor Natalia Ivanovna Aunovskaya.
Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (sitting third from right) among the teachers of the Simbirsk men's classical gymnasium. 1874 Provided by M. Zolotarev
The family continued to grow. On November 4, 1871, the fourth child was born - daughter Olga. Son Nikolai died before he even lived a month, and on August 4, 1874, son Dmitry was born, on February 6, 1878, daughter Maria. Six children.
On July 11, 1874, Ilya Nikolayevich received the post of director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. And in December 1877, he was awarded the rank of real state councilor, equal in the table of ranks to the rank of general and giving the right to hereditary nobility.
The salary increase made it possible to realize an old dream. Having changed six rented apartments since 1870 and having accumulated the necessary funds, on August 2, 1878, the Ulyanovs finally bought their own house on Moskovskaya Street for 4 thousand silver - from the widow of the titular adviser Ekaterina Petrovna Molchanova. It was wooden, one floor from the facade and with mezzanines under the roof from the side of the courtyard. And behind the yard, overgrown with grass and chamomile, there is a beautiful garden with silvery poplars, thick elms, yellow acacia and lilac along the fence ...
Ilya Nikolaevich died in Simbirsk in January 1886, Maria Alexandrovna - in Petrograd in July 1916, outliving her husband by 30 years.
WHERE DID "LENIN" COME FROM?
The question of how and where in the spring of 1901 Vladimir Ulyanov got the pseudonym Nikolai Lenin has always aroused the interest of researchers, there were many versions. Among them are toponymic ones: both the Lena River (analogy: Plekhanov - Volgin) and the village of Lenin near Berlin appear. At the time of the formation of "Leninism" as a profession, "amorous" sources were looked for. Thus, the assertion was born that the Kazan beauty Elena Lenina was allegedly to blame for everything, in another version, the chorus girl of the Mariinsky Theater Elena Zaretskaya, etc. But none of these versions could stand up to the slightest degree of serious scrutiny.
However, back in the 1950s and 1960s, the Central Party Archives received letters from relatives of a certain Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, in which a fairly convincing everyday story was presented. The deputy head of the archive, Rostislav Aleksandrovich Lavrov, forwarded these letters to the Central Committee of the CPSU, and, naturally, they did not become the property of a wide range of researchers.
Meanwhile, the Lenin family originates from the Cossack Posnik, who in the 17th century was awarded the nobility, the surname Lenin and an estate in the Vologda province for his services related to the conquest of Siberia and the creation of winter quarters on the Lena River. Numerous descendants of him distinguished themselves more than once both in military and civil service. One of them, Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, fell ill and retired, having risen to the rank of State Councilor, in the 80s of the XIX century and settled in the Yaroslavl province.
Volodya Ulyanov with his sister Olga. Simbirsk. 1874 Provided by M. Zolotarev
His daughter Olga Nikolaevna, having graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of the Bestuzhev Courses in 1883, went to work at the Smolensk evening working school in St. Petersburg, where she met Nadezhda Krupskaya. And when there was a fear that the authorities might refuse to issue a foreign passport to Vladimir Ulyanov, and friends began to look for smuggling options for crossing the border, Krupskaya turned to Lenina for help. Olga Nikolaevna then conveyed this request to her brother, a prominent official of the Ministry of Agriculture, agronomist Sergei Nikolaevich Lenin. In addition, a similar request came to him, apparently, from his friend, the statistician Alexander Dmitrievich Tsyurupa, who in 1900 met the future leader of the proletariat.
Sergey Nikolayevich himself knew Vladimir Ilyich - from meetings in the Free Economic Society in 1895, as well as from his works. In turn, Ulyanov also knew Lenin: for example, he refers three times to his articles in the monograph The Development of Capitalism in Russia. After consulting, the brother and sister decided to give Ulyanov the passport of his father, Nikolai Yegorovich, who by that time was already quite ill (he died on April 6, 1902).
According to family tradition, in 1900 Sergei Nikolaevich went to Pskov on official business. There, on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, he received Sacca plows and other agricultural machines arriving in Russia from Germany. In one of the Pskov hotels, Lenin handed over his father's passport with a revised date of birth to Vladimir Ilyich, who then lived in Pskov. Probably, this is how the origin of Ulyanov's main pseudonym, N. Lenin, is explained.
Stein M.G. Ulyanovs and Lenins. Secrets of the pedigree and pseudonym. SPb., 1997
Loginov V.T. Vladimir Lenin: how to become a leader. M., 2011
Russian revolution
years of government: 1917-1924)
LENIN (Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich(10 (22). 04.1870-21.01.1924) - statesman and politician, founder of the Bolshevik Party and the Soviet state.
Born in Simbirsk in the family of I.N. Ulyanov, a figure of public education who received hereditary nobility. In 1887 he graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal. In the same year, Vladimir's elder brother, Alexander, who was a supporter of the terrorist wing of populism, was executed for preparing an assassination attempt on Alexander III. In 1887, V. Ulyanov entered the law faculty of Kazan University. In December of the same year, he was arrested for participating in a student meeting and expelled from the university. Exiled to the family estate in the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province. The death of his brother forced V. Ulyanov to turn to revolutionary activity. He took up the study of Marxism.
In 1891 he passed the exams at the university as an external student. From 1892 to 1893 worked in Samara as an assistant to a barrister. Since 1893 - a member of the student circle of Marxists of the Technological Institute, conducted propaganda in working circles. In 1894-1895. his first major works were published with criticism of populism and the justification of Marxism "What are the "friends of the people" and how they fight against the social democrats", "The economic content of populism ...". Then he met N.K. Krupskaya, who after 4 years became his wife. In 1895 - one of the founders of the Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. Was arrested. In 1897 V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) for 3 years in the village of Shushenskoye, Yenisei province. Since then, he has become a professional revolutionary.
In 1900 he went abroad. Together with G.V. Plekhanov began publishing the Iskra newspaper. He published his works under various pseudonyms, one of which - Lenin - was forever attached to him. At the II Congress of the RSDLP (1903) he headed the Bolshevik faction. In 1904 Yu.O. Martov was the first to use the term "Leninism", denoting the current of Lenin's supporters. During the revolution of 1905-1907. Lenin directed the Bolsheviks towards an armed uprising against tsarism, towards the establishment of a democratic republic. In November 1905, he illegally returned to Russia and led the work of the party. In December 1907 he emigrated. After the revolution of 1905-1907. took a number of steps to strengthen the Bolshevik wing of the RSDLP. He actively participated in the restoration of the central organs of the party, which, after the defeat of the revolution, were in crisis.
At the 6th Prague Party Conference in 1912, he separated the Bolshevik wing of the RSDLP into a separate party - the RSDLP (Bolsheviks). He was elected a member of the Central Committee, on his initiative the newspaper "Pravda" was created. He supported actions of violent expropriation of funds (robbery of banks, etc.) to replenish the party fund.
At the beginning of World War I, while on the territory of Austria-Hungary (Poronino), he was arrested on suspicion of spying for Russia. After his release, he moved to Switzerland. He spoke out against the war, put forward the slogan of turning the imperialist war into a civil war. By the end of the summer of 1915, he concluded that in the era of imperialism " the victory of socialism is possible initially in a few or even in one single capitalist country".
He learned about the victory of the February Revolution of 1917 from Swiss newspapers. On March 6, after the refusal of the British and French governments to let political emigrants into Russia, a meeting of their representatives accepted Martov's proposal (at the suggestion of an agent of the German General Staff, Parvus) to return through Germany. Extraterritoriality was assigned to the carriage in which the political emigrants were to travel, passengers under no circumstances were to leave it. On March 27, the carload of emigrants left Switzerland. Hoping that the activities of the Bolsheviks would weaken the Russian army, Germany provided them with financial assistance.
April 3, 1917 V.I. Lenin returned to Russia. On April 4, he proposed a program for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist revolution under the slogan "All power to the Soviets!" ("April theses"). G.V. Plekhanov assessed this program as an insane, extremely harmful attempt " sow anarchist turmoil on Russian soil". At the 1st Congress of Soviets in June 1917, where Lenin was supported by only 10% of the delegates, he announced that the Bolshevik Party was ready to take power. In the July days, due to unrest among the soldiers of the St. Petersburg garrison, which was supposed to be sent to front, the Bolsheviks tried to achieve the transfer of power to the soviets, but unsuccessfully. The Bolsheviks were accused of treason, Lenin and Zinoviev were forced to hide. In early October 1917, Lenin illegally returned to Petrograd. At a meeting of the Central Committee on October 10 and 16, together with Trotsky, despite the objections Kamenev and Zinoviev, achieved a decision to start an armed uprising.In the evening of October 24, he was in the Smolny Palace, from where he led the uprising.On October 26, at the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, according to his reports, decrees on peace and land were adopted, the congress formed the first Bolshevik government - the Council of People's Commissars , whose chairman was elected Lenin.
Standing at the head of the government, Lenin began to oust the "right" parties from the political life of Russia, some of them were banned, and freedom of speech was put an end to. In January 1918, by decree of Lenin, the Constituent Assembly was dispersed, which refused to recognize the power of the Bolsheviks.
In the beginning. 1918 Lenin actively fought against the "left communists" and Trotsky over the Brest Peace. As a result, the "shameful" Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany was signed, Germany occupied a huge part of the territory of Russia. Resistance to the policies of the Bolsheviks resulted in the Civil War.
After the suppression of the Left SR rebellion in July 1918, Lenin became the undisputed leader of the party and head of state. August 30, 1918 for the life of V.I. Lenin was assassinated, he was seriously wounded. After that, the "Red Terror" was declared in the country, which led to numerous victims.
Lenin became the ideologist of the policy of "war communism". During the period of "war communism" free trade was prohibited in the country, commodity-money relations were replaced by exchange in kind, and surplus appropriation was introduced. The policy of "war communism" aroused the discontent of the peasantry. Peasant uprisings took place all over the country. In response, hundreds of political opponents of the Bolsheviks were arrested, imprisoned in concentration camps, deported from the country, and a blow was dealt to the Russian Orthodox Church. According to Lenin's personal instructions, more than 8,000 priests and monks were shot, monasteries and cathedrals were desecrated and plundered.
As a result of "war communism" and the Civil War, the country lost approx. 10 million people, industrial production decreased by 1920 compared to 1913 by 7 times. But, despite the support of the anti-Bolshevik speeches by the Entente countries and the complete international isolation of Lenin's government, the Bolsheviks under his leadership managed to win the Civil War. In 1917-1922. Lenin's unique organizational talent, his will to win by any means, manifested itself.
The sharp deterioration of the economic situation in the country, caused by a devastating fratricidal war, required a change in policy. At the 10th Party Congress in March 1921, Lenin put forward a program of "new economic policy" (NEP), which soon brought positive results. The process of economic growth began, but Lenin did not have to pursue this economic policy, a serious illness put him out of action for a long time. His forced departure from the leadership soon caused a struggle for power in the country and the party, Stalin and Trotsky claimed the role of leader. Already at the beginning 1923 Lenin, foreseeing a split in the Central Committee, in his "Letter to the Congress" gave a description of all the leading figures of the Central Committee and proposed to remove I.V. Stalin from the post of General Secretary. He also spoke out against the growth of the bureaucratic apparatus, for the strengthening of workers' control. However, his health deteriorated sharply, the last months of his life Lenin was paralyzed, died of a cerebral hemorrhage. He was buried in Moscow in the Mausoleum on Red Square.
After his death, a grandiose myth was created around the name of Lenin, his biography was constantly "varnished" in accordance with the requirements of the current political moment. Nowadays, only one thing is indisputable, that he was a world-class politician who determined the development of world history in the 20th century for many years.
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Brief biography of Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (pseudonym Lenin) is a world-class Soviet politician, revolutionary, founder of the Social Democratic Party and Bolshevism, one of the organizers of the October Revolution and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Lenin is also considered the creator of the first ever socialist state. In addition, he laid the foundation of Marxism-Leninism. Vladimir Ilyich was born on April 22, 1870 in the city of Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), in the family of an inspector of public schools.
The childhood of the future revolutionary passed in Simbirsk. There he studied at the gymnasium, the director of which was F. M. Kerensky. After graduating from the gymnasium with a gold medal, Lenin entered Kazan University at the Faculty of Law, where he studied for a short time and was expelled due to regular assistance to the illegal student movement Narodnaya Volya. In May 1887, his older brother Alexander was executed because of his participation in the Narodnaya Volya conspiracy to attempt on the life of the emperor. This was a great tragedy in the Ulyanov family. In 1888, Lenin returned to Kazan and joined the Marxist circle. He is seriously interested in social democratic and political economy issues. As a result, in 1897 he was sent into exile in the Yenisei region for 3 years. It was during this exile that he wrote most of his work. In 1898, he registered his marriage with his common-law wife, N. K. Krupskaya, so that she could follow him into exile.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Lenin began to work hard to create a new society through the socialist revolution. During the period of the revolution, the organizer himself is in Switzerland, and many participants are arrested. As a result, the leadership of the party passes to Lenin. Despite the fact that attempts to revolt have been thwarted more than once, Lenin continues to write new works and organize an anti-government revolution. Soon he becomes the head of the Council of People's Commissars, founds the Red Army and the Third Communist International. Lenin's goal was to create a new economic policy aimed at the growth of the national economy and the formation of a socialist state.
Lenin died on January 21, 1924 in the Gorki estate as a result of a sharp deterioration in health. Two days later, the body of the leader was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. On January 27, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was placed in the Mausoleum on Red Square, where it is still kept. After his death, the personality cult of this extraordinary ruler intensified even more. Many objects in the cities were renamed in his honor, museums and libraries named after Lenin were opened, and monuments were erected.
Vladimir Lenin was a world-class politician. He managed to create a completely new state. On the one hand, he was able to win a political and triumphant victory. On the other hand, historically Lenin found himself in the camp of the losers. After all, his work, based on the principles of violence, was initially doomed. Despite this, it was Vladimir Ulyanov who determined the vector of development of world history in the twentieth century.
A complete biography of Lenin is contained not only in Soviet encyclopedias. Numerous books have been devoted to his life. There is a biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in Wikipedia. It exists on various sites dedicated to the history and biography of famous people. We studied the biography and personal life of Lenin, briefly presenting the information in the article.
Roots
The biography of Vladimir Lenin began in the middle of spring 1870 in Simbirsk. His dad worked as an inspector of schools, he did a lot for public education. Ilya Nikolaevich lost his father early and his elder brother was engaged in his upbringing. At that time he was the clerk of one of the city firms. Nevertheless, Lenin's father received a good education. He was a hardworking man - the leader of the proletariat inherited a colossal capacity for work precisely from his father. Thanks to the merits of Ilya Nikolaevich, the Ulyanovs were even given hereditary nobility.
On the mother's side, Lenin's grandfather Alexander Blank was a doctor and medical inspector of the hospitals of the arms factory in Zlatoust. At one time he married a German girl Anna Grosskopf. Later, grandfather retired and received a noble rank. He even became a landowner, having bought the Kokushkino estate.
Lenin's mother was a home teacher. She was considered an emancipated woman and tried to stick to the left. She was known not only as an excellent and hospitable hostess, but also as a caring, fair mother. She taught her children the basics of foreign languages and music.
There are still disputes about Lenin's nationality (the biography contains a lot of conflicting information). Many are documented, but most are unsubstantiated. Lenin himself considered himself Russian.
Childhood
Lenin's life (biography confirms this) at first did not differ in originality. He was a smart boy. When Volodya was five years old, he began to read. When Vladimir entered the Simbirsk gymnasium, he was considered a real "walking encyclopedia". The future leader of the state was not interested in the exact sciences. The young man loved history, philosophy, statistics, economic disciplines.
He was a diligent, careful and gifted student. Teachers repeatedly handed commendable sheets to Ulyanov.
According to classmates, young Lenin had great authority and respect. In addition, the head of the gymnasium F. Kerensky, the father of the future head of the Provisional Government, at one time also gave a rather high assessment of Lenin's abilities.
The beginning of the revolutionary path
In 1887, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, whose biography we are considering, completed his gymnasium education, receiving a gold medal. At the same time, he learned that his older brother Alexander had been arrested. He was accused of attempting to assassinate the Russian autocrat. Prior to that, Sasha was a university student in the northern capital. He comprehended the basics of biology, was considered a talented young man and planned to become a scientist. He didn't have any radical ideas then. But be that as it may, at the beginning of May 1887 he was executed.
Meanwhile, his younger brother Vladimir also became a student. He studied in Kazan and even in his first year began to participate in the student revolutionary movement. After some time, he was completely expelled from the university. Soon the young revolutionary was sent to the first exile in the same province.
A year later, Ulyanov was allowed to return to Kazan. A little later, he and his family moved to Samara. It was in this city that the young man began to get acquainted in detail with the postulates of Marxism. He also became a member of one of the Marxist circles.
Some time later, Ulyanov managed to pass the exams as an external student at the law school course at the University of St. Petersburg. The following year, the young lawyer became assistant barrister. However, he could not fully prove himself as a specialist and soon finally parted with jurisprudence. Vladimir moved to the northern capital and became a member of the Marxist student circle organized at the Technological Institute. In addition, he began to work on the creation of the program of the Social Democratic Party.
According to the biography - Russian), in 1895 he first went abroad. Vladimir visited countries such as Germany, Switzerland and France. It was there that he managed to get acquainted not only with the leaders of the international labor movement W. Liebknecht and P. Lafargue, but also with his political idol G. Plekhanov.
Emigration
When Vladimir Ulyanov returned to the capital, he attempted to unite all the disparate Marxist circles into one organization. We are talking about the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". Of course, the members of this organization have already tried to implement their plan to overthrow the Russian autocracy.
A brief biography of V. I. Lenin contains information that he actively promoted this idea. As a result, the revolutionary was arrested. For a long time he was in a prison cell. And after that, in the early spring of 1897, he was sent to Siberia, to the village of Shushenskoye. The term of reference was determined - three years. Here Ulyanov communicated with other exiles, wrote articles, and was engaged in translations.
As a brief biography of Vladimir Lenin tells, in 1900 he decided to emigrate. He lived in Geneva, Munich, London.
It was during these years that Vladimir created the political publication Iskra. On these pages, for the first time, he signed his articles with the party pseudonym "Lenin".
After some time, he became one of the initiators of the convocation of the congress of the RSDLP. As a result, the organization was split into two camps. Ulyanov managed to lead the Bolshevik Party. He began to develop an active struggle against the Mensheviks.
In 1905, he continued to prepare for an armed uprising in the Russian Empire. There Vladimir learned that the First Russian Revolution had begun in the country.
First blood
A brief biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin suggests that he could not remain indifferent to the events in Russia. For a short time he arrived at home. A little later, Lenin ended up in Finland. During this time, Ulyanov tried in every possible way to attract people to his side. He urged them to arm themselves and attack officials.
In addition, he proposed to boycott the first State Duma. Let us note that later Lenin admitted his mistake. He also supported the bloody Moscow uprising and from the emigration gave advice to the rebels.
Meanwhile, the revolution finally ended in failure. In 1907, at the Fifth Congress, all parties were already opposed. This factional struggle reached its climax at the party conference in 1912. It happened in Prague.
In addition, during the same period, Ulyanov managed to organize the publication of a legal newspaper of the Bolsheviks. Note that initially this publication, in fact, was created by L. Trotsky. It was a non-factional newspaper. In 1912, Lenin by and large became the main ideologist of the publication. And Iosif Dzhugashvili was chosen as the editor-in-chief.
War
After the defeat in the revolution, Ulyanov began to analyze the mistakes of the Bolsheviks. Over time, these failures turned into a victory. The Bolsheviks rallied as never before and a new wave of revolutionary movement began.
And in 1914, Lenin was in Austria-Hungary. It was here that he learned that the First World War had begun. The future head of the Soviet state was arrested. He was accused of spying for the Russian Empire. The consequences could be more than deplorable, but the Austrian and Polish Social Democrats stood up for their associate. As a result, Lenin was forced to move to neutral Switzerland. It was during this period that the revolutionary called for the overthrow of the Russian government and the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil one.
This position led him at first to complete isolation even in social democratic circles. In addition, when the war was going on, Ulyanov's ties with the Motherland almost completely broke off. And the Bolshevik Party itself inevitably broke up into several separate organizations.
February 1917
When the February Revolution broke out, Lenin and his comrades received permission to come to Germany and from there go to Russia. Once in the homeland, Lenin arranged a solemn meeting. He spoke to the people and called for a "social revolution". He believed that power should belong to members of the Bolshevik Party. Of course, many did not share this position at all.
Despite this, Lenin spoke at rallies and meetings literally every day. He tirelessly called to stand under the banner of the Soviets. By the way, at that time Stalin also supported the theses of the Bolshevik leader.
In early July, the Bolsheviks were once again accused of espionage and treason. Now - in favor of Germany. Lenin was forced to go into hiding. He, along with his associate Zinoviev, ended up in Razliv. After some time, Lenin secretly moved to Finland.
And at the very end of the summer of 1917, the Kornilov uprising began. The Bolsheviks were against the rebels and thus they managed to rehabilitate themselves in the eyes of the socialist organizations.
Meanwhile, in the middle of autumn, Lenin illegally arrived in the revolutionary capital. At party meetings, he, together with Trotsky, managed to achieve the adoption of an official resolution related to an armed uprising.
October coup
Ulyanov acted harshly and promptly. The biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ("Wikipedia" also contains this information) says that on October 20, 1917, he began to lead the direct uprising. On the night of October 25-26, the Bolsheviks arrested members of the Provisional Government. A little later, decrees on peace and land were adopted. In addition, the Council of People's Commissars headed by Ulyanov was formed.
A truly new era has begun. Lenin had to deal with urgent issues. Thus, the head of state began to create the Red Army. He was also forced to conclude a peace treaty with Germany. In addition, the development of a program for the formation of a socialist society began. Thus, the Congress of Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers became an organ of power. And the capital of the proletarian state moved to Moscow.
However, several unpopular steps taken by the new government, such as the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly, led to a complete break with representatives of the Left SR movement. As a result, in July 1918, a rebellion began. This speech by the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries was brutally suppressed. As a result, the political system became one-party and acquired totalitarian features. Taken together, all this caused discontent. Events turned into a fratricidal civil war.
Civil War
Under the conditions of the war, Ulyanov was forced to monitor the progress of urgent mobilization into the Red Army. He was closely involved in issues related to weapons. He managed to organize the work of the rear. Actually, these measures later influenced the outcome of the war.
In addition, Lenin was able to exploit the obvious contradictions in the White camp. He managed to create a 10-fold advantage of the proletarian army over the enemy. He also attracted tsarist military specialists to work.
Unfortunately, at the very end of the summer of 1918, an attempt was made on the life of the leader of the state. As a result, the "Red Terror" began in the country.
War Communism and the New Politics
Having recovered from his wounds, Ulyanov set about economic reforms - the construction of the so-called war communism. He introduced it directively throughout the country. At that time, Lenin did not have a clear economic program, but nevertheless he introduced surplus appropriation, barter in kind and banned trade. A little later industry was nationalized. As a result, the production of goods practically ceased.
Ulyanov tried to save the situation. That is why he decided to introduce compulsory labor service. For her evasion, execution was due.
However, the economic situation continued to worsen. Then in 1921, Lenin announced in the country a course towards a "new economic policy." The war communism program was finally abolished. The government allowed private trade. As a result, a long process of economic recovery began. But Vladimir Ilyich was not destined to see the fruits of the new policy.
Last years
Because of his failing health, Lenin was forced to step down from power. Iosif Dzhugashvili became the sole leader of the new state of the USSR.
Ulyanov, with amazing courage and perseverance, continued to fight the disease. For the treatment of the leader, the authorities decided to involve a number of domestic and Western doctors. He was diagnosed with cerebral vascular sclerosis. This disease was caused not only by huge overloads, but also by genetic causes.
Everything was in vain - in Gorki on January 21, 1924, Vladimir Lenin died. After some time, the body of the founder of the USSR was transported to the capital and placed in the Hall of Columns of the House of the Unions. For five days there was a farewell to the leader of the country.
On January 27, Ulyanov's body was embalmed and placed in the Mausoleum, which was specially built for this purpose.
We note right away that after the collapse of the Soviet empire in 1991, the question of reburial of the head of the proletarian state was repeatedly raised. This topic is still being discussed.
Leader's personal life
Ulyanov met his future wife Nadezhda Krupskaya back in 1894. Krupskaya's father was a tsarist officer. His daughter, Nadezhda, was a student of the famous Bestuzhev courses. At one time, she even corresponded with Leo Tolstoy himself.
When a woman began to live with Ulyanov together, she became not only the main assistant to her husband, but also a like-minded person. She always followed her husband and took part in all his actions. Also, the woman followed him when Lenin was in exile in Shushenskoye. It was here that the lovers got married in the church. Peasants from this village became best men. And an associate of Lenin and Krupskaya made wedding rings. They were made of copper nickels.
Lenin had no children. Although some historians believe that the leader had an only son. His name was Alexander Steffen. According to rumors, an associate gave him a child. They say that this relationship lasted almost five years.
Briefly about the most important of Lenin's biography, the reader already knows. It remains only to highlight some interesting facts from the life of the leader of the proletariat:
- In the gymnasium, Ulyanov studied mostly only for five. In the certificate, he received the only four - in the discipline "logic". Nevertheless, he graduated with a gold medal.
- In his youth, the future head of the Soviet state smoked. One day his mother said that tobacco is too expensive. And there wasn't much money in it. As a result, Ulyanov gave up the bad habit and never smoked again.
- Ulyanov had about 150 pseudonyms. The most common are Statist, Meyer, Ilyin, Tulin, Frey, Starik, Petrov. The origin of the famous pseudonym "Lenin" is still not exactly known.
- Ulyanov could be among the Nobel Prize winners. In 1918, his candidacy was considered and they wanted to award him the Peace Prize. But a fratricidal civil war began. As a result, it was these events that could deprive Lenin of the prestigious Nobel Prize.
- In honor of Lenin, a number of new names were invented: Varlen, Arvil, Arlen, Vladlen, Vladilen, Vilen, etc.
- Ulyanov was considered a great gourmet. However, his wife was not a lover of cooking. Therefore, the Ulyanovs specially hired a cook.
In Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in the family of an inspector of public schools, who became a hereditary nobleman.
The elder brother, Alexander, participated in the populist movement, in May of the year he was executed for preparing an assassination attempt on the king.
In 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal, was admitted to Kazan University, but three months after admission was expelled for participating in student riots. In 1891, Ulyanov externally graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, after which he worked in Samara as an assistant to a barrister. In August 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist circle of students at the Technological Institute. In April 1895, Vladimir Ulyanov went abroad and got acquainted with the Emancipation of Labor group. In the autumn of the same year, on the initiative and under the leadership of Lenin, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class." In December 1985, Lenin was arrested by the police. He spent more than a year in prison, then was sent for three years to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Krasnoyarsk Territory, under open police supervision. In 1898, the participants of the "Union" held the first congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) in Minsk.
While in exile, Vladimir Ulyanov continued his theoretical and organizational revolutionary activities. In 1897, he published The Development of Capitalism in Russia, where he tried to challenge the views of the populists on socio-economic relations in the country and thereby prove that a bourgeois revolution was brewing in Russia. He got acquainted with the works of the leading theoretician of German social democracy, Karl Kautsky, from whom he borrowed the idea of organizing the Russian Marxist movement in the form of a centralized "new type" party.
After the end of his exile in January 1900, he went abroad (for the next five years he lived in Munich, London and Geneva). Together with Georgy Plekhanov, his associates Vera Zasulich and Pavel Axelrod, as well as his friend Yuli Martov, Ulyanov began publishing the Social Democratic newspaper Iskra.
From 1901, he began to use the pseudonym "Lenin" and from then on was known in the party under this name.
From 1905 to 1907, Lenin lived illegally in St. Petersburg, exercising leadership of the left forces. From 1907 to 1917, Lenin was in exile, where he defended his political views in the Second International. In 1912, Lenin and like-minded people separated from the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), in fact, founding their own - the Bolshevik. The new party published the newspaper Pravda.
At the beginning of the First World War, while on the territory of Austria-Hungary, Lenin was arrested on suspicion of spying for the Russian government, but thanks to the participation of the Austrian Social Democrats, he was released, after which he left for Switzerland.
In the spring of 1917, Lenin returned to Russia. On April 4, 1917, the day after his arrival in Petrograd, he delivered the so-called "April Theses", where he outlined the program for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist one, and also began preparations for an armed uprising and the overthrow of the Provisional Government.
In early October 1917, Lenin illegally moved from Vyborg to Petrograd. On October 23, at a meeting of the Central Committee (CC) of the RSDLP (b), at its proposal, a resolution was adopted on an armed uprising. On November 6, in a letter to the Central Committee, Lenin demanded an immediate offensive, the arrest of the Provisional Government and the seizure of power. In the evening, he illegally arrived in Smolny to directly lead the armed uprising. The next day, November 7 (October 25, according to the old style), 1917, an uprising took place in Petrograd and the Bolsheviks seized state power. At the meeting of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets that opened in the evening, the Soviet government was proclaimed - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), whose chairman was Vladimir Lenin. The congress adopted the first decrees prepared by Lenin: on the cessation of the war and on the transfer of private land for the use of the working people.
On the initiative of Lenin, in 1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was concluded with Germany.
After the transfer of the capital from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. His personal apartment and office were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building. Lenin was elected to the Moscow Soviet.
In the spring of 1918, Lenin's government began the fight against the opposition by closing down anarchist and socialist workers' organizations; in July 1918, Lenin led the suppression of the armed uprising of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries.
The confrontation intensified during the civil war, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists, in turn, attacked the leaders of the Bolshevik regime; On August 30, 1918, an attempt was made on Lenin's life.
With the end of the Civil War and the cessation of military intervention in 1922, the process of restoring the national economy of the country began. To this end, at the insistence of Lenin "war communism", the food appropriation was replaced by a food tax. Lenin introduced the so-called New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed private free trade. At the same time, he insisted on the development of state-type enterprises, on electrification, and on the development of cooperation.
In May and December 1922, Lenin suffered two strokes, but continued to lead the state. The third stroke, which followed in March 1923, left him practically incapacitated.
Vladimir Lenin died on January 21, 1924 in the village of Gorki near Moscow. On January 23, the coffin with his body was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. The official farewell took place over five days. On January 27, 1924, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was placed in the Mausoleum, specially built on Red Square, designed by the architect Alexei Shchusev. The body of the leader is in a transparent sarcophagus, which was made according to the plans and drawings of engineer Kurochkin, the creator of ruby glass for the Kremlin stars.
During the years of Soviet power, memorial plaques were erected on various buildings associated with Lenin's activities, and monuments to the leader were erected in the cities. The following were established: the Order of Lenin (1930), the Lenin Prize (1925), the Lenin Prizes for achievements in the field of science, technology, literature, art, architecture (1957). In 1924-1991, the Central Lenin Museum worked in Moscow. A number of enterprises, institutions and educational institutions were named after Lenin.
In 1923, the Central Committee of the RCP(b) created the Institute of V.I. Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). The Central Party Archive of this institute (now the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History) stores more than 30,000 documents authored by Vladimir Lenin.
Lenin on Nadezhda Krupskaya, whom he knew from the Petersburg revolutionary underground. They got married on July 22, 1898 during the exile of Vladimir Ulyanov to the village of Shushenskoye.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources