Energy efficient brick house. Energy efficient home with your own hands. Basic Principles of a Passive House
Russia is a country with a cold climate, where the average duration of the heating season is seven months. And due to the constant rise in energy prices, building a house with low energy consumption is becoming more relevant than ever.
Russia is a country with a cold climate, where the average duration of the heating season is seven months. And due to the constant rise in energy prices, building a house with low energy consumption is becoming more relevant than ever.
Every day more and more people are thinking about the use of energy-efficient technologies. And this is not surprising, because each of us wants to live in a warm and, most importantly, economical house.
1. An energy efficient home is…
What is the meaning of the phrase “energy efficient house”?
According to the head of the TKDom company, Alexander Vodovozov, an energy-efficient house is a building in which all energy losses, as well as energy consumption, are minimized. The main principle of building an energy-efficient house is to achieve maximum tightness of the dwelling, the use of energy-saving technologies and the elimination of cold bridges.
In Russia, the main energy costs are for heating, so the main task is to prevent heat loss through the building envelope - the floor, walls, windows, ceilings and roof. This can be achieved using modern frame construction technologies. Due to the use of heaters and special methods of sheathing the frame, the presence of cracks is completely excluded.
Thus, for the construction of an energy-efficient house, it is necessary:
Build an insulated foundation. And in frame construction, such a foundation also plays the role of a heat accumulator;
Install a highly efficient ventilation system with a heat exchanger. Since 30-40% of heat is lost through ventilation, the use of such a system will significantly reduce energy consumption for heating the supply air;
Locate living rooms in the southern part of the building. That will allow the use of solar energy as an additional source of heat;
Make the maximum insulation of enclosing structures. After all, it is through them that the main heat loss occurs.
But often, developers simply do not want to invest in additional insulation, believing that this will lead to an increase in the cost of the building being built. So is it profitable to build an energy efficient house?
In terms of numbers, the construction of an energy-efficient house costs about 15% more than usual, but in operation it is 60-70% cheaper.
We can say that the construction of an energy-efficient home is a comprehensive undertaking that allows you to save your money in the foreseeable future.
2. Foundation "Insulated Swedish Plate" - as the basis of an energy-efficient home
There is an opinion that additional insulation of the foundation is a waste of money. But is it really so?
Losses of thermal energy occur constantly, only the intensity is distinguished depending on the type of structure. For example, the greatest heat flux passes through the upper roof structures, which is associated with the density of warm and cold air. Warm air tends to rise upward, along with this, carrying heat energy along with it. There is also a large loss of heat through the foundation.
All heat losses can be divided into heat losses that can be prevented and those that can be slightly reduced! For example, heat loss through the foundation averages 10-15% of the total heat loss of the building. Therefore, the construction of an energy-efficient house must begin with the construction of an insulated foundation.
One of the effective ways to reduce energy costs for heating a building is building a house on a foundation of the "Insulated Swedish Plate" type. For this purpose, extruded polystyrene foam is used. When choosing a heater, you should pay attention to the thermal conductivity. The smaller it is, the better, since a smaller thickness of the thermal insulation layer will be required.
When constructing slab energy-efficient foundations, one should also remember such an important indicator as the compressive strength of the insulation. Since such foundations are insulated from below, the insulation must withstand the weight of the whole house, with all the variable loads!
3. Choice of the optimal thickness of the insulation
Up to 20-30% of heat is lost through walls. What thickness of insulation should be chosen for building an energy-efficient house?
First of all, the thickness of the insulation layer depends on the structure of the building. If with frame technology, for the Central region of Russia, the recommended thermal insulation thickness is 150 mm, and the optimal thickness from the point of view of energy efficiency will be 250-300 mm, then when building a house from foam concrete, the effective thickness will be 150-200 mm, with a standard 80 mm . For the roof, at least 250-300 mm of insulation should be used. In addition to the optimal thickness, when choosing a heater, it must be taken into account that thermal insulation is produced in various grades for use in various building structures, where each type of product solves a specific problem and meets the relevant requirements.
The construction of an energy-efficient home involves a balance between the cost of materials and high-quality thermal insulation of walls and roofs. Therefore, there is no need to increase the insulation layer by more than 30% of the recommended value. Otherwise, the estimate increases, and the project becomes unprofitable.
4. The thicker the walls - the warmer the house?
Considering the energy efficiency of a private house, you need to think not only about reducing internal energy consumption, but also about additional methods of heat storage that will reduce heating costs. There is a misconception that the thicker the masonry of the wall of a house under construction, the warmer it will be, but is it really so?
There are principles and technologies that must be used in design and construction. And the energy efficiency of the house will primarily depend on the thickness of the insulation used.
So what principles and technologies should be followed when building an energy-efficient home?
First of all, the developer must understand that the main principle of building an energy efficient house is to save thermal energy. Modern technologies make it possible to reduce heat losses at home, to the value of internal radiation from people and electrical appliances. The situation is somewhat more complicated with electricity and hot water supply. Their consumption, as a rule, cannot be greatly reduced, since they mainly depend on the habits of the owners and directly affect the comfort of living.
A potential customer must first order a project from a serious design organization with experience in designing energy-efficient houses;
Even at the design stage, it is necessary to provide for the use of modern types of insulation in the construction of the house. By this we lay a high value of resistance to heat transfer;
Since about 15-25% of heat is lost through windows, it is necessary to use glazing with double-glazed windows of three panes filled with argon.
There are several reasons to build your own home with energy efficient technologies. The main reason is that you will incur fewer costs in operating your home. But it is also important that during the sale such options will be more attractive to buyers, and the price for it can be set much higher.
In connection with the latest events in the world energy market, the following conclusion can be drawn. The price for the main source of energy, namely oil, is very volatile and will constantly rise. If you look into the past and analyze the cost of oil, then these statements will be confirmed. Therefore, we have to somehow get out, for example, to plan the construction of energy-efficient houses and the purchase of energy-efficient equipment.
Not only material benefit is the advantage of this type of houses. Indeed, by reducing the consumption of energy resources, we purify our atmosphere from harmful impurities and substances arising from the combustion of fuel. Most believe that this is an insignificant contribution to the cleansing of our planet, and the population continues to acquire diseases of the epidermis and stomach. However, this is not entirely true, only together people can cope with this scourge.
What do we use energy in our homes for?
If we take an ordinary ordinary house, then we can distinguish several "eaters" of energy:
- various electrical appliances;
- light;
- warm;
- water heating.
About 72% of all energy is spent on heating our homes. This is because earlier in our country they did not think about saving and built houses without paying special attention to thermal insulation. In European countries, the situation is not so deplorable, but their figure also leaves much to be desired - 57%.
Let's understand the concept of energy standards
Energy efficient construction became popular in the nineties. Germany, France, Sweden and Switzerland were the first to become interested in this. European experts began to associate energy losses with poor thermal insulation of houses, irregular shape of buildings, as well as with poor location of buildings relative to the cardinal points. The cost of correcting these shortcomings is negligible, so why not save? It was then that the division of residential buildings into types began:
- Energy efficient house. This is considered a building that consumes no more than seventy percent of the current from the energy consumed by an ordinary house. In addition, such facilities use installations powered by (windmills, solar panels) and thermal insulation of about fifteen centimeters.
- Low consumption building. Here, the ratio to the consumption of a standard house is no more than forty-five percent, and the insulation is about twenty centimeters.
- A passive building is considered a building with very low consumption - 30% compared to standard houses. Engineers achieve such results thanks to excellent insulation, proper use of heat - natural and that which is mediocrely spent in ventilation systems. Typically, such houses are equipped with thermal insulation thirty centimeters thick, an autonomous source of electricity and heat.
- Buildings that do not consume energy. Yes, it is planned to use such ones, moreover, they will also give electricity to the grid. However, this is just an experiment so far. Thermal insulation in such houses is forty centimeters.
Calculation of the required heat
If we take into account that most of the electricity is spent on heat, then the energy standard of the house is selected based on the coefficient E. It indicates the seasonal need for heat - reflects the amount needed to heat a square meter. Let's see what this coefficient depends on:
- Thermal insulation quality.
- type of ventilation.
- The orientation of the building to the cardinal points.
- The amount of domestic heat.
It is also worth noting the coefficient of normalized seasonal heat consumption E0. It also determines the required amount of heat to heat a cubic meter, but on the condition that the building was erected in compliance with all norms and rules. E0 is calculated as the ratio of the area of external walls to the heated volume.
How profitable is an energy efficient house?
Technologies are improving, and if we look to the future, we can say: the construction of such houses is economical. Now the investment allocated for the construction of a passive structure is 20 percent more than the cost of building a standard building. After a few years, the difference will decrease by 10 percent. And this can be confirmed by the experience of foreign builders. An energy efficient residential building is a good investment option. Let's confirm this by considering the following example. As an example, let's take an ordinary country house with an area of 150 squares, in which one family lives. As a heating installation in this house, we will choose a gas boiler. Then the cost of operating the dwelling will be as follows:
- heating - 144 kW / m 2;
- water heating - 30 kW / m 2;
- household needs (electrical appliances, cooking, light) - 26 kW / m 2.
In this case, it turns out that such a house will consume 30,000 kW per year. If, instead of a standard house, we take an energy-efficient wooden house, the picture will be as follows:
- heating - 44 kW / m 2;
- water heating - 30 kW / m 2;
- household needs (electrical appliances, cooking, light) - 26 kW / m 2.
It will consume 15,000 kW per year. In total, you can save about 50% on the operation of the house. Very encouraging information.
window area
Now, on newly erected buildings, one can often find large ones. However, the design of the windows does not allow achieving thermal protection close to that of the main walls. On the other hand, in terms of room illumination, large windows reduce artificial lighting. We have to look for the golden mean. When designing, the ratio of 6:1 is considered the most optimal, where 6 is the floor area, and 1 is the windows. For example, let's take an energy-efficient house and a room of 36 square meters. The optimal glazing area will then be about 6 square meters.
Designing energy efficient houses. Project catalogs
Statistics say that in the west about 80% of private dwellings are being built according to ready-made projects. Is it possible to build an energy-efficient house based on these options? Projects are in large numbers in special directories, but which of the many options to choose?
A very important task is to reduce energy consumption to a minimum. As noted above, the lion's share of it is spent on space heating in winter. However, it should be understood that by increasing the layer of thermal insulation, the house cannot be made energy efficient. Here the approach must be comprehensive. It is very important to remove all cold air bridges, as well as to provide mechanical ventilation.
Paying attention to walls and roof
Before purchasing a project, it must be carefully studied for compliance with continuous thermal insulation. An energy-efficient house is a building for which the issue of tightness is very important.
Due to this characteristic, cold air will not enter the room. Everything must be airtight, from the doors to the roof. The walls of such houses are plastered with a double layer, and the roof is made with thermal insulation and vapor barrier. The joints and fastenings are closed with a special adhesive tape.
Energy efficiency calculation
As noted above, a building is considered energy efficient if it consumes no more than seventy percent of the electrical energy of the amount consumed by a conventional house. Consider the coefficient E and its value:
- For an ordinary house, the coefficient. E is less than or equal to 110 kW/m 2 .
- For an energy efficient home, the coefficient E is less than or equal to 70 kW/m 2 .
- For odds E is less than or equal to 15 kW/m 2 .
In the West, the method of calculating the energy efficiency of buildings according to the Ep coefficient is considered more modern. It denotes the amount of energy needed for heating, ventilation, water heating, lighting and air conditioning. Consider the classification of buildings, depending on Ep:
- For economical buildings, it is less than or equal to 0.5.
- For energy-saving buildings, the coefficient. Ep is less than or equal to 0.75.
- For normal buildings, it is less than or equal to 1.
- For passive buildings coefficient. Ep is less than or equal to 0.25.
- For the most energy-intensive buildings, Ep is greater than 1.5.
The question of ventilation and heating
We have already said that an energy-efficient house should be equipped with mechanical ventilation, with the function of obtaining heat. Therefore, when choosing a project, you need to make sure that such ventilation is provided in the house. This is important because conventional ventilation will not function in a sealed home. It is also worth noting that gravity ventilation works well at temperatures slightly above zero, so in summer it is almost useless.
In airtight, energy-efficient homes, mechanical ventilation will perform best, which will allow you to get heat from the exhaust air. Such ventilation will make it possible to do without the usual water heating system in the house, which will lead to savings on radiators, pipes and heating installations. Therefore, be careful when choosing an energy-efficient home: projects should include this type of ventilation.
Some building details
We will analyze the intricacies of the construction of such structures. If you are planning to build an energy-efficient house with your own hands, you need to know the exact number of people who will live there. After all, people themselves create household heat - when washing, cooking, using electrical appliances. It turns out that houses that are too large will not be considered energy efficient, provided that several people live in them. You also need to carefully consider the effective current consumption, choosing energy-efficient appliances and equipment. It will be useful to equip the adjoining area according to the cardinal points and climatic conditions in your area.
Conclusion
The design and construction of energy efficient houses in the future will be almost the only direction in the construction industry. So you need to think about it right now.
To date, the problems of energy efficiency of housing in Russia are the most relevant. And it concerns not only the increased cost of electricity, but also the deterioration of the environmental situation caused by the greenhouse effect. About an energy-efficient residential building for the first time
Principles of building an energy efficient house
The main task of an energy efficient home is a reduction in energy costs, especially during the winter months.
The main principles of building a house are:
- 15 cm thermal insulation layer;
House project
- the simple form of the building and roof;
- the use of ecological and warm materials;
- installation of mechanical ventilation;
- use of natural energy;
- orientation during the construction of the house to the south;
- exclusion of cold bridges;
- 100% tightness of the building.
Most of the Russian buildings of the same type have a natural one, which is inefficient and leads to large heat losses. And in the summer, this technology does not work at all, as in other things, and in the winter season, when constant ventilation of the premises is necessary. Installing a special air recuperator will allow you to use already heated air to heat the incoming air.
The recuperation system provides up to 90% of heat due to air heating.
It is worth noting that the construction of a large house will lead to large heat losses.
It is worth focusing on the area for real living and their use. Because heating unused rooms and rooms is simply unacceptable. The construction of a house must be calculated for the exact number of people living in it. And the remaining rooms in the house will be heated by natural human heat and household appliances.
An energy-efficient house is usually built taking into account all climatic conditions and their use. Sunny days or windy days should be a hint for you to choose certain energy sources. And it is important to achieve tightness not only through window and door openings, but also through the use of special double-sided plaster, reliable and high-quality, and wind protection. It should also be remembered that the more, the greater the heat loss.
Accounting for the energy efficiency of the house at the design stage
When choosing a specific place for building a house, it is necessary to take into account the natural landscape. The selected terrain should be flat and without elevation changes. In general, any feature of the landscape can be used to increase efficiency. For example, a height difference will provide a low cost water supply.
You should also consider the position of the house relative to the sun in order to use solar lighting instead of electric.
Quality and should be provided from the very beginning of construction. Because energy efficiency without this type of insulation is impossible.
The canopy and the slope of the porch should be optimal in width so as not to create a shadow in natural light, and at the same time protect the building from overheating and protect the walls from rain. must be designed taking into account the mass of snow cover in winter. You also need to organize the correct gutters and roof insulation.
All these measures will reduce maintenance costs and increase the life of the house.
Measures to improve the energy efficiency of a wooden house
Increasing the energy efficiency of an already built house is quite real. Although, it is necessary to take into account the return of the house. If the house is in good condition and is not subject to demolition in a few years, then it is quite possible to reconstruct it.
It is possible to reduce energy losses with the help of modern materials and technologies. The first thing to start with is determining heat leaks. Cold bridges take away a significant part of the heat of the whole house. Therefore, it is very important to find such places in the tightness of walls, roofs, window and door openings.
Most often, problem areas can be found in the place of removal, basement and other structures. Be sure to insulate the attic and floors in the basement and cellar. In an apartment building, tambour doors bring a significant effect.
The presence also indicates depressurization of the room. Old or incorrectly installed windows significantly reduce the level of heat in the rooms. Sometimes only their replacement reduces heating costs several times.
It is also worth noting that all insulation material must be clean and environmentally friendly for human life. An excellent option would be to use warm plaster to further seal the insulation of all walls. This building material can perfectly cope with depressurized seams and various joints. Polyethylene can be used as an insulating material, mounting it under a wooden sheathing. And the thickness of this material must be at least 200 microns.
Nowadays, such houses are gaining more and more popularity in Russia and Belarus, as they need less heating costs and are well ventilated. We wish you to build the best economical and high-quality house!
Let's consider this side of the issue on the example of implemented energy-efficient houses. European countries are pioneers in the construction of energy-efficient houses. It is from them that many Russians adopt successful experience and focus on building materials and energy-efficient technologies that are popular there. In Russia, the construction of energy-efficient houses is not moving at such an active pace, although it is gaining momentum every year.
An expert in the field of energy efficient construction, ISOVER, successfully participates in the implementation of such projects. Experts share international experience and offer heat and sound insulating materials, the use of which can increase the building's energy efficiency class to A+++.
Energy efficient house in the Nizhny Novgorod region
Among the implemented objects is a house with ultra-low energy consumption in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Specific energy consumption for heating 165 m 2 is 33 kWh per m 2 per year. Electricity heating costs in winter amounted to 62.58 kWh per day at an average monthly temperature of -17°C. With a round-the-clock tariff of 1.7 rubles / kWh, this costs 3,200 rubles per month. The house was built using frame technology. ISOVER materials with a total thickness of 420 mm were used for floor insulation, ISOVER mineral wool (insulation thickness 365 mm) was used for walls, and ISOVER insulation thickness in the roof was 500 mm. The heating system of the building is electric low-temperature convectors, the total power of which is 3.5 kW. The house has a supply and exhaust ventilation system with a heat recuperator and a ground heat exchanger for heating outdoor air. Vacuum solar collectors are installed for hot water supply.
Energy efficient house in the Moscow region
Another energy-efficient house built with the participation of ISOVER is a three-story building with a total area of 290.9 m2 in the Chekhov district (Moscow region). Let's get to know him in more detail. Two residential floors and an exploited attic accommodate a kitchen, a living room, a dressing room, a nursery, five bedrooms and four bathrooms. For a sauna, a rest room, a gym, as well as engineering equipment, an exploitable roof and a basement are allocated. This energy-efficient house is unique both in terms of design features, insulation technology, and energy consumption.Structural and design features are reflected in the use of two different facade finishing systems. The house harmoniously combined a ventilated facade with hinged panels made of natural wood and a plaster facade. The applied European technology allows to prevent overheating of the building, according to which the load-bearing monolithic walls of the building are not closed from the inside. They are just plastered and painted. On a hot day, such walls take part of the excess heat, accumulate it and release it at night, providing additional savings on cooling and evenly distributing the temperature to all rooms.
This facility has been able to achieve a significant reduction in energy consumption for cooling and heating while meeting the increased requirements for comfort levels with the help of a massive thermal insulation shell. She was created from effective heat and sound insulation materials ISOVER with a thickness of 400 mm or more.
We used ISOVER solutions to insulate the house, as they have successfully proven themselves in other energy-efficient facilities. It is convenient that the company has qualified energy efficiency specialists who provide timely consulting assistance,” noted General Director of the company "InterStroy" D.M. Pole.
Heat and durability of two hinged ventilated facades are provided by materials ISOVER VentFacade Optima, installed in three layers of 120 mm and ISOVER VentFacade Top(30 mm). Facades insulated according to the plaster facade system are made using the product ISOVER Plaster Facade in two layers of 200 mm. Such a shell allows the use of alternative, renewable energy sources, such as geothermal energy of the Earth, for heating and cooling the house.
The building is ventilated with heat recovery. The heating system is based on a heat pump. Calculations have shown that the specific consumption of thermal energy at home will not exceed 35 kWh / m2, which is several times lower than the average consumption in Russia.
Having learned about the energy efficiency classes of buildings and structures, the possibility of increasing them for comfortable living conditions and reducing heating costs, about the basic principles and economic feasibility, the further decision in favor of building a standard or energy efficient house is up to you. Make the right choice and live long in a warm house.
It is difficult to correlate the levels of energy consumption in Europe, heated by the Gulf Stream, with the Russian Siberia and the Arctic, heated in winter only by the northern lights.
To dot the "And", for a start it would be nice to understand the terminology. "Energy efficient house", in different publications is interpreted quite broadly and, therefore, not always correctly. Fundamental discrepancies in the names and levels of energy saving. Fluctuations in the number of percentages, besides, they are taken from the current energy consumption, and it differs significantly by country, and climatic features are not taken into account at all. As a rule, the “current level of energy consumption” is taken as the starting point, but in Europe, since the seventies of the last century, building energy efficiency standards have been legally regulated and tightened. We have just begun this path, which is confirmed by the dates that began to operate from 27/XII/2010 of the state program of the Russian Federation "Energy saving and energy efficiency for the period up to 2020", which, in turn, details the articles of the law "On energy saving and on increasing energy efficiency" dated 27/X/2009.
But let's deal with the gradation of low-energy houses.
In Western Europe, there have been several gradations for determining the energy efficiency of houses, and since there are none in our country yet, we will focus on foreign experience.
A smart home implies the organization of the work of all systems, based on computer control, aimed at ensuring the most comfortable living for a person. Energy savings in such a system may not be taken into account. The concept appeared in the early seventies of the last century. But soon the energy crisis of 1974 brought energy efficiency to the fore, and the concept of the low-energy home was born in parallel.
The concept provides for a fully and effectively insulated house with two or three chamber glazing. To reduce energy losses, it is necessarily equipped with an air recuperator and inlet vestibules.
Over time, the types of energy-efficient houses were divided into three types:
Low energy house or energy efficient house. Provides for work on insulation (at least 15-20 cm of insulation on the walls, 25-30 cm attic), optimization of heating, ventilation, etc. For heating, it can use a daily energy storage device (heat accumulator). Must be equipped with a ventilated air recuperator. Saves from 30 to 50% of energy losses.
Passive house - with zero or negligible, up to 10% of normal energy consumption. A layer of insulation of at least 25-30 cm in the walls and from 50 cm in attic floors. It uses the energy of the sun and for this it is oriented with windows to the south. In the energy supply, in addition to network energy, one or more alternative sources of electricity (wind generators, solar panels) are involved. Of the mandatory attributes, one can note a heat collector, a daily energy storage device, a heat exchanger for heating or cooling the incoming air, and ground heat is often used to preheat ventilation air in winter. In summer, the same outdoor air in the ground is pre-cooled.
Active house - with a positive electrical balance. With a powerful, at least 40 cm layer of insulation, equipped with all systems that utilize and recycle thermal energy, due to which it has almost no external energy losses. Equipped with several sources of obtaining, renewable alternative energy. Excess electricity can be used to power outbuildings or sold to the public grid. The technical requirements are the same as for passive and smart houses. Those. energy received from the grid, but mainly from own sources, is intelligently used with the help of intelligent control. The heating system provides for a seasonal energy storage device that heats the house almost without the use of external energy resources during the heating season.
Efficiency is an economic concept that considers obtaining a certain result with minimal cost.
Energy efficiency - the encyclopedia interprets as the achievement of an economically justified rational use of energy resources, based on the latest advances in engineering and technology. This does not mean cutting back, or depriving something. The set goal of obtaining maximum energy efficiency at home is achieved primarily by reducing heat loss, more rational use of thermal energy in all energy processes without compromising the final result.
Of course, a well-thought-out and executed thermal insulation of a structure, with minimal cold bridges, is one of the main elements, but far from the only one. A truly energy-efficient house begins at the stage of designing and laying the foundation, which is already well insulated and waterproofed at the initial stage of construction. There are no trifles in such a house, every element in the architectural appearance is thought out, from the size of the house, its shape, the number of protruding elements, glazing and orientation to the sun.
Special care, the choice of high-quality and durable insulation for the home. The minimum requirements for the insulation layer of walls and ceilings of low-energy houses start from 15-20 centimeters. Insulations for walls, foundations, heating appliances and pipes themselves differ in the physical, mechanical and chemical properties imposed on them. For example, it is better to insulate foundations with extruded polystyrene foam, which has high mechanical strength and almost zero hygroscopicity. The disadvantages of this insulation include high fire hazard (toxicity of combustion products), sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation (must be protected from exposure to sunlight). But what kind of fire hazard can the high flammability of a completely buried insulation represent?
Penoizol is good as a heater for walls and ceilings of wooden houses and stone houses built from "breathable" materials - brick, expanded clay concrete, foam concrete, aerated concrete, wood concrete, etc. Having a microporous structure and insecticidal properties, it actively dries and disinfects wooden structures, prevents the formation of condensate and as a consequence, the development of mold on stone walls. In addition, it is durable, cheap and fireproof. However, there are many heaters, each of them has its own characteristics and properties and, in accordance with them, should be used for its intended purpose.
Along with very good thermal insulation and sealing, a well-thought-out ventilation system is an essential attribute of an energy-efficient house (in old houses it accounts for up to a third of energy losses). An energy-efficient house, by definition, cannot heat the street with warm air discharged by open windows. The heat exchanger will solve the problem of heating fresh incoming air, with a counter flow removed from the room. The simplest heat exchanger will solve the problem of preheating the incoming water by utilizing the heat from sewage. To heat an energy-efficient house, it is necessary to use solar energy, and for this the building is oriented most of the windows to the south. Glazing of two, three chambers, glass with a special film coating that transmits the solar spectrum and reflects infrared radiation.
One of the most important elements of an energy efficient home is heating. It can be main gas, electric, use the energy of the earth, wind or sun, but it is necessarily associated with an energy storage device to relieve peak loads. For example, in the area of the night tariff for electricity with significant discounts, the basis of heating can be an electric boiler, with a water tank of several tons of water. Water heated at night will perfectly cope with heating the house during the day. An alternative to a water energy storage device can be a massive concrete screed on the floor. It will hold enough energy to maintain the daytime comfortable temperature in the room.
Elements of intelligence.
Any constructive and high-tech tricks will not create comfort for residents without equipment that regulates energy processes in the house according to specified algorithms. For example, at night, to create a more comfortable feeling, the temperature in the house must be lowered and the ventilation reduced.
A good technique for saving energy is the use of two temperature regimes in the house. Normal and reduced to the minimum safe level. For the period of absence of tenants in the house, it is also better to reduce ventilation.
Intelligent equipment will control and reduce energy consumption to a minimum, rationally regulating the operation of household appliances.
Building an energy-efficient house will increase its cost by 7-15%, but reduced energy consumption even with minimal equipment up to 50%, which will give many times more savings during operation.
Good luck in your tireless struggle for the energy efficiency of your home, which means comfort and coziness in it.