Criminal psychology: the main directions of the discipline. Social psychology in action
Educational literature on legal psychology
Pastushenya A.N.
Criminal psychology.
Teaching aid.
Mn., 2007.
Topic 1. Subject, tasks and methodology of criminal psychology
1. Objects and subject of research and theoretical tasks of criminal psychology.
Criminal psychology is one of the sections of such a branch of psychological science as legal psychology. Criminal psychology studies the mental phenomena that determine criminal acts. It includes the study of criminal acts, the personality of criminals and criminal groups, the causes and conditions of crime in society from the standpoint of psychological science.
The object of scientific research of criminal psychology are mental phenomena that determine the criminal behavior of an individual, group and crime in society. These mental phenomena are inherent in the personality of the offender and criminal groups, public consciousness, as well as the process of mental regulation of criminal behavior. Concretizing, the following objects of scientific knowledge in the field of criminal psychology can be distinguished:
- criminogenic properties of the personality of criminals, criminal groups, which are the subjective prerequisites for criminal behavior, as well as the properties of public consciousness that act as determinants of crime in society;
- mental processes and states that manifest themselves in mental activity that determines the criminal behavior of an individual or group, namely: in the perception of social situations and objects of criminal attacks, in the motivation of criminal acts, in the formation of criminal intent and the decision to commit illegal acts, in the implementation of a criminal intent, etc.;
- mental phenomena that determine the formation of a criminogenic personality, the formation of criminal groups and criminogenic defects in public consciousness.
The subject of criminal psychology is the types, qualitative characteristics, relationships of mental phenomena that act as internal determinants of the criminal behavior of an individual, group and crime in society, as well as the mechanisms and patterns of formation and manifestation of these phenomena in the generation of criminal acts. The subject of criminal psychology, therefore, expresses aspects and forms of scientific description and explanation of its objects - mental phenomena that determine criminal behavior. The scientific description and explanation of these phenomena, the deepening of scientific knowledge about them acts as a theoretical task of criminal psychology.
Revealing in more detail the subject of criminal psychology and, accordingly, its theoretical tasks, it should be noted that it is designed to study:
- patterns and mechanisms of mental regulation of criminal behavior, as well as psychological characteristics of crimes of various types;
- types, structures and qualitative characteristics of criminogenically significant psychological properties of the offender's personality, as well as psychological characteristics of the personality of criminals of various types;
- psychological patterns and mechanisms for the formation of a criminogenic personality, i.e. a person prone to committing a crime;
- characteristics of the socio-psychological phenomena inherent in criminal groups, the psychological characteristics of criminal groups of various types and wider communities of criminals;
- types and characteristics of socio-psychological phenomena in society that act as determinants of crime, patterns of their formation;
- psychological patterns of influence of social conditions, circumstances of the situation and behavior of the victim on criminal behavior,
- psychological patterns and mechanisms of the influence of social conditions on crime in certain social groups and society as a whole.
2. Applied tasks of criminal psychology.
Applied tasks are determined by the areas of use of its scientific data. These tasks are to develop methodological foundations for the psychological study and evaluation of various types of criminal acts, the personality of various types of criminals, criminal groups, as well as public legal consciousness. Based on the data obtained as a result of studying the objects of criminal psychology, recommendations are being developed for effectively solving the problems of law enforcement. Thus, scientific knowledge about the identity of criminals, criminal groups and the mental regulation of criminal behavior is necessary for the effective detection and investigation of crimes. This knowledge is also necessary in criminal proceedings for a correct assessment of the nature of the crime committed, its subjective side. Psychological knowledge about the personality of the offender makes it possible to more correctly assess the personality of the perpetrator in order to assign an adequate punishment, and knowledge about the criminal group - to establish the role and degree of participation and mutual influence of its members in the commission of a criminal act. The use of knowledge about a criminogenic personality in the process of correcting convicts and individual crime prevention is of great importance. Crime prevention in society requires knowledge of individual psychological and socio-psychological phenomena that act as its internal causes, as well as knowledge of how social conditions affect people's legal positions. Thus, the scientific knowledge of criminal psychology is used in various areas of legal psychology: operational, investigative, expert, judicial, corrective, preventive, etc.
3. Methodology of criminal psychology.
The methodology of science is a system of categories, principles and methods of research and scientific explanation of mental phenomena related to its object. It also includes general psychological and specific scientific (private) theories on which the description and explanation of mental phenomena that determine criminal behavior and crime in society are based. Criminal psychology uses categories common to psychological science and relies on the theoretical knowledge of its individual branches. These include psychological theories that reveal the main categories of psychology: mental reflection, activity, consciousness and the unconscious, image, personality, motivation, emotions, attitudes, socio-psychological theory of the group, etc. Criminal psychology also relies on the categories of legal sciences and theoretical positions, revealing their legal nature. These are the categories of criminal law - "personality of the offender", "criminal group", "criminal organization", "criminal act", "intention", "negligent", "victim", etc. The categories of criminology are also used - "criminal behavior ", "criminogenic personality", "crime", "causes and conditions of crime", "victim behavior", as well as the category of theory of state and law - "legal consciousness", etc. Criminal psychology explores the psychological aspect of the phenomena that denote these concepts, based on general psychological theories, and develops its own specific scientific theoretical provisions. It also relies on certain concepts and scientific data of other social and human sciences: social philosophy, sociology, ethics, pedagogy, psychiatry, etc.
In turn, scientific developments in the field of criminal psychology are used by the listed branches of psychological science, legal, social and humanitarian sciences. So, in order to systematically explain the prosocial behavior of an individual from the standpoint of psychology, it is necessary to know the patterns and mechanisms of its dialectical opposite - illegal behavior. The same applies to the scientific problem of educating a socially respectable personality. Its disclosure requires knowledge of opposite phenomena - criminogenic personality defects and the patterns of their formation. As for the legal sciences, the data of criminal psychology make it possible to develop more deeply criminological teachings about the personality of the offender, the causes and conditions of crime, and its prevention; the theory of criminal law - about the subjective side of the crime, the identity of the perpetrator, individual circumstances mitigating and aggravating responsibility; the theory of penitentiary law - about the personality of the convict, the degree of his correction; the theory of state and law - about legal consciousness, etc.
Along with the use of categories of various branches of psychological science, legal and other social sciences, criminal psychology forms its own specific conceptual apparatus. In particular, the concepts of criminal psychology proper include: "the psychological mechanism (and genesis) of criminal behavior", "the criminogenic complex of the personality", "criminogenic inclination of the personality", "anti-criminal stability of the personality", "criminogenic motivation", "criminogenic socio-psychological phenomena" , "criminogenic defects of legal consciousness", "criminogenic psychological properties of the group", "psychological genesis of a criminogenic personality", etc.
The principles of criminal psychology are the fundamental ideas and rules for obtaining and explaining scientific facts related to the objects and subject of criminal psychology research.
Criminal psychology is based on philosophical, general psychological and specific scientific principles of knowledge. The philosophical principles are:
- the principle of determinism, according to which mental phenomena and social conditions should be considered as having causal relationships, in particular - mental activity that determines the social behavior of an individual (including criminal) includes processes of an individually unique reflection of external conditions and is conditioned by the results of this reflection. At the same time, social behavior and its results influence the formation of the psychological properties of the personality of its subject;
- the principle of consistency, which requires the study of mental phenomena in a holistic aggregate, the allocation of the most significant and subordinate phenomena, the construction of their structures and the disclosure of relationships;
- the principle of development, according to which mental phenomena should be considered as changing, forming, transforming and ceasing their manifestation.
In addition to these principles, criminal psychology uses the general principles of psychological science: the principle of the unity of consciousness and activity; the principle of personal approach; the principle of personality formation and development in the process of activity, cognition and communication; the principle of interconnection and interdependence of mental processes, states and properties, and others.
In criminal psychology, there are also specific scientific principles. These include:
- the principle of the primacy of subjective (personal) prerequisites for criminal behavior, which is based on the idea of free will of the subject of behavior and determines that in determining criminal behavior, the personal qualities of the subject, which are its internal prerequisites, are of paramount importance, and the circumstances of the social situation do not directly predetermine the commission of an antisocial act by a sane person ;
- the principle of the hierarchy of criminogenic factors of crime, according to which the internal and external causes and conditions of criminal behavior must be considered, differentiating according to the degree of materiality;
- the principle of the criminogenetic approach to explaining the formation of the personality of a criminal, which requires taking into account the influences of life events, the impact of the social environment, the types of activities and actions of the individual in his life path on the formation of his legal consciousness and the socio-legal orientation of the individual;
- the principle of a differentiated approach to the psychological study of the personality of criminals, criminal groups and criminal acts, which determines the need to identify different types of criminals (criminogenic personality), criminal groups, the genesis and mechanism of criminal acts of various types and their qualitative differences.
Criminal psychology uses a wide range of research methods that are used in various branches of psychological science. Such methods are methods of observation, conversation, interview, testing, questioning, biographical method, methods of analyzing products of activity (criminal acts), independent characteristics, expert assessments, psychophysiological experiment (using a polygraph). On the basis of these methods in criminal psychology, the development of special methods for the study of mental phenomena related to its objects is carried out. The use of these methods and techniques of psychological research is aimed at solving specific scientific and applied problems of criminal psychology.
Questions for self-control and seminars:
What does criminal psychology study?
What mental phenomena are objects of criminal psychology?
What is the subject of criminal psychology?
What are the theoretical challenges facing research in the field of criminal psychology?
What applied tasks does criminal psychology solve?
What legal categories does criminal psychology rely on? What are the main concepts of criminal psychology?
What philosophical principles are based on criminal psychology?
What general psychological principles are based on criminal psychology?
What specific scientific principles are used in criminal psychology research?
What research methods are used in criminal psychology?
Criminal psychology studies the psychological patterns associated with the formation of a criminal attitude, the formation of criminal intent, the preparation and commission of a crime, as well as the psychological ways of influencing it.
The need to study the personality of a criminal is dictated primarily by the needs of the practice of combating crime.
Criminal psychology investigates the mechanisms of the individual's immunity in a criminogenic situation and, through the knowledge of its patterns, develops recommendations in the field of individual crime prevention. Within the framework of criminal psychology, the psychological characteristics of the personality of not only violent, but also mercenary criminals, the structure and psychological characteristics of criminal groups are studied.
Although the process of personality formation is of interest to law and criminology, but strictly speaking it is not the subject of their study; this is a matter of pedagogy and psychology.
Successful socialization in the process of development and formation of the personality is predetermined by the presence of sufficiently strong social "brakes" and internal control.
Intent arises in the process of thinking. Its formation is influenced by concepts and ideas that do not correspond to public legal consciousness.
The formation of illegal intent is influenced by the type of nervous system, and temperament, and character. But this question remains controversial due to the lack of serious scientific research in this area.
The postulation of the fact that crime is primarily socially conditioned does not at all mean that individual personality traits are ignored in the study of criminal behavior.
General information about the biological and social in a person does not give a direct answer to many important questions: what individual characteristics, undertakings from what period, in what combination with other conditions of life, upbringing and education, these or those deviations in the consciousness and behavior of a child or adult can give .
An analysis of the social and biological in a person presupposes, first of all, an examination of the correlation of these factors in the process of social development, the formation of a personality. An attempt to compare the ratio of biological and social development, the formation of personality.
The indirect, indirect influence of the social factor on the characteristics of the biological substructure is no less obvious than the influence of the biological factor on the substructure of the social orientation, although a person receives gender, type of nervous system and inclinations at birth. There are also such phenomena as "Sunday children", "carnival children", children conceived by drunken parents and born with various pathologies of the nervous system that hinder their social adaptation. So, according to the data given by F.G. Uglov, observations of 1500 women in labor showed that various deviations in the body of children are observed in 2% of non-drinking mothers, 9% of moderate drinkers, and 74% of mothers who abuse alcohol.
These facts indicate that even the biological substructure, where we are talking about the purely innate hereditary properties of the individual, is not completely free from the influence of the environment that affects him indirectly, through the mother's body.
The interaction of biological and social factors in the substructure of the orientation, which is manifested primarily in the personal qualities and behavior of a person, in the nature of his social activity, is also quite complex. As you know, heroes and criminals are not born, but become, and, therefore, in the formation of these qualities the place is given to social, lifetime factors: upbringing, training, the influence of the environment.
However, it would be wrong to completely ignore the role of biological factors in the formation of the social qualities of the individual.
The identification of the so-called psychobiological prerequisites for antisocial behavior as unfavorable properties of the psyche and body that impede the social adaptation of an individual is by no means an end in itself, but makes sense primarily in connection with preventive practice, since it allows for educational and preventive activities taking into account everyone, including including individual factors that cause deviations in the behavior and consciousness of the individual. Unfavorable psychobiological prerequisites require, as a rule, additional psychological, pedagogical, and medical corrective measures and influences. Society can and should prevent the criminal behavior of individuals who have an unfavorable organic burden, but at the same time, social and educational preventive programs should be built taking into account these unfavorable psychobiological characteristics of some offenders. This explains the interest shown in this issue by representatives of various branches of psychology , criminology, medicine, investigating the problem of deviant behavior and crime.
There are the following biological prerequisites that play a negative role in human behavior:
1. Pathology of biological needs, often causing sexual perversions and sexual crimes.
2. Neuropsychiatric diseases (psychopathy, neurasthenia,) that increase the excitability of the nervous system, cause an inadequate reaction and make it difficult for social control over actions.
3. Hereditary diseases, especially aggravated by alcoholism, which affects 40% of mentally retarded children.
4. Psychophysical stress, conflict situations, changes in the chemical composition of the environment, the use of new types of energy, which lead to various psychosomatic, allergic toxic diseases and serve as an additional criminogenic factor.
One of the essential components of the causal complex of crime is the dissatisfaction with people's needs in the area of needs, the gap between the needs for material values or services and the possibilities for their implementation. People's needs are formed as a result of comparison with the life of other social groups and strata. Comparison is carried out through communication with others and mass communications. And the development of relevant legislation, etc.
In criminological study, it is important to analyze the personality in interaction with the social environment, since criminal behavior does not give rise to a personality or environment in itself, but their interaction.
The social environment is not only the objective conditions and circumstances that determine human behavior, but also the ongoing activity of people who create and change these circumstances - people as a product and source of social development.
The personality of the offender is also of independent interest to criminal psychology, since it not only reflects certain external conditions, but is also an active side of interaction. It is characterized by conscious, purposeful activity.
Thus, the connection between social conditions and criminal behavior is complex, and social conditions always manifest themselves in a crime, refracting through a person.
The difference between criminal behavior and lawful behavior is rooted in the system of value orientations, attitudes and social attitudes, in other words, in the content side of consciousness. Crimes themselves cannot be considered from the point of view of their external characteristics as some kind of special acts that require the necessary physical and mental capabilities of the individual.
Crime is not only a set of criminal acts, but also a set of persons who commit them. It is no coincidence that when studying the state, structure and dynamics of crime, not only the facts of the crime are analyzed, but also the contingent of criminals. Crime can also be considered within the framework of the interaction of the social environment and the individual, but already at the typical level of the environment, the individual and their interaction.
One of the main tasks of criminal psychology is the identification of internal personal prerequisites, which, in interaction, first of all, the motivational sphere of the individual with certain environmental factors, can create a criminogenic situation for this individual.
The psychological dependence of criminals differs in nature from a similar feature that is inherent in most people. Each person, due to the social nature of his development and upbringing, is characterized by the desire to unite with other people to meet his needs, achieve personal and joint goals. In these associations, a person inevitably takes a social position, including dependent, subordinate. However, unlike killers, law-abiding people are able to withdraw from the group, get away from unsatisfactory or traumatic contact, or try to change their attitude to circumstances.
Introduction
Legal psychology is a science in which various areas of psychology and jurisprudence are synthesized.
Any field of applied psychology implements the system and provisions of general psychology in their application to various types of human activity. But any human activity in the sphere of social relations is regulated by rules.
The rules that are binding on a certain group of people are called norms of behavior.
The norms of behavior are established by members of groups and serve, first of all, the interests of these groups, which may or may not coincide with the interests of society as a whole.
Legal psychology consists of sections:
). legal psychology, which studies law as a factor in the social regulation of behavior, as well as the psychology of legal consciousness;
). criminal psychology, the subject of which is the psychology of committing a criminal act, guilt and responsibility;
). psychology of criminal proceedings, studying the psychology of investigative actions in the general system of investigation and forensic psychological examination in criminal proceedings;
). the psychology of judicial activity, consisting of the psychological characteristics of the judicial investigation, its participants and the psychology of judicial debate;
). correctional psychology, whose tasks are to study the psychological problems of the punishment itself, the psychology of those sentenced to imprisonment for the social adaptation of the released.
This work includes the following tasks:
). theoretical - to study the basic concepts, tasks of criminal psychology, as well as the psychology of criminal behavior, the psychological characteristics of the personality of the criminal and the types of criminals.
). practical - to psychologically analyze the legislative act, namely the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
1. Criminal psychology, criminal types
1 The subject and tasks of criminal psychology
Criminal psychology is a branch of legal psychology that studies the psychology of criminals, the psychological mechanisms of committing crimes by individuals and criminal groups, the psychological aspects of guilt and legal responsibility.
Topical tasks of criminal psychology include:
study of the role and correlation of social and individual psychological factors in the genesis of criminal behavior;
studying the motivation of various types of offenses, the role of various motives in criminal behavior;
study of the characteristics of mental states in the context of a criminal act, the psychology of group crimes and recidivism.
Criminal behavior must be studied not only for its suppression, but also for its prevention. Undoubtedly, the causes of criminal behavior lie in the personality of the offender. The study of the latter shows that many mistakes could have been avoided if the bodies of preliminary investigation, the court, institutions executing punishment always put the personality, and not just the conditions of her life, certain influences on her, at the center of their attention and professional efforts. When studying the personality of a criminal, it is often difficult to separate it from behavior, especially when motives, intentions, goals, the choice of means to achieve them, and the decision taken are studied.
Criminal psychology began to develop intensively from the second half of the 19th century. This, above all, was associated with the work of the Italian prison psychiatrist C. Lombroso, the creator of the biopsychological direction in the study of the personality of the criminal. The essence of this teaching is that criminal behavior is defined as a kind of psychopathology. Subsequently, at the beginning of the 20th century, criminal psychology was finally formalized in the works of G. Gross (“Criminal Psychology”, 1905) and P. Kaufman (“Psychology of Crime”, 1912).
2 Psychology and motivation of criminal behavior
It is impossible to understand any human behavior, including criminal behavior, without a deep penetration into his psychology, without knowledge of the psychological mechanisms and motives of socio-psychological phenomena and processes. Among the main factors contributing to the formation of illegal activities, there are: character deviations; negative influence of the social environment; pedagogical neglect.
Psychological analysis of personal factors that mediate the commission of crimes is based on three type-forming features: 1) personality relationships; 2) personality orientation; 3) motivational and incentive sphere.
Four types of personality relationships are manifested in criminal activity.
) Negative-scornful attitude to the human person: life, health, honor, dignity, peace, etc. This type of relationship is typical for criminals who have committed murders, insults, rapes, engaged in slander. Most hooligan offenses also belong to this type.
) Selfish-private property attitude is characteristic of persons who have committed service-mercenary and mercenary-economic crimes, theft, robbery, robbery, fraud.
) An individualistic-anarchist attitude to various social institutions and duties is inherent in persons who have committed economic crimes, crimes against the order of administration, against justice, and various military crimes.
) Frivolous and irresponsible attitude, manifested in careless crimes.
In the direction of personality, one can also distinguish four main types.
An immoral orientation that does not entail criminal and other liability, but violates the moral norms of society.
Asocial orientation, which is possessed by persons with behavior that does not coincide with the interests of society, but does not cause significant harm. These include prostitution, begging, petty speculation.
An antisocial orientation that brings harm, but does not pose a danger to the main conditions of social life. It is possessed by persons committing minor thefts, hooligan actions, abusing alcoholic beverages.
Criminal (socially dangerous) orientation, threatening the conditions of social life - murder, self-mutilation, theft of socialist property, state and war crimes.
Depending on the predominance of certain motives, the motivational and incentive sphere of the offender's personality is differentiated:
) selfish-utilitarian motivation of behavior;
) motivation of social prestige;
) self-affirmation motivation;
) motives of hooligan motives;
) motives of mischief;
) suicidal motivation (suicide);
) personalized (personal) motivation of behavior;
) low motivation;
) antisocial motivation.
Any behavior is based on one or another motive. According to lawyers, crimes are committed mainly out of self-interest, revenge, jealousy, hooligan, sexual motives. The motive in psychology is defined as the subject of need, its concretization. It is the needs that determine the direction of the motives. Interacting with each other, motives strengthen or weaken each other, enter into conflicts, the result of which can be criminal behavior too. Leading motives give personal meaning to behavior. For example, theft can be based not only on selfish motives, but also on self-affirmation motives. Based on the results of numerous studies, the following main motives for antisocial activity can be distinguished: self-affirmation motives; protective motives; replacement motives; game motives; self-justification motives.
Motives for self-affirmation. The need for self-affirmation is manifested in the desire of a person to affirm himself in the social, socio-psychological and individual terms (the motive of self-affirmation). Most often, the person is not aware of this process. Robbers of a prestigious type, for example, seek to achieve a certain social status or maintain it in any way, including criminal ones. If this becomes impossible for them, then they will perceive failure as a life catastrophe.
Self-affirmation is the most common motive for rape. The experience of his own inferiority, inferiority as a man fixes him on a frustrating object (a woman in general). The desire to get rid of addiction and, at the same time, to establish himself in the male role can push such a person to commit a crime, rape. The most dangerous serial sexual murders, which are based on motives:
sexual attacks on women, accompanied by manifestations of special cruelty, behind which is the need to get rid of psychological dependence, from a woman as an abstract image with great power.
social or biological rejection (real or imaginary) by a woman gives rise to a person's fear of losing their social and biological status. Completely dominating the victim, the offender asserts himself.
Attacks on adolescents and, especially, on children are often explained by unconscious motives for removing and venting severe psycho-traumatic childhood experiences associated with emotional rejection by parents, with humiliation through their fault. Here the victim acts as a symbol, and the offender destroys this image, thus trying to free himself from constant painful experiences. In this case, the displacement motive appears.
obtaining sexual satisfaction and even orgasm at the sight of the torment and agony of the victim. This is purely sadistic motivation.
Protective motivation. A significant number of murders, many researchers believe, have a subjective, as a rule, unconscious sense of protection from an external threat, which in reality may not exist (protective motives). In this case, the fear of possible aggression usually stimulates pre-emptive aggressive actions.
replacement motives. The essence of violent crimes according to the mechanism of substitutive actions is that if the initial goal becomes unattainable for some reason, then the person seeks to replace it with another, more accessible one (substitution motives). Thanks to the "replacement" actions, there is a discharge (removal) of neuropsychic tension in a state of frustration. "Replacement" of actions, i.e. displacement in the object of attack, can occur in different ways:
by "generalization" or "spreading" of behavior, when violent impulses are directed not only against the persons who are the source of frustration, but also against their relatives, acquaintances, etc.
through emotional transfer. For example, a teenager who hates his stepfather ruins his things.
aggression in "replacement" actions is directed against inanimate objects or strangers who turn up under the arm. This is the so-called respondent aggression, the most dangerous, since defenseless people often act as its object.
auto-aggression, i.e. turning aggression on oneself. Not being able to “splash out” his hostility outside, a person begins to scold himself, and often inflicts various injuries on himself.
Game motives. Gaming is one of the main motives for criminal behavior. The representatives of the criminal players are those who commit crimes not only for material gain, but also for the sake of a game that delivers thrills. Game motives are often found in the criminal actions of pickpockets and often those who steal from apartments, shops and other premises. These motives are clearly manifested in fraud, where intellectual confrontation is carried out, a competition in dexterity, ingenuity, the ability to make the most of favorable circumstances and make decisions quickly. Card cheats are playing a double game, as it were, both by the rules and by deceiving, thereby getting the maximum experience from risk.
Researchers have identified two types of personality among criminal players and, accordingly, two types of such motivation: 1) active gaming; 2) game demonstrative.
Representatives of the gaming active type are distinguished by their ability for prolonged activity and impulsiveness. They experience a constant attraction to thrills, which pushes them to look for exciting risky situations. Extroverts, they need external stimulation, are extremely sociable, contact. Indulging in the most desperate adventures, they do not feel fear of possible exposure and do not think about the consequences. By “playing” with the law and accomplices, they risk their freedom and the threat of reprisal from accomplices, since the main motive of their behavior is to get thrills.
The game demonstrative personality type is characterized by the desire to make a strong impression on others, to take a leading position in a criminal group. Possessing artistic abilities, plastic behavior, they easily adapt to a changing situation, which helps them to commit crimes.
Self-justification motives. The universal motive of criminal behavior is the motive of self-justification - the denial of guilt and, as a result, the lack of remorse for what has been done. The motives for self-justification of criminal behavior are manifested in:
a distorted view of a criminal situation, in which the importance of some elements is selectively exaggerated and the role of others is downplayed, resulting in the illusion that criminal punishment is not mandatory;
exclusion of responsibility for the occurrence of a criminal situation, which is understood as a fatal combination of circumstances;
depicting oneself as a victim of coercion, treachery, deceit and deception of other persons or one's own mistakes and delusions, which led to unlawful actions;
belief in the formality of the violated norms, the routine of such actions, due to which they are regarded as permissible;
denial of the victim of the crime and the subject of the criminal assault and thereby ignoring the harmful consequences and public danger of the act;
belittling and embellishing one's role in the committed crime;
ennobling the true motives of their actions, as a result of which they seem excusable and even legitimate (defense of justice, etc.);
considering oneself as a victim of abnormal living conditions, an environment that, as it were, inevitably pushed to commit a crime;
hypertrophy of one's own personal qualities, the assertion of one's exclusivity, which puts the person, in his opinion, above the law.
personality criminal motive psychological
1.3 Psychological characteristics of the offender's personality. Psychological types of criminals
The psychological characteristics of a person (including the personality of a criminal) are understood as a relatively stable set of individual qualities that determine typical forms of behavior. The results of an empirical study of the personality of criminals in comparison with law-abiding citizens indicate the presence of some distinctive features in the structure of personality.
It has been established that criminals differ from non-criminals at the statistical level by very significant psychological characteristics, which determine their illegal behavior. “In other words,” notes Yu.M. Antonyan, - the concept of a criminal's personality can be filled with this psychological content. Since these psychological traits are involved in the formation of the moral character of the individual, there is reason to assert that criminals differ from non-criminals in general in moral and legal specificity. The results of the study allow us to give a psychological portrait of the examined criminals and highlight their characteristic personality traits.
Poor social adjustment, general dissatisfaction with one's position in society.
Impulsivity, which manifests itself in reduced self-control of one's behavior, rash actions, emotional immaturity.
Violation or deformity of normative control. They assess the social situation not from the standpoint of moral and legal requirements, but on the basis of personal experiences, grievances, desires. In a word, they are characterized by a persistent violation of social adaptation.
Communication disorders. Inability to establish contacts with others, inability to take the point of view of another, look at oneself from the outside. This, in turn, reduces the possibility of adequate orientation, produces the emergence of affectively saturated ideas associated with the idea of hostility on the part of people around and society as a whole. All taken together forms such traits as self-absorption, isolation, isolation, on the one hand, and aggressiveness, suspicion, on the other.
The considered psychological traits are not equally characteristic of different categories of criminals. The most peculiar among them are robbers. They are more adapted, better oriented in social norms and requirements, more restrained, and can control their behavior well. They are also more sociable and, as a rule, do not experience difficulties in establishing social contacts, are distinguished by the least mental tension, and a relatively high level of assimilation of social norms.
Selfish-violent criminals are characterized by impulsive behavior, disregard for social norms, and aggressiveness. They are distinguished by the lowest intellectual and volitional control, increased hostility to the environment. They have a hard time acquiring moral and legal norms. Infantile traits, manifested in a tendency to directly satisfy emerging desires and needs, are combined with a violation of the general normative regulation of behavior, uncontrollability and suddenness of actions. They are distinguished by significant alienation from the social environment, general rigidity and persistence of affect.
Thieves are similar to mercenary violent criminals, but their psychological characteristics are much less pronounced. They are more socially adapted, less impulsive, have less rigidity and persistence of affect. They are distinguished by a higher flexibility of behavior, which is characterized by a relatively low level of anxiety. They are the most sociable, with well-developed communication skills and are more eager to establish interpersonal contacts. Their aggressiveness is much lower, and they can control their behavior to a greater extent. For them, self-accusation for previously committed antisocial actions is less characteristic.
Abusers are characterized by such traits as a tendency to dominate and overcome obstacles. They have the lowest sensitivity in interpersonal contacts (callingness). The intellectual control of behavior is as low as that of acquisitive violent criminals. They are characterized by a deliberate demonstration of the male model of behavior, impulsiveness, rigidity, social alienation, impaired adaptation.
Killers are “... most often impulsive people with high anxiety and strong emotional excitability, who, first of all, concentrate on their own experiences, and in behavior are guided only by their own interests. They have no idea of the value of another person's life, the slightest empathy. They are unstable in their social connections and relationships, prone to conflicts with others. From other criminals killers are distinguished by emotional instability, high reactivity of behavior, exceptional subjectivity (bias) of perception and assessment of what is happening. They are internally disorganized, their high anxiety gives rise to such traits as suspicion, suspiciousness, vindictiveness, which in most cases are combined with anxiety, tension, irritability.
Killers (hired killers) have made murder-for-hire their profession, a source of solid monetary rewards. Killers are distinguished by great caution, attentiveness, mobility, and resourcefulness. Usually they carefully prepare for "work", inspect the site of a future assassination attempt, determine the points from which they will fire a shot, camouflage methods, escape routes, and the location of vehicles. Explosions, and even more so fires, are used less frequently. There were cases in criminal practice of the use of poisons, as well as radioactive substances that cause a slow but certain death. In more rare cases, death is "organized" as a result of an accident in a car accident.
The hired killer is impassive, emotionally alienated from other people. Often it is characterized by necrophilic features - the desire to destroy the living. Let's add to the general characteristics of the killers their emotional balance, calmness and ability not to attract attention to themselves.
Separately characterize women criminals. The most common feature of their character is demonstrativeness (the desire to attract attention). It is demonstrativeness that determines aggressive criminal manifestations, performs the function of self-affirmation. Women who have committed violent crimes against a person are characterized by high impulsivity. They are more susceptible to an affective state. Although it should be added that, unlike male criminals, they often have a sense of guilt for their criminal act. Some researchers emphasize that female criminal behavior is generally characterized by emotionality, while male behavior is logical.
Persons who have committed careless crimes are fundamentally different in their psychological characteristics from persons who have committed intentional crimes. For careless criminals, it is typical to lay the blame for failures, losses on themselves, in contrast to deliberate criminals, who are characterized by a tendency to blame others for everything. Careless criminals are also characterized by a high level of anxiety, a tendency to unrest under stress and excessive self-control, and show self-doubt. In extreme situations, they are easily lost and tend to react emotionally rather than rationally to threats. All this leads to disorganized behavior in an emergency, an increase in the number of errors. We add that the presence of such persons in a state of alcoholic intoxication contributes to the maximum increase in accidents in traffic conditions.
The most important structural element of criminal psychology is the psychology of criminal groups. A traditional criminal group is defined as a small informal group uniting on the basis of joint illegal activities of people striving to achieve a common criminal goal. The main patterns of the formation of a criminal group:
voluntary association;
common goal of joint activity;
the constant expansion of criminal activity;
the formation of criminal groups from simple associations to high-level groups of organization;
the existence of an internal psychological structure of the group;
nomination of the leader of a criminal group.
Practical task
Psychologically analyze the Labor Code of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2001 No. 197-FZ, and evaluate the content of the legislative act according to the criteria:
a) understandability for the "average" citizen;
b) assessment and attitude to individual provisions and the entire act (approving, negative, neutral);
c) the degree of real motivating and regulating influence (will be carried out, will not be, it is difficult to say).
Analyze and evaluate the same act in terms of the psychological nature of the design, using the same criteria.
Would it be your power to change the analyzed legislative act, approaching it from the standpoint of legal psychology?
I. Psychologically analyze the Labor Code of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2001 No. 197-FZ, and evaluate the content of the legislative act according to the criteria:
a) The Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Labor Code of the Russian Federation) is aimed at a wide range of citizens. It reflects the basics of Russian labor legislation and serves as the foundation for resolving labor disputes. However, there is difficulty in understanding a legal document due to the use of a specific legal language in it; the legislator in numerous articles allows for "ambiguity" and the Labor Code of the Russian Federation is impossible without referring to a number of other articles and sections of the Labor Code. Thus, the content of Art. 56 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation becomes clear only if there is a general idea of the labor law of Russia. In turn, to understand the meaning of labor law, the concept of an employment contract is of paramount importance.
It is difficult for the average citizen to follow the provisions of the Code, because often a violation of the principle of unity of legal terminology is allowed, i.e. the use of synonyms in the designation of the same legal concepts. Thus, the legislator used the terms "termination" and "cancellation" of the employment contract as equivalent. The use of the phrase “termination of an employment contract” in the Code is incorrect from the point of view of the Russian language. You can terminate an employment relationship, not a contract.
b) The assessment of the entire Labor Code of the Russian Federation is neutral, to individual acts - negative, because. certain provisions of the Code are at odds with the vital interests and needs of citizens; the presence of "ambiguity"; in addition, there are a lot of evaluative concepts in the legal document. Evaluative concepts give rise to ambiguities in the process of law enforcement, are the cause of different interpretations of the rules of law, evaluative concepts allow different subjects to evaluate the same circumstance differently within the framework of the rule of law, which is the basis for disagreement. Thus, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has repeatedly pointed out in its decisions that evaluative concepts are filled with content depending on how they are interpreted by citizens and law enforcement practice, but they are so vague that they do not provide a uniform understanding and application of the relevant legal provisions. .
c) Since there is nothing alternative, therefore, the norms of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation are used and will be implemented.
a) understandability for the "average" citizen:
a normative legal act is regarded as a purely legal instrument and gives hope for justice;
b) the psychological properties of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation are not detected, reflecting the ability of the subject of lawmaking and the right of implementation to understand the psychological reality and reflect in their norms the relationship with it in the interests of effectively strengthening law and order.
The assessment of the Code is neutral. The legal consciousness of the legislator requires adequate perception from the citizens of psychology, the implementation of the legal norms and legal acts adopted by them, while it itself has not yet been properly formed and admits inaccuracies.
c) as already noted, there is a “duality” of interpretation in the document.
From the point of view of legal psychology, I would change the technique of the legal language of the document so that people correctly understand their legal meaning. At the same time, an analysis of individual shortcomings of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation allows us to conclude that their elimination does not always require the intervention of the legislator. So, in some cases, the meaning of the norm can be established with the help of legal hermeneutics. It considers any law as a whole, which should be understood through its constituent parts. This allows interpreting individual norms not in isolation from each other, but taking into account the entire normative act.
Conclusion
Thus, in the first chapter of this work, we studied the basics of criminal psychology, the psychological characteristics of the personality of the criminal and the types of criminals.
Criminal psychology is a branch of legal (legal) psychology that studies the psychological patterns of the formation of illegal attitudes and their implementation in criminal behavior, as well as developing methods and techniques for combating illegal attitudes of the individual in order to prevent crime.
Criminal psychology reveals the psychological mechanisms of criminal behavior. The personality of the offender as a whole is a social and psychological type, different from other personalities. The criminal as a social type of personality differs from representatives of other social types in that he is socially dangerous.
The actual tasks of criminal psychology include the study of the role and correlation of social and individual psychological factors in the genesis of criminal behavior, the motivation of various types of offenses, the role of various motives in criminal behavior, the characteristics of mental states in a criminal act, the psychology of group crimes and recidivism.
The second chapter is devoted to the psychological analysis of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
List of used literature
1.Labor Code of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2001 N 197-FZ (as amended on December 29, 2012) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of January 7, 2002. - No. 1 (part 1). - Art. 3.
2.Aminov I.I. Legal psychology / I.I. Aminov. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2009. - 272 p.
.Vasiliev A.V. Legal Psychology: Textbook / A.V. Vasiliev. - St. Petersburg: Piter, 2009. - 608 p.
.Geikhman V.L. Commentary on the Labor Code of the Russian Federation V.L. Geikhman, E.N. Sidorenko. - M.: Yurayt, 2011. - 944 p.
.Enikeev M.I. Legal psychology. Short training course / M.I. Enikeev. M.: Norma, 2003. - 256 p.
.Sorochan V.V. Legal psychology / V.V. Sorochan. - M.: MIEMP, 2012. - 105 p.
.Chufarovsky Yu.V. Legal psychology: textbook / Yu.V. Chufarovsky Yu.V. - M .: Law and Law, 2004. - 320 p.
.Shikhantsov G.G. Legal psychology: a textbook for higher educational institutions / G.G. Shikhantsov. - M.: NORMA-INFRA-M, 2007. - 272 p.
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Have you ever wondered why people commit crimes, what motivates them to break the law? We think that at least you had such thoughts, at least while watching popular detective series. Meanwhile, there are people who study this problem professionally. There is even a special area of psychology that studies the behavior of criminals - criminal psychology. Today we will briefly tell you about what exactly she explores, what she focuses on and what conclusions she leads to.
Criminal psychology: directions of research and theoretical tasks
Criminal psychology is a special section of legal psychology, which in turn is one of the sections. It deals with the study of mental phenomena that serve as the basis of criminal acts, as well as the criminal acts themselves, the personalities of criminals, criminal groups and the conditions of crime in society.
The object of scientific research of criminal psychology is mental phenomena that lead to criminal behavior of individuals and groups of people. Crime itself in society also serves as an object.
More specifically, we can define several objects of scientific knowledge that criminal psychology deals with:
- mental phenomena, as a result of which criminogenic personalities and criminogenic groups are formed;
- mental phenomena that cause criminogenic defects in public consciousness;
- mental states and processes manifested in the criminal behavior of a person and groups of people (this includes the perception of objects of criminal encroachment and social situations, the motivation for criminal activity, the features of the formation of criminal intents, the features of decision-making on the commission of criminal acts, the implementation of criminal intents, etc.) ;
- criminogenic personality traits of people-criminals and criminal groups, which are subjective prerequisites for illegal behavior;
- features of public consciousness, acting as catalysts for crime in society.
The subject of criminal psychology consists in the types, qualitative characteristics, relationships of mental phenomena that produce the criminal behavior of people, groups of people and crime in society in general, as well as in the mechanisms and patterns by which the described phenomena are formed and manifested.
From this we can conclude that the subject of criminal psychology serves as an expression of aspects and forms of scientific description and interpretation of the objects of its study - mental phenomena that lead to criminal behavior. And the description and interpretation of these phenomena from the standpoint of science and the deepening of the knowledge gained should be considered the theoretical tasks of criminal psychology.
If we talk about the subject and theoretical tasks of this area of science in more detail, we can say that it is studying:
- psychological mechanisms and patterns of mental regulation of illegal behavior;
- psychological characteristics of various kinds of crimes and offenses;
- psychological mechanisms and patterns of personality formation prone to criminal acts;
- characteristics of socio-psychological phenomena characteristic of criminal social formations;
- psychological characteristics of different types of criminal groups of various sizes;
- types, structures and qualitative characteristics of the leading psychological properties of criminogenic personalities;
- psychological characteristics of the personality of criminals of various types;
- types and characteristics of socio-psychological phenomena in society that produce criminal phenomena, as well as the patterns by which they are formed;
- psychological patterns and mechanisms of the impact of social conditions on crime in certain social groups and society in general;
- psychological patterns of the impact of social conditions, the circumstances of situations and the behavior of victims as a result of criminal behavior.
But criminal psychology, of course, is not limited to theoretical tasks. They serve as the basis for the transition to the practical plane, i.e. to solving applied problems. We will talk about them in the next section, but first we suggest relaxing a little and solving a few problems on the topic of crimes and testing your observation, quick wit and deduction.
Criminal psychology: practical tasks
The practical tasks of criminal psychology are dictated by those areas where the scientific data obtained by criminal psychologists are used. However, they all come down to the fact that the methodological foundations of psychological research and analysis of different types of criminal acts and different types of personality of criminals and criminal groups are being developed, as well as the foundations for studying public legal consciousness.
Thanks to the data obtained through the study of objects of criminal psychology, it becomes possible to develop recommendations that allow us to more effectively solve problems and achieve the goals of a law enforcement nature.
Firstly, scientific information about the personality of people prone to crime, and knowledge about the mental regulation of illegal behavior are needed in order to investigate and solve crimes as efficiently as possible.
Secondly, this same knowledge is of great value for legal proceedings, because help to make a more correct assessment of the nature and characteristics of the crimes committed, to study their objective and subjective side.
Thirdly, psychological knowledge about the characteristics of a criminogenic personality makes it possible to correctly assess the personality of the perpetrator in order to assign an adequate punishment for him. And knowledge about the characteristics of criminal groups makes it possible to establish the roles of their participants and the degree of their participation, as well as the degree of mutual influence of their members and the features of intra-group interaction in the process of committing criminal acts.
An equally important role is played by psychological knowledge about a criminogenic personality both in the process of correcting convicted people and in the process of individual prevention of various kinds of crimes.
Knowledge about individual and socio-psychological phenomena that serve as internal causes of criminal acts, and knowledge about the impact of social conditions on the legal positions of people, are extremely important for the prevention of crime in society.
If we summarize what has been said, we will come to the conclusion that the information that criminal psychology operates on can be successfully applied (and does so) in many related areas of legal psychology: corrective, judicial, operational, expert, investigative, preventive and others.
At the same time, the methodology adopted by criminal psychology also plays an equally important role in practical activities. Of course, within the framework of one article, we are unlikely to be able to consider this issue in all its subtleties, but we can still present the main data.
Methodological base
The methodological base of criminal psychology is a whole complex of methods, categories and principles of research and scientific interpretation of mental phenomena that relate to its object. In addition, this base also consists of general psychological and particular specific scientific theories that serve as the basis for describing and interpreting mental phenomena - the causes of criminal behavior and crime in society.
In criminal psychology, categories common to psychology and theoretical knowledge related to its individual areas are used. Here we can distinguish that reveal the main psychological categories, such as:
- mental reflection;
- activity;
- consciousness;
- unconscious;
- installations;
- emotions;
- motivation, etc.
- causes and conditions of crime;
- crime;
- criminogenic personality;
- criminal behavior;
- victim behavior, etc.
Great attention in criminal psychology is paid to the psychological aspect of the phenomena denoting all of the above terms. Specialists are guided by general psychological theories and develop specific scientific theoretical provisions related exclusively to criminal psychology.
Serious help in the practice of criminal psychology is also scientific information, phenomena and concepts from the field of other humanities and social sciences. These are psychiatry, and pedagogy, and ethics, and sociology, and social philosophy, and other areas that in one way or another come into contact with the study of human behavior.
It should be noted that the results of scientific research and scientific developments in the field of criminal psychology are also used by many of the listed branches of psychology, the humanities, social and legal sciences. For example, for a systematic psychological explanation of the prosocial behavior of a person, one must have knowledge about the mechanisms and patterns of illegal behavior.
The same can be attributed to the scientific approach to the problem of educating a socially respectable person. In order to understand and reveal this problem, it is necessary to have knowledge about phenomena of an opposite nature, such as criminogenic personality defects and the patterns by which they are formed.
Returning to the legal sciences, one can notice that knowledge from the field of criminal psychology contributes to a deeper development of criminological teachings about the personality of a person prone to crime, conditions, causes and prevention of crime. Criminal law is also developing, because. there is an opportunity to better understand the subjective side of the crime, the identity of the perpetrators, specific circumstances that can mitigate or aggravate responsibility.
For the theory of penitentiary law, criminal psychology serves as a source of valuable information about the characteristics of the personality of a convicted person and the degree of his correction. And for the theory of state and law - a source of knowledge about legal consciousness and other equally important phenomena.
In addition, it was the development of criminal psychology that served as the origin, which can be considered as one of its practical methods.
The fundamental ideas and rules for obtaining and interpreting scientific facts relating to the object and subject of criminal psychology research are its principles. These principles can be divided into three large groups: general psychological, philosophical and concrete scientific.
Among the general psychological principles are:
- the principle of interconnection and interdependence of mental properties, states and processes;
- the principle of personality formation and development in the process of activity, cognition and communication;
- the principle of personal approach;
- the principle of unity of consciousness and activity.
Philosophical principles are:
- the principle of development, which states that mental phenomena are formed, changed, transformed and ceased, and they must be considered in this way;
- the principle of consistency, according to which mental phenomena need to be studied in their entirety, to single out among them the most significant and dependent on them, to build their structures and reveal interrelations;
- the principle of determinism, on the basis of which social conditions and mental phenomena have causal relationships.
As for specific scientific principles, they include:
- the principle of a differentiated approach to the psychological study of the personality of criminals, criminal groups and criminal acts, calling for distinguishing different types of criminals and criminal groups, studying the features of the formation and mechanisms of various kinds of criminal acts, and also establishing their qualitative differences;
- the principle of the criminogenetic approach to explain the formation of a criminal's personality, which requires taking into account the influence of life circumstances and the social environment, the influence of a person's activities and actions throughout life on the formation of his social and legal orientation and legal consciousness;
- the principle of the hierarchy of criminogenic factors of crime, according to which the study of internal and external causes and conditions of criminal behavior occurs in such a way that all this is differentiated based on how significant they are;
- the principle of the primacy of personal prerequisites for criminal behavior, based on the idea of free will of a person and determining that personal qualities (internal prerequisites) act as a catalyst for criminal behavior, and the circumstances of the social situation are not predetermining when committing illegal actions.
It is impossible not to say about the research methods used in criminal psychology. In fact, there is nothing unusual here, because all these methods are used in other areas of psychological science. These include:
- conversation;
- observation;
- interview;
- testing;
- interview;
- biographical method;
- analysis of products of activity (here they are criminal acts);
- analysis of independent characteristics;
- expert review;
- experiment.
With the help of these methods, specialists in the field of criminal psychology develop special methods for the study of mental phenomena that come into contact with its objects. The use of these methods and psychological research methods derived from them allows solving specific problems of criminal psychology, both scientific and applied. Now let's sum up.
Briefly about the meaning of criminal psychology
So, what can be said (besides what we have already talked about) in general about the significance of criminal psychology? Why is it necessary to study the characteristics of the personality of a criminal, criminal groups and other related issues so carefully and scrupulously?
First of all, it should be noted that these requirements are prescribed by law. The principle of individualization of punishment, which plays a huge role in society, is based on them. This principle is the most important sign of a civilized and humane attitude towards the human person.
Criminal psychology allows you to make correct and adequate conclusions about the motives of crimes, which are their subjective side. And this can already be safely called the basis of the professional qualification of committed illegal actions.
On the other hand, knowledge about the motives of criminals contributes to the development of measures for an adequate and effective educational impact on individuals in a correctional regime. Such information helps to clearly establish what exactly needs to be subjected to resocialization through a change in values, attitudes, norms and values of a person.
The information base provided by criminal psychology greatly simplifies and facilitates the process of preliminary investigation - pre-trial investigation of crimes, as well as carrying out preventive work necessary for the early suppression of illegal actions.
And, finally, criminal psychology makes it possible to adequately and fully explain the motives of criminals and convey them to their own consciousness, which often helps such people and their difficulties, and therefore take responsibility for their actions and actions.
Thus, criminal psychology is of great importance for society, contributing to the effective prevention and investigation of criminal acts, as well as explaining the psychological characteristics of a criminogenic personality and the motives of the crimes committed.
But, of course, as we said, it is impossible to consider such a complex topic in all its details within the framework of one article. Therefore, if you want to study it in detail, we can advise you to read thematic literature.
- A. F. Zelinsky "Criminal psychology"
- F. S. Safuanov "Psychology of criminal aggression"
- S. V. Poznyshev “Criminal psychology. Criminal types»
- V. F Pirozhkov "Criminal psychology"
- V. V. Sobolnikov "Fundamentals of criminal psychology"
- Cesare Lambroso "Criminal Man"
- Gabriel Tarde "Criminal and the mob"
- Robert D. Hare “Deprived of conscience. The frightening world of psychopaths"
- Kurt Bartol "Psychology of criminal behavior"
- Philip Zimbardo The Lucifer Effect. Why good people turn into villains
criminal psychology
(from lat. criminalis - criminal) - area legal psychology. K. p. studies the psychological mechanisms of offenses and the psychology of offenders, the problems of education, structure, functioning and disintegration of criminal groups. Russian criminal psychology rejects the doctrine of a “born criminal” and implements the dialectical-materialist principle of development, which determines the study of the entire variety of phenomena, primarily social ones, that influence the formation of the psychological characteristics of offenders.
Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: PHOENIX. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .
criminal psychology Etymology.
Comes from lat. criminalis - criminal, Greek. psyche - soul + logos - teaching.
Category.branch of legal psychology.
Specificity.It studies the formation of illegal activities and the possibilities of its prevention. Among the main factors contributing to the formation of illegal activities are: character deviations, the negative impact of the social environment, pedagogical neglect.
Psychological Dictionary. THEM. Kondakov. 2000 .
See what "criminal psychology" is in other dictionaries:
criminal psychology- (English Criminal psychology, from Latin criminalis criminal) is a field of legal psychology that studies the psychological mechanisms of offenses and the psychology of offenders, problems of education, structure, functioning and ... ... Wikipedia
Criminal Psychology- a branch of legal psychology that studies the formation of illegal activities and the possibilities of its prevention. Among the main factors contributing to the formation of illegal activities are: deviations of character, negative ... ... Psychological Dictionary
criminal psychology- [lat. criminalis criminal] area of legal psychology. K. p. studies the psychological mechanisms of offenses and the psychology of offenders, the problems of education, structure, functioning and disintegration of criminal groups. In domestic K. p ... Psychological lexicon
A general section of psychology that studies the patterns and mechanisms of mental activity in the sphere of relations regulated by law, psychological manifestations in the context of the application of legal norms and in the implementation of legal activities. Strives... ...
PSYCHOLOGY LEGAL Law Dictionary
- (English correctional psychology) a branch of legal (legal) psychology that studies mental phenomena caused by the use of criminal punishment, and the process of re-education of persons convicted of crimes (see also Delict). P. and. ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
Psychology- The request "Psychologist" is redirected here. A separate article is needed on this topic ... Wikipedia
legal psychology- a scientific and practical discipline (a branch of applied psychology) that studies the manifestation and use of mental patterns in the field of legal regulation. P.Yu. includes sections: criminal psychology, forensic psychology, psychology ... ... Big Law Dictionary
The field of legal psychology. He studies the formation of illegal activity and the possibility of its prevention, the psychological mechanisms of offenses and the psychology of offenders, the problems of education, structure, functioning and decay ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
PSYCHOLOGY CRIMINAL- a branch of legal psychology that studies the psychology of criminal offenders and the psychological mechanisms of committing crimes ... Law Dictionary
Books
- Criminal psychology. Criminal types: on the psychological study of personality as a subject of behavior in general and on the study of the personality of a criminal in particular, Poznyshev S.V. his…