Stylization and transformation of plant forms into ornamental motifs. Types of sofas and mechanisms for their transformation Types of sofas by design features
Lesson number 8.Drawing from life
Goals and objectives: Drawing from nature of a flower with a stem from a herbarium or copying a botanical drawing. A4 format, pencil, helium pen. The drawing occupies ½ of the sheet.
Graphic submission.
Homework: making sketches of plant forms.
Lesson number 9.Silhouette
Goals and objectives: Planar image of the selected object. The transfer of the characteristic features of the flower. Cutting off the superfluous and insignificant.
Submission graphic (use of a spot).
A4 format, pencil, ink, marker, white paper. The drawing occupies ½ of the sheet.
Homework: implementation of options for the silhouette solution of plant forms.
Lesson number 10.Transforming the shape of an object
Goals and objectives: Changing the silhouette shape of an object by changing the proportions of the object:
Relative to the vertical axis (expansion, contraction);
Changing the proportions of an object relative to the horizontal axis (stretching, flattening);
· changing the proportions between the main structural elements within the depicted object.
Graphic presentation (use of spots and lines).
A4 format, brush, felt-tip pen, white paper.
Homework: implementation of additional options for the transformation of plant forms. The diversity of animate and inanimate nature is an inexhaustible source of inspiration for a creative person. Only in contact with nature does a person know its beauty, harmony and perfection.
Ornamental compositions, as a rule, are created on the basis of the transformation of natural forms.
Transformation - change, transformation, in this case, decorative processing of natural forms, generalization and selection of essential features of an object using certain techniques.
Decorative processing techniques can be as follows: gradual generalization of the form, adding details, changing the outline, saturating the form with an ornament, turning a three-dimensional form into a planar one, simplifying or complicating its design, highlighting the silhouette, replacing the real color, different color solutions of one motif, etc. .
In decorative art, in the process of transforming form, the artist, while preserving its plastic expressiveness, seeks to highlight the main, most typical, refusing minor details.
The transformation of natural forms must be preceded by sketches from nature. Based on real images, the artist creates decorative items based on creative imagination.
The task of the artist is never reduced to simple embellishment. Each decorative composition should emphasize, reveal the form and purpose of the decorated object. Her stylistic, linear and color solution is based on a creative rethinking of nature.
Transformation of plant forms into ornamental motifs
The richness of the plant world with its forms and color combinations has led to the fact that plant motifs have long occupied a dominant position in ornamentation.
The plant world is largely rhythmic and ornamental. This can be traced by considering the arrangement of leaves on a branch, the veins on a leaf, the petals of a flower, the bark of a tree, and so on. At the same time, it is important to see the most characteristic in the plastic form of the observed motif and to realize the natural connection of the elements of the natural pattern. On fig. 5.45 shows sketches of plants, which, although they convey their image, are not an absolute copy. Performing these drawings, the artist traces the rhythmic alternation of elements (branches, flowers, leaves), while trying to identify the most important and characteristic.
To transform a natural form into an ornamental motif, one must first find an object that is convincing in its artistic expressiveness. However, generalizing the form, it is not always necessary to abandon small details, since they can give the form more decorative and expressiveness.
The identification of the plastic features of natural forms is facilitated by sketches from nature. From one object, it is desirable to make a series of sketches from different points of view and from different angles, emphasizing the expressive sides of the object. These sketches are the basis for the decorative processing of the natural form.
To see and recognize an ornament in any natural motif, to be able to reveal and display the rhythmic organization of the elements of a motif, to expressively interpret their form - all this constitutes the requirements necessary for an artist when creating an ornamental image.
Rice. 5.45. Natural sketches of plants
Rice. 5.49. Transformation of the plant motif. Academic work
On fig. 5.49 shows examples of working on the transformation of a plant form using a linear, spot and linear-spot solution.
Considering the features of the transformation of plant forms into ornamental motifs, it should be noted that the color and color of natural motifs are also subject to artistic transformation, and sometimes to a radical rethinking. Not always the natural color of a plant can be used in an ornamental composition. A plant motif can be solved in a conditional color, a pre-selected color scheme, in a combination of related or related-contrasting colors. A complete rejection of the real color is also possible. It is in this case that it acquires a decorative convention.
Transformation of animal forms into ornamental motifs
Drawing from nature of animals and the process of transforming their forms has its own characteristics. Along with sketches from nature, an essential circumstance is the acquisition of skills in working from memory and from representation. It is necessary not to copy the form, but to study it, to memorize the characteristic features, in order to then generalize them from memory. An example is the sketches of birds presented in Fig. 5.50, which are made with a line.
Rice. 5.50. Sketches of birds from memory and representation
Rice. 5.52. Examples of transforming the shape of a cat's body into a decorative motif.
Academic work
The subject of plastic rethinking of animal motifs can be not only the figure of an animal, but also the varied texture of the cover. It is necessary to learn to reveal the ornamental structure of the surface of the object under study, to feel it even where it is not very clear.
In contrast to the fine arts, in arts and crafts, the identification of the typical takes place in a different way. The features of a particular individual image in ornamentation sometimes lose their meaning, they become redundant. Thus, a bird or an animal of a particular species can turn, as it were, into a bird or an animal in general.
In the process of decorative work, the natural form acquires a conditional decorative meaning; this is often associated with a violation of proportions (it is important to clearly understand why this violation is allowed). An essential role in the transformation of natural forms is played by the figurative beginning. As a result, the motive of the animal world sometimes acquires the features of fabulousness, fantasy (Fig. 5.51).
The ways of transformation of animal forms are the same as those of vegetative forms - this is the selection of the most essential characteristics, the hyperbolization of individual elements and the rejection of secondary ones, the achievement of unity of the ornamental system with the plastic form of the object and the harmonization of the external and internal ornamental structures of the object. In the process of transforming animal forms, such expressive means as line and spot are also used (Fig. 5.52).
So, the process of transformation of natural forms can be divided into two stages. At the first stage, full-scale sketches are performed, expressing in precise, concise graphic language the most characteristic features of the natural form and its textured ornamentation. The second stage is the creative process itself. The artist, using a real object as a primary source, fantasizes and transforms it into an image built according to the laws of harmony of ornamental art.
The ways and principles of transformation of natural forms considered in this paragraph allow us to conclude that an important, and perhaps the main point in the transformation process is the creation of an expressive image, the transformation of reality in order to identify its new aesthetic qualities.
Lesson number 11.Form geometrization
Goals and objectives: Bringing a plant object (flower) changed in shape to the simplest geometric shapes:
circle (oval);
square (rectangle)
triangle.
Graphic submission.
A4 format, felt-tip pen, white paper.
Homework: implementation of additional options for the geometrization of plant forms.
Section 3. Color science
Color characteristics
Lesson number 12.Color wheel (8 colors)
Goals and objectives: Introducing students to the color wheel and color as an artistic material. The implementation of the color wheel for eight colors. A4 format, gouache, paper, brushes.
Homework: performing graphic format markup for quick classroom work in the next lesson.
5. Color in decorative composition
One of the most important compositional and artistic-expressive means in decorative composition is color. Color is one of the main components of a decorative image.
In decorative work, the artist strives for a harmonic ratio of colors. The basis for the compilation of different color combinations is the use of color differences in hue, saturation and lightness. These three color characteristics make it possible to build many color harmonies.
Color harmonic series can be divided into contrasting, in which colors are opposed to each other, and nuanced, in which either colors of the same tone, but of a different shade are combined; or colors of different tones, but closely spaced in the color wheel (light blue and blue); or colors similar in tone (green, yellow, salad). Thus, nuanced are harmonic color relationships that have slight differences in hue, saturation and lightness.
Harmonious combinations can also give achromatic colors, which have only light differences and are combined, as a rule, in two or three colors. Two-color combinations of achromatic colors are expressed either as a nuance of closely spaced tones in a row, or as a contrast of tones that are far apart in lightness.
The most expressive contrast is the contrast of black and white tones. Between them are different shades of gray, which in turn can form (closer to black or white) contrasting combinations. However, these contrasts will be less expressive than the contrast of black and white.
To create harmonious combinations of chromatic colors, you can use the color wheel.
In the color wheel, divided into four quarters (Fig. 5.19) at the ends of mutually perpendicular diameters, the colors are respectively located: yellow and blue, red and green. According to the harmonious combination, related, contrasting and related-contrasting colors are distinguished in it.
Related colors are located in one quarter of the color wheel and contain at least one common (main) color, for example: yellow, yellow-red, yellowish-red. There are four groups of related colors: yellow-red, red-blue, blue-green and green-yellow.
Related-contrasting colors
located in two adjacent quarters of the color wheel, have one common (main) color and contain contrasting colors. There are four groups of related-contrasting colors:
yellow-red and red-blue;
red-blue and blue-yellow;
blue-green and green-yellow;
green-yellow and yellow-red.
Rice. 5.19. Scheme of arrangement of related, contrasting and related-contrasting colors
A color composition will have a clear form when it is based on a limited number of color combinations. Color combinations should constitute a harmonious unity, giving the impression of coloristic integrity, the relationship between colors, color balance, color unity.
There are four groups of color harmonies: .
one-tone harmonies (see fig. 26 on color incl.);
harmonies of related colors (see fig. 27 on color incl.);
harmonies of related-contrasting colors (see fig. 28 on color incl.);
harmony of contrasting and contrasting complementary colors (see fig. 29 on color incl.).
Monochromatic harmonies of colors basically have any one color tone, which is present in one quantity or another in each of the combined colors. Colors differ from each other only in saturation and lightness. Achromatic colors are also used in such combinations. Solid harmonies create a coloring that has a calm, balanced character. It can be defined as nuanced, although the contrast in contrasting dark and light colors is not excluded.
Harmonious combinations of related colors are based on the presence of impurities in them of the same primary colors. Combinations of related colors represent a restrained, calm color range. In order for the color not to be monotonous, they use the introduction of achromatic impurities, i.e. darkening or brightening some colors, which introduces lightness contrast into the composition and thereby contributes to its expressiveness.
Carefully selected related colors provide great opportunities for creating an interesting composition.
The richest type of color harmony in terms of coloristic possibilities is a harmonious combination of related-contrasting colors. However, not all combinations of related-but-contrasting colors can make up a successful color composition.
Related-contrasting colors will be in harmony with each other if the number of the primary color that unites them and the number of contrasting primary colors in them are the same. Harmonious combinations of two, three and four related-contrasting colors are built on this principle.
On fig. 5.20 shows schemes for constructing two-color and multi-color harmonious combinations of related-contrasting colors. It can be seen from the diagrams that two related-contrasting colors will be successfully combined if their position in the color wheel is determined by the ends of strictly vertical or horizontal chords (Fig. 5.20, a).
With a combination of three color tones, the following options are possible:
Rice. 5.20. Schemes for building harmonious color combinations
if a right-angled triangle is inscribed in a circle, the hypotenuse of which will coincide with the diameter of the circle, and the legs will take horizontal and vertical positions in the circle, then the vertices of this triangle will indicate three harmoniously combined colors (Fig. 5.20, b);
if an equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle so that one of its sides is a horizontal or vertical chord, then the apex of the angle opposite to the chord will indicate the main color that unites the other two located at the ends of the chord (Fig. 5.20, c). Thus, the vertices of equilateral triangles inscribed in a circle will indicate the colors that form harmonious triads;
the combination of colors located at the vertices of obtuse triangles will also be harmonious: the apex of the obtuse angle indicates the main color, and the opposite side will be a horizontal or vertical chord of the circle, the ends of which indicate the colors that make up the main harmonious triad (Fig. 5.20, d).
The corners of the rectangles inscribed in a circle will mark harmonious combinations of four related-contrasting colors. The vertices of the square will indicate the most stable variant of color combinations, although it is characterized by increased color activity and contrast (Fig. 5.20, e).
Colors located at the ends of the diameters of the color wheel have polar properties. Their combinations give the color combination tension and dynamism. Harmonious combinations of contrasting colors are shown in fig. 5.20, e.
All the physical and psychological qualities of color, the principles of building color harmony must be taken into account when solving a decorative composition.
Control questions and tasks
1. What two groups can color harmonic series be divided into?
2. Tell us about the options for harmonic combinations of achromatic colors.
3. What are related and related-contrasting colors?
4. Name the groups of color harmonies.
5. Using the color wheel, name the options for multi-color harmonies.
6. Make up drawings of solid, related, related-contrasting and contrasting color combinations (three options each).
Lesson number 13.Basic color groups
Goals and objectives: Select the main groups of colors according to the visual impression:
· red,
· yellow,
· green.
Compose shades of the main groups of colors.
Taking into account the age of the students, the color scale can be performed in an unusual form, for example, in the form of a tree leaf separated by stripes.
Tasks are carried out on A4 format with gouache paints.
Homework:
Lesson number 14.Saturated, desaturated colors
Goals and objectives: Changing the color saturation by three steps by adding white and black colors (for the main group of colors).
A4 format, gouache, brushes, white paper.
Homework: execution of graphic markup of the format for quick work in the classroom, execution of specified coloristic compositions (similar to work in the classroom).
Lesson number 15.Dark and Light
Goals and objectives: Separation of colors into dark and light: cut out all the available shades of colors and spread them out on a medium gray background, while:
All colors that appear lighter than the background to the eye are light;
All colors that appear darker than the background to the eye can be called dark .
Tasks are performed on A4 format, applique.
Homework:
Lesson number 16.Warm and cold
Goals and objectives: Determining warm and cool color tones:
All available colors are laid out on a medium gray background;
Divide into two groups - warm and cold;
among the colors, thermal poles can be distinguished (blue is cold, and orange is warm).
Tasks are performed on A4 format applicatively.
Obtaining warm-cold shades of color: stretch any color (except for the "pole") in the warm and cold sides.
A4 format. Color supply. Gouache, paper, brushes.
Homework: performance of specified coloristic compositions (by analogy with work in the classroom).
Plants. Features of cutting and care.
Restoration of living plants.
Maidenhair
Cut the plant in the phase of fully formed wai. Their ends are burned or dipped in boiling water.
Azalea
Cut in the stage of several flowers. The ends of the shoots are split by 2-5 cm, cauterized or dipped in alcohol for a few seconds. It is supposed to spray the plant with water and add water to the vase.
Acacia silver
After cutting, the ends of the stems are crushed and placed in boiling water so that the buds bloom faster. Otherwise, they will shrivel and dry out before opening. The plant does not like dry air. If the flowers shrivel, they are held over steam to make them fluffy again. Mimosa is supposed to be placed in hot water and the inflorescences are sprayed with cold water.
Alstroemeria
Cut off at the stage of dissolution of several buds. The stem is broken off from the rhizome, and then cut off. Cutting costs 5-10 days.
Amaryllis (hippeastrum)
Cut at the stage of the first blooming flower. The ends of the hollow stem are dipped in hot (50 ° C) water for 10-15 minutes. In order for air to escape from the stem, it is pierced from above, and before being installed in a vase, water is poured into the stem and the cut itself is plugged, for example, with cotton wool. Each cut flower lasts 4-6 days.
Anemone
The cut is carried out when the petals are colored, fully developed, but the flowers are only half open. The stems are cut and scratched. It recovers well and blooms if the entire stem is lowered into the water.
Asparagus
It is recommended to prune in hot water, leave the plant in it for 5 minutes, and then put it in cold water. Before arranging, it is supposed to be wrapped in damp paper or, having tied loose bundles, lowered deep into the water. The freshness of greens lasts longer in a cool room.
Aster
Cut off when opening inflorescences by at least three-quarters. Be sure to remove the leaves from the entire stem, as they fade earlier than the flowers. Then the stems are cut, and alcohol is sometimes added to the water. At night, plants are recommended to be placed in a sugar solution -0.5 teaspoon per 1 liter of water. You need to update the slice first. If the flowers fade prematurely, they are immersed in water up to the head for the night and placed in a cool room.
Begonia
After cutting, the ends of the stems should be sprinkled with salt or dipped in alcohol.
Verbena
The ends of the stem must be sprinkled with alum before placing in a vase.
Viola (violet)
After cutting, the flowers are tied into bunches and immersed in water for several hours to make the stems elastic. To preserve the smell of fragrant violets, after immersion in water, it must be wrapped in parchment paper and, in this form, lowered into cold water. Plants are cut for 4-7 days.
Carnation
The cut is carried out in the phase of half-blown, colored buds. Flowers should not be cut, but broken off in the area of \u200b\u200bthe thickened node. After this, it is recommended to keep the plants in warm water for 3-5 hours, after removing the lower leaves. Contributes to the duration of preservation of flowers by placing them in a 2-5% sugar solution, adding to. alcohol water or 1/3 aspirin tablet. Can be sprayed with water. Subject to such measures, tenderloin costs more than 15 days.
Dahlia
Cutting is carried out with a fully or 2/3 blossoming flower. The ends of the stems are recommended to be burned, dipped in boiling water for 15 minutes or sprinkled with salt. You can add a little vinegar to the water with plants. Water is injected into the hollow stem with a syringe or a cotton wick is inserted. Flowers are supposed to be sprayed with plenty of water.
Geranium
After cutting, be sure to remove the leaves, and split the stem or burn its end. To maintain decorativeness, it is useful to lower the plant into cold water at night. In the cut lives 5-8 days.
Gerbera
The stems are not cut, but pulled out at the base, when the inflorescences have fully blossomed and pollen appears on them. The stems are cut and lowered for 1 hour in warm water (18 ° C) to the base of the flower. Also, plants can be kept in salted water for 0.5 - 1 hour or cut the ends of the stem by 4 - 5 cm in hot water (60 ° C). In order for water to enter the stem better, it can be pierced at the bottom and top with a needle or cut along the bottom. It is necessary to change the water frequently and renew the cut. It is recommended to add alcohol or sugar to the water - 2 teaspoons per 1 liter of water. If the plants wither due to the fact that the stems become soft and droop, they should be revived in a vessel of water, the depth of which should be greater than the length of the stem. In this case, the stem will not touch the bottom and after 1.5-2 hours it will become elastic and slender again. Cut flowers last 7-10 days.
Hyacinth
After cutting, the ends of the stem are split along the length. To preserve the smell during storage, plants need to be wrapped with parchment paper. In case of premature wilting of flowers, the stem must be treated with hot water. In the cut is 5 - 7 days.
Hibiscus (Chinese rose)
After cutting, the ends of the stem must be broken with a hammer. It is recommended to place the plant in alcohol or in a weak sugar solution.
Gladiolus
The cut is carried out after the full disclosure of the first lower flower. It is even recommended to cut the plant in the middle of the day when the flower has faded slightly. If cutting is carried out in the morning, it is recommended to hold the flowers for half an hour without water, so that their tissues soften and thereby delay the opening of the buds. Then, to speed up the blooming of flowers, you need to cut off the top buds. After cutting, the stems are split and placed overnight in water at room temperature. It is recommended to place them in a vessel so that the stems do not touch its bottom, otherwise they will bend. Inflorescences and leaves can be sprayed with water. To prolong the life of plants, it is recommended to add aspirin or activated charcoal (1 crushed tablet per 1 liter of water), potassium permanganate or citric acid (several crystals per 1 liter of water), ammonia or camphor alcohol (a few drops per 1 liter of water), salt or boric acid (1 teaspoon per 1 liter of water). Each cut flower lasts 2 days, and all inflorescences 7-10 days.
Wisteria
After cutting, the end of the stem must be placed in alcohol for a few seconds.
Hydrangea
The cut is carried out during the period of almost full blooming.
To prolong the life of rapidly fading flowers, the ends of the stems are split into 2-3 cm and immersed for 30 seconds in boiling vinegar, alcohol or boiling water to a depth of 5 cm, then cauterized and placed in cold water. You can also put the plants in water with vinegar for 0.5-1 hour. Before placing the flowers in a vase, it is recommended to completely immerse the flowers in water for 1.5-2 hours so that they become elastic. Then the stems need to be scratched or notched by 5 - 6 cm.
Dicentra (broken heart)
Cut the plant when 4-5 flowers have blossomed on it. The stem is supposed to be cut a little before being put into the water.
Sweet pea
The cut is carried out when the inflorescence has blossomed into three-quarters. To prolong the life of the flowers, they are dipped in alcohol for a few seconds, and then put in a 1.5% sugar solution (2 teaspoons per 1 liter of water). The plant is not recommended to be sprayed.
Iris
Cutting is carried out at the first blooming flower. The stem must be cut before installation in water. When cut, each flower lives 1-2 days, and the entire inflorescence 7-9 days.
Calla
You can cut it at any stage of flowering, but when cut, the flower will not bloom to the end. The ends of the stems need to be cut and placed deep in cold water. In leaves, it is recommended to cut off not only the end of the petiole, but also the outer edges of the leaf blades, and then immerse them in water for 1 hour. Sections of plants are sprinkled with salt, alum or ash and renewed daily. To make water better absorbed, it is injected into the stem with a syringe. Inflorescences stand 10 15 days.
Calendula (marigold)
The cut is carried out in the phase of half-blown buds. Before putting the plant in water, the extra leaves must be cut off and the stem scratched.
kanna
The cut is carried out at the stage of half-blown inflorescences. It is recommended to cut the end of the stem along and place the plant for 0.5 - 1 hour in water with vinegar.
Clematis (clematis)
The flowers are cut when they are three-quarters open. Stems and leaves after cutting are placed deep in the water. To restore the freshness of plants, use alcohol or vinegar (a few drops per 1 liter of water). The cut can be sprinkled with salt or immersed in alcohol, as well as in menthol oil.
kosmeya
The duration of storage in the cut flower is not affected by the stage of cutting the flower. You can cut the plant in the bud stage, and fully blossomed. It is recommended to rub salt into the cut, you can also dip it in salt water for 0.5 - 1 hour.
Crocus
After cutting the horses of the stem, it is recommended to lower it into alcohol for a few seconds.
Lily of the valley
You need to get off when the lower flowers have blossomed, and all the buds have turned white. In order to preserve the fragrance during storage, the flowers are wrapped in paper. It is not recommended to put plants in a sugar solution. In the cut can stand 3-7 days.
Levkoy
The cut is carried out when the inflorescence blooms by three quarters. The plant can be pulled out of the ground with the root. After that, you need to remove the leaves, split and stretch the end of the stem and place the plant in very cold water to a depth of 5-7 cm. In case of premature wilting, it is recommended to cut and split the ends of the stems in hot water. If you want to speed up the opening of the buds, this can be achieved by pinching the top. In the cut flower street 5 - 12 days, as for terry forms, they last even longer.
Lily
Cutting is carried out during the period of blooming flowers.
It is recommended to split the ends of the stems by 3-5 cm and
immerse in cold water. The anthers on the stamens need to be plucked so that the flowers do not become polluted with pollen and bloom longer.
Lupine
Cut off in the opening phase in the inflorescence of half of the flowers. Excess leaves must be removed, the end of the stem split and placed overnight in cold water. The plant loves spraying with cold water.
Poppy
Cutting is carried out when the bud cracks. It is recommended to cauterize the end of the plant and lower it for a few seconds in alcohol or for 2-3 minutes in boiling water. Instead of these procedures, you can rub a mixture of salt and alum into the cut in a 1: 1 ratio.
Daisy
Cut off in the period of half-blown inflorescence. The end from the stem must be immediately cauterized.
Muscari
Cut off in the period of half-opened inflorescence. It is recommended not to cut the plant, but to carefully pick it off. Trim the ends of the stem and place in cold water. When cut, they last 3-5 days.
Narcissus
Cut off in the phase of the formed colored bud. It is recommended to pick, I do not cut To prevent juice from the stem, the plants need to be lowered with inflorescences down, and it is also necessary to treat the sections with warm or hot water. Before using in the composition, the flowers must be kept for a day in cold water. To prolong the life of the flowers, add sugar (10 grams per 1 liter) or salt to the water. Spraying with water is recommended. In a cut form, it costs 5-7 days, and in a cold room - 7-10 days. The shelf life of the plant depends on the type and variety.
Nasturtium
Cutting is carried out in the period of half-blown flowers. After cutting, the end of the stem must be dipped in alcohol. To prolong the life of the plant, it is recommended to add salt to the water.
Orchid
Cut off after full opening of the flower. It is recommended to put in warm water, change it often and regularly cut to I - 2 mm end of the stem. After trimming, you can lower the cut into alcohol, then add a few drops of it to the water. Spraying of plants is not recommended.
Ferns (maidenhair, nephrolepis)
After cutting, the ends of the wai (leaves) of the maidenhair should be held over a candle flame or dipped in boiling water. Frequent spraying with water is necessary.
Peony
Cut off during the period of colored buds. After cutting, it is necessary to remove excess leaves, cut the ends of the stem and split it by 5 cm. If you need to restore the plant, it will be placed in alcohol for several minutes, if this is not required, it is placed immediately in cold water, where the buds open to the desired state. If the flowers, when cut, were in the stage of strong and full disclosure, the ends of the stems should be immersed for 10-15 minutes in hot water, and then in cold water, and the flowers close. In the cut are 7-8 days.
Primrose
The cut is carried out in the opening phase in the inflorescence of half of the flowers. It is recommended to slightly split the end of the stem. Flowers should be stored in warm water until used in arranging. In the cut live 5 - 8 days, but the lifespan depends on the type of plant.
poinsettia
Cutting is carried out in the phase of full blooming of inflorescences. After cutting, the end of the stem must be burned over a flame or cut in a hot will so that latex - milky juice - does not stand out.
Mignonette
Cut the inflorescences when they have blossomed into three-quarters. It is recommended to burn the ends of the stems.
Rose
The cut is carried out during the period of colored buds, when the first two sepals are bent. After cutting, remove unnecessary leaves and thorns, split the end of the stem and then immerse in water for 1.5 - 2 hours. To prolong the life of plants, aspirin is added to the water - 1/2 tablet per 1 liter, calcium chloride - 5 g per 1 liter of water. To revive the flowers, the stems are cut in water by 4-5 cm and their ends are split, and each flower is wrapped in paper. After that, the ends of the stems are treated with hot water for several minutes, and then put in cold water. At night, roses must be placed in a deep vessel in water, immersing them to the very flowers. You can pre-wrap the plants in paper. It is recommended to spray the flowers with water. Lifespan with proper care up to 10 days.
Lilac
The cut is carried out during the period of blooming in the inflorescence 2/3 of the flowers. The ends of the stems need to be crushed with a hammer or split with a knife, then remove the bark from them under water by 3-4 cm. It is necessary to remove all leaves and side shoots, but do not throw it away, since the gas can also be used in the arrangement. After all these activities, the plant must be immersed in water overnight, covering the inflorescences from above with a damp newspaper. It is desirable to arrange such a procedure every night. You also need to spray the lilac with water, quickly immerse the entire inflorescence in water and renew the cut daily and knead the stem horses. To renew wilted inflorescences, they must be put in hot water. It is sometimes stored in the cut for more than 7 days, but the period depends on the variety.
Tulip
Cut off at the stage of a colored bud. After cutting, the plants should be wrapped in paper, placing the flowers on the same level, and stored in a cool place and in cold water. To prevent the buds from blooming ahead of time, thin elastic bands or strips of plastic wrap are put on them. Withered flowers can be revived by dipping the ends of their stems in warm water for a while, and then soaking the plants for 1 to 2 hours in a cool room and in cold water. The lifespan of flowers depends on belonging to garden groups. When cut, they last 5-11 days.
Phlox
The cut is carried out when half of the flowers have blossomed in the inflorescence. You need to split the end of the stem and lower it deep into cold water. To revive the plant, it is dipped in salty hot water. Cut off costs 10-12 days.
Freesia
The cut is carried out when the first buds open in the inflorescence. The end of the stem should be cut 2-5 cm along. Store in damp paper. To prolong the life of the plant, it is recommended to take it out to a cool room at night, and to maintain freshness, it is necessary to spray it with water. In cut form, each flower lives 2-3 days, and the entire inflorescence - 10-12 days.
Chrysanthemum
It is necessary to cut off when the inflorescences are fully opened. It is recommended not to cut, but to break out the stem. its end
it is supposed to split or break into 5-10 cm in length. When planting in a vase, the bottom leaves must be removed. To prolong the life of the plant, add ½ aspirin tablet to the water. You can revive wilted flowers in hot water by adding sugar - 1.5 - 2 teaspoons per 1 liter of water. They are kept in this water until it cools down. After this procedure, the cut is updated, and the plant is placed in a vessel with cold water. Cut off costs 20
days.
Cyclamen
The plant is not cut, but flowers and leaves are broken out and: a tuber so that there are no residues. The stems must be scratched lengthwise with a needle, but not completely, otherwise the end of the stem will begin to twist. After that, it is recommended to keep the plant overnight in cold water. To revive the flowers, you need to renew the cut of the stem and singe it for 10-12 seconds, and then immerse it in cold water for 1.5-2 hours. There is another way: lower the cut into alcohol, and then into hot water. In the cut is 5 - 7 days.
Cineraria
Cut off when more than half of the flowers have blossomed in the inflorescence. Excess leaves must be removed and the stem split. The plant is recommended to be cut in warm water, then it lasts longer.
Zinnia
Cutting is carried out with fully blossomed inflorescences. It is necessary to remove the leaves from the stem and split its ends. Cut off costs 7-8 days.
The leaves of some potted plants can also be used for cutting. The leaves of calla, sansiviera, dracaena, aspidistra, monstera, palm trees, and begonias retain a fresh look for a long time. It is recommended to wash these leaves with water after cutting and split the end of the petiole. When using begonia leaves, put salt in water - 1 teaspoon per 1 liter of water.
When used in cutting branches of flowering and evergreen shrubs (mock orange, forsythia, decorative plum and apple tree, etc.), their ends after cutting are split or kneaded by 3-10 cm in length, sometimes they also remove the bark 5-8 cm from the end of the stem . Extra leaves are removed. Before arranging, the branches are stored in warm water. In order to revive the branches, their ends are dipped in boiling water for 10 - 15 seconds, and then in cold water. It is necessary to ensure that the steam does not get on the flowers and leaves. Mock orange branches can be dipped in menthol oil. It is recommended to add glycerin to the water where the branches of shrubs “trees” stand - 1 teaspoon per 1 liter of water.
About cut flower compatibility
Some plants mutually influence each other, and the influence can be both favorable and destructive. This effect is explained by the release of "harmful" or "useful" substances into the water or into the air. This must be taken into account if you want to keep cut flowers longer. Sometimes you have to abandon the compilation of some flower arrangements or destroy successfully created ones in order to prolong the existence of individual plants.
Incompatible flowers
Do not tolerate the presence of other flowers roses, carnations, daffodils, lilies, poppies. They last longer if they stand alone in the water.
Cut roses release metabolic products into the water that are toxic to other types of flowers, and thereby accelerate their wilting. The aroma of a rose is detrimental to cloves. Roses of different varieties are also incompatible. For example, tea roses quickly die if they are in the same vase with dark red ones.
Daffodils placed together with tulips, roses, freesia, irises, and carnations have an unfavorable effect on each other; lilies - with cornflowers, poppies, daisies. If you still decide to use
arrangement of daffodils with tulips or other flowers, it is necessary to withstand water for a day.
Mignonette, sweet peas, bird cherry, orchids, lilies of the valley have a bad effect on other plants. You can not put lilies of the valley and violets together, as the violets will quickly die; with lilies of the valley in one bouquet, tulips and forget-me-nots will quickly wither. Yellow primroses should not be combined with muscari or other primroses. Roses, lilies of the valley and sweet peas will not live long in one vase. The wilting of flowers is accelerated by branches with sea buckthorn berries and apples, as well as fruits located next to the flowers. This is due to the fact that the fruits emit ethylene. This gas strongly affects carnations, roses, lilies of the valley, sweet peas, freesia and snapdragons. Ethylene is also released from leaves affected by fungal diseases and withered fallen flower petals.
Tobacco smoke also contributes to the wilting of cut plants.
Compatible flowers
There are quite compatible flowers, and even plants that mutually contribute to the prolongation of life. For example, a cypress or juniper branch standing nearby not only lengthens the existence of tulips, but also makes their color more intense.
Tulips and thuja, nasturtium and thuja have a beneficial effect on each other.
Roses and lilies support each other. The aroma of a rose is enhanced by the proximity of an ordinary onion.
Lilies of the valley will retain their freshness for a long time, and their aroma will intensify if you put several stems of fragrant woodruff or a sprig of jasmine in the same vase with them.
Cyclamens favorably influence the faded color of calceolaria, changing it from dull brown to bright red.
Floral techniques
Floristic works can be performed in various techniques,depending on the purpose of the work and the effect that the florist wants to achieve.
Floristic technique is a way of working with material, its modification.
Allocate:
- natural stems.More often used for bouquets.
- artificial stems
or taping technique
(). Made on artificial stemsbouquets
for brides, such as Biedermeier or English bouquet. This is important when the bouquet needs to be held in hands for a long time, it turns out to be light. Technique: beforehand, the flowers are soldered with water or a solution, each flower is placed on a wire, wet cotton wool or toilet paper (wild flowers) is added, and covered with a teip tape. The stems are collected only in parallel, without twisting. The handle, assembled from wire stems, is taped and decorated with a ribbon. But you need to remember that flowers do not live long (12 hours).
Used when adding orchid flowers to bouquets. - Sticking technique
for compositions or for a bouquet on a porta bouquet holder. Potrbuketnitsa - an oasis, placed in a plastic frame with a handle. You can make any bouquet, with elements of outliers or asymmetrical.
Bouquet assembly sequence:
- soak oasis
- reinforce the port handle with wire so that the lid holds
- determine the proportions and shape
- decorate the oasis with greenery, place the flowers at an angle of 45 degrees, the lower flowers are splinted.
- drain the water by turning the bouquet over
- decorate the pen, add decor
4. mixed media . The work is done in several techniques, such as live and artificial stems, + weaving. This technique is used when you need to work with complex outlines or drop-down outliers.
9.Stringing technique - putting decor or berries on stems, branches.
10. Tying technique .
11. Transformation technique
material - a modification of the material so that it is difficult to recognize. For example, the manufacture of glamelia.
12. Pinning technique. Pin the leaves into the wreath with pins.
13. Filling technique with gelatin, polyurethane foam ...
Methods for arranging material in works:
- Radial method - plants in a bouquet are collected in a spiral on natural stems. An ideally executed bouquet should stand without support on a plane. Compositions are assembled in such a way that it visually seems that the plants come out of one point.
2. Parallel way
- the stems are placed parallel to each other. Bouquets are collected from bundles of plants tied together, each bundle is contrasting in color, texture or shape, at its height. In the compositions, the stems are placed parallel to the chosen direction. Bouquets and compositions can be high or low, they must stand, and the flowers reach the water. For the beauty of the lines, expensive exotic flowers are added. Ties - tourniquet, rope, raffia (bows are not made). You can use stones, candles. The center of the bouquet or composition at different levels: top, bottom, middle.
3. Free way. Plants are arranged freely, naturally, without following strict rules. You can create the impression of an overgrown garden or a forest clearing.
Transformation of floral material
Transformation - a change in shape, that is, transforming it in the necessary direction: rounding, stretching, increasing or decreasing in size, using separate parts. In floristry, transformation is widely used to create new shapes, textures and images.
One of the first works in the technique of transformation was the manufacture of glamelia. Modern florists widely use the technique of transformation in a wide variety of ways. At the same time, the plant, losing its individuality, acquires new qualities as a material. For example, petals or leaves twisted into tight tubes, flowers planted on a wire, branches cut into circles - these are completely new elements from which you can create unusual, very interesting and expressive compositions.
The material transformation technique is indispensable when creating floral textures. Creating new textures from individual elements of plants - leaves, stems, petals, seeds, combining different materials, you can get truly amazing effects.
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