The USSR in the Second World War: the Great Patriotic War. Composition on the topic: “The Battle of Kursk
Thousands of books have been written about this battle, but many facts are still little known to a wide audience. Russian historian and writer, author of more than 40 publications on the history of the Battle of Kursk and the Battle of Prokhorov Valery Zamulin recalls the heroic and victorious battle in the Black Earth region.
The article is based on the material of the program "The Price of Victory" of the radio station "Echo of Moscow". The broadcast was conducted by Vitaly Dymarsky and Dmitry Zakharov. You can read and listen to the original interview in full here.
After the encirclement of the Paulus group and its dismemberment, the success at Stalingrad was deafening. After February 2, a number of offensive operations were carried out. In particular, the Kharkov offensive operation, as a result of which the Soviet troops captured a significant territory. But then the situation changed dramatically. In the Kramatorsk area, a group of tank divisions, some of which were transferred from France, including two SS divisions - Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler and Das Reich - the Germans launched a crushing counterattack. That is, the Kharkov offensive operation turned into a defensive one. I must say that this battle came at a high cost to us.
After the German troops occupied Kharkov, Belgorod and adjacent territories, the well-known Kursk ledge was formed in the south. Around March 25, 1943, the front line finally stabilized in this sector. Stabilization occurred due to the introduction of two tank corps: the 2nd Guards and the 3rd "Stalingrad", as well as the operational transfer at the request of Zhukov from the Stalingrad of the 21st Army of General Chistyakov and the 64th Army of General Shumilov (hereinafter it is 6 -I and 7th Guards armies). In addition, by the end of March, mud had set in, which, of course, helped our troops to hold the line at that moment, because the equipment was very bogged down and it was simply impossible to continue the offensive.
Thus, given that Operation Citadel began on July 5, then from March 25 to July 5, that is, for three and a half months, preparations were underway for summer operations. The front stabilized, and in fact a certain balance was maintained, balance, without sharp, as they say, movements on both sides.
The Stalingrad operation cost the Germans the 6th Army of Paulus and himself
Germany suffered a colossal defeat at Stalingrad, and most importantly, the first such deafening defeat, so the political leadership had an important task to consolidate its bloc, because Germany's allies began to think that Germany was not so invincible; and what will happen if suddenly another Stalingrad? Therefore, Hitler needed after a rather victorious offensive in Ukraine in March 1943, when Kharkov was recaptured, Belgorod was taken, the territory was captured, another, perhaps small, but impressive victory.
No, it's not small though. If Operation Citadel were successful, which the German command naturally expected, then two fronts would be in the ring - Central and Voronezh.
Many German military leaders took part in the development and implementation of Operation Citadel. In particular, General Manstein, who initially proposed a completely different plan: to cede the Donbass to the advancing Soviet troops so that they go there, and then, with a blow from above, from the north, press them, throw them into the sea (there were the Azov and Black Seas in the lower part).
But Hitler did not accept this plan for two reasons. First, he said that Germany could not make territorial concessions now, after Stalingrad. And, secondly, the Donetsk basin, which the Germans needed not so much from a psychological point of view, but from a raw material point of view, as an energy base. Manstein's plan was rejected, and the forces of the German General Staff concentrated on the development of Operation Citadel to eliminate the Kursk salient.
The fact is that from the Kursk ledge it was convenient to deliver flank strikes to our troops, so the area for the start of the main summer offensive was precisely determined. However, the task formation process and the preparation process took a long time because there were disputes. For example, Model spoke and persuaded Hitler not to start this operation because of the understaffing of both manpower and technical. And, by the way, the second date of the Citadel was set for June 10 (the first date was for May 3-5). And already from June 10, it was moved even further - to July 5.
Here, again, we must return to the myth that Kursk Bulge only "Tigers" and "Panthers" were involved. In fact, this was not the case, because these machines began to be produced in a relatively large series precisely in 1943, and Hitler insisted that about 200 Tigers and 200 Panthers be sent to the Kursk direction. However, this entire 400-machine grouping was not involved, because, like any new technology both those and other tanks suffered from "childhood diseases". As Manstein and Guderian noted, the Tigers quite often caught fire in their carburetors, the Panthers had problems with the transmission, and therefore no more than 50 vehicles of both types were actually used in the fighting during the Kursk operation. God forbid, the remaining 150 of each type would have been brought into battle - the consequences could have been much more deplorable.
It is important to understand here that the German command initially planned the Belgorod grouping, that is, Army Group South, which was headed by Manstein, as the main one - it was supposed to solve the main task. The blow of the 9th Army of the Model was, as it were, auxiliary. Manstein had to go 147 kilometers before joining the troops of the Model, so the main forces, including tank and motorized divisions, were concentrated near Belgorod.
The first offensive in May - Manstein saw (reconnaissance reports, photography) how quickly the Red Army, the Voronezh Front, in particular, was strengthening its positions, and understood that his troops would not be able to reach Kursk. With these thoughts, he first arrived at Bogodukhov, at the command post of the 4th Panzer Army near Goth. What for? The fact is that Goth wrote a letter - there was still an attempt to develop the operation "Panther" (as a continuation in case of success of the "Citadel"). So, in particular, Goth opposed this operation. He believed that the main thing was not to rush to Kursk, but to destroy, as he assumed, about 10 tank mechanized corps, which the Russians had already prepared. That is, destroy mobile reserves.
If all this colossus moves on the Army Group "South", then, as they say, it will not show enough. That's it for this it was necessary to plan at least the first stage of the "Citadel". On May 9-11 Goth and Manstein discussed this plan. And it was precisely at this meeting that the tasks of the 4th Panzer Army and the Kempf task force were clearly defined, and the plan for the Prokhorov battle was also developed here.
It was near Prokhorovka that Manstein planned a tank battle, that is, the destruction of these mobile reserves. And after they are defeated, when an assessment of the state of the German troops is carried out, it will be possible to talk about an offensive.
In the area of the Kursk ledge, both in the north and in the south, the Germans concentrated up to 70% of the armored vehicles available to them on the Eastern Front for Operation Citadel. It was assumed that it was these forces that would be able to ram the three most fortified lines of the Soviet defense and destroy, given the qualitative superiority of German armored vehicles at that time over our tanks, mobile reserves. After that, with a favorable set of circumstances, they will also be able to advance in the direction of Kursk.
For the battles near Prokhorovka, the SS corps, partly the 48th corps and part of the forces of the 3rd Panzer Corps, were planned. These three corps were supposed to crush the mobile reserves, which were supposed to approach the Prokhorovka area. Why in the Prokhorovka area? Because the area was favorable there. In other places it was simply impossible to deploy a significant number of tanks. This plan was largely implemented by the enemy. The only thing is that our defense forces did not calculate.
A few more words about the Germans. The fact is that they already had a seam situation in Africa. After the loss of Africa, it automatically followed that the British establish complete control over the Mediterranean Sea. Malta is an unsinkable aircraft carrier from which they hammer Sardinia first, Sicily, and thus prepare the possibility of landing in Italy, which was eventually carried out. That is, the Germans in other areas, too, everything was not thank God. Plus the vacillation of Hungary, Romania and other allies...
The planning of the summer military operations of the Red Army and the Wehrmacht began approximately at the same time: for the Germans - in February, for us - at the end of March, after the stabilization of the front line. The fact is that the holding of the enemy, who was advancing from Kharkov in the Belgorod region, and the organization of the defense were controlled by the Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Marshal Zhukov. And after the stabilization of the front line, he was here, in the Belgorod region; together with Vasilevsky they discussed further plans. After that, he prepared a note in which he stated the point of view, which was developed jointly with the command of the Voronezh Front. (By the way, Vatutin became commander of the Voronezh Front on March 27, before that he commanded the South-Western Front. He replaced Golikov, who, by decision of the Headquarters, was removed from this post).
So, in early April, a note lay on Stalin's desk, which set out the basic principles for conducting hostilities in the south in the summer of 1943. On April 12, a meeting was held with the participation of Stalin, in which a proposal was approved to switch to a deliberate defense, to prepare troops and a defense in depth in case the enemy goes on the offensive. And the configuration of the front line in the area of the Kursk ledge assumed a high probability of such a transition.
Despite local successes, the Nazi operation "Citadel" failed
Here we should return to the system of engineering structures, because until 1943, before the Battle of Kursk, the creation of such powerful defensive lines by the Red Army was not carried out. After all, the depth of these three defense lines was about 300 kilometers. That is, the Germans had to plow, ram, drill 300 kilometers of fortified areas. And these are not just trenches dug to their full height and fortified with boards, these are anti-tank ditches, gouges, this is the most powerful system of minefields made during the war for the first time; and each, in fact, the settlement in this territory also turned into a mini-fortress.
Neither the German nor our side have ever erected such a strong and saturated defensive line with engineering barriers and fortifications on the Eastern Front. The first three lanes were the most fortified: the main army lane, the second army lane and the third rear army lane - approximately to a depth of 50 kilometers. The fortifications were so powerful that two large, strong enemy groupings could not break through them for two weeks, despite the fact that, in general, the Soviet command did not guess the main direction of the German attack.
The fact is that in May fairly accurate data were received about the enemy’s plans for the summer: periodically they came from illegal agents from England and Germany. The headquarters of the supreme command knew about the plans of the German command, but for some reason it was determined that the Germans would inflict the main blow on the Central Front, on Rokossovsky. Therefore, Rokossovsky was additionally transferred significant artillery forces, an entire artillery corps, which Vatutin did not have. And this miscalculation, of course, influenced how the fighting on South. Vatutin was forced to repulse the attacks of the enemy's main tank grouping with tanks, not having sufficient artillery to fight; in the north there were also tank divisions that were directly involved in the attack on the Central Front, but they dealt with Soviet artillery, and numerous ones at that.
But let's move smoothly to July 5, when, in fact, the event began. The canonical version is Ozerov's film "Liberation": the defector says that the Germans are concentrated here and there, a colossal artillery raid is being carried out, almost all Germans are being killed, it is not clear who else is fighting there for a whole month. How was it really?
There really was a defector, and not one - there were several of them both in the north and in the south. In the south, in particular, on July 4, a soldier of the reconnaissance battalion from the 168th Infantry Division went over to our side. According to the plan of the command of the Voronezh and Central Fronts, in order to inflict maximum losses on the enemy prepared for the offensive, it was supposed to carry out two measures: firstly, to conduct a powerful artillery attack, and, secondly, to strike the aircraft of the 2nd, 16th and 17th air armies at the base airfield. Let's say about the air raid - it failed. And moreover, it had unfortunate consequences, since the time was not calculated.
As for the artillery attack, it was partially successful in the zone of the 6th Guards Army: the telephone communication lines were mostly disrupted. There were losses in both manpower and equipment, but insignificant.
Another thing is the 7th Guards Army, which took up defense along the eastern bank of the Donets. The Germans, respectively, on the right. Therefore, in order to launch an offensive, they needed to force the river. They pulled up significant forces and watercraft to certain settlements and sectors of the front, and previously built several crossings, hiding them under water. Soviet intelligence recorded this (engineer intelligence, by the way, worked very well), and artillery strikes were carried out precisely on these areas: on crossings and on settlements where these assault groups of the 3rd tank corps of Routh were concentrated. Therefore, the effectiveness of artillery preparation in the zone of the 7th Guards Army was much higher. Losses from it both in manpower and in technology, not to mention management and so on, were high. Several bridges were destroyed, which slowed down the pace of the offensive, and in some places paralyzed.
Already on July 5, Soviet troops began to split the enemy strike force, that is, they did not allow the 6th Panzer Division, Kempf's army group, to cover the right flank of Hausser's 2nd Panzer Corps. That is, the offensive of the main strike force and the auxiliary along divergent lines began. This forced the enemy to enlist additional forces to cover his flanks from the point of impact. Such a tactic was conceived by the command of the Voronezh Front and perfectly implemented.
Since we are talking about the Soviet command, many will agree that both Vatutin and Rokossovsky are famous people, but the latter has a reputation, perhaps, of a greater commander. Why? Some say that he fought better in the Battle of Kursk. But Vatutin, in general, did a lot, because he still fought with smaller forces, fewer numbers. Judging by the documents that are now open, it can be said with confidence that Nikolai Fedorovich very competently, very sensibly and skillfully planned his defensive operation, given that the main group, the most numerous, was advancing against his front (although it was expected from the north). And until the 9th, inclusive, when the situation turned around, when the Germans had already sent strike groups to the flanks to solve tactical problems, the troops of the Voronezh Front fought excellently, and management went, of course, very well. As for the next steps, the decisions of the front commander Vatutin were influenced by a number of subjective factors, including the role of the supreme commander.
Everyone remembers that great victory Rotmistrov's tankers won on the tank field. However, before that, at the turn of the German attack, at the forefront, was the notorious Katukov, who, in general, took all the bitterness of the first blows upon himself. How did it happen? The fact is that the defense was built as follows: ahead, on the main line, were the troops of the 6th Guards Army, and it was assumed that the Germans, most likely, would strike along the Oboyan highway. And then they were supposed to be stopped by the tankers of the 1st Tank Army of Lieutenant General Mikhail Efimovich Katukov.
On the night of the 6th, they advanced to the second army line and almost in the morning took the main blow. By the middle of the day, Chistyakov's 6th Guards Army was divided into several parts, three divisions were dispersed, we suffered significant losses. And only thanks to the skill, skill and stamina of Mikhail Efimovich Katukov, the defense was held up to the 9th day inclusive.
Commander of the Voronezh Front, General of the Army N. F. Vatutin accepts the report of one of the unit commanders, 1943
It is known that after Stalingrad our army suffered huge losses, including among the officers. I wonder how these losses were replenished in a fairly short period by the summer of 1943? Vatutin received the Voronezh Front in a very deplorable state. A number of divisions numbered two, three, four thousand. Replenishment was due to the call of the local population, which came out of the occupied territory, marching companies, as well as due to the replenishment arrived from the Central Asian republics.
As for the command staff, its shortage in the spring of 1942 was made up by officers from the academies, from the rear units, and so on. And after the battles near Stalingrad, the situation with the command staff of the tactical level, especially the commanders of battalions and regiments, was catastrophic. As a result, October 9 famous order on the abolition of commissars, and a significant part of the political staff was sent to the troops. That is, everything that can be done was done.
The Battle of Kursk is considered by many to be the largest defensive operation of the Great Patriotic War. Is it so? At the first stage, no doubt. No matter how we evaluate the battle in the Chernozem region now, it was after August 23, 1943, when it ended, that our enemy, the German army, was no longer able to conduct a single major strategic offensive operation within the army group. He simply had nothing to do with it. In the south, the situation was as follows: the Voronezh Front was given the task of exhausting the enemy forces and driving out his tanks. During the defensive period, until July 23, they could not do this completely. The Germans sent a significant part of the repair fund to repair bases, which were located not far from the front line. And after the troops of the Voronezh Front went on the offensive on August 3, all these bases were captured. In particular, in Borisovka there was a repair base of the 10th tank brigade. There, the Germans blew up part of the Panthers, up to forty units, we captured part. And at the end of August, Germany was no longer able to replenish all the tank divisions on the Eastern Front. And this task of the second stage of the Battle of Kursk during the counteroffensive - to knock out the tanks - was solved.
This period in the history of the Great Patriotic War is called the period of "radical change". It was at this time, after exhausting battles, that the initiative in the battles passed to the Red Army.
Of great importance in this period is the second stage of the Battle of Stalingrad on November 19 - February 2, 1943. It was the victory at Stalingrad that became the cause of all subsequent victories. During Operation Uranus, Generals Eremenko, Vatutin and Rokossovsky managed to encircle Paulus's army.
Army Group Don, under the command of Erich von Manstein, was unable to release the army, and, thanks to the skill of the Soviet commanders in chief and the heroism of the Russians, Paulus surrendered on January 31, and on January 2 the army finally admitted defeat. As a result of the victory in the Battle of Stalingrad, the morale of the Soviet people was raised, and the national liberation movement in Europe resumed with renewed vigor.
Another, no less significant event was the partial breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad on January 18, 1943. The Soviet command was interested in the liberation of the city, it had an important ideological and cultural significance, thousands of inhabitants also remained in it. The need to prepare for the operation was clear, but success was doubtful - many attempts had already been made to break through the blockade - the state of isolation of the city, during which the inhabitants could not be supplied with the necessities of life.
However, during Operation Iskra, the troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts under the command of Govorov and Meretskov managed to partially break through the blockade. The result of this important event was the improvement of life in the city, the people of Leningrad had hopes for the future, and a new patriotic upsurge took place in the ranks of the Red Army.
Continued the turning point in the Great Patriotic War Battle of Kursk July 5 - August 23, 1943. The reason for the battle was the emergence of the so-called "Kursk ledge" - the position of the Soviet troops in the form of an arc. The Germans intended to break through the front on both sides of the ledge and encircle the Russian armies, this idea was part of the Citadel plan. In response, the Soviet high command decided to deliberately wear down the enemy, and then unexpectedly defeat him. The operation took place with heavy losses, especially during the tank battle near Prokhorovka on July 12, but ended with the victory of the Red Army. At the Kursk Bulge, General Rokossovsky and General Vatutin showed themselves as talented military leaders, who managed to defeat the Germans, who had at their disposal latest tanks"Tiger", self-propelled units "Ferdinand". As a result of the victory, the “radical change” ended, Orel, Belgorod and Kharkov were liberated, and more than half of the territories occupied by the Germans, Germany began to lose satellite countries - states under its influence.
Thus, it can be said with confidence that the period of November 19, 1942 - the end of 1943 played a decisive role in the development of the actions of the entire Great Patriotic War. At that time, the most important operations were carried out, the liberation of territories began, and the prestige of the USSR on the world stage had already increased. The balance of power has changed in favor of the USSR, victory in the war has become obvious
№1 Fill in the empty cells of the table using the data in the list below
1) M. A. Egorov, M. V. Kantaria 2) September 1941 - April 19423) Ya. F. Pavlov 4) Battle of Kursk
№2
Eventthe date
Member(s)
Operation "Bagration"
__________(BUT)
I. Kh. Bagramyan, I. D. Chernyakhovsky
Operation Overlord
__________(B)
__________(AT)
__________(G)
August-December 1943
G. K. Zhukov, I. S. KonevK. K. Rokossovsky
Battle for Moscow
__________(D)
__________(E)
1) M. A. Egorov, M. V. Kantaria 2) September 1941 - April 1942
3) D. Eisenhower 4) Battle of Kursk
№ 3. Fill in the empty cells of the table using the data presented in the list below.
1) November-December 1943 2) Vistula-Oder operation5) I. V. Stalin, F. D. Roosevelt, W. Churchill 6) June-August 1944
7) August 9-September 2, 1945 8) I. S. Konev 9) Iasi-Kishinev operation
№ 4 Fill in the empty cells of the table using the data presented in the list below.
EventName locality(territories)
Year
__________(BUT)
v. Prokhorovka
__________(B)
__________(AT)
Stalingrad
1942
The first air night ram during the Great Patriotic War
__________(G)
__________(D)
The first meeting of Soviet and American troops during the Great Patriotic War
__________(E)
1945
1) Torgau 2) 1943 3) Moscow and Moscow Region 4) Budapest
5) environment 6th German army under the command of F. Paulus 6) the first meeting of the leaders of the "Big Three" countries 7) 1941. 8) the largest tank battle during the Great Patriotic War 9) 1944
№5. What event of the Great Patriotic War is shown on the map.
№6. What military operation of the Great Patriotic War is marked on the map.
№7. Write the name of the city indicated on the diagram by the number "4".
№8. Indicate the name of the city, indicated on the diagram by the number "2", in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich the troops of the two fronts of the Red Army united.
We took it apart last time. Today I would like to remind you of the existence of another type of tasks - this is the eighth task of the Unified State Examination (for supplementing information). It is dedicated to the events of the Great Patriotic War, that is, all the questions in this task will be related to the period 1941-1945. Let's see what this task is in the demo version of the exam.
Exercise 1
A) ____ conference of the "Big Three" was held in 1943.
Missing items:
Yalta (Crimean)
N.F. Gastello
Prokhorovka Station
Tehran
V. V. Talalikhii
Dubosekovo junction
Answer:
Three sentences, six missing items. The answer is drawn up as follows: under the letter you write the appropriate number, and then transfer the resulting combination of numbers to the answer form No. 1.
We read proposals.
A) The _____ conference of the Big Three was held in 1943.
You and I know that the "Big Three" - the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain - met three times: in Tehran, in Yalta and in Potsdam. What options do we have in missing elements? Yalta (Crimean) and Tehran conferences. 1943 is the Tehran Conference. The Yalta Conference was held in February 1945. But you can, if in doubt, think so: in general, in the Crimea at the end of 1943, was it possible to hold a meeting of heads of state? In order to hold a meeting in the Crimea, it is necessary that it be liberated, that the Nazi troops be pushed back very far from the territory. Otherwise, how to ensure security? That is, Yalta and 1943 are not combined.
B) One of the first rams in a night air battle was made by a Soviet pilot ___, who shot down an enemy bomber on the outskirts of Moscow.
What surnames do we have? N. F. Gastello and V. V. Talalikhin. Let's remember: Gastello is the commander of the crew, who sent the wrecked burning aircraft into the convoy of military equipment. These are summer battles on the territory of Belarus. Talalikhin is a pilot who made the first night ramming in the battles near Moscow. Choose this surname - 5.
C) During the Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle took place at ___.
There are answers: Prokhorovka station and Dubosekovo junction. We remember. This is, in general, a very famous battle. About 1200 tanks from both sides participated in the battle of Prokhorovka. Well, the Dubosekovo junction, if you remember, is connected with the Battle of Moscow, where the Panfilov heroes, one might say, blocked the way for the Nazis with their lives. The famous words of political instructor Klochkov: “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat: Moscow is behind.” So we choose item 3.
As a result, we got the following combination of numbers: 453. We transfer this combination of numbers to the answer sheet number one.
Task 2
Let's practice one more task.
Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing items below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a gap, choose the number of the item you want.
Missing items:
-
Nuremberg
Operation "Bagration"
Battle of Kursk
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Let's solve this problem.
A) Completed a radical fracture ___.
It is clear that this is some kind of battle. What battles do we have on the list? Battle of Kursk and
operation "Bagration". The radical turning point in the Great Patriotic War is associated with the Battle of Stalingrad and the victory at Stalingrad, when Paulus's army was surrounded and destroyed, and the Battle of Kursk. The Battle of Kursk completed a radical turning point. We choose her. Operation "Bagration" to liberate Belarus is already an event that took place after a radical change, in the summer of 1944, one of the famous ten "Stalin's strikes".
B) The International Tribunal for fascist criminals met in the city of ___.
We have cities: Berlin, Nuremberg, Potsdam, Prague. But obviously not in Prague. A conference of the victorious powers was held in Potsdam. The international tribunal could have been held there, but it took place in a different place. It took place not in Berlin, but in the town of Nuremberg, which was considered the place where the fascist movement in Germany was born. The Nuremberg Tribunal can be remembered simply as the name "Nuremberg Tribunal".
But here it is clear that we are not talking about Potsdam. We know this is not Potsdam. Therefore, we have a real choice between Berlin and Prague. But the Berlin garrison capitulated on May 2, but after the signing of the general surrender, one of the groups of German troops continued to resist in Prague. And two Soviet tank armies were transferred to the territory of Czechoslovakia. Prague was liberated.
We get a combination of numbers: 136.
And another one of the same type.
Task 3
Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing items below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a gap, choose the number of the item you want.
BUT) ___ -sergeant of the Red Army, who became famous during the defense of the house during the battles for Stalingrad (later the house was named after his last name).
Missing items:
-
F. D. Roosevelt
K. Rokossovsky
Ya. Pavlov
G. Truman
V. Zaitsev
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Write down the resulting combination of numbers as an answer without spaces or any punctuation marks.
Let's decide.
BUT) ___- Sergeant of the Red Army, who became famous in the defense of the house during the battles for Stalingrad (later the house was named after his last name).
Remember: Pavlov's house. It was not restored after the war. This is such a kind of monument to those fierce battles that took place in Stalingrad.
V. Zaitsev is a famous sniper, who also became famous during the Battle of Stalingrad. But famous for others - as a sniper.
B) The Potsdam Agreement of 1945 was signed by President ___ on behalf of the United States.
There are two American presidents on the list: Roosevelt and Truman. Roosevelt led the country from 1932 and during the war, but he died by the time of the Potsdam Conference, and the new US president, the former vice president under Roosevelt, Harry Truman, came to it. So let's take his last name.
C) The Victory Parade on Red Square was hosted by Marshal ___.
Rokossovsky commanded the parade, received Zhukov.
As a result, it turned out: 562. We enter this combination of numbers into the answer sheet.
Good luck on your exam!
Story. New complete reference student to prepare for the exam Nikolaev Igor Mikhailovich
Battle of Kursk
The victory at Stalingrad caused great material and moral damage to the German army, but it was too early to talk about the final defeat of the Wehrmacht. Therefore, both sides had high hopes for the summer campaign of 1943. The Kursk ledge was determined to be the site of a future clash due to the very configuration of the front. On April 15, 1943, the development of Operation Citadel was completed at the German headquarters. The purpose of the operation is to encircle and destroy the Soviet group of troops occupying the Kursk ledge within four days by the troops of the "Center" group and the "South" group. The Fuhrer delayed the start of the offensive, as he expected the arrival of new 60-ton tanks "Tiger", "Panther" and self-propelled guns "Ferdinand". In addition, it was decided to put an end to the partisans before the start of the operation. In the Soviet Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, already at the end of April, they knew about the plans of the enemy. It was decided to create a strong defense on the Kursk ledge, wear down the enemy and, having brought in large reserves, go on the offensive. In a short time, a unique defensive system was created, consisting of 6 belts. Sappers dug more than 10 thousand km of trenches. At the sites of the alleged strikes, 125 guns and mortars, 28 tanks were concentrated on 1 km of defense, the division held 2.8 km of the front (for comparison, on the Stalingrad front, respectively: 2.4 guns, 0.7 tanks, 35 km).
The defensive stage of the battle on the Kursk Bulge continued from 5 to 12 July 1943 During this time, the German units managed to advance deep into the Soviet defenses on the northern face of the ledge by 9-15 km, and on the southern by 35 km. On July 12, the largest tank battle of the Second World War took place near the village of Prokhorovka, in which about 1,200 vehicles took part. Having withstood the strongest onslaught of the German troops, on July 12, the Soviet units of the Western (V.D. Sokolovsky) and Bryansk (M.M. Popov) fronts on the Oryol bridgehead launched the offensive operation "Kutuzov". On August 3, on the southern face of the Kursk ledge, the operation "Commander Rumyantsev" began with the forces of the Voronezh (N.F. Vatutin) and Steppe (I.S. Konev) fronts. By the end of the month, Soviet troops liberated the cities of Belgorod and Kharkov. As a result of the battle for the Dnieper on November 6, Kyiv was liberated. After the battle of Kursk and the capture of Kyiv, a radical turning point occurred in the course of the war, the strategic initiative completely passed to the Soviet command. Organized by the Germans in 1944-1945. separate tactical offensives could no longer change the overall picture of the victorious march of the Soviet army to the West.
From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (K) author Brockhaus F. A.Battle of Kulikovo Battle of Kulikovo - took place on September 8, 1380 on the Kulikovo field, between the river Don, Nepryadva and Beautiful Swords, in the southwest. parts of the current Epifansky district. Tula province., Over 10 square meters. in. Angry with the defeat of the Tatar detachment at Ber. R. Drive, Mamai
From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (P) author Brockhaus F. A.Battle of Poltava Battle of Poltava - In the spring of 1709, during the Northern War, the Swedish king Charles XII, being in an extremely difficult situation, decided to besiege Poltava, at that time. time still surrounded by fortifications and occupied by a small garrison (4200 soldiers and 2600 armed
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (AB) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BI) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (CI) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KU) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (LI) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (CO) of the author TSB From the book 100 great battles author Myachin Alexander Nikolaevich From the book USA: Country History author McInerney Daniel From the book 100 great secrets ancient world author Nepomniachtchi Nikolai NikolaevichBattle of Dorostol (971) Nevsky Prince Svyatoslav, the son of Igor and Olga, was distinguished by courage and endurance, he spent his life in campaigns and battles. Svyatoslav was always ready to take the fight. The chronicler writes: "Sending to the countries of the verb:" I want to go to you "." This technique
From the book 100 famous battles author Karnatsevich Vladislav Leonidovich From the book of 100 famous symbols of Ukraine author Khoroshevsky Andrey YurievichBattle of Kadesh 13th century BC e. After the death of Pharaoh Seti I, his son Ramesses II ascended the Egyptian throne. This was perhaps the most famous pharaoh of Egypt, who ruled for over 60 years, had about a hundred children and died at almost a hundred years of age. During the first four years
From the book History. A new complete guide for schoolchildren to prepare for the exam author Nikolaev Igor Mikhailovich From the author's bookBattle of Poltava They say that history and time sooner or later put everything in its place. Years and centuries pass, and gradually all the dots over the "i" turn out to be dotted, and then we know that white is white, and black is black, we know who is right and who is to blame, who
From the author's bookBattle for Moscow On September 5, 1941, the German command approved the Typhoon plan, according to which the forces of the armies of the Center group and the tank units deployed from the north with sweeping strikes from the west and south-west were supposed to take Moscow. Started on September 30