Polygyny polyandry polygamy. Family relations (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, polygyny). Polygyny - one husband, several wives
The family as a unit of society arose a very long time ago. In ancient times, people understood the need to unite in families in order to preserve and increase the family, the benefits received from nature and obtained in other ways, etc.
However, already in ancient times, several forms of marriage were formed, implying either the presence of only two partners and fidelity throughout life, or the presence of several spouses at the same time.
Monogamy and polygamy as forms of marriage
originated in ancient times. He served as a support for preserving the benefits within the clan, increasing the number of the community and other goals.However, two forms appeared almost immediately:
- polygamy, when one person has several partners;
- monogamy - remaining faithful to one partner for life.
These are two opposite concepts that cause a lot of controversy to this day. In some cultures, countries, polygyny is recognized at the state level, in others, on the contrary, it is prohibited. This is due to the formation of attitudes towards marriage at the national level, through the development of a particular people and other factors.
Not registered in Russia. However, monogamy in its pure form in modern conditions is also rare. This is due to the admissibility of entering into a new marriage after the completion of the previous one, which is no longer monogamy.
Goals and psychology of polygamous marriage
This form of family relationship has certain goals and philosophy.
The main purpose of such a union is to reduce the number of unmarried (unmarried) representatives of a certain sex in the nation.
In addition, this form clearly allows you to increase the offspring in the first two generations.
The psychology of a polygamous marriage is more inherent. This is due to the reinforcement of the idea at the religious level and the explanation of the need for such marriages.
Most often, it is polygamy that is meant, and a woman in such a union acts as a slave and a subordinate. She is completely dependent on a man and is deprived of many of the rights that are available to him. However, on the other hand, it is completely on his provision.
Today, polygamy is manifested not only in polygamy, but also in the change of partners, the presence of several parallel relationships, etc. Since monogamy involves one marriage for life, today it practically does not occur. All other forms of marriage and relationships are polygamous to some extent.
Advantages and disadvantages
The final list of advantages and disadvantages of such a form of marriage as polygamy is determined by society and the individual personally. For some, it is unacceptable and unacceptable; in other states and established traditions, it is the only true one. Among the relative advantages are the following:
- an increase in the birth rate in the first generations of such marriages;
- a decrease in the number of unmarried (unmarried) representatives of the sex that is less in the nation;
- variety in relationships.
All benefits are subjective. Proponents of monogamy might consider them to be disadvantages.
However, polygamy has a number of disadvantages that even its supporters can agree with:
- increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases;
- reduction in population growth in the third and subsequent generations. Scientists have proven that it is with this that, first of all, the emergence of monogamy is connected. Polygamy gives a large increase in offspring in the first few generations, but for a number of reasons it decreases in subsequent ones;
- the need to support and support several spouses or partners, etc.
Distribution area
Forms
A polyandrous family can act in two forms:
- fraternal(gr. φρατρία - Brotherhood), fraternal- a common household with one woman is formed by several brothers. This form of polyandry is usually associated with the gender imbalance resulting from the practice of killing baby girls.
- non-fraternal, unrelated- several unrelated men marry a woman who has a high social status.
At the same time, men share economic obligations and the right to sexual access to a woman.
Biandria
A type of polyandry is biandria(from lat. bis - twice, and other Greek. ἀνήρ - husband) - a form of marriage in which a woman has two husbands at the same time.
Literature
- Peter, Prince of Greece, A Study of Polyandry, The Hague: Mouton, 1963
- Korotaev A. V. On the problem of South Arabian polyandry // Abstracts of the Conference of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences / Ed. S.V. Volkov. M.: Nauka, 1988, pp. 25-27.
see also
Notes
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Synonyms:See what "Polyandry" is in other dictionaries:
Polyandry ... Spelling Dictionary
- (lit. polyandry) 1) a form of marriage when a woman has several husbands at the same time; 2) into the bot. the presence of many stamens in one flower. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907. POLYANDRY (Greek, from ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Polygamy, polyandry, polyandry, polygamy. Ant. monogamy Dictionary of Russian synonyms. polyandry see polyandry Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova ... Synonym dictionary
Polyandry- Type of mating organization, when females mate with several males, and each male mates with only one female. Sometimes males alternately mate with the female, and she divides her attention between them (classical polyandry). With another… … Great Psychological Encyclopedia
polyandry- and, well. polyandrie f. gr. poly many + andres husbands. specialist. One of the surviving forms of marriage in which a woman has several husbands; polyandry. ALS 1. Two or three more women were executed, either who wished, or following the example of husbands, polyandry, ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
polyandry- and polyandry is acceptable ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian
- (from poly... and Greek. aner gen. n. andros husband) (polyandry), a rare form of group marriage in which a woman has several husbands, usually brothers. In the 19th century existed among the Aleuts and some groups of Eskimos; later preserved by some ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
POLYANDRY, polyandry, pl. no, female (from Greek poly many and andres husbands) (ethnol.). Type of polygamy (see) a form of marriage in which one woman has several husbands. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
- (from poly ... and Greek aner, genus andros case male, husband), a form of sexual relations, when one female mates with several during the breeding season. males. P. is found in sec. groups of invertebrates (starfish, crustaceans) and ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
- (from Greek polys numerous and apeg husband) eng. polyandry; German polyandrie. a form of group marriage, in which a woman has several husbands at the same time, who are brothers to each other (fraternal P.) or who are not related. Antinazi.… … Encyclopedia of Sociology
POLYANDRY- [from poly... and Greek. aner (andros) husband], female sexual relations with several males during the breeding season. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. Chisinau: Main edition of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Grandpa. 1989... Ecological dictionary
Books
- What has been done on family history? Essay on the current state of the issue of primitive forms of family and marriage, Maksimov A.N. Readers are offered a book by a well-known Russian ethnographer, one of the largest theorists in the field of the history of primitive society A.N. Maksimov (1872-1941), dedicated to ...
Polygamy in antiquity and now: features and varieties of polygamous marital relations. Prerequisites for the emergence of polygamy and polyandry.
Modern psychologists and sociologists are increasingly talking about polygamy, both literally and figuratively. The destruction of traditional morality made possible the most diverse forms of family relations, and marriage or sexual relations with several people of the opposite sex no longer seemed something wild, even for many residents of Russia and Europe.
Polygamy: what is it
Polygamy is an ancient type of marriage in which a representative of one of the sexes is in a marital relationship with several people of the opposite sex. There are two types of such relationships:
Polygyny, or polygamy;
and polyandry, otherwise - polyandry.
Both forms appeared in ancient times and are associated with the peculiarities of the life of the people. However, in the modern world, polygamous marriages are quite common. Even in those countries where polygamy is legally prohibited, adultery is observed, which psychologists also consider one of the manifestations of polygamy.
Historical reasons for polygamy
Polygyny can be considered one of the most ancient forms of marriage: researchers believe that such relationships appeared during the transition from gathering to agriculture. They were common among many ancient peoples of the world: Jews, Egyptians, Chinese, Medes, Romans, ancient inhabitants of India.
The Torah and the Old Testament mention that the "fathers" of the Jewish people - Abraham and Jacob - had several wives. And the famous King Solomon was the husband of 700 women! However, the Russian prince Vladimir the Baptist was in no way inferior to his southern neighbors: according to the annals, he had several legal wives and about 1000 concubines in different cities.
The main reason for polygyny can be considered endless tribal wars. In the battles, the men were the first to die. To ensure the rapid reproduction of the population and save the people from extinction, a rule appeared according to which a man had to give a son to several women. Over time, the vital necessity grew into a tradition: a large number of wives was evidence of the wealth and masculine strength of a warrior.
Attitudes towards polygamy in different countries of the world
Polygyny developed in many countries of the world, although the attitude of society towards this was ambiguous. In some nations, polygamy was allowed only as long as the population growth did not reach a certain level. After that, a ban on polygamous marriages was announced.
In modern countries, there are several legal approaches to this form of marriage:
1. In the Middle East, with the exception of Turkey, this form of marriage exists quite officially.
2. In the states of Central Asia, polygamy is prohibited. But, for example, in Tajikistan the law does not forbid a man to have, in addition to one official wife, 2-3 unregistered families.
3. In the countries of the Transcaucasus and the North Caucasus, the first marriage, as a rule, is officially registered, and subsequent marriages take place in a mosque.
4. In Afghanistan, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, this issue is approached even more simply: a man can take as many wives as he can provide a decent standard of living.
5. In Russia, Western Europe, the USA and Canada, only monogamous marriages are allowed at the state level. Although some European countries recognize polygamous marriages concluded in another country. This law applies only to immigrants from Muslim countries.
6. But in countries such as Mauritania and Morocco, with the current polygamy, there are restrictions on the rights of men. So, the first wife, at the conclusion of marriage, can add to the marriage contract a clause prohibiting remarriage for her husband.
In many Islamic states that allow polygamy, there are other restrictions. So, the Koran states that a man can have no more than 4 wives. In this case, you will have to document the financial situation sufficient to support several women, and obtain the consent of the first wife.
What is polyandry and polygyny?
Polyandry, the second form of polygamy, is less common in the world than polygyny. This is a form of marriage where a woman has two or more husbands.
Polyandry was found among those ancient tribes where a shortage of the female sex was manifested for a long time. However, other reasons are also possible:
The high status of women associated with the peculiarities of housekeeping (for example, gathering);
A small number of territories suitable for agriculture, which is why all the men of one generation try to marry one woman so as not to divide the allotments for each small family;
Belief in the possibility of conceiving a child by several fathers;
Difficult living conditions, in which a monogamous family is not able to cultivate infertile land and in order to provide food for children, the efforts of several adult men are necessary.
Polyandry in the modern world
Today, polyandry exists in only a few countries:
Northern India;
Mountainous Nepal;
Tibet District of China;
Nigeria;
Kenya;
Sri Lanka;
In Bhutan, among the small Minaro tribe;
And in the Marquesas, among the local natives.
In Tibet and the northern provinces of India, there is an unusual form of polyandry: officially, marriage is concluded with only one, the eldest man in the family, after which his brothers automatically become the wife of a woman. At the same time, all children born in such a family are called the father exclusively by the eldest of the mother’s husbands, and the rest are considered “uncles”.
Sometimes an outsider unmarried man is invited to a polyandrous family. This happens in the case of infertility of legal husbands and only with their consent.
"Unofficial" polygamy in modern society
Despite the fact that in most countries polygamy is prohibited by law, in fact this form of relations between men and women still exists. Many men, in addition to the legal wife, have one or more mistresses. If a man is financially wealthy, then he often provides not only for the women themselves, but also for their children; that is, actually lives on two families.
Psychologists note that most men are polygamous by nature and are not able to experience sexual attraction to only one woman all their lives. At the same time, an affair on the side does not always mean that the spouse has fallen out of love with his “second half”.
Women, according to psychologists, are less susceptible to the desire to change partners and search for new love adventures. However, representatives of the "fair sex" often have a lover, and sometimes more than one. True, unlike male infidelity, it usually means a cooling of feelings for a legal spouse.
Psychological prerequisites for polygamy in the 21st century
Psychologists name several reasons under the influence of which men prefer polygamous relationships, even in those states where such a form of marriage is prohibited by law:
The desire to receive more care and affection from a woman;
search for new vivid impressions and the desire to diversify your sex life;
dissatisfaction in married life;
the desire to get an heir (this is especially important for Muslim countries, where a man who has not been able to conceive a son is perceived in society as not quite full-fledged).
In addition, for many modern people, a large number of sexual partners is regarded as a certain indicator of success. And this applies not only to men, but also to some women.
Another criterion for the typology of marriage and the family is Number of marriage partners. In this case, distinguish Monogamy - marriage between one man and one woman, and polygamy - a marriage that includes several partners. Polygamy is divided into two variants: polygyny (polygamy) - the marriage of one man with two or more women, and polyandry (polyandry) - the marriage of several men with one woman.
Existence polygamy It can be explained from the standpoint of sociobiology, which sees in such a marriage an evolutionary genetic continuity with the mating behavior of higher primates. Emphasizing the differences in the innate strategies of sexual behavior of female and male individuals, it is assumed that the tendency to polygamy is more characteristic of men. Note that public opinion is more tolerant of such activity of men, and a woman is assigned the role of a “faithful wife and good mother,” for which monogamy is best suited.
Polygamy violates the natural, roughly equal proportion of men and women in society. In the history of mankind, situations are known when high mortality of men or women led, respectively, to polygamy or polyandry.
A hidden form of bigamy is also possible, as is the union of a married woman with a single man.
G.HaINAYmuc He cites a case from the practice of psychological counseling - the story of Tadas and Elena, who had a common child. Seekers of strong impressions, they needed precisely the “forbidden” love. The legal wife of Tadas was also satisfied with this system of relationships, since it allowed her to achieve complete power in the family. Tadas didn't stop there. Having lost the sharpness of sensations, he makes an acquaintance with the girl Lima, who lives in anticipation of "strong and unusual feelings." For Tadas, the number of women he conquered was the criterion of his success in life, the means of his self-affirmation. However, for another person, the duality of his status as a marriage partner is fraught with emotional tension and unpredictable consequences.
Polygamy breeds jealousy and rivalry among both men and women. Therefore, its strength depends on the potential of a man's autonomy, the adaptive capabilities of a woman, on emotional stability and the ability to compromise. The influence of traditions is also great, for example, among peoples who profess Islam.
Monogamy It prevails in most known societies, is a socially progressive form of marriage and has significant evolutionary potential. The development of marriage took place along the line of accumulation of normative restrictions on sexual freedom, and consequently, a decrease in the number of persons with whom an individual could have sexual relations. Monogamy owes its origin to economic reasons. The right of ownership of a man - husband and father was established, the definition of male origin and the right of inheritance on the paternal side were introduced, the birth of reliably known children-heirs was ensured.
Society evaluates a man and a woman differently, and this assessment is made on the basis of economic status. There are grounds for dominance in the family of the husband - the "breadwinner" and "breadwinner".
Classical monogamy is lifelong monogamy, Marriage enters a separate couple of times and for life, binding themselves with mutual obligations. Thus, the spouses and their entourage maintain a sense of the strength of marriage ties, but do not prevent cases of adultery. The main requirement for traditional monogamy is the unity of marriage, sexuality and procreation, as well as their specified sequence. Violations of the norms were sexual contacts before marriage, the birth of a child out of wedlock, the inherent value of sexual relations between husband and wife, and the sexual initiative of a woman. For non-compliance with these rules, sanctions of varying degrees of severity were relied upon. Under these conditions, the family had a monopoly on the regulation of sexual relations and on the reproduction of children.
At first, the marriage union was created on the basis of a preliminary agreement between the parents of the bride and groom. in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. marriage by mutual inclination begins to be practiced. The presence of non-economic motives for marriage strengthens monogamy.
In a psychological sense, monogamy is built Based on the selectivity of perception and attitude towards a partner: Far from all people we sympathize, and not in every interpersonal contact there is a feeling of mutual attraction. Even a loved one, we do not necessarily perceive as a future spouse. When choosing a life partner, each person is guided by his own psychological criteria, focuses on a special combination of qualities. Appearance and demeanor, interests, views and life credo, psychodynamic properties and character traits of the partner are evaluated. It is known that interpersonal attractiveness is supported by parameters that are of significant value to an individual or arouse his hopes for a favorable development of relations with a partner. At the same time, individualization of taste is observed: what is attractive to one person is unacceptable to another.
If the marriage choice is adequate (weighted, justified), a feeling of indispensability of the partner arises and the attitude towards long-term relationships is strengthened. In this regard, as a factor ensuring the stability of marriage, the duration of premarital acquaintance, courtship, during which partners can get to know each other better, is indicated.
Indeed, in order to create a sustainable union, the choice must be mutual, and the feelings experienced are shared by the other spouse. Moreover, it is necessary that the principle of "commensurability of exchange" should operate. Equilibrium is achieved if such an exchange from the point of view of partners is equivalent. For example, an outwardly unattractive woman can surround a handsome man with care, affection and attention.
As the length of their life together grows, the spouses develop a dynamic stereotype of interaction. The merits and demerits of a husband or wife become known, and actions predictable. Partners accumulate experience of mutually positive behavior, acceptance and forgiveness. The certainty of relations contributes to the preservation of intra-family harmony, but prevents change. In a word, behavioral stereotypes are meant to protect the status quo. People adhere to the position “it is better to value what you have” and try to find advantages in actual partnership.
This typology will fully correspond to the realities of today, if we characterize the phenomenon associated with a significant number of divorces and remarriages. It's about ABOUT serial monogamy, Or. Consistent polygamy. This means that in a certain period of time a man (woman) is married to one partner, but during the life of such marital unions he (she) has more than one.
The literature analyzes both socio-economic and psychological causes of serial monogamy. Fewer and fewer people live and work in agricultural or handicraft production, where the joint ownership of the means of production forces them to maintain an unhappy marriage. The less the spouses are connected in their economic and social life with each other, the sooner they can raise the issue of divorce in the event of a failed marriage.
The professional employment of a woman in problem families increases the economic opportunity and psychological readiness for divorce. Other factors increasing readiness for divorce are a small number of children in the family, a decrease in religious marriages, an increase in urbanization and regional mobility, and changes in the role of women.
The basis of transformations in marriage and family relations is the further individualization of the life concept, the change in the value orientations of the individual.
Marriage of free choice And not because of economic necessity, it turned out to be rather fragile. The needs for emotional security, love, family happiness, and sexual compatibility are much more difficult to fulfill than the needs for sustenance or security of property and status. Against this background, the likelihood of divorce for psychological reasons increases; a conviction is born that marriage ceases to be a marriage if there is no more "love" in it. Shared children, housing, incomes, joint ownership of property force people to come to terms with the contradictions of marriage, but are unlikely to compensate for the lack of emotional support or sexual satisfaction. The more a couple is guided by the ideal of a "loving couple", the more often they break up due to the competition of a new "romantic love".
Public opinion in relation to the dissolution of marriage is also liberalized. The willingness to accept marriage "without love" or a marriage that is too conflicting is reduced. Moreover, people are not afraid to admit to themselves and their environment that they consider their marriage unsuccessful and disintegrating. The increase in the number of divorced people in society leads to the fact that those who want to get a divorce can count on understanding their problems. The reaction of the social environment to divorce often influences the decision of the spouses.
The motivation for living together has a different duration for different people. Not everyone and not always manages to ensure the closeness or consistency of the desires, inclinations and interests of both partners for a significant period of time. Some couples cannot stand the collision of a love boat with a harsh life, while others mark a new stage in the development of their relationship with a “golden wedding”.
Sometimes marriages break up for the immediate conclusion of another union.
Modern man is different Installation on the possible temporality of marriage. The role of this attitude in the regulation of marital behavior can be explained by the fact that, along with the need for marriage (marital status, status), there is a need for a marriage partner. The latter may dominate the former, which will manifest itself in a decrease in the value of marriage and an increase in the value of partnership. In a problem family, there is a growing tendency to end the marriage due to the weakening of attitudes towards prolonging the marriage. The success of overcoming family difficulties is perceived as depending on the individual characteristics of the partner. The demands on the qualities of a spouse are increasing, but this can only mean a preponderance of orientation towards a marriage partner over attitudes towards prolonging a marriage. If an individual is dissatisfied with a spouse, then he will rather decide to change his partner than try to establish a relationship with him. If, on the other hand, there is a dissatisfaction with the need for marriage, then divorce is not so straightforward, but, on the contrary, family members can resort to actions to strengthen the marriage.
The perception of the family as a temporary association corresponds both to social transformations and to the individual life experience of a modern person. At the same time, it is clear that the readiness of at least one of the partners to terminate marriage and family relations acts as a factor in the destabilization of the family system. The setting itself is often not realized by the subject, the requirements for household members are made in full, but his own contribution to ensuring the normal existence of the family leaves much to be desired.
An important role in activating the installation on the temporality of marriage is played by Typhus about the inconsistency of divorce. Such an idea is a kind of defensive reaction in response to the prevalence of divorce in society and / or the subjective inevitability of divorce in one's own life. It is also associated with ignorance of divorce procedures. Experts evaluate divorce in two ways. On the one hand, divorce is evidence of family disintegration, one of the most powerful shocks in life, a risk factor for accidents, suicide, and alcoholism.
The price of divorce is often too high: there is a forced abandonment of habits that give confidence; reorganization of daily life and social ties; worsening financial situation, especially for women; the threat of parting with children, especially for men. Most divorced men and women do not have the opportunity or desire to remarry for a long time. Childbearing opportunities for divorced women remain unrealized. As a result of divorces, the number of single-parent families increases, and the likelihood of deviant behavior of children and adolescents increases. Loneliness is becoming a complex socio-psychological problem for many people. Divorce is stressful for both spouses and their children. On the other hand, divorce should be recognized as a component of the modern family system. Its positive meaning is to stop the destructive tendencies in the relationship of two people. Research results also show that constant deep conflicts in the family have a more negative impact on the development of children than a calm, emotionally prosperous, stable life with one of the parents.
The nature of serial monogamy cannot be understood without considering Dynamics of interpersonal interaction in the marital dyad. Throughout their life together, the ideas of husband and wife about each other change. When choosing a life partner, a boy or girl cannot accurately assess the qualities of a partner. During the period of premarital courtship, in order to attract the attention of the person we like, we strive to present our best qualities. But what is required for a successful marriage is often different from what is emphasized in courtship. In family life, due to the diversity of its components, many different properties must be manifested. If the partner does not meet the requirements, the husband (wife) has a reason to demonstrate his superiority over him, belittle his dignity and thereby question his value as a family member.
People do not always have a good idea of what qualities their chosen one or chosen one should be distinguished by. Part of the reasons for the marriage choice remains beyond awareness. This can lead to hasty and unreasonable choices. In addition, personality traits, its worldview, vital interests and intentions change over time. Some qualities lose their former attractiveness, others become unpleasant and annoying.
The family (more broadly, social) roles of husband and wife, as well as their attitude to these roles, are also undergoing changes. Suppose, in the early stages of marriage, a woman can accept the guidance of an older and more experienced husband. In the future, she may demand recognition of her own capabilities and seek to get rid of guardianship by her husband. Accepting a new family role, both your own and that of a partner, can be difficult. In all these cases, a state of "error of choice" occurs, especially since it can be attributed to the difficulties of mutual adaptation of the spouses. Apparently, for this reason, the statistics record the first increase in divorces soon after the wedding, when there are usually no children yet.
However, one should not exaggerate the inability or unwillingness of a person to adequately assess a partner. It is impossible to absolutize the idea “Love is blind, it does not see evil”, although in the romantic period of a relationship we are all “glad to be deceived”. If a person is our chosen one, therefore, we manage to some extent predict his behavior. If the wedding took place, then the partner is able to satisfy any part of our needs. The further development of marriage depends on expectations in relation to family life and the degree to which they correspond to reality. But not all people have a sufficient willingness to resolve the contradictions and difficulties that are so natural for coexistence. When expectations diverge from reality, joy and pleasure begin to look outside the family. An important sign of marital trouble is the refusal to jointly search for ways to overcome disagreements, distancing, and then alienation in relationships.
The evolution of marriage is subject to the laws of development of emotional relationships, in particular, relationships of love and sympathy. Relationships can be stable only when the participants in communication have an active desire to cope with the difficulties that arise. The preservation of relations should be perceived by the subject as one of the conditions for achieving goals that are significant for him. Usually people are guided by the stereotypes of "good relations", which set a certain, usually understandable and accessible, line of behavior and contribute to the forecast of the development of relations. At the same time, such stereotypes can hinder the acceptance of actual partnerships.
It is known that the source of dissatisfaction for family members can be not only the specific difficulties of intra-family interaction, but also the inconsistency of the subject's family with his ideas about the norm, his image of a "good family" or "good spouse".
In developing relationships, the subject evaluates not the individual actions of the partner, but the relationship as a whole, in the context of the entire interaction. The famous expert in social psychology, author of the book "The Social Animal" E. Aronson Formulated the "law of adultery". In conditions of psychological closeness, partners develop a habit of mutual high marks. A positive evaluation is expected, taken for granted. As a result, sensitivity to positive reinforcement decreases, and to negative evaluation, on the contrary, increases. It is more difficult for a close person than for an outsider to achieve positive feelings in response to their actions, but they are more likely to cause a negative reaction from a partner. This phenomenon is often found in conflict families.
In everyday, and even in scientific psychology, the idea that the stability of emotional relationships is ensured by a certain combination of personal characteristics of the members of a couple is very tenacious. Such a representation contributes to the transfer of responsibility for the failures of family communication to impersonal psychological laws. Meanwhile, psychological compatibility is the result of the development of relationships in a dyad, and productive cooperation is possible with different combinations of personal properties of the members of the couple.
Marriage implies close contact between people, their interdependence, the intensity of emotions, as well as the special significance of these relationships. In this situation, the object of love and sympathy cannot but cause some negative feelings. Unfortunately, many people refuse to acknowledge the fact that negative experiences are natural and regular. Hostile feelings can be repressed, but subsequently splash out in "conflicts for no apparent reason." If negativism is justified, then a reassessment of relations with a partner is inevitable, to whom even disadvantages unusual for him can be attributed.
Any Interpersonal relationships have their own history, Which can be long or short. Satiation with relationships, the feeling that they are bored, exhausted and do not bring the desired satisfaction, can arise quite quickly. A loved one is nearby every day, communication situations are repeated, stereotyped. The partner's behavior becomes completely predictable, he loses his former "charm". In addition, stereotypes of conflict communication interfere with mutual understanding. Then the change of marriage partners will be due to the desire for a variety of experiences, the need for new impressions, a new emotional connection. Some people are distinguished by an expansive search for new sensations and hope that each new meeting will bring the fulfillment of desires.
Perspectives on serial monogamy(successive polygamy) are associated with the sustainability of the life strategy of remarriage. With all the popularity of remarriage, there has been an interesting trend. In the 1940s and 1960s, most of the divorced sought to get married soon. Currently, socio-cultural pressure on this category of citizens has significantly weakened.
The habitual institution of monogamous marriage has developed many centuries ago and seems unshakable to us. We perceive any deviations from this form as an incredible exotic. However, over the millennia, mankind has tried other forms of cohabitation. Some of them have survived to this day, society is now returning to some, and, of course, the electronic era has given people something new that our ancestors could not imagine.
Polygyny (polygamy)
In antiquity, this type of group marriage was much more common than it is now, often in the form sororatia when a man married his sisters. Polygamy existed among the ancient Sumerians, in China, Korea, among the indigenous tribes of America, Africa and Polynesia. Some form of polygyny is believed to have been tolerated in most ancient societies.Many wives for one man always guarantee a large number of children. Therefore, sometimes such decisions were made by society to make up for human losses. This was done in Ancient Greece, and even, oddly enough, in medieval Europe: in 1650, when, after the 30-year war, the population of Germany decreased by almost 4 times (only 4 million out of 16 remained), in some cities bigamy was allowed.
Today, this type of marriage is considered official not only in Islam, it is partially found in many Asian and African countries. Although everyone knows that in this case, "there are also three mothers-in-law."
Polyandry (polyandry)
This type of marriage, on the contrary, has always arisen in human society, as an attempt to limit the birth rate. In addition, it avoids the fragmentation of ancestral lands if a woman takes brothers as husbands. The tradition of such marriages existed among the Tibetans, Eskimos, Indians of North and South America, in Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, northern India. Some of it has survived to this day.Temporary marriage (Muta)
This form of marriage is officially permitted among Shia Muslims. It is concluded by agreement for a certain period of time. A woman in such a marriage is a completely legal wife. After the end of a temporary marriage, you can extend it or, if you wish, conclude a permanent union. Intimate relations are regulated by the contract. Sometimes a virgin girl and her future husband enter into a temporary marriage that does not involve sex, just to get to know each other better. However, in practice, muta is often a legalized form of sexual slavery, although officially Islam condemns such cases.Posthumous marriage
Sometimes marriage alliances are concluded with an already deceased person. Such weddings are not a legacy of the past. The first woman to marry a recently deceased man was Frenchwoman Irene Jodart. It happened around 1950 after her fiance tragically died. The breach of the dam in the city of Fréjus then claimed the lives of more than 400 people. The girl turned to Chal de Gaulle and, thanks to the massive support in the press, was able to obtain permission to marry. Soon the French Parliament legalized this form of relationship. True, the permission is every time the decision of the President of the Republic. During the procedure, the live newlywed usually stands next to the photo of the deceased.Chadil Deffy and Sarinya Kamsuk have been together for over 10 years. A few days before the wedding, the girl died in a car accident. Chadil decided to make their dream come true anyway. The wedding ceremony was held just before the funeral.
Guest marriage
It is believed that this is one of the oldest forms of marriage. It implies official relations that are not related to the conduct of a common economy. In primitive society, a woman who accepts one or more men as husbands becomes the center rodya- a special family unit. Children in such a family were brought up more by uncles than by biological fathers.A similar form of relationship called Tsumadoi practiced in ancient Japan. After the wedding ceremony, the husband freely visited his wife. Depending on his desire, he could do this often or rarely, and also have several such alliances.
Guest marriages are popular in Europe and America today. The concept of relationships without a common life is becoming more and more attractive. Indeed, in the modern economy, male physical strength and female ability to cook are becoming less significant. There are many examples of such "star marriages".
virtual marriage
Such marriages exist only within the worldwide computer network and, of course, are not recognized as official (yet, anyway). They could be considered just an eccentricity of youth, if not for one BUT: in China alone, more than 50,000 such weddings have already been held. After the procedure on a special site with the participation of witnesses, the young people receive a "Marriage Certificate" and consider themselves bound by relationships to the extent that they themselves want it. The advantages of such ceremonies include the fact that lovers can be on different continents and never see each other in person. Although the latter is rather a minus.Continuation of the wedding theme in the article