People's happiness in Nekrasov's poem who lives well in Russia. Analysis of the poem "To Whom in Russia to Live Well" (Nekrasov). Genre, genre, direction
The hero of the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" N.A. Nekrasov chose not one person, but the entire Russian people, the entire numerous “peasant kingdom”, “homemade Russia”. A poem with such a wide coverage of the image of all social strata of Russia has not yet been in Russian literature.
Nekrasov began it in 1863, shortly after the "liberation" of the peasants. The poet understood very well that, in essence, there was no liberation, that the peasantry still remained under the yoke of the landlords, and that, in addition, "... in place of the networks of serfs, people came up with many others."
However, Nekrasov never made the enslaved people the subject of insulting pity; realized that his task as an artist was not to grieve and lament, but to join the people himself, to make his work his true voice, his cry and groan, the embodiment of people's thoughts and feelings. The poet wanted to make the "peasant's eyes" his own and learn to look with them at every phenomenon of the then reality.
At first sight, folk life depicted in the poem seems very sad. The very names of the villages - "Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Razutovo, Znobi-shino, Gorelovo, Meyolovo, Neurozhina identity" - speak of the bleak existence of their inhabitants. And although one of the chapters depicts happy villagers and even bears the title “Happy”, it actually reveals the drama of the situation of the heroes: before us are tortured by poverty, sick, hungry people.
Thus, after reading the first chapters of “Who Lives Well in Russia”, you begin to think that the only answer to the question of the title of Nekrasov’s work can be given only one answer: every person lives hard, especially the “liberated” peasants, about whose happiness it is said:
Hey, happiness man!
Leaky with patches
Humpbacked with calluses
Get off home!
But what do the wanderers mean by happiness? "Peace, wealth, honor"?
With the advent of Yakim Nagogo, an inspired defender of the honor of the working people, the criterion of wealth is called into question: during a fire, this hero saves “pictures”, forgetting about the “rubles” accumulated throughout his hard life. Yakim, on the other hand, proves that the honor of the nobility has nothing to do with the honor of laboring peasants.
Another character in the poem, Yermil Girin, throughout his life refutes the wanderers' initial ideas about the essence of human happiness. It would seem that Kirin, a village righteous man, has everything "that is necessary for happiness": "and peace of mind, and money, and honor." But at a critical moment in his life, he sacrifices this “happiness” for the sake of the truth of the people.
The question involuntarily arises: does it mean that happiness lies in something else?
As the search for the happy in the people's world, before the wanderers is new hero- Saveliy, the “hero of the Holy Russian”, a man of enormous mental and physical strength, a powerful representative of those sections of the peasantry who no longer wanted to endure oppression. To put up with landlord arbitrariness. In a critical situation, he is able to utter a decisive “give!”, under which the peasants bury the hated German manager alive.
Savely justifies his rebellion with peasant philosophy: Do you think, Matryonushka, The man is not a hero? ... Hands twisted with chains, Legs forged with iron Back ... dense forests, Passed on it - broke. .. ... Does not bend, but does not break, Doesn't break, doesn't fall... Dinner is not a hero? After reading the chapter "Drunk Night", we recognize the Russian peasant in fun, and although drunkenness is an undeniable vice, we are involuntarily proud of the drunken soul of a Russian person: A charm went through the veins, And kindly laughed Peasant soul! True, it would be more gratifying if "a kind peasant soul laughed" without "vodka"! However, without this it was difficult to endure the hardships of peasant existence. And therefore, rather than condemnation, but a call for understanding sounds in this part of the poem. Especially it should be said about the problem of female happiness in the work of Nekrasov. The poet not only saw the hard lot of a working Russian woman, but also glorified the “type of a majestic Slav”, mourned her fate, was proud of her beauty, enormous moral strength. And yet, the people's poet is primarily attracted by the drama of women's fate. Therefore, the appeal to female beauty in Nekrasov serves the same exposure of the gloomy social reality, the disclosure of the theme of peasant oppression. The poet, like his wandering heroes, is in the grip of a painful impression from the sad story of the life of his heroine. He sees in her an innocent suffering and deeply offended person. However, despite the suffering, Matryona Timofeevna remains “in slavery, a saved free heart.” She does not tolerate humiliation resignedly, responds to any injustice with immediate action, seeks and finds a way out of the most tragic situations, proudly declaring herself: "I wear a downcast head, I carry an angry heart." And this is the real happiness of the heroine, because she managed to keep "a calm conscience, a tenacious truth." The poem also shows the mass, collective image of the people. So, in the chapter "A feast - for the whole world" people celebrate a "commemoration for the supports." Everyone is involved in the holiday, folk songs of liberation are heard. These songs are far from unambiguous, contradictory and colorful at the spiritual feast of the people. Here the poem resembles a peasant gathering, a secular dialogue. However, this unity, the consciousness of their communal strength among the Russian peasants, cannot leave the reader indifferent. For example, if we evaluate the life path of Matryona Timofeevna from the point of view of troubles and hardships, then how can Grigory Dobrosklonov, who was destined for hard labor, be happy? And Savely, probably, would not have agreed to live his life in a different way, with other convictions. So, he is satisfied with his life, happy? One can argue with this statement, arguing that Matryona herself does not consider herself happy, that the wanderers did not find someone “who lives well in Russia.” But after all, the criteria for happiness can be different, and everyone can have their own understanding of this word ... But our wanderers really did not find a person who lives well! I think one can be happy in soul, but not live well - it all depends on what "formula of happiness" is applied to the assessment of reality. Nekrasov conceived the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” as a “folk book”. He began writing it in 1863 and ended up terminally ill in 1877. The poet dreamed that his book would be close to the peasantry. In the center of the poem is a collective image of the Russian peasantry, the image of the guardian of the native land. The poem reflects peasant joys and sorrows, doubts and hopes, a thirst for will and happiness. All the most important events in the life of a peasant fit into this work. The plot of the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is close to the folk tale about the search for happiness and truth. But the peasants who set off on their way are not pilgrimage wanderers. They are a symbol of awakening Russia. Among the peasants depicted by Nekrasov, we see many persistent seekers of truth. This is primarily seven men. Their main goal is to find “muzhik happiness”. And until they find him, the men decided Do not toss and turn in the houses, Don't see your wives Not with the little guys... But besides them, in the poem there are seekers of national happiness. One of them is shown by Nekrasov in the chapter "Drunk Night". This is Yakim Nagoi. In his appearance, speech, one feels inner dignity, not broken either by hard work or by a disenfranchised position. Yakim argues with the "smart master" Pavlusha Veretennikov. He defends the peasants from the reproach that they "drink to the point of stupefaction." Yakim is smart, he perfectly understands why the peasants live so hard. His rebellious spirit is not resigned to such a life. A formidable warning sounds from the lips of Yakim Nagogoy: Every peasant has The soul is like a black cloud Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary Thunders rumble from there ... The chapter “Happy” tells about another man - Yermila Girin. He became famous throughout the district for his intelligence and disinterested devotion to the interests of the peasants. The story about Yermil Girin begins with a description of the hero's lawsuit with the merchant Altynnikov over an orphan's mill. Yermila turns to the people for help. And a miracle happened All over the marketplace Every peasant has Like the wind, half left It turned over suddenly! Ermil is endowed with a sense of justice. Only once did he stumble when he shielded “the younger brother Mitri from the recruitment”. But this act cost him severe torment, in a fit of repentance, he almost committed suicide. At a critical moment, Yermila Girin sacrifices her happiness for the sake of truth and ends up in prison. We see that the heroes of the poem understand happiness in a different way. differently. From the point of view of the priest, this is “peace, wealth, honor.” According to the landowner, happiness is an idle, well-fed, cheerful life, unlimited power over the peasants. In search of wealth, power, “a huge, greedy crowd goes to the temptation,” writes Nekrasov. In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia”, Nekrasov also touches upon the problem of female happiness. It is revealed with the help of the image of Matryona Timofeevna. This is a typical peasant woman of the Central Russian strip, endowed with restrained beauty, full of self-esteem. On her shoulders lay not only the whole burden of peasant labor, but also the responsibility for the fate of the family, for the upbringing of children. The image of Matrena Timofeevna is a collective one. She experienced everything that can befall a Russian woman. The difficult fate of Matrena Timofeevna gives her the right to say to the wanderers on behalf of all Russian women: Keys to female happiness From our free will, abandoned, lost God himself! Nekrasov reveals the problem of people's happiness in the poem also with the help of the image of the people's protector Grisha Dobrosklonov. He is the son of a deacon who lived "poorer than the last poor peasant" and "an unrequited laborer". A hard life gives rise to protest in this person. From childhood, he decides that he will devote his life to the search for people's happiness. fifteen years old Gregory already knew for sure What will live for happiness Wretched and dark native corner Grisha Dobrosklonov does not need wealth and personal well-being. His happiness lies in the triumph of the cause to which he devoted his whole life. Nekrasov writes that fate prepared for him The path is glorious, the name is loud people's protector, Consumption and Siberia. But he does not back down before the upcoming trials. Grisha Dobrosklonov sees that many millions of people are already awakening: The army rises innumerable, The power in it will be indestructible! And it fills his soul with joy. He believes in a happy future for his native land, and this is precisely the happiness of Gregory himself. To the question of the poem, Nekrasov himself answers that the fighters for the people's happiness live well in Russia: Would our wanderers be under their native roof, If only they could know what happened to Grisha. He heard immense strength in his chest, Gracious sounds delighted his ears, Sounds of the radiant hymn of the noble - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people. Nekrasov conceived the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" as a "folk book". He began writing it in 1863 and ended up terminally ill in 1877. The poet dreamed that his book would be close to the peasantry. In the center of the poem is a collective image of the Russian peasantry, the image of the guardian of the native land. The poem reflects peasant joys and sorrows, doubts and hopes, a thirst for will and happiness. All the most important events in the life of a peasant fit into this work. The plot of the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" is close to a folk tale about the search for happiness and truth. But the peasants who set off on their way are not pilgrimage wanderers. They are a symbol of awakening Russia. Among the peasants depicted by Nekrasov, we see many persistent seekers of truth. This is primarily seven men. Their main goal is to find "peasant happiness". And until they find him, the men decided Do not toss and turn in the houses, Don't see your wives Not with the little guys... But besides them, in the poem there are seekers of national happiness. One of them is shown by Nekrasov in the chapter "Drunk Night". This is Yakim Nagoi. In his appearance, speech, one feels inner dignity, not broken either by hard work or by a disenfranchised position. Yakim argues with the "smart master" Pavlusha Veretennikov. He defends the peasants from the reproach that they "drink to the point of stupefaction." Yakim is smart, he perfectly understands why the peasants live so hard. His rebellious spirit is not resigned to such a life. A formidable warning sounds from the lips of Yakim Nagogoy: Every peasant has The soul is like a black cloud Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary Thunders rumble from there ... In the chapter "Happy" it is told about one more muzhik - Yermil Girin. He became famous throughout the district for his intelligence and disinterested devotion to the interests of the peasants. The story about Yermil Girin begins with a description of the hero's lawsuit with the merchant Altynnikov over an orphan's mill. Yermila turns to the people for help. And a miracle happened All over the marketplace Every peasant has Like the wind, half left It turned over suddenly! Ermil is endowed with a sense of justice. Only once did he stumble when he shielded "the younger brother Mitriy from the recruitment." But this act cost him severe torment, in a fit of repentance, he almost committed suicide. At a critical moment, Yermila Girin sacrifices her happiness for the sake of truth and ends up in prison. We see that the heroes of the poem understand happiness in a different way. differently. From the point of view of the priest, this is "peace, wealth, honor." According to the landowner, happiness is an idle, well-fed, cheerful life, unlimited power over the peasants. In search of wealth, power, "a huge, greedy crowd goes to the temptation," writes Nekrasov. In the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" Nekrasov also touches upon the problem of female happiness. It is revealed with the help of the image of Matryona Timofeevna. This is a typical peasant woman of the Central Russian strip, endowed with restrained beauty, full of self-esteem. On her shoulders lay not only the whole burden of peasant labor, but also the responsibility for the fate of the family, for the upbringing of children. The image of Matrena Timofeevna is a collective one. She experienced everything that can befall a Russian woman. The difficult fate of Matrena Timofeevna gives her the right to say to the wanderers on behalf of all Russian women: Keys to female happiness From our free will, abandoned, lost God himself! Nekrasov reveals the problem of people's happiness in the poem also with the help of the image of the people's protector Grisha Dobrosklonov. He is the son of a deacon who lived "poorer than the last poor peasant" and "an unrequited laborer." A hard life gives rise to protest in this person. From childhood, he decides that he will devote his life to the search for people's happiness. fifteen years old Gregory already knew for sure What will live for happiness Wretched and dark native corner Grisha Dobrosklonov does not need wealth and personal well-being. His happiness lies in the triumph of the cause to which he devoted his whole life. Nekrasov writes that fate prepared for him The path is glorious, the name is loud people's protector, Consumption and Siberia. But he does not back down before the upcoming trials. Grisha Dobrosklonov sees that many millions of people are already awakening: Ratp rises Innumerable, The power in it will be indestructible! And it fills his soul with joy. He believes in a happy future for his native land, and this is precisely the happiness of Gregory himself. To the question of the poem, Nekrasov himself answers that the fighters for the people's happiness live well in Russia: Would our wanderers be under their native roof, If only they could know what happened to Grisha. He heard immense strength in his chest, Gracious sounds delighted his ears, Sounds of the radiant hymn of the noble - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people. Nekrasov conceived the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” as a “folk book”. He began writing it in 1863 and ended up terminally ill in 1877. The poet dreamed that his book would be close to the peasantry. In the center of the poem is a collective image of the Russian peasantry, the image of the guardian of the native land. The poem reflects peasant joys and sorrows, doubts and hopes, a thirst for will and happiness. All the most important events in the life of a peasant fit into this work. The plot of the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is close to the folk tale about the search for happiness and truth. But the peasants who set off on their way are not pilgrimage wanderers. They are a symbol of awakening Russia. Among the peasants depicted by Nekrasov, we see many persistent seekers of truth. This is primarily seven men. Their main goal is to find “muzhik happiness”. And until they find him, the men decided Do not toss and turn in the houses, Don't see your wives Not with the little guys... But besides them, in the poem there are seekers of national happiness. One of them is shown by Nekrasov in the chapter "Drunk Night". This is Yakim Nagoi. In his appearance, speech, one feels inner dignity, not broken either by hard work or by a disenfranchised position. Yakim argues with the "smart master" Pavlusha Veretennikov. He defends the peasants from the reproach that they "drink to the point of stupefaction." Yakim is smart, he perfectly understands why the peasants live so hard. His rebellious spirit is not resigned to such a life. A formidable warning sounds from the lips of Yakim Nagogoy: Every peasant has The soul is like a black cloud Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary Thunders rumble from there ... The chapter “Happy” tells about another man - Yermila Girin. He became famous throughout the district for his intelligence and disinterested devotion to the interests of the peasants. The story about Yermil Girin begins with a description of the hero's lawsuit with the merchant Altynnikov over an orphan's mill. Yermila turns to the people for help. And a miracle happened All over the marketplace Every peasant has Like the wind, half left It turned over suddenly! Ermil is endowed with a sense of justice. Only once did he stumble when he shielded “the younger brother Mitri from the recruitment”. But this act cost him severe torment, in a fit of repentance, he almost committed suicide. At a critical moment, Yermila Girin sacrifices her happiness for the sake of truth and ends up in prison. We see that the heroes of the poem understand happiness in a different way. differently. From the point of view of the priest, this is “peace, wealth, honor.” According to the landowner, happiness is an idle, well-fed, cheerful life, unlimited power over the peasants. In search of wealth, power, “a huge, greedy crowd goes to the temptation,” writes Nekrasov. In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia”, Nekrasov also touches upon the problem of female happiness. It is revealed with the help of the image of Matryona Timofeevna. This is a typical peasant woman of the Central Russian strip, endowed with restrained beauty, full of self-esteem. On her shoulders lay not only the whole burden of peasant labor, but also the responsibility for the fate of the family, for the upbringing of children. The image of Matrena Timofeevna is a collective one. She experienced everything that can befall a Russian woman. The difficult fate of Matrena Timofeevna gives her the right to say to the wanderers on behalf of all Russian women: Keys to female happiness From our free will, abandoned, lost God himself! Nekrasov reveals the problem of people's happiness in the poem also with the help of the image of the people's protector Grisha Dobrosklonov. He is the son of a deacon who lived "poorer than the last poor peasant" and "an unrequited laborer". A hard life gives rise to protest in this person. From childhood, he decides that he will devote his life to the search for people's happiness. fifteen years old Gregory already knew for sure What will live for happiness Wretched and dark native corner Grisha Dobrosklonov does not need wealth and personal well-being. His happiness lies in the triumph of the cause to which he devoted his whole life. Nekrasov writes that fate prepared for him The path is glorious, the name is loud people's protector, Consumption and Siberia. But he does not back down before the upcoming trials. Grisha Dobrosklonov sees that many millions of people are already awakening: The army rises innumerable, The power in it will be indestructible! And it fills his soul with joy. He believes in a happy future for his native land, and this is precisely the happiness of Gregory himself. To the question of the poem, Nekrasov himself answers that the fighters for the people's happiness live well in Russia: Would our wanderers be under their native roof, If only they could know what happened to Grisha. He heard immense strength in his chest, Gracious sounds delighted his ears, Sounds of the radiant hymn of the noble - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people. Nikolai Alekseevich thought about this work for a long time, hoping to create in it a “people's book”, that is, a book that is useful, understandable to the people and truthful. This book was supposed to include all the experience given to Nikolai Alekseevich by studying the people, all the information about him, accumulated, according to Nikolai Alekseevich, "by word of mouth for 20 years." “I thought,” said Nekrasov, “to state in a coherent story everything that I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips, and I started “Who should live well in Russia.” It will be the epic of modern peasant life.” Although the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” remained unfinished, Nekrasov fulfilled his promise. He really set forth in the poem everything that he knew about the people, what he happened to hear from their lips. Seven temporarily liable left to seek the truth about a happy man. The poet led the peasants along his native land and showed that a happy person is the one for whom The share of the people Nekrasov considers freedom a prime necessity. In 1861, the authorities gave free rein to the peasants, but no one became happier because of this. In general, there is no truly happy person. "The people are liberated, but are the people happy?" - N.A. writes in his poem. Nekrasov. The peasants have been liberated, but now they are enslaving themselves, because they cannot live otherwise. They are already accustomed to this enslavement. They live as before the abolition of serfdom: poor, hungry, cold. Peasants are people who "have not eaten their fill, have not sipped salt." In their life, the only thing that has changed is that now they “instead of the master will be torn by the volost”. Their hard life is emphasized by everything: the description of the life of the people in songs, the names of villages, provinces and landscapes: Seven men came together: The whole truth of people's life is clearly visible in the poem: its joyless, powerless, hungry side is shown. “A man's happiness,” the poet exclaims bitterly, “leaky with patches, humpbacked with calluses.” Each peasant has his own understanding of happiness, for some it is associated with struggle, for others with inaction. Looking for an answer to the question “Who is living well in Russia?” Wanderers come to the fair in the village of Kuzminskoye. They, having obtained vodka with the help of self-assembly, throw a cry in the festive crowd: if there is someone happy, then they will pour him free vodka. But it turned out that everyone was extremely happy. Happy is the soldier who has survived twenty battles, the old woman who has born "up to a thousand rep" in the garden, and many such "lucky ones." From all this, the questioners realized that none of them understood what the word “happiness” meant at all. For a priest, this is “peace, wealth, honor”, but he has no peace, he became poor, as the people became completely poor, and honor, as the priest did not have, will never be. But in the poem there are peasants who have not lost the ability to self-sacrifice, spiritual nobility. These include Matryona Timofeevna, Savely, Yakim Nagogoy, Yermila Perin, Agapa Petrov and, of course, the truth-seekers. They have their own personal goal set in life, which guides them in search of the truth. Truth-seekers represent the happiness of the people in the freedom and gaiety of their lives: I don't need any silver In the understanding of Matrena Timofeevna Korchagina, happiness is unthinkable if there is no family and children. For her, happiness is patience, work. This position is also close to some other peasants. Yakim Nagoi is a vivid image of a truth-seeker, a righteous person who neglected possible financial well-being, making a choice in favor of spiritual transformation. Yakim lives in conditions similar to others, but earlier he and his wife had accumulated 35 rubles, but during a fire, he first rushed to save pictures, and his companion - icons. So, the hard life could not kill his love for beauty. The “bread” of the soul is dearer to him than his daily bread. He understood the whole breadth, inexplicability of the human soul, his ability to fight, ruined in wine, utters a fiery speech: Every peasant has The image of Yermila Perin also stands out clearly: a pure, incorruptible "protector" of the people. But N.A. Nekrasov does not show him as an ideal hero, no, he shows that Yermila is, first of all, a person who has relatives, loved ones. After all, he wanted to send the son of a peasant woman instead of Mitrius, but he himself confessed to his misconduct. Then he was imprisoned, but we don’t know exactly for what: either for betraying the peasants, or for refusing to accept them. The image of Perin testifies to the spiritual forces hidden in the people, the rich moral qualities of the common people. By happiness, they understand truth, devotion, honesty. In the poem, the fairy-tale world, where heroes meet, relentlessly follows the wanderers. This hero is Savely. He is powerful, like Svyatogor - the strongest, largest, but also the most motionless hero of all. He wants to get rid of the bonds of slavery, but for this he does nothing essential. Of course, Savely, together with the peasants from Korez, freed themselves from Vogel, but for this he served twenty years in exile. Unfortunately, this tyrant will be replaced by another. Saveliy is a spontaneous rebel who has his own folk philosophy: "Untolerate - an abyss, endure - an abyss." Even the peasant patience for Savely is the personification of their strength: Hands twisted with chains But he is in no hurry to draw premature conclusions about the future fate of the peasants: I don't know, I can't imagine He lets everything take its course, what will happen - only God knows. But his understanding of happiness is freedom, and this is the most important thing. Savely did not change his opinion, even after going through a thorny, difficult path. One spacious The first road is the road of evil, the road of sin, along which all the rich go, who do not skimp on anything. The other road is the road of kindness, honesty and complacency, but at the same time it is the road of the poor, hunger. But the people walking on it are strong, and if they rise, then nothing will stand before them. All they have to do is "wake up" from their long sleep and they will win. We see this theme in the legend of the "two great sinners", which calls for awakening, calls to rebel against the oppressors. The reflection of revolutionary democratic ideas in the poem is connected with the image of the author and the people's defender - Grisha Dobrosklonov. The main motive of his songs is love for the motherland and people. He prepares himself for exploits in the name of the people, the country and their freedom. Grisha thought that the only way to achieve the abolition of serfdom was through a revolution. N.A. himself adhered to the same opinion. Nekrasov. Nikolai Alekseevich sincerely believed that the people would eventually get enough of their peasant lot and stop tolerating it. The poet was able to notice the “spark hidden” of the mighty internal forces contained in the people, looking ahead only with hope and faith: The army rises The problem of people's happiness in Nekrasov's poem "Who should live well in Russia"
School essay
Gleb Uspensky
his happiness,
Light and freedom
Primarily.
Seven temporarily liable,
tightened province,
County Terpigorev,
empty parish,
From adjacent villages:
Zaplatova, Dyryaeva,
Razutova, Znobishina,
Gorelova, Neelova -
Crop failure too.
No gold, but God forbid
So that my countrymen
And every peasant
Lived freely, fun
All over holy Russia.
The soul is like a black cloud.
Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary
Thunders rumble from there
pouring bloody rain,
And everything ends with wine.
Legs forged with iron
Back ... dense forests
Passed on it - broke.
And the chest? Elijah the prophet
On it rattles-rides
On a chariot of fire...
The hero suffers everything!
What will happen? God knows.
The word "happiness" means different things for each person, which means that the paths to achieving it are different.
The road is torn,
The passions of a slave
On it is huge,
Hungry for temptation
The crowd is coming
The other one is tight
The road is honest
They walk on it
Only strong souls
loving,
To fight, to work.
innumerable,
The strength will affect her
Indestructible.