From the foundation to the roof - the stages of building a private house
Many residents of megacities dream of a private house where you can feel like a full-fledged owner with your own private territory. A person who is accustomed to comfortable living conditions is afraid of building a house with his own hands. Do not be afraid of construction, it is important to figure out where the construction begins, what stages it consists of and how to arrange everything correctly.
Site selection and documents - how to choose and draw up correctly
Even a person who is far from construction understands where to start building his house - from the choice of a site. When choosing a site for the construction of a private house, the following factors should be considered:
- Location. The greatest demand is for land located within the city or at a short distance of about 10-15 km.
- Infrastructure: hospital (first-aid post), shops, school, kindergarten, cultural and entertainment centers, etc.
- Availability and proximity of central communications: water and gas supply, sewerage, electricity, heating. The cost of connecting and conducting engineering networks depends on this.
- Dimensions. The recommended ratio between the area of the site and the house is 1:10. Accordingly, on a plot of 10 acres, you can build a house with an area of 100 sq.m.
- Transport interchange. For car owners, the availability and quality of access roads is important. If there is no personal transport, then it is desirable that there is a public transport stop nearby.
- The state of ecology. Nearby there should be no industrial facilities - sources of noise and pollution. It is desirable to have a reservoir and green spaces.
- Geodetic conditions: type of soil, depth of groundwater, the presence of a slope of the earth. These data will be needed when choosing the type of foundation, building a well.
When buying a plot, you should clarify the intended purpose: it must be indicated that the land is allocated for individual residential construction. It is also necessary to check the documents for the right of ownership, whether the land is supposed to be used for state needs, whether there is an arrest or litigation on the site, whether the size of the site matches those indicated in the cadastral passport, etc.
When the contract of sale is signed by a notary, it must be registered in the land registry. The next step is to get permits. In the presence of central networks, you need to issue permission to connect electricity, water supply, sewerage, gas to the house. After signing the contract with the network owners, technical conditions for connecting communications are issued.
You can start building a house only after obtaining a building permit, otherwise it can be demolished at any stage or a significant fine can be imposed.
To do this, you need to submit to the relevant authorities a package of necessary documents for permission to develop the project. Based on the specifications received from architecture and utilities, a project is being developed. Then it is submitted for approval, and only after that a building permit is issued.
How to calculate construction financing correctly?
The main question that arises before the developer is financing. It needs to be decided before the start of construction and project selection. It depends on the financial possibilities, what size and from what materials the house will be built. The cost per square meter of a large house will be less than that of a small house. For the cost of construction, it is important how the house will be built: independently or by a team of builders. Hired labor is expensive and accounts for 40% of the cost of construction.
There are several factors that affect the value of a home one way or the other and should be considered when budgeting. Increases cost:
- development of an individual project;
- the presence of a basement, balconies, loggias;
- a large number of small rooms and rooms;
- decorative elements, ledges and complex shape of the facade;
- high ceilings;
- unusual roof shape with a lot of angles.
The presence of a large number of windows, a rectangular or square house design with smooth external walls without a ledge and decor, a minimum number of internal walls, and an attic instead of a second floor can reduce the cost. As a project, you can take a ready-made standard project.
To correctly calculate the budget, you need to know all the stages of building a private house and the ratio of costs for each of them. The preparatory stage consists of paperwork, project development, provided that the site has already been purchased. Costs increase when choosing an individual project. The zero stage consists in digging a pit and building a foundation. The costs depend on the type of foundation and amount to 15-30% of the total cost. During conservation for the winter period, the foundation is covered.
The stage of the construction of the box, which includes the construction of external and internal walls, the installation of the truss system and the roof, it is desirable to finish before the onset of cold weather. These works take 35% of the total budget. If there is a shortage of finance for the winter period, construction can be frozen. Up to 15% of expenses go to warming the house and installing doors and windows. The next 15% are the costs of engineering work: conducting and connecting communications, installing equipment and appliances, installing electrical wiring, heating, etc.
Approximately 20% of the total estimate is spent on interior finishing work. At this stage, everything depends on the materials used. In an insulated house with finishing, you can take your time and do it as much as possible, accumulating a sufficient amount to finish each room.
Phased construction makes it possible to build a house as finance accumulates, without spending the entire amount at the very beginning of construction.
The project is the basis for the rapid construction of a reliable home
To properly build a house, it is better to entrust the development of the project to specialists. You can create a project on your own, having special knowledge, otherwise you can make mistakes that will result in additional costs at the construction stage and may adversely affect the operation of the building in the future. Individual design is an expensive pleasure, so it is more profitable to purchase a ready-made standard project. The advantage of ready-made solutions is that they take into account all the errors that were revealed during construction.
At the design stage, the appearance of the house, the number of floors, the internal layout of the rooms, and the material of the structures are selected. A breakdown of the site is carried out with a plan for the location of future buildings. If a ready-made project is bought, then it is linked to the site.
The size of the house depends on the size of the plot and the number of people who will permanently live in it. Experts believe that 30 square meters is enough for a comfortable stay per family member. m. For 4 people, the area of \u200b\u200bthe house should be about 120 square meters. m.
Comfortable living conditions require compliance with certain rules. The house should have two zones: day (entrance hall, kitchen, dining room, living room, bathrooms) and night (bedrooms, bathrooms). The premises belonging to the day zone should be located closer to the exit, to the night one, either in the back of the house or on the second floor. The daily area should be spacious and comfortable to use. Its area for a family of 4 people should be at least 50 square meters. m.
Each family member should have their own bedroom. If there are 4 people in the family, then about 60 square meters should be allocated for the night zone. m. Depending on the number of people, the number of bathrooms is planned. Two bedrooms share one bath. Utility rooms and corridors should occupy from 10 to 20 square meters. m.
The best option for an inexpensive, cost-effective house to operate is a square one-story house with an area of 100 square meters. m. If you need a house of a larger area, but not by reducing the area of the site, then the second floor is built. It is possible, in order to save money, to replace the second floor with an attic. On the second floor there are rooms that are not frequented, mostly bedrooms. If the groundwater level allows, you can build a basement and place part of the utility rooms in it.
At the design stage, building materials, technologies are selected, construction estimates are calculated. The estimate lists the construction and decoration of the house, the cost of materials and services, reflects all the costs associated with transportation, etc.
From what to build the walls of the house and by what technology?
The appearance of the house, reliability, cost and service life depend on the selected materials. Therefore, when choosing materials, a number of factors should be considered:
- 1. Length of stay. For year-round living, you should choose materials with good thermal insulation, high strength characteristics. For living in the summer season, you can use frame technology made of wood or SIP panels.
- 2. Financial opportunities. Materials differ not only in their technical characteristics, but in price. Brick, stone are expensive materials that require large financial investments. Houses made of cellular concrete are cheaper.
- 3. The weight of the building with the planned load. For brick and stone houses, a capital foundation is needed, which increases the cost of construction. For walls made of aerated concrete and foam concrete, a non-recessed strip foundation is sufficient. The weight of the building is affected by the material of the roof.
- 4. Convenience and speed of erection. Brick walls require more careful masonry. Walls of gas and foam concrete blocks are quickly erected due to their lightness and large size. Timber houses, thanks to tongue-and-groove technology, are also quickly built. When building from logs, you need to know the construction technology so that the house turns out to be reliable and warm. The construction of such a house takes a lot of time. The record holder for the speed of erection is monolithic construction, when the formwork of the required height is assembled for the walls and concrete is poured.
- 5. In terms of environmental performance, the wooden house takes the lead. It is built from profiled or rounded timber. Treated with protective chemicals against decay, mold, fungus and pests, the house will stand for many years. But this is an expensive type of construction. A frame house will be cheap, but it has a short service life.
The stage of creating a reliable foundation
The construction of the house begins with a breakdown of the site and land work. When creating a site plan, the location of the house, septic tank, outbuildings, wells is indicated. The backyard territory must be divided into zones: residential, recreation, garden. On the plan, you need to mark out where the flower beds will be located, walk paths, and park a car.
The site is cleared of shrubs, stumps. Frees up storage space for building materials. It is advisable to store building materials under a canopy. Land works include the installation of a septic tank, wells, digging a foundation pit or trenches for the foundation, laying a drainage, cleaning system, and underground utilities.
The place under the foundation is leveled. Usually the fruit-bearing layer is cut off and scattered on the beds. The type of foundation is selected taking into account the properties of the soil, the depth of groundwater, the presence of a basement, the total possible weight of the building with the maximum possible load.
For a small one-story house on solid soils, the most optimal would be a columnar or strip foundation. If the soils are floating, then a slab monolithic foundation should be used. It comes out expensive in cost, but it makes it possible to save on construction in general, as it can serve as a floor for the first floor. The heavier the building, the stronger the foundation must be. If the load is calculated incorrectly, cracks may appear on the walls, which will lead to the destruction of the building.
Depending on the type of foundation chosen, either trenches or a foundation pit are dug. The foundation should be poured immediately after the end of the earthworks, so that the earth does not crumble from the walls. At the bottom, a pillow about 20 cm thick is made of sand, crushed stone or gravel, it is well compacted. Then a wooden formwork is mounted in the trench and concrete mortar is poured. Reinforcement can be inserted into the structure to increase strength. The foundation must stand, the concrete gains strength within one to two months. The ideal option is if the foundation will stand idle for a year without load.
What will make the house safe and beautiful?
When the foundation is ready, you can start building walls. Between the walls and the foundation, waterproofing is arranged to prevent the penetration of moisture. For living to be comfortable, the walls must be durable, warm and breathable. If necessary, during the construction of walls, sound, steam and heat insulation is performed. These works are usually carried out from the outside of the building in order to save usable space inside the premises. Simultaneously with the walls, interior partitions and ceilings are arranged.
The erection of walls follows. First, the installation of the truss system is carried out. Then heat, hydro and vapor barrier is performed. Roofing material is laid on top of the crate. The roof not only protects from bad weather and mechanical damage, but also decorates the house, and this depends on the chosen material. The roof can be made of soft roofing materials, slate, ondulin, metal tiles, natural tiles. The choice depends on the budget and foundation. A heavy clay tile roof must be supported by a foundation.
When the frame of the house is ready, windows and doors are inserted, and then the facade and interior finishing work is carried out. The choice of materials for decoration depends on the tastes of the owner and financial capabilities. It is best to use natural materials for decoration, but they are expensive. Currently, many finishing materials have appeared that are analogues of natural ones, but at the same time are environmentally friendly and cheaper. Finishing work includes: ceiling installation, wall decoration, floor installation and installation of flooring.
Along with the finishing work, communications are carried out and connected, the necessary equipment is installed. All systems are tested. Upon completion of all work, furniture is installed and the internal improvement of the house is carried out.
The final stage of any construction is commissioning. To do this, you should contact the relevant authorities, which will create a commission of representatives of the regulatory authorities. To accept completed construction. After signing the act, a certificate of ownership is issued.
If the budget allows and there is knowledge regarding the main stages of building a house, you can start building a house. There are steps that you can do yourself. Some can only be performed by specialists, so it would be more correct to hire professionals. Phased construction makes it possible to build a house at the lowest cost.